751:
66:
763:
1434:
2155:
787:
775:
942:
378:
799:
1199:
625:
934:
361:
215:
2167:
2139:
1764:
2190:
1472:. The city was famous for its fine fabrication of silks, velvets, damasks, and brocades. While the cultivation of mulberry was moving first steps in Northern Italy, silk made in Calabria reached a peak of 50% of the whole Italian/European production. As the cultivation of mulberry was difficult in Northern and Continental Europe, merchants and operators used to purchase raw materials in Calabria in order to finish the products, before reselling them for a higher price.
489:
1639:(1000–1250 AD) saw continued use of established techniques for silk manufacture without change in either materials or tools used. Small changes began to appear between the 10th and 12th centuries, followed by larger and more radical innovations in the 13th century, resulting in the invention of new fabrics; other, more mundane fabrics made of hemp and cotton also developed. Silk remained a rare and expensive material, but improved technology saw Byzantine
1172:
498:
35:
4744:
1624:
815:
4483:
1931:
2000:, in that they gave a (limited) form of programmability. Punched cards themselves were carried over to computers and were ubiquitous until their obsolescence in the 1970s. From 1801, embroidery-style designs became highly mechanized, due to the effectiveness of the Jacquard loom in imitating embroidered fabrics. The mechanism behind the Jacquard looms even allowed complex designs to be
1226:, sericulture reached Japan for the first time around 300 AD, following a number of international students, having been sent from Japan to China, recruiting four young Chinese girls to teach the art of plain and figured weaving in Japan. Techniques of sericulture were subsequently introduced to Japan on a larger scale by frequent diplomatic exchanges between the 8th and 9th centuries.
1824:
420:; one day, in about 3000 BC, a silk worm's cocoon fell into her teacup . Wishing to extract it from her drink, the 14-year-old girl began to unroll the thread of the cocoon. Seeing the long fibers that constituted the cocoon, the Empress gathered other cocoons and wove it into cloth. Having observed the life of the silkworm on the recommendation of her husband, the
1326:
643:, silk became progressively more valuable in its own right, and was used in a greater capacity than as simply a material; lengths of silk cloth were used to pay government officials and to compensate citizens who were particularly worthy. In the same manner that one would sometimes estimate the price of products according to a certain weight of
823:
2085:
and characterized by brown dots. Pasteur published his findings and recommendations for silk farmers. Soon, he received feedback from farmers who had followed his recommendations. Most had reared healthy crops, other farmers had not. With more investigation, he discovered the worms were infected with
1114:
In the late Middle Ages, transcontinental trade over the land routes of the Silk Road declined as sea trade increased. Centuries went by, civilizations, and dynasties were formed, prospered, or perished, but the route that linked the continents of Europe and Asia survived and expanded, becoming known
2230:
market policy, became the world's foremost exporter of raw silk, a position it held until the 1970s. The continued rise in the importance of synthetic fibers and loosening of the protectionist economy contributed to the decline of Japan's silk industry, and by 1975 it was no longer a net exporter of
543:
For approximately a millennium, the right to wear silk was reserved for the emperor and the highest dignitaries. Silk was, at the time, a sign of great wealth, due to its shimmering appearance, created by the silk fiber's prismatic structure, which refracted light from every angle. After some time,
1771:
Though highly regarded for its quality, Italian silk cloth was very expensive, both due to the costs of the raw materials and the production process. The craftsmen in Italy proved unable to keep up with the needs of French fashions, which continuously demanded lighter and less expensive materials.
1593:
by allowing the city to establish a consulate of the silk craft, charged with regulating and check in the various stages of a production that flourished throughout the 16th century. At the moment of the creation of its guild, the city declared that it had over 500 looms. By 1660, when the town had
1815:
on silk production to the city of Lyon. Starting in the 16th century, Lyon became the capital of the
European silk trade, notably producing many reputable fashions. Gaining confidence, the silks produced in the city began to abandon their original Oriental styles in favor of their own distinctive
1791:
decided to develop a national silk industry in Lyon, and employed a large number of
Italian workers, mainly from Calabria. The fame of the master weavers of Catanzaro spread throughout France, and they were invited to Lyon in order to teach the techniques of weaving. The drawloom that appeared in
1102:
China traded silk, teas, and porcelain, while India traded spices, ivory, textiles, precious stones, and pepper, and the Roman Empire exported gold, silver, fine glassware, wine, carpets, and jewels. Although the term "the Silk Road" implies a continuous journey, very few who traveled the route
1084:
I can see clothes of silk, if materials that do not hide the body, nor even one's decency, can be called clothes. ... Wretched flocks of maids labor so that the adulteress may be visible through her thin dress, so that her husband has no more acquaintance than any outsider or foreigner with his
227:
The earliest evidence of silk dates back to more than 8,500 years ago and has been found at the early
Neolithic Age tombs of Jiahu, China. Biomolecular evidence, reported from a study, showed the existence of prehistoric silk fibroin in the tombs. Rough weaving tools and bone needles were also
2035:
The decline in the
European silk industry has roots in epidemics among silkworm populations. In 1849, France's silk crop failed due to a unknown disease affecting the silkworms. The disease remained pervasive, and soon spread to Italy, Spain, Syria, Turkey, and China. In 1807, bacteriologist
186:, cotton became much cheaper to manufacture, leading to cotton production becoming the main focus for many manufacturers, and causing the more costly production of silk to shrink. New weaving technologies, however, increased the efficiency of producing silk cloth; among these was the
2210:. Italy managed to rebound from the crisis, but France was unable. Urbanization in Europe saw many French and Italian agricultural workers leave silk growing for more lucrative factory work. Raw silk was imported from Japan to fill the void. Asian countries, formerly exporters of
2086:
something other than pébrine. The other condition, flacherie, was caused by a viral infection. Pasteur recommended the removal of infected worms from the population. These recommendations allowed silkworm producers to restore their strocks and revive silk production.
531:
In China, silkworm farming was originally restricted to women, and many women were employed in the silk-making industry. Even though some saw the development of a luxury product as useless, silk provoked such a craze among the high society that the rules in the
1444:, in the region of Calabria, was the first center to introduce silk production to Italy between the 9th and the 11th century. During the following centuries, the silk of Catanzaro supplied almost all of Europe and was sold in a large market fair in the port of
1394:. The silk produced by the Byzantines was well known for its high quality, owing to the meticulous attention paid to the execution of its weaving and decoration, with weaving techniques taken from Egypt used to produce the fabric. The first diagrams of semple
2238:
out of a world production of 81,000, followed by India at 13,000 tonnes. Japanese production is now marginal, at only 2,500 tonnes. Between 1995 and 1997, Chinese silk production went down 40% in an effort to raise prices, reminiscent of earlier shortages.
1103:
traversed it from end to end; for the most part, goods were transported by a series of agents on varying routes, and were traded in the bustling markets of the oasis towns. The main traders during
Antiquity were the Indian and Bactrian traders, followed by
2154:
2225:
were used in products such as parachutes and stockings, replacing silk. Even after the war, silk was not able to regain many of the markets lost, though it remained an expensive luxury product. Postwar Japan, through improvements in technology and a
674:
The military payrolls tell us that soldiers were paid in bundles of plain silk textiles, which circulated as currency in Han times. Soldiers may well have traded their silk with the nomads who came to the gates of the Great Wall to sell horses and
2054:. His findings were the first to demonstrate the transmission of disease between animals, and led to a better understanding of how the disease was transmitted between silkworms. This enabled silk producers to better prevent the transmission of
1693:
From the start of the 14th century, many documents allude to the use of complex weaving machinery. Depictions of fabric production techniques from this time period can be found in several places; the earliest surviving depiction of a
European
1663:
of late-18th century
England, advances in silk production also possibly accompanied more general advances in the technology of modern society as a whole. At the beginning of the 13th century, a primitive form of milling silk yarns was in use;
438:
Though silk was exported to foreign countries in great amounts, sericulture remained a secret that the
Chinese carefully guarded; consequently, other cultures developed their own accounts and legends as to the source of the fabric. In
891:(compiled around 1210) is rich with pictures and descriptions, many pertaining to silk. It repeatedly claims the Chinese looms to be far superior to all others, and speaks of two types of loom that leave the worker's arms free: the
866:. Chinese sources claim the existence in 1090 of a machine to unwind silkworm cocoons; the cocoons were placed in a large basin of hot water, the silk would leave the cauldron by tiny guiding rings, and would be wound onto a large
1071:
tried in vain to prohibit the wearing of silk, for economic reasons as well as moral ones. The import of
Chinese silk resulted in vast amounts of gold leaving Rome, to such an extent that silk clothing was perceived as a sign of
295:
show that it was known in
Western Asia in biblical times. Scholars believe that starting in the 2nd century BC, the Chinese established a commercial network aimed at exporting silk to the West. Silk was used, for example, by the
228:
excavated, indicating the possibility that the Jiahu residents may also have possessed basic weaving and sewing skills required for making textiles. Other evidence of silk include items found at sites of the Yangshao culture in
2272:
have become increasingly popular, being associated with skin and hair benefits. These claims are not supported with much scientific research and are anecdotal, mostly because not many studies have been conducted on this topic.
257:. Similar remains of silk fabric were discovered at another Yangshao site located in Wanggou, Henan, in the year 2019. The fabric was used to wrap the body of a child placed inside a burial urn. Scraps of silk were found in a
1425:
of Calabria had cultivated 24,000 mulberry trees for their foliage, with growth still ongoing. The interactions among Byzantine and Muslim silk-weaving centers of all levels of quality, with imitations made in Andalusia and
4026:
Fabio Bertini, "Il Settecento capitalista. Setaioli commercianti banchieri e nobili fra la Firenze delle accomandite e l'Europa", Cagliari-Milano-Roma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto dell'Europa mediterranea,
899:, which is attributed to East Asian origins. There are many diagrams of these that originate in the 12th and 13th centuries. When examined closely, many similarities between Eurasian machines can be drawn. Following the
206:, has reduced the prevalence of silk throughout the world, being cheaper and easier to care for. Silk is now once again thought of as a luxury good, with a greatly reduced importance compared to its historical heyday.
1772:
These materials, used for clothing, began to be produced locally instead; however, Italian silk remained for a long time amongst the most prized, mostly for furnishings and the brilliant nature of the dyestuffs used.
1421:, which was under the Byzantine dominion. According to André Guillou, mulberry trees for the production of raw silk were introduced to southern Italy by the Byzantines at the end of the 9th century. Around 1050, the
739:
Golden lotus having a quilted backgammon pattern, double-folded, adorned with savage geese pecking at a landscape of flowers and roses; the dress' right figure had a floral border with buttons in the form of bees or
2166:
727:, and others for religious use. The women of high Chinese society also followed these codified practices, and used silk in their garments alongside the addition of countless decorative motifs. A 17th-century work,
715:, wallets, belts, or even as an embroidered piece of fabric displaying dozens of animals, real or mythical. These fashion accessories remained associated with a particular position: there was specific headgear for
2205:
in Japan made it the world's foremost silk producer. By the early 20th century, rapidly industrializing Japan was producing as much as 60 percent of the world's raw silk, most exports shipping through the port of
961:
Numerous archaeological discoveries show that silk had become a luxury material appreciated in foreign countries well before the opening of the Silk Road by the Chinese. For example, silk has been found in the
750:
874:, in all likelihood moved by hand, was known to exist by the beginning of the Christian era. The first accepted image of a spinning wheel appears in 1210, with an image of a silk spinning machine powered by a
197:
In the 20th century, Japan and China regained their earlier dominant role in silk production, and China is now once again the world's largest producer of silk. The rise of new imitation silk fabrics, such as
2104:(1873–1896), Lyonnais silk production had become totally industrialized, and handlooms were rapidly disappearing. The 19th century saw the textile industry's progress caused by advances in chemistry. The
679:
For more than a millennium, silk remained the principal diplomatic gift of the emperor of China to neighbouring countries or vassal states. The use of silk became so important that the character for silk
1534:
in 1204 brought decline to the city and its silk industry, and many artisans left the city in the early 13th century. Italy developed a large domestic silk industry after 2,000 skilled weavers came from
315:, with the possible exception of Japan, its production remained exclusively Chinese for three millennia. The earliest examples of silk production outside China are from silk threads discovered from the
4073:
2023:
in 1831 foreshadowed many of the larger worker uprisings of the Industrial Revolution. The canuts occupied the city of Lyon, refusing to relinquish it until a bloody repression by the army, led by
762:
670:
from the Western Han period (206 BC–9 AD), and a surviving calendar for silk production in an Eastern Han (25–220 AD) document. The two other known works on silk from the Han period are lost.
1968:
The silk industry, however, did not gain any benefit from innovations in spinning, as silk did not require spinning in order to be woven. Furthermore, the production of silver, and gold silk
1729:). It is possible that the toothed warping machine was created by the silk industry, as it allowed the for a longer length of warp to hold more uniformity throughout the length of the cloth.
2289:
786:
544:
silk gradually extended to other classes of Chinese society, though this was mainly the uppermost noble classes. Silk began to be used for decorative means and also in less luxurious ways;
2591:
2060:
Muscardine was not the only disease to affect the European silk industry at this time. In France, disease among silkworms continued to devastate silk production in the country. In 1865,
1961:. In its early years, there were often disparities in technological innovation between different stages of fabric manufacture, which encouraged complementary innovations. For example,
1820:, devoted themselves to the flourishing industry. In the middle of the 17th century, over 14,000 looms were used in Lyon, and the silk industry fed a third of the city's population.
570:. Beginning in the 3rd century BC, paper was made in all sizes with various materials. Silk was no exception, and silk workers had been making paper since the 2nd century BC. Silk,
3993:
Toshiharu Furusawa, "The history of Sericulture in Japan – The old and innovative technique for Industry-", Center for Bioresource Field Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology (
3563:
Mazzarello, Paolo; Garbarino, Carla; and Cani, Valentina (September 2013) Bassi, Agostino. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester. DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0025074
253:
The earliest extant example of a woven silk fabric is from 3630 BC, used as wrapping for the body of a child. The fabric comes from a Yangshao site in Qingtaicun at Rongyang,
120:
alone, and silk was used for a number of applications, such as writing. Within clothing, the color of silk worn also held social importance, and formed an important guide of
1996:, which allowed a string of punched cards to be processed mechanically in the correct sequence. The punched cards of the Jacquard loom were a direct precursor to the modern
1755:. He introduced a new kind of machine, which had the ability to work the yarns faster and more precisely. Further improvements to the loom were made throughout the century.
4526:
1976:. In the 17th and 18th centuries, progress began to be made in the simplification and standardization of silk manufacture, with many advances following one after another.
1747:
In the second half of the 15th century, drawloom technology was first brought to France by an Italian weaver from Calabria, known as Jean le Calabrais, who was invited to
1918:; however the silk industry in the colonies never became very large. Likewise, silk was introduced to numerous other countries, including Mexico, where it was brought by
2068:
to study what was causing the epidemic. Pasteur investigated the cause between 1865 and 1870, leading to his discovery of two separate diseases infecting the silkworms:
1582:
increase the momentum of their silk production, and were soon exporting silk to all of Europe, with 84 workshops and at least 7,000 craftsmen in Florence in 1472 alone.
1218:
on silk production for several centuries, defended by an imperial decree and condemning to death anyone attempting to export silkworms or their eggs. According to the
589:
were all used, and paper made with silk became the first type of luxury paper. Researchers have found an early example of writing done on silk paper in the tomb of a
1811:
in around 1535 that a royal charter was granted to two merchants, Étienne Turquet and Barthélemy Naris, to develop a silk trade in Lyon. In 1540, the king granted a
435:, likely around the early 1st century AD. The princess, refusing to go without the fabric that she loved, decided to break the imperial ban on silkworm exportation.
1433:
659:
people regularly pillaged the provinces of the Han Chinese for around 250 years. Silk was a common offering by the emperor to these tribes in exchange for peace.
1139:. Though silk was certainly the major trade item from China, many other goods were traded, and various technologies, religions and philosophies, as well as the
4589:
2132:, intended as an artificial silk, and in 1891 opened a factory dedicated to the production of viscose, which cost much less and in part replaced natural silk.
1736:, trends began to shift towards less expensive production techniques. Many techniques that earlier in the century would have been completely forbidden by the
1558:, Jewish, and Greek settlement, alongside many other immigrants from neighboring cities in southern Italy. With the loss of many Italian trading posts in the
993:, their name for the far-off kingdom of China. According to certain historians, the first Roman contact with silk was that of the legions of the governor of
323:, which are dated to 2450–2000 BC. The analysis of the silk fibres shows presence of reeling and sericulture, and predates another example of silk found in
1361:
163:
states, which saw an economic boom exporting silk to the rest of Europe. Developments in the manufacturing technique also started to take place during the
175:
joined Italy in developing a successful silk trade, although the efforts of most other nations to develop a silk industry of their own were unsuccessful.
143:
eggs and were able to begin silkworm cultivation while the Arabs also started to manufacture silk at around the same time. As a result of the spread of
3484:"The Silk Worm Epidemic, Pebrine, after Pasteur, with Some Reflections Regarding the Analogy of This Disorder to Certain Diseases of the Human Subject"
3422:
846:
were produced in many countries, the Chinese are considered to have been the first to produce silk fabric on a large scale, having the most efficient
774:
2794:
Ma, Debin. "The Modern Silk Road: The Global Raw-Silk Market, 1850-1930." The Journal of Economic History, vol. 56, no. 2, 1996, pp. 330–55. JSTOR,
1899:, many of whom were skilled weavers and experts in sericulture, began immigrating to England to escape religious persecution. Some areas, including
1468:
merchants. Catanzaro became the lace capital of Europe, with a large silkworm breeding facility that produced all the laces and linens used in the
1032:. The caravans that travelled this route to exchange silk with other merchants were generally sizeable, constituting 100 to 500 people, as well as
4531:
3786:
2654:
2595:
4189:
1957:
was marked by a massive boom in the textile industry in general, with remarkable technological innovations made, led by the cotton industry of
1522:, two important centers of Byzantine silk production. They took the crops and silk production infrastructure, and deported all the workers to
65:
1903:, saw many high-quality silk workshops spring up, their products distinct from continental silk largely by the colors used. Nonetheless, the
798:
424:, she began to instruct her entourage in the art of raising silkworms - sericulture. From this point, the girl became the goddess of silk in
655:. Many neighbouring countries began to grow envious of the wealth that sericulture provided China, and beginning in the 2nd century BC, the
104:(4th millennium BC). Though it would later reach other places in the world, the art of silk production remained confined to China until the
4536:
896:
2234:
With its recent economic reforms, the People's Republic of China has become the world's largest silk producer. In 1996 it produced 58,000
443:, most Romans, great admirers of the cloth, were convinced that the Chinese took the fabric from tree leaves. This belief was affirmed by
2361:
3633:
Rahul, Kamidi; Manjunatha, Gyarehalli Rangappa; Sivaprasad, Vankadara (2021-01-01), Gurtler, Volker; Subrahmanyam, Gangavarapu (eds.),
3515:
Rahul, Kamidi; Manjunatha, Gyarehalli Rangappa; Sivaprasad, Vankadara (2021-01-01), Gurtler, Volker; Subrahmanyam, Gangavarapu (eds.),
1875:
that profited the most from its now-extinct mulberry plantations. However, silk centers still operate today. Working at home under the
1479:
While the Chinese lost their monopoly on silk production, they were able to re-establish themselves as major silk suppliers during the
870:, using a backward and forward motion. However, little information exists about the spinning techniques previously used in China. The
3021:
Jacoby, David (2004). "Silk Economics and Cross-Cultural Artistic Interaction: Byzantium, the Muslim World, and the Christian West".
236:, where a silk cocoon was found cut in half by a sharp knife, dating back to between 4000 and 3000 BC. The species was identified as
194:
of several silkworm diseases at this time caused production to fall, especially in France, where the industry never fully recovered.
4777:
4667:
17:
4782:
1651:
and those of the Arabs in Sicily and Spain (8th to 10th centuries) able to supply the luxury material in much greater abundance.
70:
4329:
2810:"The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map: Silk Road, North China [Northern Silk Road, North Silk Road] Ancient Trackway"
2089:
Nevertheless, the increase in the price of silkworm cocoons and the reduction in the importance of silk in the garments of the
2048:("The Disease of the Sign, Calcinaccio or Muscardine") in which he demonstrated the disease was caused by the parasitic fungus
2011:, but it soon became vital to the industry. The loom was declared as public property in 1806, and Jacquard was rewarded with a
3981:
Southern Italy in the Late Middle Ages: Demographic, Institutional and Economic Change in the Kingdom of Naples, c.1440-c.1530
4051:
4039:
4001:
3973:
3965:
3933:
3835:
3705:
2993:
Anne Kraatz, Marie Risselin-Steenebrugen, Michèle Pirazzoli-t'Serstevens and Madeleine Paul-David (2006), "Tissus d'art", in
2844:
2779:
2530:
2317:
2254:
1911:
1594:
about 16,000 inhabitants, its silk industry kept 1,000 looms, and at least 5,000 people, in employment. The silk textiles of
695:
As a material for clothing and accessories, the use of silk was regulated by a very precise code in China. For example, the
4100:
3988:
3194:
2243:
1198:
353:
silk, but closer examination of the fibres revealed the material not to be Chinese in origin, and was instead woven from a
3940:
1368:. While under the monks' care, the eggs hatched, though they did not cocoon before arrival. The church manufacture in the
1059:
in 30 BC, regular commerce began between the Romans and Asia, marked by the Roman appetite for silk cloth coming from the
1665:
2221:, silk supplies from Japan were cut off, so western countries were forced to find substitutes. Synthetic fibers such as
1405:, spread sericulture across the shores of the Mediterranean, leading to the development of sericulture in North Africa,
4787:
2160:
An illustration of spinning, winding, doubling, and throwing machines used in silk textile production in England, 1858.
707:, according to their function in society, with certain colours of silk restricted to the upper classes only. Under the
3146:
2097:
in 1869 and the silk shortage in France reduced the price of importing Asian silk, particularly from China and Japan.
4730:
3994:
3455:
3374:
3305:
3158:
3104:
2700:
3893:
4569:
4499:
3889:
1390:
had a legal monopoly on the fabric, but the empire continued to import silk from other major urban centers on the
4519:
4265:
3825:
3187:
Southern Italy in the Late Middle Ages: Demographic, Institutional Change in the Kingdom of Naples, c.1440-c.1530
3760:
2553:
3926:
Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE
2886:
1108:
1562:, the import of Chinese styles drastically declined. In order to satisfy the demands of the rich and powerful
1430:, among other cities, have made the identification and date of rare surviving examples difficult to pinpoint.
1044:
and the coasts of the Mediterranean, about one year's travel from Xi'an. In the south, a second route went by
431:
Knowledge of silk production eventually left China via the heir of a princess who was promised to a prince of
1904:
1586:
4646:
4068:
4704:
3877:
3659:
3419:
2577:
Hill (2009), "Appendix A: Introduction of Silk Cultivation to Khotan in the 1st Century AD.", pp. 466-467.
689:
475:
that, "They weave webs, like spiders, that become a luxurious clothing material for women, called silk."
3865:
2960:
2716:
2138:
1147:"), also traveled along the silk routes. Some of the other goods traded included luxuries such as silk,
4694:
4322:
3817:
2024:
1879:, silk spinning and silk treatment employed many people and increased the income of the working class.
1659:
The 13th century saw an improvement in the already-changing technology of silk production; as with the
1422:
648:
3907:
3634:
3516:
3320:
3287:
3056:
1732:
Towards the end of the 14th century, no doubt on account of the devastation caused mid-century by the
4275:
2662:
1763:
900:
320:
1115:
as the Silk Road. The Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the civilizations of
4772:
4725:
4720:
4093:
2309:
941:
117:
2334:"China Focus: World's earliest silk fabrics discovered in central China's ruins-China Silk Museum"
1799:, but the industry in Tours stayed relatively marginal. His main objective was to reduce France's
4662:
3418:
Waters, Sarah. "The Silk Industry in Lyon, France." Museum of the City. Accessed 6 October 2017.
2621:
1940:
1860:
1191:
652:
602:
471:
82:
2257:
and other institutions created a very thin piece of modified silk that vibrates when electrical
147:, Chinese silk exports became less important, although they still maintained dominance over the
4270:
2929:
1892:
1527:
1402:
279:
During the later epoch, the knowledge of silk production was spread outside of China, with the
4677:
3119:
2834:
2771:
2765:
2522:
2515:
1930:
242:, the domesticated silkworm. Fragments of a primitive loom can also be seen from the sites of
218:
The cocoon of the domesticated silk moth; unlike wild silk moths, its cocoon is entirely white
4689:
4457:
4315:
2472:
2370:
2358:
2333:
1989:
1954:
1703:
1660:
1203:
704:
567:
179:
1795:
In the face of protests by the people of Lyon, Louis XI conceded to move silk production to
2691:
Joseph Needham, Francesca Bray, Hsing-Tsung Huang, Christian Daniels, Nicholas K. Menzies,
1985:
1377:
928:
629:
3366:
2093:
in the 19th century caused the decline of the silk industry in Europe. The opening of the
8:
4504:
4452:
4296:
4086:
2061:
1962:
1888:
1808:
1683:
1262:
1120:
1020:
toward the west was opened by the Chinese in the 2nd century AD. The main road left from
963:
440:
331:
305:
190:, developed for the production of highly detailed silks with embroidery-like designs. An
3483:
3217:
Silk and Religion: An Exploration of Material Life and the Thought of People AD 600-1200
2942:
2587:
2019:
on each machine. In 1834, there were a total of 2,885 Jacquard looms in Lyon alone. The
1476:
silk artisans also used fine Calabrian and Sicilian silk for the production of velvets.
1372:
was thus able to make fabrics for the emperor, with the intention of developing a large
48:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
4641:
4619:
4609:
3500:
3038:
2214:(cocoons and raw silk), progressively began to export more and more finished garments.
2105:
2050:
1919:
1915:
1866:
1752:
1511:
1254:
1214:
Although silk was well known in Europe and most of Asia, China was able to keep a near-
1090:
545:
3573:
3540:
2242:
In December 2006 the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed 2009 to be the
1669:
401:(704–223 BC), depicting men wearing traditional silk dress and riding in a two horsed
265:, dating back to 2700 BC. Other fragments have been recovered from royal tombs in the
4699:
4634:
4629:
4584:
4047:
3984:
3969:
3961:
3929:
3831:
3721:
3701:
3615:
3451:
3370:
3301:
3190:
3154:
3100:
2880:
2840:
2775:
2696:
2526:
2495:
2491:
2313:
1973:
1775:
Following the example of the wealthy Italian city-states of the era, such as Venice,
1599:
1499:
1410:
1230:
1002:
933:
425:
413:
377:
3006:
Guillou, André; Delogu, Paolo (1983). "Il Mezzogiorno dai Bizantini a Federico II".
2809:
556:
all utilized silk. Peasants, however, did not have the right to wear silk until the
4684:
4599:
4552:
4462:
4219:
3607:
3495:
3070:
3030:
2744:
2487:
2218:
1972:
was a very delicate and precise process, with each color needing its own dedicated
1891:(1367–1413) also looked to develop a silk industry, but no opportunity arose until
1636:
1369:
1350:
852:
665:
624:
535:
449:
444:
408:
Many myths and legends exist about origin of silk production. The writings of both
258:
136:
101:
75:
2172:
Silk, cotton and gilt-metal-strip-wrapped cotton panel, machine-woven in Scotland
2007:
The Jacquard loom was immediately denounced by workers, who accused it of causing
1253:, silk became a monetary standard for estimating the value of different products.
4748:
4594:
3426:
2830:
2616:
2365:
2101:
2081:
2001:
1922:
in 1522. Only rarely did these new silk industries grow to any significant size.
1876:
1856:
1740:
for low-quality production were now commonplace (such as using low-quality wool,
1519:
1445:
1202:
Chinese Embassy, carrying silk and a string of silkworm cocoons, 7th century CE,
1064:
1029:
462:
335:
284:
3846:
3641:, Methods in Silkworm Microbiology, vol. 49, Academic Press, pp. 79–96
3523:, Methods in Silkworm Microbiology, vol. 49, Academic Press, pp. 79–96
1830:
1040:
carrying around 140 kilograms (310 lb) of merchandise. The route linked to
822:
4614:
4557:
4514:
4184:
3595:
2037:
1992:
improved on the designs of Falcon and Vaucanson, introducing the revolutionary
1977:
1803:
with the Italian states, which caused France to lose 400,000 to 500,000 golden
1711:
1695:
1544:
1536:
1531:
1503:
1414:
1373:
1314:
1140:
1009:, the legions were said to be so surprised by the brilliance of the banners of
871:
421:
360:
297:
243:
168:
156:
4407:
3541:"Agostino Bassi | Microbiology, Disease Control & Entomology | Britannica"
2384:
182:
changed much of Europe's silk industry. Due to innovations in the spinning of
4767:
4761:
4604:
4562:
4417:
4229:
4209:
4148:
3854:
3619:
3095:
Malanima, Paolo (2004). "Le sete della Calabria". In Fusco, Ida Maria (ed.).
2499:
2247:
2227:
2145:
2077:
2065:
1993:
1958:
1840:
1800:
1699:
1391:
1124:
553:
292:
266:
187:
116:
for another thousand years. The use of silk within China was not confined to
78:
3722:"The Cocoon Strikes Back: Innovative Products Could Revive a Dying Industry"
3698:
Disaster and Human History: Case Studies in Nature, Society, and Catastrophe
2861:
1257:
appreciated the high quality of the Chinese goods and made efforts to plant
4338:
4194:
4074:"Sericulture in Asia: Yesterday, today, tomorrow", Asia and Pacific Network
4021:
Alternative Agriculture: A History from the Black Death to the Present Day.
2592:"Les relations entre le monde romain et la Chine: la tentation du Far East"
2211:
2020:
2008:
1981:
1900:
1714:
machines appearing both together in the stained glass at Chartres and in a
1484:
1480:
1469:
1357:
1250:
1183:
1136:
1068:
982:
857:
730:
712:
708:
700:
696:
633:
557:
398:
365:
148:
125:
121:
4000:"Métiers agricoles - Magnaniers", Institut supérieur de l'agroalimentaire
2189:
1291:), the name of the people from whom silk was first obtained, according to
4244:
4224:
4169:
4133:
4016:
3134:
Muthesius, Anna, "Silk in the Medieval World". In Jenkins (2003), p. 331.
2925:
2269:
2262:
2202:
2090:
1907:
prevented England's domestic silk trade from becoming globally dominant.
1852:
1843:, showing the different steps in sericulture and the manufacture of silk.
1733:
1640:
1563:
1465:
1305:
1144:
875:
862:
839:
640:
606:
523:
382:
288:
238:
164:
144:
113:
4352:
3420:
http://www.museumofthecity.org/project/the-silk-industry-in-lyon-france/
1613:
1526:
and Calabria, thereby causing the Norman silk industry to flourish. The
488:
4442:
4412:
4372:
4179:
4174:
4153:
3042:
2094:
1495:, techniques of silk production began to spread across Western Europe.
1171:
1077:
1025:
601:, Hunan. The material was more expensive, but also more practical than
349:
stockings. Her yellow blouse was originally thought to be made of wild
316:
301:
229:
214:
4402:
2795:
2069:
683:
497:
108:
opened at 114 BC. Even after trade opened, China maintained a virtual
4672:
4422:
4249:
4239:
4143:
4138:
4128:
3953:
3295:
3212:
2557:
2073:
2016:
1896:
1595:
1590:
1488:
1441:
1406:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1280:
1270:
1234:
1073:
1017:
1006:
946:
924:
843:
809:
614:
594:
511:
409:
354:
203:
105:
94:
3034:
2958:
Catherine Jolivet-Lévy and Jean-Pierre Sodini (2006), "Byzance", in
2453:
2040:
began a 25-year investigation into what caused the silkworm disease
1744:, etc.). In the silk industry, the use of water-powered mills grew.
1483:, and to industrialize their production on a large scale during the
465:
notably accurately determined where silk came from; speaking of the
4432:
4392:
4357:
4234:
4214:
4204:
4199:
2207:
2113:
1997:
1848:
1812:
1788:
1776:
1682:) both illustrate many types of machinery which can only have been
1648:
1628:
1579:
1492:
1491:
along the Silk Road; however, following the beginning of the first
1461:
1418:
1381:
1266:
1258:
1215:
1175:
1104:
1060:
1021:
908:
892:
618:
610:
598:
590:
515:
458:
191:
152:
140:
109:
3787:"Are increasingly popular silk pillowcases really worth the hype?"
3611:
1487:. China continued to export high-quality fabric to Europe and the
1166:
540:
were used to limit its use to the members of the imperial family.
4743:
4467:
4377:
4362:
4037:
3915:
3850:
2258:
2129:
2121:
2109:
2012:
1969:
1872:
1836:
1741:
1719:
1687:
1607:
1540:
1523:
1515:
1507:
1221:
1160:
1159:, other perfumes, spices, medicines, jewels, glassware, and even
1107:
traders from the 5th to the 8th century AD, and then followed by
1041:
1010:
998:
950:
912:
847:
827:
716:
656:
549:
402:
312:
280:
42:
Parts of this article (those related to modern usage) need to be
1787:
obtained a similar function in the French market. In 1466, King
1317:
1308:
46:. The reason given is: the most recent information is from 2006.
4577:
4447:
4427:
4367:
4307:
3363:
Histoire de la France: Dynasties et révolutions, de 1348 à 1852
2915:
2908:
Strabo 11.11.1, 15.1.34. The earliest example of the adjective
2731:
Charles Meyer, "Les routes de la soie: 22 siècles d'aventure",
2235:
2125:
1823:
1715:
1707:
1603:
1575:
1559:
1555:
1453:
1365:
1292:
1207:
1132:
1128:
1028:
desert, one of the most arid in the world, before crossing the
990:
978:
954:
904:
867:
724:
571:
454:
432:
350:
324:
262:
233:
183:
172:
3099:(in Italian). Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane. pp. 55–68.
1804:
1783:(which had become the center of the luxury-textile industry),
1623:
814:
4482:
4387:
3289:
La seta a Catanzaro e Lione. Echi lontani e attività presente
2909:
2222:
2194:
2027:. A second revolt, similar to the first, took place in 1834.
1817:
1816:
style, which emphasized landscapes. Thousand of workers, the
1796:
1780:
1737:
1644:
1571:
1567:
1551:
1550:
The sudden boom of the silk industry in the Italian state of
1473:
1457:
1449:
1437:
Silk production in Northern Italy from 13th to 17th centuries
1427:
1296:
1286:
1274:
1246:
1242:
1148:
1116:
1056:
1049:
1045:
1033:
994:
971:
967:
720:
586:
579:
575:
563:
519:
417:
342:
254:
247:
199:
160:
132:
97:
4527:
Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution
2839:. British Library. Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 110.
1792:
those years in France was called loom by Jean Le Calabrais.
1325:
1269:
Persia controlled the trade of silk destined for Europe and
918:
167:(5th to 15th centuries) in Europe, with devices such as the
4472:
4437:
4397:
4382:
4291:
4109:
3862:
Catherine Jolivet-Lévy et Jean-Pierre Sodini, "Byzance",
3700:. Jefferson N.C.: McFarland & Company Inc. p. 95.
1784:
1748:
1554:, starting in the 11th and 12th centuries, was due to much
1395:
1353:
1238:
1187:
1179:
1156:
1152:
831:
644:
583:
507:
478:
346:
339:
291:
and silk fabric production. Allusions to the fabric in the
90:
3632:
3514:
2770:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp.
2265:
and insulate noise effectively, even as a thin material.
2117:
1037:
3393:
Gérard Chauvy, "La dure condition des forçats du luxe",
3346:
Ancient Engineers' Inventions: Precursors of the Present
3242:
3240:
2473:"New Evidence for Early Silk in the Indus Civilization*"
2076:. Pébrine, known as "pepper disease," was caused by the
2030:
1925:
1851:
experienced a boom in sericulture that would last until
1229:
Starting in the 4th century BC, silk began to reach the
907:
was well recorded, and beginning in the 2nd century BC,
628:
Chinese painting on silk, with playing children wearing
4078:
4067:
China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou, China (中国丝绸博物馆)
3928:. John E. Hill. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina.
3635:"Chapter 4 - Pebrine monitoring methods in sericulture"
3517:"Chapter 4 - Pebrine monitoring methods in sericulture"
2556:. The Silk Association of Great Britain. Archived from
2454:"New Evidence for Early Silk in the Indus Civilization"
2064:, France's Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, asked
989:, "people of silk", a term used for the inhabitants of
792:
The cocoons are soaked and the silk is wound on spools.
171:
first appearing at this time. During the 16th century,
4042:
When silk was gold: Central Asian and Chinese textiles
2767:
The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia
1944:
Mme Tatischeva is shown wearing a paduasoy silk dress.
1654:
1219:
756:
The silkworms and mulberry leaves are placed on trays.
621:, and even maps written on silk have been discovered.
3761:"This sound-suppressing silk can create quiet spaces"
3237:
2201:
Following the crisis in Europe, the modernization of
1882:
1614:
Use of silk in the Medieval period (5th–15th century)
882:
881:
More information is known about the looms used. The '
728:
703:
used colour symbolism to denote the various ranks of
663:
533:
364:
Detail of silk ritual garment from a 4th-century BC,
338:, was found clad in a long crimson-and-white striped
2290:"Biomolecular Evidence of Silk from 8,500 Years Ago"
818:
Polychrome embroidery in silk, 17th century, Antwerp
711:, silk began to be used in a series of accessories:
2471:Good, I. L.; Kenoyer, J. M.; Meadow, R. H. (2009).
2128:dye. In 1884, Count Hilaire de Chardonnet invented
1647:(6th to 8th centuries), silk production centres in
911:and other innovations allowed the creation of silk
287:and, later, the Indian people gaining knowledge of
3900:Handbook of Textile Fibres Vol. 1: Natural Fibres.
2514:
2359:"Zhongguo Sichoushi" ("History of Silks in China")
2268:In the late 2010s and up to the early 2020s, silk
2179:. The tulip motif is inspired by Turkish textiles.
2044:(white muscardine disease). In 1835, he published
1589:formally recognized the growth of the industry of
1349:obtained the first silkworm eggs. He had sent two
985:- the latter later than the former - spoke of the
810:Silk moths and production techniques used in China
2470:
1052:, and India before rejoining the northern route.
4759:
3684:Japanese Industrialization and the Asian Economy
1910:Many envisioned starting a silk industry in the
1895:the 1680s, when hundreds of thousands of French
4532:Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods
3334:Autour du Fil, l'encyclopédie des arts textiles
2246:, so as to raise the profile of silk and other
1855:, with much of the silk shipped north to Lyon.
1249:or precious stones. Up to the frontiers of the
1167:Global spread of sericulture (4th–16th century)
4008:The Shorter Science and Civilization in China.
2261:is applied. This means it is able to suppress
1758:
1618:
4323:
4094:
3321:A Brief History of Figured Textile Production
3298:and Lyon. Distant echoes and present activity
3005:
2914:was recorded in the 2nd century AD, found in
2633:
2631:
2299:
2297:
1063:, which was then resold to the Romans by the
937:The main silk roads between 500 BC and 500 AD
681:
392:
386:
4537:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
4046:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
4038:Watt, James C.Y.; Wardwell, Anne E. (1997).
2586:
1984:loom appeared in 1775, later improved on by
1948:
1864:
1828:
1767:French production of fresh silkworm cocoons.
1673:
1024:, going either to the north or south of the
632:, by Su Hanchen (active 1130s–1160s),
3875:"La Soie, 4000 ans de luxe et de volupté",
3184:
2986:
2984:
2919:
2836:The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith
2046:Del mal del segno, calcinaccio o moscardino
1965:progressed much more rapidly than weaving.
1914:, starting in 1619 under the reign of King
1385:
1299:
1178:inspired two-sided silk cloth, with winged
889:Fundamentals of Agriculture and Sericulture
768:Twig frames for the silkworms are prepared.
222:
4330:
4316:
4101:
4087:
3943:et Madeleine Paul-David, "Tissus d'art",
3939:Anne Kraatz, Marie Risselin-Steenebrugen,
3343:
3122:Justinian and the International Silk Trade
3071:"Catanzaro | Italy | Britannica"
2628:
2294:
1686:. This machinery was further perfected in
357:of a different origin, potentially India.
3499:
3446:Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer
3386:
3384:
3382:
3300:] (in Italian). Calabria Letteraria.
2829:
2695:, Cambridge University Press, 1984 p. 72
2432:
2430:
2428:
2253:In 2024, a group of researchers from the
919:The Silk Road and trade (2nd–8th century)
735:, gives a description of one such motif:
522:province, China, 2nd century BC, Western
385:painting from the Jingmen Tomb (Chinese:
3660:"The scourge of silk and Pasteur's cure"
3488:The Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner
3481:
3094:
2981:
2188:
1929:
1822:
1762:
1622:
1432:
1324:
1197:
1170:
940:
932:
821:
813:
688:) soon constituted one of the principal
623:
605:. Treatises on many subjects, including
479:Silk usage in Ancient and Medieval China
376:
359:
213:
64:
4010:Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1994.
2759:
2757:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2303:
2184:
1602:'s markets, they were also exported to
1364:silkworm eggs to him hidden in rods of
895:, which is of Eurasian origin, and the
327:in peninsular India, dated to 1500 BC.
311:Even though silk spread rapidly across
71:Court Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk
14:
4760:
3695:
3450:, Houghton Mifflin Books, 2001 p. 403
3409:Guide Gallimard - Parc naturel LUBERON
3379:
3285:
3208:
3206:
3020:
2943:"Internet History Sourcebooks Project"
2521:. New York: Checkmark Books. pp.
2451:
2425:
2420:Des mûriers dans le jardin du mandarin
2288:Yuxuan Gong, Li Li, and Juzhong Zhang
850:of silk moth for silk production, the
838:Silk was made using various breeds of
662:Silk is described in a chapter of the
4311:
4082:
3682:A. J. H. Latham and Heita Kawakatsu,
3593:
3589:
3587:
3344:Rossi, Cesare; Russo, Flavio (2016).
2506:
2255:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2193:A woman weaving with silk threads in
2031:Decline in the European silk industry
1926:Silk in the modern day (1760–present)
1893:the revocation of the Edict of Nantes
568:greatest discoveries of ancient China
3784:
3758:
2763:
2754:
2594:(in French). clio.fr. Archived from
2539:
2512:
2398:
2244:International Year of Natural Fibres
1502:was focusing all his efforts on the
1380:, using techniques learned from the
372:
28:
3219:, Oxford University Press US, 1998.
3203:
3057:"The Ancient and Noble Art of Silk"
2796:http://www.jstor.org/stable/2123969
2714:"Histoire de la Route de la soie",
1655:Improved silk production technology
1341:, it was not until 552 AD that the
1186:, from the early Islamic period in
24:
4590:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4481:
4031:
3584:
3128:
3010:(in Italian). Vol. III. UTET.
2859:
2823:
2385:"Textile Exhibition: Introduction"
1883:Silk industries in other countries
1566:for luxury fabrics, the cities of
1333:give the silkworms to the emperor.
1295:. The Greek word gave rise to the
1273:. The Greek word for "silken" was
957:in silk dress, 1st century AD
647:, a length of silk cloth became a
393:
25:
4799:
4061:
3724:. Japan Information Network. 2000
3574:"Jean Baptiste Dumas (1800-1884)"
3448:The Encyclopedia of World History
3153:, Payot, 1956, reedited in 1977,
2807:
2693:Science and Civilisation in China
2652:
2422:, Historia, n°648, December 2000.
1498:In 1147, while Byzantine emperor
1313:, which later developed into the
1261:trees and breed silkworms in the
4742:
4337:
4023:Oxford: Oxford University, 1997.
3890:Entomological Society of America
3657:
2492:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00454.x
2452:Meadow, Richard (January 2009).
2306:Chinese Silk: A Cultural History
2165:
2153:
2137:
1847:In the 18th and 19th centuries,
842:, both wild and domestic. While
797:
785:
773:
761:
749:
496:
487:
209:
33:
4778:History of the textile industry
4266:Silk in the Indian subcontinent
3778:
3752:
3736:
3714:
3689:
3676:
3651:
3626:
3566:
3557:
3533:
3508:
3475:
3460:
3440:
3431:
3412:
3400:
3352:
3337:
3325:
3314:
3279:
3264:
3255:
3222:
3178:
3163:
3137:
3113:
3088:
3063:
3049:
3014:
2999:
2966:
2949:
2935:
2902:
2893:
2853:
2801:
2788:
2738:
2722:
2705:
2685:
2676:
2646:
2610:
2580:
2571:
1539:. Many also chose to settle in
1401:The Arabs, with their widening
1055:Not long after the conquest of
804:The silk is woven using a loom.
4783:History of international trade
3958:The Silk Road in World History
3941:Michèle Pirazzoli-t'Serstevens
3596:"Pasteur and insect pathogens"
2464:
2445:
2377:
2357:Tang, Chi and Miao, Liangyun,
2351:
2326:
2282:
1939:by David Lüders (1759)Moscow,
469:or silk moth, he wrote in his
13:
1:
3808:
2173:
1934:
1723:
1398:appeared in the 5th century.
270:
135:by 300 AD, and by 552 AD the
131:Silk cultivation had reached
4668:Conservation and restoration
3894:CED1: History of Sericulture
3744:Business and Industry Review
3594:Smith, Tracy (August 1999).
1281:
7:
4731:Textile manufacturing terms
3960:. Oxford University Press.
3945:in Encyclopædia Universalis
3887:Ron Cherry, "Sericulture",
3742:Anthony H. Gaddum, "Silk",
3185:Sakellariou, Eleni (2012).
3151:Histoire de l'état byzantin
1912:British colonies in America
1759:The silk industry in France
1619:Importance as a luxury good
1220:
883:
745:Chinese silk making process
729:
664:
534:
510:textile from Tomb No. 1 at
416:tell a story about Empress
155:brought silk production to
10:
4804:
4695:Mathematics and fiber arts
4069:China National Silk Museum
3902:Cambridge: Woodhead, 1999.
3748:In Encyclopædia Britannica
2910:
2885:: CS1 maint: url-status (
2517:The Atlas of World Geology
2439:"Soie'" (§2. Historique),
1627:A mature mulberry tree in
1598:were not only sold at the
1287:
1275:
1237:who would exchange it for
922:
649:monetary standard in China
593:, who died around 168, in
250:, dated to about 4000 BC.
4788:History of Asian clothing
4739:
4713:
4655:
4545:
4492:
4479:
4345:
4284:
4276:Silk industry of Cheshire
4258:
4162:
4116:
3759:Zewe, Adam (7 May 2024).
3696:Reilly, Benjamin (2009).
3600:Nature Structural Biology
2304:Vainker, Shelagh (2004).
1949:The Industrial Revolution
1937:Maria Ivanovna Tatischeva
682:
387:
321:Indus Valley civilisation
18:Lyon's silk industry
4108:
3881:, n°648, décembre 2000.
3866:Encyclopædia Universalis
2995:Encyclopædia Universalis
2961:Encyclopædia Universalis
2798:. Accessed 21 Oct. 2022.
2717:Encyclopædia Universalis
2655:"A History of Silk Maps"
2310:Rutgers University Press
2276:
1360:, and they were able to
1337:According to a story by
1155:and other fine fabrics,
1109:Arab and Persian traders
903:, the existence of silk
780:The cocoons are weighed.
261:site at Qianshanyang in
223:First appearance of silk
159:, in particular to many
3908:Encyclopædia Britannica
3822:Histoire des techniques
3639:Methods in Microbiology
3521:Methods in Microbiology
3482:Bartlett, John (1877).
3470:Histoire des techniques
3286:Rubino, Angela (2006).
3274:Histoire des Techniques
3250:Histoire des Techniques
3232:Histoire des Techniques
3173:Histoire des techniques
2976:Histoire des Techniques
2641:Histoire des techniques
2338:www.chinasilkmuseum.com
2120:, and the synthesis of
1941:State Tretyakov Gallery
1861:La Bastide-des-Jourdans
1690:between 1270 and 1280.
1668:'s 1221 dictionary and
1318:
1309:
1192:National Museum of Iran
83:Emperor Huizong of Song
4486:
4271:Silk industry in China
3397:, n°648, December 2000
2920:
2812:. www.megalithic.co.uk
2764:Wood, Francis (2002).
2735:, n°648 December 2000.
2513:Bahn, Paul G. (2000).
2198:
1945:
1865:
1844:
1829:
1768:
1674:
1632:
1528:sack of Constantinople
1438:
1386:
1334:
1300:
1211:
1195:
1100:
958:
938:
835:
819:
742:
677:
636:
405:
369:
308:conquered the empire.
219:
86:
4570:Australian Aboriginal
4500:Clothing and textiles
4485:
3924:Hill, John E. (2009)
3120:Heleanor B. Feltham:
3023:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
2554:"The History of Silk"
2371:Encyclopedia of China
2192:
1990:Joseph-Marie Jacquard
1955:Industrial Revolution
1933:
1826:
1807:a year. It was under
1766:
1704:Cathedral of Chartres
1661:Industrial Revolution
1626:
1436:
1328:
1304:, and ultimately the
1201:
1174:
1163:, as well as slaves.
1082:
944:
936:
923:Further information:
901:Jin dynasty (266–420)
825:
817:
737:
672:
627:
380:
363:
217:
180:Industrial Revolution
126:Tang dynasty of China
85:, early 12th century.
68:
4705:Units of measurement
3979:Sakellariou, Eleni,
3916:Encyclopédie Encarta
2441:Encyclopédie Encarta
2185:Silk in modern times
1986:Jacques de Vaucanson
1680:Tradesman's Handbook
1606:, France, Spain and
1378:Eastern Roman Empire
929:Sino-Roman relations
878:that dates to 1313.
334:, discovered in the
300:court and its king,
4749:Clothing portal
4546:Regional and ethnic
4520:Indian subcontinent
4297:Tenun Pahang Diraja
3824:, Gallimard, coll.
3793:. The Seattle Times
3437:Thirsk (1997), 120.
3361:Georges Duby (ed),
3147:Georges Ostrogorsky
3097:La seta. E oltre...
2808:Hogan, C. Michael.
2659:TravelLady Magazine
2312:. pp. 20, 17.
2062:Jean-Baptiste Dumas
2056:Beauvaria bassiana.
1827:A picture from the
1263:Mediterranean basin
974:dating to 1070 BC.
970:, in the tomb of a
964:Valley of the Kings
692:of Chinese script.
546:musical instruments
441:classical antiquity
332:Siberian Ice Maiden
306:Alexander the Great
274: 1600–1046 BC
4678:wearable fiber art
4487:
3545:www.britannica.com
3425:2017-10-23 at the
3075:www.britannica.com
2682:Liu (2010), p. 12.
2622:Naturalis Historia
2364:2007-11-23 at the
2199:
2100:Starting from the
2051:Beauveria bassiana
1946:
1916:James I of England
1845:
1769:
1633:
1512:Roger II of Sicily
1439:
1335:
1329:The monks sent by
1255:Hellenistic Greece
1212:
1196:
1091:Seneca the Younger
959:
939:
909:four-shafted looms
836:
820:
637:
414:Chinese traditions
406:
370:
220:
139:managed to obtain
89:The production of
87:
4755:
4754:
4305:
4304:
4053:978-0-87099-825-6
4002:Métiers agricoles
3974:978-0-19-533810-2
3966:978-0-19-516174-8
3934:978-1-4392-2134-1
3839:
3836:978-2-07-010881-7
3791:The Seattle Times
3785:Carefoot, Helen.
3707:978-0-7864-3655-2
3261:Ronan (1994), 68,
2899:Cook (1999), 144.
2866:Stowaway Magazine
2846:978-1-932476-13-2
2781:978-0-520-24340-8
2532:978-0-8160-4051-3
2319:978-0-8135-3446-6
2124:was used to make
2116:(aniline purple)
2112:was used to make
1953:The start of the
1684:doubling machines
1675:Livre des métiers
1600:Kingdom of Naples
1585:In 1519, Emperor
1500:Manuel I Komnenos
1231:Hellenistic world
1003:Battle of Carrhae
884:Nung Sang Chi Yao
651:, in addition to
426:Chinese mythology
373:Myths and legends
151:silk market. The
63:
62:
16:(Redirected from
4795:
4747:
4746:
4463:Textile printing
4332:
4325:
4318:
4309:
4308:
4220:Murshidabad silk
4103:
4096:
4089:
4080:
4079:
4057:
4013:
3989:978-900-422-4063
3950:
3921:
3884:
3872:
3859:
3842:
3829:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3756:
3750:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3693:
3687:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3479:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3429:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3377:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3283:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3196:978-900-422-4063
3182:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3126:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3003:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2939:
2933:
2923:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2831:Whitfield, Susan
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2805:
2799:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2761:
2752:
2745:Seneca the Elder
2742:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2661:. Archived from
2653:Plous, Estelle.
2650:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2626:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2588:Jean-Noël Robert
2584:
2578:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2550:
2537:
2536:
2520:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2477:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2449:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2381:
2375:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2301:
2292:
2286:
2219:Second World War
2178:
2175:
2169:
2157:
2141:
1870:
1834:
1728:
1725:
1677:
1666:Jean de Garlande
1637:high Middle Ages
1545:popes of Avignon
1389:
1370:Byzantine Empire
1321:
1312:
1303:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1225:
1098:
1013:that they fled.
886:
853:Bombyx mandarina
801:
789:
777:
765:
753:
734:
687:
686:
669:
666:Fan Shengzhi shu
539:
500:
491:
445:Seneca the Elder
396:
390:
389:
275:
272:
263:Huzhou, Zhejiang
259:Liangzhu culture
137:Byzantine Empire
102:Yangshao culture
58:
55:
49:
37:
36:
29:
21:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4773:Silk production
4758:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4741:
4735:
4709:
4651:
4541:
4488:
4477:
4341:
4336:
4306:
4301:
4280:
4254:
4158:
4124:History of silk
4112:
4107:
4064:
4054:
4034:
4032:Further reading
4011:
3983:, Brill, 2012.
3948:
3919:
3882:
3870:
3857:
3840:
3811:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3757:
3753:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3694:
3690:
3681:
3677:
3668:
3666:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3642:
3631:
3627:
3592:
3585:
3578:Pasteur Brewing
3572:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3549:
3547:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3526:
3524:
3513:
3509:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3427:Wayback Machine
3417:
3413:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3390:
3389:
3380:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3245:
3238:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3183:
3179:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3035:10.2307/3591386
3019:
3015:
3008:Storia d'Italia
3004:
3000:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2868:
2862:"The Silk Road"
2860:Helzer, Sarah.
2858:
2854:
2847:
2828:
2824:
2815:
2813:
2806:
2802:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2762:
2755:
2743:
2739:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2668:
2666:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2617:Pliny the Elder
2615:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2598:on May 22, 2007
2585:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2563:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2540:
2533:
2511:
2507:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2435:
2426:
2418:Charles Meyer,
2415:
2414:
2399:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2366:Wayback Machine
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2187:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2161:
2158:
2149:
2142:
2102:Long Depression
2082:Nosema bombycis
2033:
1951:
1943:
1928:
1905:British climate
1885:
1877:domestic system
1863:are two of the
1761:
1726:
1670:Étienne Boileau
1657:
1621:
1616:
1543:to furnish the
1446:Reggio Calabria
1169:
1099:
1089:
1030:Pamir Mountains
931:
921:
812:
805:
802:
793:
790:
781:
778:
769:
766:
757:
754:
740:chrysanthemums.
566:was one of the
529:
528:
527:
526:
503:
502:
501:
493:
492:
481:
472:Natural History
463:Pliny the Elder
375:
336:Pazyryk burials
273:
248:Yuyao, Zhejiang
225:
212:
114:silk production
59:
53:
50:
47:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4801:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4753:
4752:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4665:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4587:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4494:
4493:History of ...
4490:
4489:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4335:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4312:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4185:Byzantine silk
4182:
4177:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4106:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4063:
4062:External links
4060:
4059:
4058:
4052:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4006:Ronan, Colin.
4004:
3998:
3991:
3977:
3951:
3937:
3922:
3911:
3903:
3898:Cook, Robert.
3896:
3885:
3873:
3860:
3843:
3818:Bertrand Gille
3813:Main sources:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3777:
3751:
3735:
3713:
3706:
3688:
3675:
3650:
3625:
3606:(8): 720–720.
3583:
3565:
3556:
3532:
3507:
3494:(2): 108–121.
3474:
3459:
3439:
3430:
3411:
3399:
3378:
3351:
3336:
3324:
3313:
3306:
3278:
3263:
3254:
3236:
3221:
3202:
3195:
3177:
3162:
3136:
3127:
3112:
3105:
3087:
3062:
3059:. 14 May 2015.
3048:
3013:
2998:
2980:
2965:
2948:
2934:
2901:
2892:
2852:
2845:
2822:
2800:
2787:
2780:
2753:
2737:
2721:
2704:
2684:
2675:
2645:
2627:
2609:
2579:
2570:
2538:
2531:
2505:
2486:(3): 457–466.
2463:
2444:
2424:
2397:
2376:
2350:
2325:
2318:
2293:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2248:natural fibres
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2171:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2038:Agostino Bassi
2032:
2029:
1950:
1947:
1927:
1924:
1887:England under
1884:
1881:
1760:
1757:
1698:is a panel of
1696:spinning wheel
1656:
1653:
1643:in Greece and
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1537:Constantinople
1532:Fourth Crusade
1504:Second Crusade
1415:Southern Italy
1315:Middle English
1168:
1165:
1141:bubonic plague
1087:
920:
917:
872:spinning wheel
811:
808:
807:
806:
803:
796:
794:
791:
784:
782:
779:
772:
770:
767:
760:
758:
755:
748:
746:
505:
504:
495:
494:
486:
485:
484:
483:
482:
480:
477:
422:Yellow Emperor
394:Jīngmén chǔ mù
374:
371:
244:Hemudu culture
224:
221:
211:
208:
169:spinning wheel
157:Western Europe
93:originated in
61:
60:
41:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4800:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4750:
4745:
4738:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4690:Manufacturing
4688:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4484:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4418:Passementerie
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4328:
4326:
4321:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4230:Rajshahi silk
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4210:Japanese silk
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4149:Silk throwing
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4099:
4097:
4092:
4090:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4055:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4009:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3723:
3717:
3709:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3679:
3665:
3664:Deccan Herald
3661:
3654:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3612:10.1038/11483
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3588:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3560:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3463:
3457:
3456:0-395-65237-5
3453:
3449:
3443:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3415:
3403:
3396:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3376:
3375:2-03-505047-2
3372:
3369:, 1999 p. 53
3368:
3364:
3355:
3347:
3340:
3328:
3322:
3317:
3309:
3307:88-7574-127-1
3303:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3258:
3251:
3243:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3198:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3166:
3160:
3159:2-228-07061-0
3156:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3131:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3106:88-495-0949-9
3102:
3098:
3091:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3058:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2987:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2944:
2938:
2931:
2928:(43.24), and
2927:
2922:
2921:De saltatione
2917:
2905:
2896:
2888:
2882:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2848:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2791:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2702:
2701:0-521-25076-5
2698:
2694:
2688:
2679:
2665:on 2007-09-28
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2632:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2574:
2560:on 2007-09-29
2559:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2442:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2421:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2386:
2380:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2229:
2228:protectionist
2224:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2212:raw materials
2209:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2146:Jacquard loom
2140:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2078:microsporidia
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:Louis Pasteur
2063:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2028:
2026:
2025:Marshal Soult
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2003:
2002:mass-produced
1999:
1995:
1994:Jacquard loom
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:and Falcon's
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:Great Britain
1956:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:trade deficit
1798:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1706:, alongside
1705:
1701:
1700:stained glass
1697:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1625:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:Mediterranean
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:silk industry
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1283:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:Ancient Egypt
1122:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
965:
956:
952:
948:
943:
935:
930:
926:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:
859:
855:
854:
849:
845:
841:
840:lepidopterans
833:
829:
824:
816:
800:
795:
788:
783:
776:
771:
764:
759:
752:
747:
744:
743:
741:
736:
733:
732:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:handkerchiefs
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
685:
676:
671:
668:
667:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
635:
631:
626:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:(1644–1911).
559:
555:
551:
547:
541:
538:
537:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:Mawangdui Han
509:
499:
490:
476:
474:
473:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:
446:
442:
436:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
404:
400:
395:
384:
379:
367:
362:
358:
356:
352:
348:
345:, with white
344:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
294:
293:Old Testament
290:
286:
282:
277:
268:
267:Shang dynasty
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
216:
210:Early history
207:
205:
201:
195:
193:
189:
188:Jacquard loom
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
84:
80:
79:silk painting
77:
73:
72:
67:
57:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
4726:Sewing terms
4721:Dyeing terms
4509:
4346:Fundamentals
4339:Textile arts
4195:Chinese silk
4190:Burmese silk
4123:
4043:
4040:
4020:
4017:Thirsk, Joan
4007:
3980:
3957:
3944:
3925:
3914:
3906:
3899:
3888:
3876:
3863:
3847:Encyclopédie
3821:
3812:
3795:. Retrieved
3790:
3780:
3768:. Retrieved
3764:
3754:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3726:. Retrieved
3716:
3697:
3691:
3683:
3678:
3667:. Retrieved
3663:
3653:
3643:, retrieved
3638:
3628:
3603:
3599:
3577:
3568:
3559:
3548:. Retrieved
3544:
3535:
3525:, retrieved
3520:
3510:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3469:
3462:
3447:
3442:
3433:
3414:
3402:
3394:
3362:
3354:
3345:
3339:
3327:
3316:
3293:
3288:
3281:
3273:
3266:
3257:
3249:
3231:
3224:
3216:
3186:
3180:
3172:
3165:
3150:
3139:
3130:
3121:
3115:
3096:
3090:
3078:. Retrieved
3074:
3065:
3051:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3007:
3001:
2994:
2975:
2968:
2959:
2951:
2937:
2904:
2895:
2869:. Retrieved
2865:
2855:
2835:
2825:
2814:. Retrieved
2803:
2790:
2766:
2749:Declamations
2748:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2715:
2707:
2692:
2687:
2678:
2667:. Retrieved
2663:the original
2658:
2648:
2640:
2620:
2612:
2600:. Retrieved
2596:the original
2582:
2573:
2562:. Retrieved
2558:the original
2516:
2508:
2483:
2480:Archaeometry
2479:
2466:
2458:Archaeometry
2457:
2447:
2440:
2419:
2389:. Retrieved
2379:
2369:
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2337:
2328:
2305:
2284:
2267:
2252:
2241:
2233:
2216:
2200:
2099:
2088:
2080:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2042:mal de segno
2041:
2034:
2021:Canut revolt
2009:unemployment
2006:
1982:punched card
1967:
1952:
1936:
1935:Portrait of
1909:
1901:Spitalfields
1886:
1846:
1831:Encyclopédie
1794:
1774:
1770:
1746:
1731:
1722:Kunkelhaus (
1692:
1679:
1658:
1634:
1584:
1549:
1497:
1485:Song dynasty
1481:Tang dynasty
1478:
1440:
1400:
1358:Central Asia
1336:
1251:Roman Empire
1228:
1213:
1184:tree of life
1137:Ancient Rome
1113:
1101:
1095:Declamations
1094:
1085:wife's body.
1083:
1069:Roman Senate
1054:
1015:
986:
976:
960:
947:Roman fresco
888:
880:
861:
860:descendant,
858:domesticated
851:
837:
826:French silk
738:
731:Jin Ping Mei
709:Ming dynasty
701:Song dynasty
697:Tang dynasty
694:
678:
673:
661:
653:bronze coins
638:
634:Song dynasty
630:silk clothes
603:bamboo slips
562:
558:Qing dynasty
542:
530:
514:tombs site,
470:
466:
457:in his work
448:
447:in his work
437:
430:
407:
399:State of Chu
366:Zhou dynasty
329:
319:site in the
310:
278:
252:
237:
226:
196:
177:
130:
122:social class
88:
69:
51:
43:
26:
4626:Indonesian
4408:Nålebinding
4245:Tussar silk
4225:Mysore silk
4170:Ahimsa silk
4134:Sericulture
4012:(in French)
3949:(in French)
3920:(in French)
3883:(in French)
3871:(in French)
3858:(in French)
3841:(in French)
3728:October 23,
3467:(in French)
3407:(in French)
3391:(in French)
3359:(in French)
3332:(in French)
3271:(in French)
3247:(in French)
3229:(in French)
3170:(in French)
3144:(in French)
3029:: 197–240.
2991:(in French)
2973:(in French)
2956:(in French)
2926:Cassius Dio
2729:(in French)
2712:(in French)
2638:(in French)
2437:(in French)
2416:(in French)
2387:. Asian art
2270:pillowcases
2263:sound waves
2217:During the
2203:sericulture
2177: 1887
2091:bourgeoisie
1853:World War I
1734:Black Death
1727: 1300
1641:magnaneries
1564:bourgeoisie
1306:Old English
1145:Black Death
1005:, near the
876:water wheel
863:Bombyx mori
705:bureaucrats
641:Han dynasty
639:During the
607:meteorology
591:marchioness
524:Han dynasty
383:lacquerware
289:sericulture
239:Bombyx mori
165:Middle Ages
145:sericulture
124:during the
100:within the
4762:Categories
4714:Glossaries
4443:Rug making
4413:Needlework
4373:Embroidery
4259:Industries
4180:Atlas silk
4175:Assam silk
4154:Silk waste
3954:Liu, Xinru
3855:d'Alembert
3826:La Pléiade
3809:References
3746:, (2006).
3669:2024-08-11
3645:2024-08-11
3550:2024-08-11
3527:2024-08-11
3365:(vol. 2),
2871:August 12,
2816:2008-07-05
2669:2007-05-20
2625:11.xxvi.76
2564:2007-10-23
2391:2007-08-02
2095:Suez Canal
1841:d'Alembert
1462:Florentine
1078:immorality
1026:Taklamakan
953:showing a
897:pedal loom
856:, and its
844:wild silks
554:bow-making
412:and other
391:; Pinyin:
317:Chanhudaro
302:Darius III
230:Xia County
4700:Recycling
4673:Fiber art
4515:Byzantine
4423:Patchwork
4250:Wild silk
4240:Thai silk
4144:Silk Road
4139:Silk mill
4129:Magnanery
3620:1545-9985
3296:Catanzaro
3213:Xinru Liu
3189:. Brill.
2932:(6.26.6).
2930:Pausanias
2911:'σηρικός'
2500:1475-4754
2374:, 1st ed.
2106:synthesis
2074:flacherie
1988:. Later,
1897:Huguenots
1809:Francis I
1596:Catanzaro
1591:Catanzaro
1587:Charles V
1514:attacked
1489:Near East
1442:Catanzaro
1407:Andalusia
1403:conquests
1382:Sassanids
1351:Nestorian
1347:Justinian
1343:Byzantine
1339:Procopius
1331:Justinian
1301:'sericum'
1271:Byzantium
1235:merchants
1204:Afrasiyab
1074:decadence
1065:Parthians
1018:Silk Road
1007:Euphrates
1001:. At the
977:Both the
925:Silk Road
834:1760–1770
615:astrology
595:Mawangdui
453:, and by
410:Confucius
397:) of the
355:wild silk
204:polyester
106:Silk Road
95:Neolithic
54:July 2024
4685:Industry
4663:Blocking
4630:Balinese
4574:Burmese
4505:Quilting
4453:Spinning
4433:Quilting
4393:Knitting
4358:Beadwork
4353:Appliqué
4285:Products
4235:Sea silk
4215:Lao silk
4205:Pat silk
4200:Eri silk
3956:(2010).
3947:, 2006.
3913:"Soie",
3905:"Silk",
3878:Historia
3869:, 2006.
3797:6 August
3765:MIT News
3423:Archived
3395:Historia
3367:Larousse
3294:Silk in
3080:25 March
2881:cite web
2833:(2004).
2772:9, 13–23
2733:Historia
2362:Archived
2343:25 March
2208:Yokohama
2197:, China.
2114:mauveine
1998:computer
1970:brocades
1963:spinning
1889:Henry IV
1867:communes
1849:Provence
1813:monopoly
1789:Louis XI
1777:Florence
1753:Louis XI
1672:'s 1261
1649:Calabria
1629:Provence
1580:Florence
1556:Sicilian
1493:Crusades
1454:Venetian
1419:Calabria
1384:. These
1345:emperor
1310:'sioloc'
1267:Sassanid
1265:, while
1259:mulberry
1216:monopoly
1176:Sassanid
1088:—
1061:Far East
981:and the
913:brocades
893:drawloom
717:warriors
690:radicals
619:divinity
611:medicine
599:Changsha
516:Changsha
459:Georgics
285:Japanese
192:epidemic
153:Crusades
141:silkworm
118:clothing
110:monopoly
4656:Related
4620:Oaxacan
4610:Mexican
4600:Mapuche
4553:African
4468:Weaving
4403:Macramé
4383:Felting
4363:Crochet
4117:General
4019:(1997)
3851:Diderot
3828:, 1978
3770:29 July
3501:9831405
3125:, p. 34
3043:3591386
2751:Vol. I.
2259:voltage
2130:viscose
2122:quinine
2110:aniline
2070:pébrine
2017:royalty
2013:pension
1978:Bouchon
1974:shuttle
1873:Luberon
1837:Diderot
1742:carding
1720:Cologne
1718:in the
1712:warping
1708:bobbins
1702:in the
1688:Bologna
1608:England
1541:Avignon
1530:by the
1524:Palermo
1516:Corinth
1474:Genoese
1470:Vatican
1458:Genoese
1450:Spanish
1387:gynecia
1376:in the
1362:smuggle
1279:, from
1276:σηρικός
1222:Nihongi
1161:rhubarb
1105:Sogdian
1097:Vol. I.
1042:Antioch
1011:Parthia
999:Crassus
951:Pompeii
905:damasks
848:species
828:brocade
657:Xiongnu
550:fishing
450:Phaedra
403:chariot
368:, China
313:Eurasia
304:, when
298:Persian
281:Koreans
161:Italian
76:Chinese
44:updated
4642:Korean
4615:Navajo
4595:Andean
4578:Acheik
4458:Stitch
4448:Sewing
4428:Plying
4378:Fabric
4368:Dyeing
4050:
3987:
3976:(pbk).
3972:
3964:
3932:
3834:
3704:
3686:p. 199
3658:DHNS.
3618:
3498:
3454:
3373:
3304:
3234:p. 553
3193:
3157:
3103:
3041:
2916:Lucian
2843:
2778:
2699:
2602:May 6,
2529:
2498:
2316:
2236:tonnes
2231:silk.
2126:indigo
2015:and a
1920:Cortez
1818:canuts
1779:, and
1738:guilds
1716:fresco
1604:Venice
1576:Venice
1560:Orient
1520:Thebes
1508:Norman
1506:, the
1411:Sicily
1366:bamboo
1319:'silk'
1293:Strabo
1247:horses
1208:Sogdia
1143:(the "
1135:, and
1133:Arabia
1129:Persia
1067:. The
1034:camels
991:Serica
983:Romans
979:Greeks
955:Maenad
725:nobles
723:, for
721:judges
719:, for
572:bamboo
552:, and
506:Woven
467:Bombyx
455:Virgil
433:Khotan
351:tussah
340:woolen
325:Nevasa
283:, the
234:Shanxi
184:cotton
173:France
149:luxury
81:sucby
4647:Māori
4635:Sumba
4585:Hmong
4558:Kongo
4388:Fiber
4163:Types
4027:2017.
3472:p.718
3292:[
3276:p.639
3252:p.557
3175:p.551
3039:JSTOR
2978:p.435
2924:63),
2643:p.455
2476:(PDF)
2277:Notes
2223:nylon
2195:Hotan
1857:Viens
1797:Tours
1781:Lucca
1645:Syria
1572:Genoa
1568:Lucca
1552:Lucca
1510:king
1466:Dutch
1428:Lucca
1423:theme
1396:looms
1354:monks
1297:Latin
1288:Σῆρες
1282:Seres
1243:ivory
1180:lions
1149:satin
1121:India
1117:China
1057:Egypt
1050:Burma
1046:Yemen
1022:Xi'an
995:Syria
987:Seres
972:mummy
968:Egypt
949:from
887:, or
868:spool
675:furs.
587:straw
580:wheat
576:linen
564:Paper
536:Li Ji
520:Hunan
418:Leizu
343:skirt
255:Henan
200:nylon
133:Japan
112:over
98:China
4768:Silk
4605:Maya
4563:Kuba
4510:Silk
4473:Yarn
4438:Rope
4398:Lace
4292:Sari
4110:Silk
4048:ISBN
3985:ISBN
3970:ISBN
3962:ISBN
3930:ISBN
3853:and
3845:The
3832:ISBN
3799:2024
3772:2024
3730:2007
3702:ISBN
3616:ISSN
3452:ISBN
3371:ISBN
3302:ISBN
3191:ISBN
3155:ISBN
3101:ISBN
3082:2023
2887:link
2873:2024
2841:ISBN
2776:ISBN
2697:ISBN
2604:2007
2527:ISBN
2496:ISSN
2345:2023
2314:ISBN
2072:and
1859:and
1839:and
1805:écus
1785:Lyon
1749:Lyon
1710:and
1635:The
1578:and
1518:and
1464:and
1413:and
1239:gold
1188:Iran
1182:and
1157:musk
1153:hemp
1076:and
1038:yaks
1036:and
1016:The
927:and
832:Lyon
699:and
645:gold
584:rice
582:and
508:silk
388:荊門楚墓
347:felt
330:The
202:and
178:The
91:silk
74:, a
3995:pdf
3864:in
3849:of
3608:doi
3496:PMC
3031:doi
2523:128
2488:doi
2118:dye
2108:of
1871:of
1835:of
1751:by
1448:to
1417:'s
1356:to
1233:by
966:in
276:).
246:in
4764::
3968:;
3820:.
3789:.
3763:.
3662:.
3637:,
3614:.
3602:.
3598:.
3586:^
3576:.
3543:.
3519:,
3492:34
3490:.
3486:.
3381:^
3239:^
3215:,
3205:^
3149:,
3073:.
3037:.
3027:58
3025:.
2983:^
2883:}}
2879:{{
2864:.
2774:.
2756:^
2747:,
2657:.
2630:^
2619:,
2590:.
2541:^
2525:.
2494:.
2484:51
2482:.
2478:.
2456:.
2427:^
2400:^
2368:.
2336:.
2308:.
2296:^
2250:.
2174:c.
2144:A
2004:.
1724:c.
1610:.
1574:,
1570:,
1547:.
1460:,
1456:,
1452:,
1409:,
1322:.
1245:,
1241:,
1206:,
1190:,
1151:,
1131:,
1127:,
1123:,
1119:,
1111:.
1093:,
1080:.
1048:,
997:,
945:A
915:.
830:-
617:,
613:,
609:,
597:,
578:,
574:,
548:,
518:,
461:.
428:.
381:A
271:c.
232:,
128:.
4331:e
4324:t
4317:v
4102:e
4095:t
4088:v
4056:.
3997:)
3936:.
3838:)
3830:(
3801:.
3774:.
3732:.
3710:.
3672:.
3622:.
3610::
3604:6
3580:.
3553:.
3504:.
3348:.
3310:.
3199:.
3109:.
3084:.
3045:.
3033::
2945:.
2918:(
2889:)
2875:.
2849:.
2819:.
2784:.
2672:.
2606:.
2567:.
2535:.
2502:.
2490::
2460:.
2394:.
2347:.
2322:.
2148:.
1678:(
1631:.
1285:(
1210:.
1194:.
684:糸
680:(
269:(
56:)
52:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.