489:
bolt and the mainspring are supplemented by the bolt's considerable forward momentum, the propellant gases are contained in the barrel for critical microseconds, and the projectile will have had time to leave the muzzle, allowing the gas to escape forward and reducing the chamber pressure to a safe level before the bolt and cartridge case emerge from the opposite end. Once they emerge the weapon cycles like other automatic guns, with one significant exception: instead of simply ejecting the spent cartridge case, the 108 reinserts it into the empty link in the ammunition belt. The heavy bolt continues backwards, compressing the main spring. When the spring is fully compressed it begins to expand forwards again, reversing the motion of the bolt and recommencing the cycle. This sequence is repeated until the trigger is released or the ammunition is exhausted.
493:
these within limits either the bolt must be heavy to absorb the pressure, or the barrel must be short to limit the duration of high pressure within the barrel. The operational tradeoff is that a heavy bolt reduces the rate of fire while a short barrel reduces ballistic performance. The designers of the MK 108 opted for a high rate of fire and thus used a relatively light bolt, accepting reduced ballistic performance due to the corresponding necessity of a short barrel. As a result, the MK 108 had a muzzle velocity of only 540 m/s, compared to the approx. 800 m/s for the
31:
554:
545:
531:
522:
1366:
1394:
384:
567:
376:
807:, itself weighing some 540 kg (1,190 lb). The MK 112's projectile was supposed to weigh 1.5 kg (3.3 lb); of these, 420 g (15 oz) were reserved for the explosive. The US captured some of these prototypes and knowledge gleaned from them was incorporated into the experimental US 57 mm T78 autocannon, but this did not see production either.
481:
tension. When the trigger is squeezed, they are released and shoot forward at a high speed. The bolt picks up a cartridge and chambers it, but instead of coming to rest against the breech face, it follows the case a small distance into the chamber—which is of course made specially longer in these guns to accommodate this manoeuvre. Also a cartridge case with a
636:
This installation was so effective that discovery and news of its adoption was much slower than usual in reaching
British night-bombing forces, as there were rarely any survivors from the attacks to report the new threat. This system was fitted to some versions of the He 219 Uhu, late-model Bf 110 night fighters, Junkers
492:
The APIB design makes practical the use of far more powerful ammunition than with simple blowback operation, but the length and the speed of the bolt's movement within the chamber are limited by the stresses placed on the case by the sliding motion, which takes place under high gas pressure. To keep
472:
of rifle calibre and larger because the chamber pressure in such weapons is very high. Therefore, if a simple blowback system (where there is no positive lock between the bolt and barrel) is used, the bolt may recoil and open the breech while the chamber pressure is still high, causing damage to the
488:
Primer ignition is timed so that the bolt is still moving forward when the propellant is ignited. The expanding gases from the fired round stop the forward motion of the bolt, then reverse its motion. The key characteristic of the APIB system is that, because the resistance due to the weight of the
798:
heavy fighter were in development as well. The gun was not finished in time to see operations in World War II. Only 15 prototypes were built; of these 10 were delivered for tests and 5 were kept at the factory for improvements based on expected feedback. Of the ten guns delivered for tests, seven
635:
forwards at an oblique (18 to 30 degree) angle, depending on fitment and aircraft. This allowed the night fighter to attack bombers, often undetected, by approaching from underneath the enemy aircraft - many
British heavy bombers had neither weapons on the ventral fuselage nor windows for vision.
480:
In an
Advanced Primer Ignition Blowback design such as the MK 108, the forward motion of the bolt is used instead of a locking mechanism to prevent this premature opening. When the 108 is ready to fire, the bolt and main spring are held back at the rear of the gun, the spring under considerable
430:
The cannon proved to be relatively light, effective, reliable, compact and easy to manufacture due to its simple construction—80% of the weapon was made from stamped parts, and the number of moving parts was kept to a minimum by using
789:
The MK 108 mechanism was scaled up in the MK 112 cannon, using a 55Ă—175RB cartridge. The MK 112 was intended to be fitted in pairs in the nose of Me 262 fighters, with 25 rounds per gun, and also in the nose of later models of the
1300:
1951, The
Machine Gun: Development During World War II and Korean Conflict by the United States and their Allies of Full Automatic Machine Gun Systems and High Rate of Fire Power Driven Cannon, Volume III, Parts VIII and IX., p.
799:
were of an early model, weighing 300 kg (660 lb), and three were lighter at 275 kg (606 lb) — these were both significantly lighter than the slightly smaller, 50-mm calibre, 21-round armed
395:/reduced rim. Unlike most other weapon rounds, which used traditional brass for the case, the MK 108's ammunition used steel cases. Several types of ammunition were developed, including
422:
This resulted in a shell with a thin but strong wall, which hence had a much larger cavity in which to pack a much larger explosive or incendiary charge than was otherwise possible.
419:. The mine shell was made by drawn steel (the same way brass cartridge-cases are made) instead of being forged and machined as was the usual practice for cannon shells.
404:
648:
along with the planned, two-seat Me 262B-2 jet night-fighter. In the latter case this produced a jet fighter with six MK108 cannons - with the fitment of the projected
318:
appearing over German-controlled regions by then. Testing verified that the autocannon was well suited to this role, requiring on average just four hits with its 85g
574:
The MK 108 saw widespread use among fighters tasked with shooting down enemy bombers. Some of the aircraft deploying, or intended to be armed with, the MK 108 were
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1965:
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1341:
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631:" (literally "awkward music" or "slanted music"). In this configuration, the cannons were mounted in the fuselage, aiming upwards and
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article for more information). To avoid this, simple blowback guns have to use low-powered cartridges or a very heavy bolt.
2576:
1440:
1244:
441:
It was easy to maintain, and its compact size, low weight and electrical priming made it ideal for aircraft installation.
1275:
Rapid Fire: The
Development of Automatic Cannon, Heavy Machine-Guns and Their Ammunition for Armies, Navies and Air Forces
956:
1731:
1424:
1382:
859:
1951:
1202:
Fighting Hitler's Jets: The
Extraordinary Story of the American Airmen Who Beat the Luftwaffe and Defeated Nazi Germany
1005:
1671:
1650:
277:
The cannon saw widespread use as an anti-bomber weapon during the second half of the war, first seen in 1943 in the
1328:
1701:
886:
435:(APIB) operation. The simplicity of construction allowed inexperienced workers to make the parts (mostly women).
310:(RLM—Reich Aviation Ministry) in response to a 1942 requirement for a heavy aircraft weapon for use against the
2546:
1522:
1417:
36:
816:
400:
1902:
1655:
391:
The cannon used specially-developed 30×90RB mm ammunition—30 mm calibre, 90 mm case length,
1877:
338:, and just a single "shattering" hit to down a fighter. In comparison, the otherwise excellent 20 mm
292:
the next year. It could be found on some versions or optional mountings on practically every other German
1736:
1491:
1400:
1852:
1356:
1706:
1595:
1548:
416:
2551:
2155:
1088:
Flying
Warbirds: An Illustrated Profile of the Flying Heritage Collection's Rare WWII-Era Aircraft
1862:
1640:
1564:
1943:
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2473:
2468:
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1922:
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461:
311:
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The weapon was developed as a private venture by the company in 1940 and was submitted to the
2098:
2080:
1527:
1496:
408:
485:
is used, so that the extractor claw can hook over the rim and still fit within the chamber.
2566:
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1892:
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509:
392:
359:
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331:
289:
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184:
2135:
438:
The MK 108 was optimized for a high rate of fire at the expense of ballistic performance.
8:
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1927:
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2006:
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1370:
1332:
911:
Messerschmitt Bf 109 F,G, & K Series by Jochen Prien, Peter
Rodeike page 108.
778:
345:
The MK 108 was quickly ordered into production and was installed in a variety of
228:
444:
The cannon's distinctive heavy pounding sound and high rate of fire gave it the
2503:
2173:
2049:
1932:
1501:
1470:
795:
644:
model. It was also fitted more rarely to the (prototype) Focke-Wulf Ta 154 and
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30:
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2183:
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1061:
Schweinfurt–Regensburg 1943: Eighth Air Force's costly early daylight battles
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91:
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58:
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for night fighter duty. Underwing mounts for the twin-engined, high-speed
2447:
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2075:
1983:
1832:
1611:
804:
678:
482:
263:
128:
106:
1409:
927:
In
Furious Skies: Flying with Hitler's Luftwaffe in the Second World War
342:(18g of HE in a 92g shell) required about 15 to 20 hits to down a B-17.
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2016:
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1716:
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Gotha
Aircraft: From the London Bomber to the Flying Wing Jet Fighter
347:
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1973:
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194:
1007:
P-47 Thunderbolt vs German Flak Defenses: Western Europe 1943–45
411:. In operation, however, two major ammunition types were used:
2379:
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2261:
2218:
2198:
1635:
645:
315:
1580:
383:
2344:
2070:
1907:
1691:
1569:
1376:
566:
452:" amongst Allied aircrews, who feared its destructive power.
375:
1625:
354:. It saw first operational service in summer 1943 with the
861:
Aircraft of the Luftwaffe, 1935-1945: An Illustrated Guide
2103:
1676:
319:
980:
Autocannon: A History of Automatic Cannon and Ammunition
500:
Another significant feature is that, in the APIB system
379:
30x90RB ammunition, as used in the MK 108 Machine Cannon
1175:
Kites, Birds & Stuff - Aircraft of GERMANY - E to H
1354:
1272:
1142:Graf, Mantelli-Brown- Kittel- (28 February 2017).
322:-load (in a 330g shell) and a resulting strongly
2538:
1326:World War 2 Fighter gun effectiveness comparison
1268:
1266:
508:using the APIB principle from being accurately
1342:National Museum of the United States Air Force
1112:Oehler, Robert; Green, Brett (20 April 2012).
718:275 kilograms (606 lb) (improved version)
288:Four MK 108's formed the main armament of the
1959:
1596:
1425:
1348:German language page on the MK 108 autocannon
1263:
1111:
326:high-explosive ammunition, to bring down a
1966:
1952:
1603:
1589:
1432:
1418:
1225:
858:Lepage, Jean-Denis G. G. (23 March 2009).
2572:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1943
1439:
1003:
650:mass-produced, mid-VHF band FuG 218 radar
510:synchronized with an aircraft's propeller
1722:Nanuk Remotely Controlled Weapon Station
1058:III, Marshall Michel (23 January 2020).
976:
565:
382:
374:
16:WWII-era German 30mm aircraft autocannon
1697:MAN LX and FX ranges of tactical trucks
1242:
1226:Metzmacher, Andreas (2 December 2021).
1030:
1004:Bernstein, Jonathan (28 October 2021).
884:
2539:
977:Williams, Anthony G. (2 August 2022).
857:
1947:
1584:
1413:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1137:
1135:
1084:
923:
2498:
1383:
1199:Dorr, Robert F. (15 November 2013).
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1141:
972:
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951:
949:
947:
919:
917:
853:
851:
849:
847:
625:in an unusual installation, called "
561:
1732:Rheinmetall Oerlikon Millennium Gun
1246:Junkers Ju 188 Units of World War 2
1057:
885:Forsyth, Robert (19 January 2023).
502:the cycle starts with the bolt open
13:
1162:
1132:
1115:Modelling the Messerschmitt Me 262
655:
14:
2588:
1651:Rheinmetall MAN Military Vehicles
1314:
965:
944:
914:
844:
433:advanced primer ignition blowback
365:
1702:RMMV HX range of tactical trucks
1392:
1364:
1243:Forsyth, Robert (23 June 2022).
1031:Jackson, Robert (30 July 2018).
924:Heath, Tim (21 September 2022).
888:Me 262: Northwest Europe 1944–45
726:2,012 millimetres (79.2 in)
552:
543:
529:
520:
163:1,057 millimetres (41.6 in)
29:
1610:
1291:
1236:
1219:
1192:
1105:
1085:Graff, Cory (1 November 2014).
1078:
961:. U.S. Armor Association. 1994.
425:
1172:Stemp, P. D. (19 April 2013).
1148:(in Italian). Edizioni R.E.I.
1051:
1024:
997:
905:
878:
689:
621:The MK 108 was also fitted to
299:
1:
1974:German aerial weapons of the
837:
817:List of API blowback firearms
370:
358:bomber destroyers and in the
189:30Ă—90mmRB (330g) steel casing
1903:38 cm schwerer Ladungswerfer
1656:Rheinmetall BAE Systems Land
1273:Anthony G. Williams (2002).
473:weapon and split cases (see
455:
174:580 millimetres (23 in)
7:
2577:World War II aerial warfare
1737:Rheinmetall Sea Snake 30 mm
810:
716:300 kilograms (660 lb)
10:
2593:
640:& 388 and the Dornier
307:Reichsluftfahrtministerium
155:58 kilograms (128 lb)
2456:
2388:
2335:
2252:
2154:
2117:
2089:
2063:
2015:
1982:
1878:10.5 cm LeichtgeschĂĽtz 42
1820:
1707:MANTIS Air Defence System
1664:
1618:
1557:
1549:Atchisson assault shotgun
1541:
1515:
1484:
1463:
1447:
1249:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1118:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1064:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1010:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
930:. Pen and Sword History.
891:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
777:
767:
755:
745:
735:
730:
722:
712:
707:
699:
688:
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417:high-explosive incendiary
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55:Place of origin
54:
44:
28:
21:
1853:7.5 cm LeichtgeschĂĽtz 40
1277:. Airlife. p. 169.
247:—"machine cannon") is a
2474:Blohm & Voss BV 950
2469:Blohm & Voss BV 246
2464:Blohm & Voss BV 143
1863:8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41
1641:Rheinmetall Air Defence
1331:30 October 2017 at the
1321:MK 108 ammunition types
468:mechanisms are used in
223:MK 108A: 850 rounds/min
35:Two MK 108 autocannon,
1923:Ordnance QF 15 pounder
1747:Rheinmetall 120 mm gun
1533:Mk 19 grenade launcher
1528:Heckler & Koch GMG
769:Rate of fire
571:
570:Left pair in an Me 262
388:
380:
281:bomber destroyers and
217:Rate of fire
2547:API blowback firearms
2064:Anti-tank autocannons
1441:API blowback firearms
1145:The Focke-Wulf Fw 190
983:. The Crowood Press.
569:
386:
378:
2457:Experimental weapons
2390:High-explosive bombs
2254:Armor-piercing bombs
2156:Anti-personnel bombs
1893:15 cm Nebelwerfer 41
1873:10 cm Nebelwerfer 40
1868:10 cm Nebelwerfer 35
1782:Rheinmetall RMG 7.62
1034:Messerschmitt Bf 109
783:594 m/s (1,950 ft/s)
779:Muzzle velocity
588:Messerschmitt Me 262
584:Messerschmitt Me 163
580:Messerschmitt Bf 110
576:Messerschmitt Bf 109
504:, which prevents an
332:B-17 Flying Fortress
233:540 m/s (1,770 ft/s)
229:Muzzle velocity
1928:Solothurn S-18/1000
1727:Rheinmetall Seahawk
1646:Rheinmetall Algeria
741:55Ă—175RBmm (1485 g)
1777:Rheinmetall RMG.50
1772:Rheinmetall Rh 202
1476:Solothurn S-18/100
1205:. Voyageur Press.
670:Production history
572:
389:
381:
98:Production history
37:RAF Museum Cosford
2534:
2533:
2109:Werfer-Granate 21
1941:
1940:
1787:Rheinmetall RMK30
1767:Rheinmetall MG 60
1631:Maschinenbau Kiel
1578:
1577:
1516:Grenade launchers
1284:978-1-84037-435-3
1256:978-1-4728-3636-6
1232:. Fonthill Media.
1212:978-0-7603-4398-2
1185:978-1-291-29268-8
1155:978-2-37297-325-0
1125:978-1-78096-686-1
1098:978-1-62788-495-2
1071:978-1-4728-3868-1
1044:978-1-5267-1055-0
1037:. Pen and Sword.
1017:978-1-4728-4630-3
990:978-1-78500-921-1
937:978-1-5267-8524-4
898:978-1-4728-5053-9
871:978-0-7864-5280-4
787:
786:
600:Focke-Wulf Ta 154
596:Focke-Wulf Ta 152
592:Focke-Wulf Fw 190
562:Operational usage
539:MK 108 feed cycle
516:MK 108 bolt cycle
470:automatic weapons
387:Side view, MK 108
237:
236:
2584:
2527:
2091:Unguided rockets
1976:Second World War
1968:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1762:Rheinmetall MG 3
1757:Rheinmetall LTA2
1665:Current products
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1464:Anti-tank rifles
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1091:. Zenith Press.
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450:pneumatic hammer
352:fighter aircraft
254:manufactured in
33:
24:
19:
18:
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2552:30 mm artillery
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2484:Henschel Hs 298
2479:Henschel Hs 294
2452:
2384:
2331:
2248:
2150:
2146:V-1 flying bomb
2113:
2085:
2059:
2011:
2002:MG 81 & 81Z
1978:
1972:
1942:
1937:
1888:10.5 cm leFH 18
1883:10.5 cm leFH 16
1848:7.5 cm FK 16 nA
1821:Legacy products
1816:
1792:Rheinmetall YAK
1752:Rheinmetall KZO
1687:LIV (SO) Serval
1660:
1614:
1609:
1579:
1574:
1558:Submachine guns
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1511:
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1459:
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1408:
1398:
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1384:sister projects
1381:at Knowledge's
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1333:Wayback Machine
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695:15 (prototypes)
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656:Related designs
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466:recoil-operated
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245:Maschinenkanone
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70:In service
65:Service history
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2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1939:
1938:
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1933:Solothurn ST-5
1930:
1925:
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1519:
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1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1502:Type 99 cannon
1499:
1497:Oerlikon 20 mm
1494:
1492:Becker Type M2
1488:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1471:Oerlikon SSG36
1467:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1448:Assault rifles
1445:
1444:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1407:
1406:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1344:, Dayton, Ohio
1335:
1323:
1316:
1315:External links
1313:
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829:
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809:
796:Dornier Do 335
785:
784:
781:
775:
774:
773:300 rounds/min
771:
765:
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759:
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752:
749:
743:
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739:
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732:
728:
727:
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714:
710:
709:
708:Specifications
705:
704:
701:
697:
696:
693:
686:
685:
676:
672:
671:
667:
666:
657:
654:
623:night fighters
616:Junkers Ju 388
608:Heinkel He 219
604:Heinkel He 162
563:
560:
559:
558:
551:
549:
542:
540:
536:
535:
528:
526:
519:
517:
457:
454:
427:
424:
405:high-explosive
401:armor-piercing
372:
369:
367:
366:Design details
364:
336:B-24 Liberator
301:
298:
235:
234:
231:
225:
224:
221:650 rounds/min
219:
213:
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147:Specifications
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2562:Aircraft guns
2560:
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2514:Ruhrstahl X-4
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2079:
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2056:
2055:Schräge Musik
2053:
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1934:
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1926:
1924:
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1918:MK 115 cannon
1916:
1914:
1913:MK 108 cannon
1911:
1909:
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1844:
1843:7.5 cm Pak 40
1841:
1839:
1838:7.5 cm KwK 42
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:3.7 cm Pak 36
1826:
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1507:MK 108 cannon
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1379:MK 108 cannon
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864:. McFarland.
863:
862:
854:
852:
850:
848:
843:
833:
832:MK 115 cannon
830:
828:
827:MK 103 cannon
825:
823:
822:MK 101 cannon
820:
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628:Schräge Musik
624:
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612:Horten Ho 229
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249:30 mm caliber
246:
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38:
32:
27:
20:
2119:Guided bombs
2044:
1984:Machine guns
1912:
1898:15 cm sIG 33
1858:8 cm PAW 600
1712:Mauser BK-27
1619:Subsidiaries
1565:Sterling SMG
1506:
1404:from Commons
1399:
1378:
1352:
1310:
1307:
1298:George Chinn
1293:
1274:
1245:
1238:
1228:
1221:
1201:
1194:
1178:. Lulu.com.
1174:
1144:
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999:
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957:
926:
907:
887:
880:
860:
800:
792:Arado Ar 234
788:
762:API blowback
632:
626:
620:
573:
499:
491:
487:
479:
462:gas-operated
459:
443:
440:
437:
429:
426:Construction
421:
390:
360:Bf 109G-6/U4
346:
344:
328:heavy bomber
305:
303:
296:of the era.
287:
283:Bf 109G-6/U4
276:
260:World War II
244:
240:
238:
210:API blowback
171: length
125:Manufacturer
92:World War II
82:Nazi Germany
78:Used by
59:Nazi Germany
2567:Rheinmetall
2522: [
2099:Panzerblitz
2017:Autocannons
1833:5 cm Pak 38
1612:Rheinmetall
1485:Autocannons
805:BK 5 cannon
692: built
679:Rheinmetall
483:rebated rim
300:Development
270:for use in
264:Rheinmetall
129:Rheinmetall
107:Rheinmetall
2557:Autocannon
2541:Categories
2322:SD 4/HL RS
2292:PC 1800 Rs
2287:PC 1000 Rs
1802:Wiesel AWC
1742:Puma (IFV)
1682:LGI Mle F1
838:References
801:Bordkanone
506:autocannon
460:Normally,
413:mine shell
409:incendiary
371:Ammunition
330:such as a
252:autocannon
49:Autocannon
2489:Jagdfaust
2370:AB 500-3A
2365:AB 500-1B
2282:PC 500 Rs
2184:SD 10 FRZ
1797:TPz Fuchs
1717:Mungo ESK
1523:Daewoo K4
1340:from the
1338:factsheet
737:Cartridge
495:MG 151/20
456:Mechanism
356:Bf 110G-2
348:Luftwaffe
340:MG 151/20
279:Bf 110G-2
243:(German:
185:Cartridge
142:1943–1945
73:1943–1945
2375:AB 70-D1
2360:AB 500-1
2355:AB 250-3
2350:AB 250-2
2312:SC 10 DW
2169:SD 1 FRZ
2123:missiles
1542:Shotguns
1371:Aviation
1329:Archived
811:See also
803:-series
700:Variants
675:Designer
633:slightly
475:blowback
446:nickname
397:practice
272:aircraft
139:Produced
117:Designed
103:Designer
2504:MK 214A
2448:SC 2500
2443:SC 2000
2438:SC 1800
2433:SC 1200
2428:SC 1000
2408:SB 2500
2403:SB 1800
2398:SB 1000
2327:SD 9/HL
2317:SD 4 HL
2302:PD 1000
2277:PC 1600
2272:PC 1400
2267:PC 1000
2244:SD 1700
2239:SD 1400
2234:SD 500E
2229:SD 500A
2214:SBe 250
2189:SD 10 C
2179:SD 10 A
2136:Hs 117H
2131:Fritz X
2050:MK 214A
747:Caliber
664:MK 112
642:Do 217N
393:rebated
324:brisant
316:bombers
294:fighter
258:during
256:Germany
195:Caliber
23:MK 108
2519:SG 116
2509:MK 115
2499:MK 112
2494:MG 213
2423:SC 500
2418:SC 250
2380:BDC 10
2297:PD 500
2262:PC 500
2224:SD 500
2219:SD 250
2199:SBe 50
2141:Hs 293
2081:BK 7.5
2071:BK 3.7
2045:MK 108
2040:MK 103
2035:MK 101
2030:MG 151
2007:MG 131
1807:Wisent
1636:Mauser
1357:Portal
1281:
1253:
1209:
1182:
1152:
1122:
1095:
1068:
1041:
1014:
987:
934:
895:
868:
757:Action
723:Length
683:Borsig
646:Fw 189
314:heavy
312:Allied
290:Me 262
268:Borsig
241:MK 108
205:Action
169:Barrel
160:Length
133:Borsig
111:Borsig
39:(2010)
2526:]
2413:SC 50
2345:AB 23
2307:SC 10
2209:SD 70
2204:SD 50
2194:SD 15
2025:MG FF
1997:MG 17
1992:MG 15
1908:MG 42
1692:LLM01
1672:Boxer
1570:TZ-45
1401:Media
958:Armor
751:55 mm
638:Ju 88
199:30 mm
2174:SD 2
2164:SD 1
2121:and
2076:BK 5
1812:Lynx
1626:KSPG
1279:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1093:ISBN
1066:ISBN
1039:ISBN
1012:ISBN
985:ISBN
932:ISBN
893:ISBN
866:ISBN
713:Mass
614:and
415:and
407:and
239:The
152:Mass
120:1940
88:Wars
45:Type
2104:R4M
1677:IdZ
1455:APT
1301:627
690:No.
464:or
334:or
320:RDX
285:.
262:by
2543::
2524:de
1265:^
1164:^
1134:^
967:^
946:^
916:^
846:^
652:.
618:.
610:,
606:,
602:,
598:,
594:,
590:,
586:,
582:,
578:,
512:.
497:.
403:,
399:,
362:.
274:.
1967:e
1960:t
1953:v
1604:e
1597:t
1590:v
1433:e
1426:t
1419:v
1387::
1359::
1287:.
1259:.
1215:.
1188:.
1158:.
1128:.
1101:.
1074:.
1047:.
1020:.
993:.
940:.
901:.
874:.
703:2
681:-
448:"
266:‑
131:-
109:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
