230:
33:
102:
57:
79:
426:. The plant damages wetland ecosystems, harming endangered species. The ferns ability to grow up and over trees and shrubs and to form dense horizontal canopies allows it to cover whole communities of plants, reducing native plant diversity. Old World climbing fern can grow in many diverse ecosystems.
430:
poses problems for fires, both natural and man-made, because it can lead fire into the tree canopy, killing trees. The fern rapidly spread in South
Florida's public conservation lands.
456:) have been released in several state parks to control the fern. Although some populations were devastated by a bout of cold weather, recently, reports of new activity have been made.
661:
Volin, John C.; Kruger, Eric L.; Volin, Valeria C.; Tobin, Michael F.; Kitajima, Kaoru (2009). "Does release from natural belowground enemies help explain the invasiveness of
814:
Soti, Pushpa G.; Jayachandran, Krish; Koptur, Suzanne; Volin, John C. (2015). "Effect of soil pH on growth, nutrient uptake, and mycorrhizal colonization in exotic invasive
1882:
1463:
1619:
1528:
1802:
1546:
1163:
1119:
Pemberton, Robert W.; Ferriter, Amy P. (1998). "Old World
Climbing Fern (Lygodium microphyllum), a Dangerous Invasive Weed in Florida".
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Absorption and
Translocation of Glyphosate, Metsulfuron, and Triclopyr in Old World Climbing Fern (Lygodium microphyllum)
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and
Australia. It is an invasive weed in Florida where it invades open forest and wetland areas. The
101:
1877:
1837:
1817:
404:
1520:
1862:
1852:
1375:
1598:
973:( Lepidoptera: Crambidae) herbivory results in frond and rhizome mortality of the invasive fern
1857:
1822:
1468:
1349:
1207:
887:
1105:
764:
199:
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Jeffrey T. Hutchinson, Kenneth A. Langeland, Gregory E. MacDonald and Robert Querns, 2010;
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is native to much of tropical Africa and South Africa; tropical Asia, including China,
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NatureServe
Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer
438:
Recently, the USDA approved the use of insects to keep the fern contained. Insects (
32:
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Underside of spore-bearing leaflets, some leaflets produce spores; others do not.
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126:
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Rayamajhi, Min B; Pratt, Paul D; Leidi, Jorge; Center, Ted D (December 2014).
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1166:. Lists general information and resources for Old World Climbing Fern.
1336:
1323:
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355:
354:) is a climbing fern originating in tropical Africa, Southeast Asia,
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Smith, Melissa C; Lake; Pratt; Boughton; Pumberton (June 2014).
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113:
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136:
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58:2, 118-125 Online publication date : 1-Apr-2010 (
966:
1027:. Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
885:
660:
948:. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
1185:"Killer fern overruns refuge; agencies fight back"
864:. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden
1118:
1794:
1162:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
888:"Current status of the biological control agent
422:causes problems in the environments where it is
523:
933:
931:
414:
790:"Global Fire Initiative: Fire and Invasives"
616:), this species name was published first in
1164:United States National Agricultural Library
1156:Species Profile - Old World Climbing Fern (
560:
928:
228:
77:
55:
31:
1174:), a Dangerous Invasive Weed in Florida,"
1015:
992:
911:
1182:
881:
879:
792:. The Nature Conservancy. Archived from
707:, was first described and published in
896:(Polypodiales: Lygodiaceae) in Florida"
732:United States Department of Agriculture
723:Germplasm Resources Information Network
641:United States Department of Agriculture
632:Germplasm Resources Information Network
604:
602:
600:
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596:
594:
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1795:
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1883:Taxa named by Antonio José Cavanilles
1206:
1205:
939:"Weed alert: Old World climbing fern"
876:
654:
846:
745:
693:
585:
494:fibers (as well as other species of
1803:IUCN Red List least concern species
1009:
665:? A cross-continental comparison".
535:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
517:
13:
1754:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17233430-1
1612:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17143140-1
1090:
573:. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe
14:
1894:
1873:Flora of the Northwestern Pacific
1112:
709:Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum
618:Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae
362:was collected in the vicinity of
1183:Fleshler, David (15 June 2018).
504:, are used to weave traditional
100:
1058:
960:
561:NatureServe (3 November 2023).
389:of Japan; Australia; Fiji, the
377:
338:(commonly known as, variously,
807:
782:
554:
459:
433:
1:
892:(Lepidoptera: Crambidae), on
728:Agricultural Research Service
637:Agricultural Research Service
608: Under its treatment as
511:
486:
711:6: 76, pl. 595, f. 2. 1801.
7:
1868:Flora of the Ryukyu Islands
971:Austromusotima camptozonale
441:Austromusotima camptozonale
10:
1899:
1808:NatureServe secure species
1170:"Old World Climbing Fern (
1048:Salakot and Other Headgear
977:(Schizaeles: Lygodiaceae)"
890:Neomusotima conspurcatalis
447:Neomusotima conspurcatalis
415:Effects on the environment
1661:
1214:
832:10.1007/s11258-015-0484-6
769:Missouri Botanical Garden
679:10.1007/s11258-009-9700-6
508:hats in the Philippines.
467:has been used locally in
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241:
236:
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198:
97:Scientific classification
95:
75:
53:
44:
39:
30:
23:
1833:Plants described in 1801
348:small-leaf climbing fern
340:climbing maidenhair fern
524:Irudayaraj, V. (2011).
475:ailments and problems,
344:Old World climbing fern
1843:Flora of tropical Asia
612:(from its basionym of
370:in the Philippines by
306:Ophioglossum filiforme
1547:Lygodium~microphyllum
1368:Lygodium microphyllum
1246:Lygodium microphyllum
1216:Lygodium microphyllum
1177:American Fern Journal
1172:Lygodium microphyllum
1158:Lygodium microphyllum
1121:American Fern Journal
1023:Lygodium microphyllum
975:Lygodium microphyllum
894:Lygodium microphyllum
816:Lygodium microphyllum
765:Saint Louis, Missouri
663:Lygodium microphyllum
625:Lygodium microphyllum
610:Lygodium microphyllum
565:Lygodium microphyllum
528:Lygodium microphyllum
492:Lygodium microphyllum
465:Lygodium microphyllum
428:Lygodium microphyllum
420:Lygodium microphyllum
407:in the Caribbean and
401:Lygodium microphyllum
383:Lygodium microphyllum
335:Lygodium microphyllum
209:Lygodium microphyllum
25:Lygodium microphyllum
1828:Ferns of Australasia
1179:Vol. 88 No. 4 (1998)
994:10.1653/024.097.0405
981:Florida Entomologist
913:10.1653/024.097.0268
900:Florida Entomologist
705:L. microphyllum
237:Global distribution
191:L. microphyllum
542:: e.T194153A8883960
453:Floracarus perrepae
366:, on the island of
47:Conservation status
1848:Flora of Australia
703:, the basionym of
1790:
1789:
1663:Ugena microphylla
1568:Open Tree of Life
1208:Taxon identifiers
1054:. ICHCAP, UNESCO.
856:Ugena microphylla
755:Ugena microphylla
716:Ugena microphylla
701:Ugena microphylla
614:Ugena microphylla
331:
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316:Ugena microphylla
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987:(4): 1308–1316.
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291:L. scandens
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1878:Flora of Taiwan
1838:Flora of Africa
1818:Ferns of Africa
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1025:(SCHIZAEACEAE)"
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16:Species of fern
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1863:Flora of Japan
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1853:Flora of China
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1127:(4): 165–175.
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757:Cav. synonyms"
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1516:NatureServe
1428:iNaturalist
1240:Wikispecies
1031:November 2,
868:November 2,
774:November 2,
737:November 2,
646:November 2,
620:162. 1810.
577:26 November
460:Ethnobotany
434:Containment
405:naturalized
403:has become
281:intermedium
167:Lygodiaceae
157:Schizaeales
87:NatureServe
1797:Categories
1741:17233430-1
1581:Plant List
1456:17143140-1
1194:2020-05-11
800:2008-12-12
673:(2): 223.
546:8 November
512:References
487:Other uses
352:snake fern
133:Division:
1678:Q38235408
1381:233500763
1355:233500763
1337:FloraBase
1290:407-1-1-3
1141:0002-8444
1070:(PROSEA)"
946:myFWC.com
481:dysentery
471:to treat
356:Melanesia
185:Species:
110:Kingdom:
1813:Lygodium
1767:26605865
1762:Tropicos
1672:Wikidata
1638:26602849
1633:Tropicos
1542:NSWFlora
1521:2.142044
1469:11097431
1231:Q5235063
1225:Wikidata
1106:abstract
1074:Pl@ntUse
1068:Lygodium
1003:24364092
922:24362579
862:Tropicos
854:"Name -
840:17894584
761:Tropicos
753:"Name -
687:38267539
497:Lygodium
477:swelling
424:invasive
372:Luis Née
323:basionym
243:Synonyms
178:Lygodium
163:Family:
67:IUCN 3.1
1715:3744382
1555:NTFlora
1394:2650435
1149:1547769
1079:3 March
506:salakot
300:Luerss.
298:(Cav.)
173:Genus:
153:Order:
143:Class:
114:Plantae
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1686:APDB:
1625:2564-3
1594:PLANTS
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1534:148566
1508:194153
1482:110270
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1420:403434
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1363:FoAO2
1329:LYFMI
1303:3WQ88
1145:JSTOR
1052:(PDF)
999:JSTOR
942:(PDF)
918:JSTOR
836:S2CID
683:S2CID
368:Luzon
364:Nabúa
350:, or
310:Roxb.
293:var.
279:var.
256:auct.
221:R.Br.
121:Clade
1749:POWO
1736:IPNI
1723:GRIN
1710:GBIF
1697:APNI
1607:POWO
1599:LYMI
1560:5402
1529:NCBI
1503:IUCN
1490:ITIS
1451:IPNI
1443:3046
1415:GRIN
1402:GISD
1389:GBIF
1324:EPPO
1275:APNI
1257:1638
1137:ISSN
1081:2020
1033:2011
954:2020
870:2011
858:Cav"
776:2011
739:2011
648:2011
579:2023
548:2022
540:2011
502:nito
479:and
473:skin
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319:Cav.
285:Ces.
217:Cav.
1775:WFO
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1477:ISC
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