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321:(EFRC) at Binghamton. In 2014, NECCES was awarded $ 12.8 million, from the U.S. Department of Energy to help accelerate scientific breakthroughs needed to build the 21st-century economy. In 2018, NECCES was granted another $ 3 million by the Department of Energy to continue its research on batteries. The NECCES team is using the funding to improve energy-storage materials and to develop new materials that are "cheaper, environmentally friendly, and able to store more energy than current materials can".
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350:"All these batteries are called intercalation batteries. It’s like putting jam in a sandwich. In the chemical terms, it means you have a crystal structure, and we can put lithium ions in, take them out, and the structure’s exactly the same afterwards," Whittingham said. "We retain the crystal structure. That’s what makes these lithium batteries so good, allows them to cycle for so long."
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electrodes and thoroughly described intercalation reactions in rechargeable batteries in the 1970s. He holds the patents on the concept of using intercalation chemistry in high power-density, highly reversible lithium-ion batteries. He also invented the first rechargeable lithium metal battery (LMB),
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Lithium batteries have limited capacity because less than one lithium-ion/electron is reversibly intercalated per transition metal redox center. To achieve higher energy densities, one approach is to go beyond the one-electron redox intercalation reactions. Whittingham's research has advanced to
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battery. However, safety concerns led Exxon to end the project. Whittingham and his team continued to publish their work in academic journals of electrochemistry and solid-state physics. He left Exxon in 1984 and spent four years at
Schlumberger as a manager. In 1988, he became Professor at the
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cathode and a lithium-aluminum anode. The battery had high energy density and the diffusion of lithium ions into the titanium disulfide cathode was reversible, making the battery rechargeable. In addition, titanium disulfide has a particularly fast rate of lithium ion diffusion into the crystal
313:
From 1994 to 2000, he served as the university's vice provost for research. He also served as vice-chair of the
Research Foundation of the State University of New York for six years. He is a Distinguished Professor of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering at Binghamton University.
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multi-electron intercalation reactions, which can increase the storage capacity by intercalating multiple lithium ions. A few multi-electron intercalation materials have been successfully developed by
Whittingham, like LiVOPO
1981:
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cation (V<->V) plays an important role to accomplish the multi-electron reactions. These promising materials shine lights on the battery industry to increase energy density rapidly.
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Janauer, Gerald G.; Dobley, Arthur; Guo, Jingdong; Zavalij, Peter; Whittingham, M. Stanley (August 1996). "Novel tungsten, molybdenum, and vanadium oxides containing surfactant ions".
317:
Whittingham co-chaired the DOE study of
Chemical Energy Storage in 2007, and is a director of the Northeastern Center for Chemical Energy Storage (NECCES), a U.S. Department of Energy
1847:
957:
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Whittingham, M. Stanley; Guo, Jing-Dong; Chen, Rongji; Chirayil, Thomas; Janauer, Gerald; Zavalij, Peter (January 1995). "The hydrothermal synthesis of new oxide materials".
1373:
955:
Yang, Shoufeng; Song, Yanning; Zavalij, Peter Y.; Stanley
Whittingham, M. (March 2002). "Reactivity, stability and electrochemical behavior of lithium iron phosphates".
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for commercialization in small devices and electric vehicles. Whittingham's rechargeable lithium metal battery is based on a LiAl anode and an intercalation-type TiS
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385:. In 2012, Whittingham received the IBA Yeager Award for Lifetime Contribution to Lithium Battery Materials Research, and he was elected a Fellow of
381:
in 2003, and was elected a Fellow in 2004. In 2010, he was listed as one of the Top 40 innovators for contributions to advancing green technology by
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cathode. His work on lithium batteries laid the foundation for others' developments, so he is called the founding father of lithium-ion batteries.
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Yang, Shoufeng; Zavalij, Peter Y.; Stanley
Whittingham, M. (September 2001). "Hydrothermal synthesis of lithium iron phosphate cathodes".
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1204:
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1848:"Nobel Prize-winning chemist M. Stanley Whittingham named to "Great Immigrants, Great Americans" list for 2020 - Binghamton News"
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Zhou, Hui; Upreti, Shailesh; Chernova, Natasha A.; Hautier, Geoffroy; Ceder, Gerbrand; Whittingham, M. Stanley (December 2010).
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Chirayil, Thomas; Zavalij, Peter Y.; Whittingham, M. Stanley (October 1998). "Hydrothermal synthesis of vanadium oxides".
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2010:
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Chen, Rongji; Zavalij, Peter; Whittingham, M. Stanley (June 1996). "Hydrothermal
Synthesis and Characterization of K
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2007 Chancellor's Award for
Excellence in Scholarship and Creative Activities, and Outstanding Research Award,
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Whittingham, M. Stanley (October 2014). "Ultimate limits to intercalation reactions for lithium batteries".
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Whittingham, M.Stanley (1978). "Chemistry of intercalation compounds: metal guests in chalcogenide hosts".
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Petkov, V.; Zavalij, P. Y.; Lutta, S.; Whittingham, M. S.; Parvanov, V.; Shastri, S. (February 2004).
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222:. He also serves as director of the Northeastern Center for Chemical Energy Storage (NECCES) of the
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210:. He is a professor of chemistry and director of both the Institute for Materials Research and the
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302:. He worked 16 years for Exxon Research & Engineering Company and four years working for
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298:(1968). After completing his graduate studies, Whittingham became a postdoctoral fellow at
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electrode. Exxon manufactured
Whittingham's lithium-ion battery in the 1970s, based on a
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1679:"2019 Nobel Prize winner: Dr. M. Stanley Whittingham talks award, impact, batteries"
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Whittingham, M. S. (1976). "Electrical energy storage and intercalation chemistry".
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Chemistry
Department, Binghamton University, U.S. to pursue his academic interests.
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Whittingham, M. Stanley (1976). "The role of ternary phases in cathode reactions".
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Whittingham was named Chief Scientific Officer of NAATBatt International in 2017.
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2017 Senior Scientist Award from the International Society for Solid State Ionics
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Stanley is married to Dr. Georgina Whittingham, a professor of Spanish at the
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lattice. Exxon threw its resources behind the commercialization of a Li/LiClO
231:
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1982:École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris
1375:
Innovators in Battery Technology: Profiles of 93 Influential Electrochemists
619:
M. A. Alario-Franco, M. Greenblatt, G. Rohrer and M. S. Whittingham (2003).
3595:
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440:. He has two children, Michael Whittingham and Jenniffer Whittingham-Bras.
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1987:
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1105:"Iron and Manganese Pyrophosphates as cathodes for Lithium-Ion batteries"
3505:
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1602:
1205:"Development of lithium-ion batteries – 2019 Nobel Prize for Chemistry"
267:
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732:
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1878:
1783:"Stan Whittingham selected for 2018 David Turnbull Lectureship Award"
1518:
926:
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by Thomson Reuters in 2015. In 2018, Whittingham was elected to the
363:
954:
542:
271:
207:
142:
1261:
Marquis Who's Who Top Educators. 23 January 2019. Archived from
1351:"Binghamton University professor wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry"
1177:"Nobel Prize in Chemistry Honors Work on Lithium-Ion Batteries"
580:
561:
159:
977:
865:"Structural chemistry of vanadium oxides with open frameworks"
2032:
1218:(9): 1416–1418. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019
1021:
251:
1442:
The Research Foundation for the State University of New York
393:, for pioneering research leading to the development of the
863:
Zavalij, Peter Y.; Whittingham, M. Stanley (October 1999).
998:
839:
1706:"Faculty profile, Modern Languages: Georgina Whittingham"
1102:
600:
D. L. Nelson, M. S. Whittingham and T. F. George (1987).
1865:
1728:"Research & Scholarship Award Recipients by Region"
933:
1996:
including the Nobel Lecture on Sunday 8 December 2019
897:
545:
Solid State Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage
1629:"BU chemistry professor named as Nobel Prize hopeful"
1438:"Binghamton professor recognized for energy research"
1378:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 240.
604:. American Chemical Society Symposium Series #352.
547:. American Chemical Society Symposium Series #163.
862:
543:J. B. Goodenough & M. S. Whittingham (1977).
3685:
1874:"Battery researchers win $ 3M Vietnamese awards"
428:"for the development of lithium-ion batteries."
1145:
1143:
1141:
621:Solid-state chemistry of inorganic materials IV
581:M. S. Whittingham & A. J. Jacobson (1984).
562:G. G. Libowitz & M. S. Whittingham (1979).
455:2010 Award for Lifetime Contributions from the
3432:
1170:
1168:
241:Whittingham is a key figure in the history of
206:(born 22 December 1941) is a British-American
3418:
2018:
1495:. The Electrochemical Society. Archived from
602:Chemistry of High Temperature Superconductors
1408:"Federal grant boosts smart energy research"
1309:
1307:
1138:
643:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1574:International Battery Materials Association
1253:
1251:
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762:
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661:
3425:
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2011:
1991:
1412:Binghamton University Division of Research
274:, on 22 December 1941. He was educated at
166:Microbalance studies of some oxide systems
31:
1798:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1304:
1277:
765:"Lithium batteries and cathode materials"
1892:
1762:internationalsocietysolidstateionics.org
1708:. State University of New York at Oswego
1542:
1244:
763:Whittingham, M. Stanley (October 2004).
1902:(Supplement). 15 June 2024. p. B2.
1622:
1620:
1519:"Fellow of The Electrochemical Society"
1371:
1202:
1151:"Nobel Prize in Chemistry Announcement"
1084:Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters
261:
3739:British emigrants to the United States
3686:
1425:
1348:
1337:
1196:
1174:
712:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
564:Materials Science in Energy Technology
438:State University of New York at Oswego
278:from 1951 to 1960, before going up to
3406:
2006:
1463:"Norman Hackerman Young Author Award"
1405:
409:, "for pioneering the application of
3719:State University of New York faculty
1617:
652:
1977:M. Stanley Whittingham's interview
1871:
1684:Binghamton Press & Sun-Bulletin
1543:Kanellos, Michael (20 April 2010).
1024:"Structure beyond Bragg: Study of V
13:
3704:People educated at Stamford School
1998:The Origins of the Lithium Battery
1626:
389:in 2013. He was listed along with
226:at Binghamton. He was awarded the
14:
3785:
1935:
1493:"Battery Division Research Award"
743:Progress in Solid State Chemistry
463:Thomson Reuters Citation Laureate
416:In 2019, Whittingham, along with
306:prior to becoming a professor at
250:patented in 1977 and assigned to
2255:
1968:M. Stanley Whittingham's profile
1942:
1203:Ramanan, A. (10 November 2019).
1175:Specia, Megan (9 October 2019).
870:Acta Crystallographica Section B
502:Carnegie Corporation of New York
431:
1906:
1886:
1872:Nhu, Quynh (21 December 2023).
1840:
1815:
1775:
1750:
1720:
1698:
1671:
1658:National Academy of Engineering
1646:
1587:
1562:
1536:
1511:
1485:
1455:
1349:Yarosh, Ryan (9 October 2019).
1285:"M. Stanley Whittingham: Facts"
980:Electrochemistry Communications
958:Electrochemistry Communications
478:National Academy of Engineering
413:for energy storage materials."
407:National Academy of Engineering
319:Energy Frontier Research Center
204:Sir Michael Stanley Whittingham
3460:(United Kingdom/United States)
1758:"Prof. M. Stanley Whittingham"
1399:
1372:Desmond, Kevin (16 May 2016).
1365:
623:. Materials Research Society.
443:
1:
3714:Binghamton University faculty
3709:Alumni of New College, Oxford
1406:Ellis, Katie (19 June 2014).
1131:
1090:(2): A33–A38. February 2009.
1080:cathode for Li-ion batteries"
992:10.1016/S1388-2481(01)00200-4
971:10.1016/S1388-2481(01)00298-3
686:10.1126/science.192.4244.1126
470:2018 Turnbull Award from the
3724:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
1852:News - Binghamton University
1823:"Dr. M. Stanley Whittingham"
1734:. 2 May 2007. Archived from
1654:"Dr. M. Stanley Whittingham"
1545:"The Greentech Hall of Fame"
1315:"Dr. M. Stanley Whittingham"
1259:"Stanley Whittingham, Ph.D."
1015:10.1016/0167-2738(94)00220-M
756:10.1016/0079-6786(78)90003-1
532:"for services to chemistry".
530:2024 King's Birthday Honours
451:State University of New York
399:Clarivate Citation Laureates
220:State University of New York
187:Other academic advisors
7:
1523:The Electrochemical Society
1467:The Electrochemical Society
375:The Electrochemical Society
324:
214:and Engineering program at
47:Michael Stanley Whittingham
10:
3790:
1984:history of science website
1793:(11): 871. November 2018.
1599:Materials Research Society
1061:10.1103/PhysRevB.69.085410
472:Materials Research Society
387:Materials Research Society
329:Whittingham conceived the
282:to read chemistry. At the
25:Sir M. Stanley Whittingham
3611:
3575:
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3513:
3493:
3473:
3442:
3061:
2762:
2503:
2264:
2253:
2044:
1236:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1076:"Vanadium modified LiFePO
883:10.1107/S0108768199004000
457:American Chemical Society
369:Whittingham received the
224:U.S. Department of Energy
197:
186:
176:
158:
148:
138:
131:
118:
108:
85:
71:
42:
30:
23:
3179:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
2458:Wendell Meredith Stanley
2038:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
536:
484:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
426:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
403:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
266:Whittingham was born in
228:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
123:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
16:British-American chemist
3734:British Nobel laureates
3729:English Nobel laureates
1955:M. Stanley Whittingham
1353:. Binghamton University
583:Intercalation Chemistry
424:, was awarded the 2019
411:intercalation chemistry
3617:Nobel Prize recipients
3598:(France/United States)
3546:Physiology or Medicine
3525:(Canada/United States)
3458:M. Stanley Whittingham
3343:Emmanuelle Charpentier
3331:M. Stanley Whittingham
2302:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
1988:M. Stanley Whittingham
1112:Chemistry of Materials
936:Chemistry of Materials
915:Chemistry of Materials
843:Chemistry of Materials
498:Great Immigrants Award
379:Battery Research Award
2713:Christian B. Anfinsen
2353:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
1972:Binghamton University
1914:"Stanley Whittingham"
1319:Binghamton University
508:VinFuture Grand Prize
308:Binghamton University
243:lithium-ion batteries
216:Binghamton University
153:Binghamton University
3769:Solid state chemists
3375:Karl Barry Sharpless
2872:Dudley R. Herschbach
2697:Luis Federico Leloir
1800:10.1557/mrs.2018.273
284:University of Oxford
262:Education and career
3754:Schlumberger people
3367:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
3279:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
3016:Jens Christian Skou
2984:F. Sherwood Rowland
2896:Charles J. Pedersen
2860:Herbert A. Hauptman
2553:Vincent du Vigneaud
2170:Richard Willstätter
2054:Jacobus van 't Hoff
1627:Mackof, Alexandra.
1053:2004PhRvB..69h5410P
1047:(8): 085410 (1–6).
819:(23): 11414–11443.
725:1976JElS..123..315W
678:1976Sci...192.1126W
672:(4244): 1126–1127.
395:lithium-ion battery
300:Stanford University
280:New College, Oxford
113:Lithium-ion battery
90:New College, Oxford
37:Whittingham in 2020
3764:Inorganic chemists
3566:William Kaelin Jr.
3560:Peter J. Ratcliffe
3452:John B. Goodenough
3327:John B. Goodenough
3255:William E. Moerner
3135:Richard R. Schrock
3107:Roderick MacKinnon
3079:K. Barry Sharpless
2904:Johann Deisenhofer
2733:Geoffrey Wilkinson
2729:Ernst Otto Fischer
2653:Robert S. Mulliken
2589:Jaroslav HeyrovskĂ˝
2537:Hermann Staudinger
2357:Irène Joliot-Curie
1990:on Nobelprize.org
1952:has a profile for
1899:The London Gazette
1605:on 10 October 2019
1595:"2013 MRS Fellows"
1265:on 10 October 2019
1182:The New York Times
1070:on 9 October 2019.
1002:Solid State Ionics
585:. Academic Press.
566:. Academic Press.
488:John B. Goodenough
418:John B. Goodenough
391:John B. Goodenough
371:Young Author Award
362:. The multivalent
335:titanium disulfide
236:John B. Goodenough
230:in 2019 alongside
3759:ExxonMobil people
3749:English inventors
3681:
3680:
3577:Economic Sciences
3400:
3399:
3383:Moungi G. Bawendi
3303:Richard Henderson
3147:Roger D. Kornberg
3115:Aaron Ciechanover
2948:Rudolph A. Marcus
2852:Robert Merrifield
2788:Peter D. Mitchell
2561:Cyril Hinshelwood
2322:Friedrich Bergius
2246:Richard Zsigmondy
2162:Theodore Richards
2110:Ernest Rutherford
1958:
1499:on 22 August 2019
1473:on 22 August 2019
1325:on 22 August 2019
1153:. The Nobel Prize
1124:10.1021/cm102922q
1096:10.1149/1.3039795
1040:Physical Review B
948:10.1021/cm960111q
856:10.1021/cm980242m
850:(10): 2629–2640.
825:10.1021/cr5003003
786:10.1021/cr020731c
780:(10): 4271–4301.
733:10.1149/1.2132817
653:Most-cited papers
630:978-1-55899-692-2
611:978-0-8412-1431-6
592:978-0-12-747380-2
573:978-0-12-447550-2
554:978-0-8412-0358-7
212:Materials Science
201:
200:
133:Scientific career
3781:
3774:Knights Bachelor
3744:English chemists
3619:
3590:Abhijit Banerjee
3562:(United Kingdom)
3554:Gregg L. Semenza
3427:
3420:
3413:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3391:Alexei I. Ekimov
3377:
3371:Morten P. Meldal
3361:
3349:
3337:
3321:
3305:
3295:Jacques Dubochet
3289:
3273:
3257:
3241:
3225:
3219:Robert Lefkowitz
3213:
3205:
3189:
3183:Thomas A. Steitz
3173:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3131:Robert H. Grubbs
3125:
3109:
3097:
3081:
3054:
3052:Hideki Shirakawa
3038:
3030:
3018:
3002:
2986:
2970:
2962:
2950:
2942:
2940:Richard R. Ernst
2934:
2926:
2914:
2898:
2882:
2866:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2818:
2816:Frederick Sanger
2802:
2796:Herbert C. Brown
2790:
2782:
2774:
2772:William Lipscomb
2755:
2743:
2735:
2723:
2707:
2705:Gerhard Herzberg
2699:
2691:
2679:
2671:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2619:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2581:Frederick Sanger
2575:
2567:
2565:Nikolay Semyonov
2555:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2519:
2517:Glenn T. Seaborg
2496:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2444:
2442:Artturi Virtanen
2436:
2428:
2426:George de Hevesy
2420:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2387:
2379:
2367:
2359:
2347:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2324:
2312:
2304:
2292:
2284:
2282:Heinrich Wieland
2276:
2274:Theodor Svedberg
2259:
2258:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2086:Adolf von Baeyer
2080:
2072:
2070:Svante Arrhenius
2064:
2056:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1956:
1946:
1945:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1738:on 22 March 2020
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1601:. Archived from
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1469:. Archived from
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1434:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1346:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1321:. Archived from
1311:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1290:Nobel Foundation
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1255:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1209:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1147:
1127:
1109:
1099:
1071:
1069:
1063:. Archived from
1036:
1018:
995:
974:
951:
942:(8): 2096–2101.
930:
927:10.1021/cm950550
921:(6): 1275–1280.
894:
859:
836:
812:Chemical Reviews
805:
773:Chemical Reviews
769:
759:
736:
705:
648:
642:
634:
615:
596:
577:
558:
178:Doctoral advisor
172:
127:
60:
57:22 December 1941
56:
54:
35:
21:
20:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3615:
3607:
3604:(United States)
3592:(United States)
3571:
3568:(United States)
3556:(United States)
3540:
3509:
3489:
3469:
3454:(United States)
3438:
3431:
3401:
3396:
3380:
3364:
3355:David MacMillan
3352:
3347:Jennifer Doudna
3340:
3324:
3308:
3292:
3283:Fraser Stoddart
3276:
3267:Paul L. Modrich
3260:
3244:
3228:
3216:
3208:
3203:Ei-ichi Negishi
3195:Richard F. Heck
3192:
3176:
3163:Osamu Shimomura
3160:
3152:
3144:
3128:
3112:
3100:
3084:
3071:William Knowles
3068:
3057:
3048:Alan MacDiarmid
3041:
3033:
3021:
3005:
3000:Richard Smalley
2989:
2976:Paul J. Crutzen
2973:
2965:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2917:
2901:
2892:Jean-Marie Lehn
2885:
2869:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2821:
2805:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2769:
2758:
2753:Vladimir Prelog
2746:
2738:
2726:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2682:
2674:
2658:
2650:
2645:Robert Woodward
2642:
2637:Dorothy Hodgkin
2634:
2622:
2610:
2602:
2594:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2499:
2487:
2482:William Giauque
2479:
2471:
2466:Robert Robinson
2463:
2450:James B. Sumner
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2397:Leopold RuĹľiÄŤka
2393:Adolf Butenandt
2390:
2382:
2370:
2362:
2350:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2330:Irving Langmuir
2327:
2315:
2307:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2215:Frederick Soddy
2212:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2142:Victor Grignard
2139:
2131:
2123:
2118:Wilhelm Ostwald
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2040:
2031:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1732:SUNY Foundation
1726:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1625:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1549:Greentech Media
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1347:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1257:
1256:
1245:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1212:Current Science
1207:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1173:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1139:
1134:
1107:
1079:
1074:
1067:
1034:
1031:
1027:
912:
905:
901:
767:
655:
636:
635:
631:
612:
593:
574:
555:
539:
446:
434:
383:Greentech Media
361:
357:
345:
341:
327:
276:Stamford School
264:
257:
170:
125:
86:Alma mater
67:
61:
58:
52:
50:
49:
48:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3787:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3602:Michael Kremer
3599:
3593:
3586:
3584:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3550:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3407:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3378:
3362:
3350:
3338:
3322:
3315:Gregory Winter
3311:Frances Arnold
3306:
3290:
3274:
3258:
3242:
3235:Michael Levitt
3231:Martin Karplus
3226:
3214:
3206:
3190:
3174:
3171:Roger Y. Tsien
3167:Martin Chalfie
3158:
3150:
3142:
3126:
3110:
3098:
3082:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3044:Alan J. Heeger
3039:
3031:
3019:
3012:John E. Walker
3003:
2987:
2971:
2963:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2915:
2912:Hartmut Michel
2899:
2888:Donald J. Cram
2883:
2867:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2828:Roald Hoffmann
2819:
2812:Walter Gilbert
2803:
2791:
2783:
2780:Ilya Prigogine
2775:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2749:John Cornforth
2744:
2736:
2724:
2717:Stanford Moore
2708:
2700:
2692:
2680:
2672:
2665:Ronald Norrish
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2573:Alexander Todd
2568:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2520:
2513:Edwin McMillan
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2388:
2380:
2373:Norman Haworth
2368:
2360:
2348:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2313:
2305:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2207:Walther Nernst
2202:
2195:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2102:Eduard Buchner
2097:
2089:
2081:
2078:William Ramsay
2073:
2065:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1985:
1975:
1948:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:External links
1934:
1931:
1930:
1918:Google Scholar
1905:
1885:
1864:
1839:
1814:
1774:
1749:
1719:
1697:
1670:
1645:
1616:
1586:
1561:
1535:
1510:
1484:
1454:
1424:
1398:
1384:
1364:
1336:
1303:
1276:
1243:
1195:
1164:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1118:(2): 293–300.
1100:
1077:
1072:
1029:
1025:
1019:
996:
986:(9): 505–508.
975:
965:(3): 239–244.
952:
931:
910:
903:
899:
895:
877:(5): 627–663.
860:
837:
806:
760:
737:
719:(3): 315–320.
706:
657:(As of 2019:)
654:
651:
650:
649:
629:
616:
610:
597:
591:
578:
572:
559:
553:
538:
535:
534:
533:
522:
504:
494:
480:
474:
468:
465:
459:
453:
445:
442:
433:
430:
359:
355:
343:
339:
326:
323:
286:, he took his
263:
260:
255:
199:
198:
195:
194:
191:Robert Huggins
188:
184:
183:
180:
174:
173:
162:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
129:
128:
120:
116:
115:
110:
109:Known for
106:
105:
87:
83:
82:
73:
69:
68:
62:
46:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3786:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3699:Living people
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3537:(Switzerland)
3536:
3535:Didier Queloz
3533:
3531:(Switzerland)
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3464:Akira Yoshino
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3392:
3388:
3387:Louis E. Brus
3384:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3359:Benjamin List
3356:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3335:Akira Yoshino
3332:
3328:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3299:Joachim Frank
3296:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3263:Tomas Lindahl
3259:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3239:Arieh Warshel
3236:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3223:Brian Kobilka
3220:
3215:
3212:
3211:Dan Shechtman
3207:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3187:Ada E. Yonath
3184:
3180:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3119:Avram Hershko
3116:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3095:Kurt WĂĽthrich
3092:
3091:Koichi Tanaka
3088:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3008:Paul D. Boyer
3004:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2961:
2960:Michael Smith
2957:
2952:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2920:Sidney Altman
2916:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2824:Kenichi Fukui
2820:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2789:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2722:
2721:William Stein
2718:
2714:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2670:
2669:George Porter
2666:
2662:
2661:Manfred Eigen
2657:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2605:Melvin Calvin
2601:
2598:
2597:Willard Libby
2593:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2545:Linus Pauling
2541:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2529:Richard Synge
2526:
2525:Archer Martin
2521:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2475:
2474:Arne Tiselius
2470:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2454:John Northrop
2451:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2298:Arthur Harden
2294:
2291:
2290:Adolf Windaus
2286:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2232:
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3199:Akira Suzuki
3155:Gerhard Ertl
3139:Yves Chauvin
3087:John B. Fenn
3075:Ryoji Noyori
3062:2001–present
3036:Ahmed Zewail
2996:Harold Kroto
2980:Mario Molina
2908:Robert Huber
2880:John Polanyi
2864:Jerome Karle
2800:Georg Wittig
2685:Derek Barton
2677:Lars Onsager
2629:Giulio Natta
2625:Karl Ziegler
2617:John Kendrew
2385:Richard Kuhn
2310:Hans Fischer
2126:Otto Wallach
2062:Emil Fischer
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476:2018 Member
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304:Schlumberger
294:(1967), and
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149:Institutions
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3694:1941 births
3523:Jim Peebles
3435:Nobel Prize
3287:Ben Feringa
3271:Aziz Sancar
3251:Stefan Hell
3247:Eric Betzig
3024:Walter Kohn
2992:Robert Curl
2968:George Olah
2956:Kary Mullis
2932:Elias Corey
2924:Thomas Cech
2876:Yuan T. Lee
2844:Henry Taube
2377:Paul Karrer
2365:Peter Debye
2345:Harold Urey
2231:Fritz Pregl
2192:Fritz Haber
2134:Marie Curie
1894:"No. 64423"
1827:NAE Website
1009:: 257–268.
444:Recognition
72:Nationality
3688:Categories
3508:(Ethiopia)
3506:Abiy Ahmed
3475:Literature
3123:Irwin Rose
3103:Peter Agre
3028:John Pople
2836:Aaron Klug
2741:Paul Flory
2689:Odd Hassel
2613:Max Perutz
2494:Kurt Alder
2490:Otto Diels
2318:Carl Bosch
1923:10 October
1832:27 October
1767:27 October
1742:27 October
1690:12 October
1663:10 October
1638:10 October
1633:Pipe Dream
1609:10 October
1579:10 October
1554:10 October
1528:10 October
1447:10 October
1417:10 October
1391:10 October
1357:10 October
1296:20 October
1269:10 October
1132:References
1032:nanotubes"
268:Nottingham
193:(post-doc)
64:Nottingham
53:1941-12-22
3488:(Austria)
3444:Chemistry
3437:laureates
2808:Paul Berg
2763:1976–2000
2504:1951–1975
2434:Otto Hahn
2265:1926–1950
2045:1901–1925
2034:Laureates
1957:(Q285062)
1879:VnExpress
1809:0883-7694
1712:1 January
1503:22 August
1477:22 August
1329:22 August
1188:9 October
1157:9 October
639:cite book
66:, England
1570:"Awards"
1222:16 March
891:10927405
833:25354149
794:15669156
702:36607505
694:17748676
526:Knighted
401:for the
364:vanadium
325:Research
290:(1964),
80:American
3515:Physics
3466:(Japan)
2036:of the
1974:website
1950:Scholia
1857:25 June
1049:Bibcode
721:Bibcode
674:Bibcode
665:Science
528:in the
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208:chemist
143:Chemist
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126:(2019)
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3433:2019
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537:Books
524:2024
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296:DPhil
252:Exxon
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