Lycurgus - Knowledge

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imports met by local production by the sixth century. The alleged simplicity of Spartan dwellings evidently did not extend to their interiors; and Spartans were famous across Greece for the jewellery worn by Spartan women, their number of slaves and horses, and their dominance at the expensive sport of chariot racing at pan-Hellenic games. While most male Spartan citizens affected a generally consistent and relatively inexpensive form of dress at home, Spartans on campaign showed extreme wealth from the expense of their crimson dyes to the polish of their armour. However, while Xenophon claims this austere dress also came from Lycurgus, art from Laconia implies adoption after 500 BC, consistent with

993:, were a leisurely class of land owners who looked down on manual labourers and craftsmen. Such a ban also likely emerged in the sixth century, since Spartan citizen sculptors are attested to prior to that time. The inequality of Spartan society also implies that trade must have occurred; the second dinner in the syssitia involved bread, meat, fish, and other produce which were bought or donated by wealthy Spartans. Plutarch, who claims Spartan did not dispute or talk about money, is also internally inconsistent when elsewhere notes Spartan commercial contracts and Sparta's delegation of such matters to expert resolution. 1118: 721:

Cretan institutions did indeed have common characteristics, but, though some direct borrowing may have occurred, such similarities are in general more likely to be because of the common Dorian inheritance of Sparta and Crete rather than because some individual such as Lycurgus imported Cretan customs to Sparta. Some versions of the story say that Lycurgus subsequently traveled as far as Egypt, Spain, and India. In the narrative of Lycurgus' reforms in Herodotus, Lycurgus is supposed to have created much of the Spartan constitution, including the

1010: 968:. Xenophon claimed that this meant acquisition of wealth became too bulky to hide; Plutarch believed that this was to make it impossible, or at least difficult, for Spartans to purchase luxury goods. Coinage came to Greece in the 550s BC; it is not possible that any law mentioning coins dates to the eighth century BC (or earlier), when Lycurgus is supposed to have lived. Nor is any ban on gold and silver mentioned in Herodotus. Usage of gold and silver at Sparta is implied by other reports that the kings were fined in 677: 7244: 7254: 7264: 790: 1219:(the early Roman lawgiver and king), for example, judged Lycurgus favourably compared to the Roman by emphasising Lycurgan education and pronatalism. Another argument for Lycurgan superiority was also that Sparta declined as it supposedly deviated from Lycurgus' settlements while Rome flourished as it similarly deviated from Numa's ideals. In the end, for Plutarch, Lycurgus was seen as a more important political theorist than 507:, the redistribution of land to each citizen by head, Spartan austerity and frugality, and Sparta's unique wedding and funerary customs. None of these reforms can be concretely attributed to Lycurgus. Most of the reforms likely date to the late sixth century BC (shortly before 500 BC), postdating his supposed life by centuries; some of the reforms, such as for the redistribution of land, are fictitious. 772:

which laws (if any) are his in actuality. However, it is clear today, from comparisons with other archaic Greek states, that Spartan institutions such as men's dining halls, organisation of age cohorts, and the use of iron money were not entirely out of the norm and had previously existed in other Greek cities: what made them distinctive was for how long they had been preserved at Sparta.

1611: 646:. The disc, however, is likely a forgery from the fourth century BC. The ancients had two solutions for this lack of chronological clarity: the historian Timaeus posited two Lycurguses: one who did the reforms and a later one with the same name who was present at the first Olympics. Eratosthenes instead posited the disc reflected informal Olympics held before 776 BC. 737:

regency until his ward came of age. The second is that he resigns, to protect his ward, amid rumours that he wishes to supplant the ward as king. Plutarch's version of the story includes the ward's mother seeking Lycurgus' hand in marriage to facilitate his accession. In this version, Lycurgus leaves to prevent himself from being used as a pawn in politics against his nephew.

624:, placing it prior to 736 BC. Little consensus exists for any more specificity. Nor should Lycurgus necessarily be credited with, and therefore dated to, the rhetra: it may have been a charter created some time in the seventh century to justify and ennoble with antiquity Sparta's institutions, especially after Sparta's emergence as the most powerful state in Greece. 4294: 1186:, were viewed in their time as returning to Lycurgan tradition rather than an innovation. The stories of Lycurgus were constantly reinvented for each Spartan generation; the decline of Sparta through to Hellenistic times saw Lycurgus' praise extended to praise him for having creating an ideal Sparta, free from the moral and political decay of the real one. 864:. Such halls were public, where all citizen men were required to eat dinner. Citizens were required to contribute to the mess hall's pantries with a substantial amount of food, wine, and money; failure or inability to do so would entail loss of citizenship. A relatively old tradition, predating the Hellenistic Spartan reformers 650:

emerged from Spartan success in that period and a desire to explain it. His legend was also constantly reworked and expanded through the course of the classical Greek period by securing for Spartans in their times divine sanction and greater legitimacy for actions which they claimed to be a return to Lycurgus' laws.

579:, in fact makes this remark in the opening paragraph). Most attempts to date his life are based on when the Great Rhetra, which promulgated Lycurgus' reforms, occurred. The most accepted date in the ancient world was that based on the genealogy of Ephorus and the chronology of Eratosthenes, which dated the 1207:

especially in the way it supported the stability of the Spartan state. Into the Roman period, Sparta received privileged treatment from the Romans as in part a means to preserve Greek traditions to display to tourists: while this touristic Sparta at times veered toward the extreme, it also cultivated

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The idealisation of Sparta, called the "Spartan mirage", also drove praise of Lycurgus in other Greek states. The tradition of a timeless legislator with his divinely-inspired (or at least sanctioned) laws gave Sparta's constitution greater legitimacy while also making it inflexible. Even attempts to

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allowed burials near temples. Burials near temples were common in archaic Greece before being prohibited by most cities; Sparta merely retained the practice. The earliest Spartan art and poems also still mention lamenting mourners, implying that such a ban likely postdates Lycurgus and was introduced

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Lycurgus' laws are supposed to have touched the whole of Spartan society. At various times, the Spartans attributed every one of their institutions to him, except the institution of the dual monarchy. Because the Spartans attributed all manner of laws and customs to him, it is impossible to determine

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to impose his laws; backed by Apolline divine approval, he forces the tyrannical Charilaus to accede to them and institutes the gerousia. Xenophon instead has Lycurgus forging an alliance with the most powerful non-royal citizens and forcing the laws through. Plutarch's narrative presented in his own

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The tradition where Lycurgus continues in the regency has little difficulty in placing him in a position to promulgate his laws. But the latter tradition where he leaves the city requires him to be recalled. In Aristotle's version, recounted by Plutarch, Lycurgus leads his followers into the city and

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Plutarch also claims that Lycurgus imposed sumptuary legislation, prohibiting foreign artisans from residing at Sparta and restricting the tools with which Spartan houses could be built, to encourage simplicity. Archaeological evidence of foreign wares postdates the eighth century, with a decline in

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The character of many of the economic and social reforms attributed to Lycurgus was allegedly to ensure that citizens competed with each other only in merit rather than in wealth. However, many of the social reforms which are attributed to Lycurgus postdate him by centuries, emerging between 500 and

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A multitude of ancient sources mention Lycurgus; it is, however, troubling inasmuch as those accounts evolved according to then-contemporary political priorities and that they are profoundly inconsistent. The oldest is that of Herodotus, who wrote in the latter half of the fifth century BC. His

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Herodotus and Plutarch – in origin. In fact, archaeological discoveries at Sparta – showing the decline of Spartan art expressed on vases as well as a sudden expansion of agricultural labour in the mid-sixth century BC – suggest that much of the communitarian reforms attributed to Lycurgus may

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is unclear; the two later Spartan kings used the Lycurgan legend to justify their redistributive policies (and violent means) as a return to Lycurgus' "true" Spartan traditions, deviations from which explained all problems of latter-day Sparta. Finally, in Plutarch's version, after Lycurgus' recall

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as well as by Spartan state rewards and ransoms. Plutarch's attempted to reconcile the evidence by depicting the Spartans allowing gold and silver for public use but retaining the allegedly Lycurgan restrictions on private use. Such a depiction, however, is not consistent with actions by Spartan

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Herodotus provides two accounts for how the laws which Lycurgus enacted came to him: in the first version, Lycurgus receives those laws from Apollo through the Pythia at Delphi; in the second, based on Sparta's own traditions, Lycurgus bases the reforms off of existing laws in Crete. Spartan and

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As a historical figure, almost nothing is known for certain about him, including when he lived and what he did in life. The stories of him place him at multiple times. Nor is it clear when the political reforms attributed to him, called the Great Rhetra, occurred. Ancient dates range from –

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The description of Lycurgus as a regent or guardian who establishes the laws characterises him as a selfless figure who places the good of his king and community before his own. To that end there are two main traditions relating to his regency. The first, in Herodotus, is that he undertakes the

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The tradition in Sparta of Lycurgus' existence dates to some time between the archaic age and the fifth century. Inasmuch as no Lycurgus is mentioned in Tyrtaeus, it is likely that the legend dates to shortly after Tyrtaeus' time, and therefore the late seventh or early sixth century. It likely

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The extent of the Lycurgan myth emerges from Sparta's self-justification, seeking to endow its customs with timeless and divinely sanctioned antiquity. That antiquity was also malleable, reinvented at various times to justify the new as a return to Lycurgus' ideal society: his land reforms, for

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Plutarch also credits Lycurgus with sumptuary laws on burials. Archaeological evidence broadly supports the notion that Spartans practiced uniform burial without grave goods, albeit with exceptions for generals and Olympic victors. However, Lycurgus is also said to have banned lamentations and

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Land inequality increased through Spartan history, mediated by conquests abroad which allowed poorer citizens to retain a reasonable standard of living. When conquests ended after 550 BC, the poorer citizens were, over time, removed from the citizen rolls, for inability to pay dues to the

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indicates that the reforms were instituted some four hundred years prior to the end of the Peloponnesian war, placing them to 804 or 821 BC. The 4th century BC Greek general Xenophon, on the other hand, claimed that he was also responsible for the creation of the Lacedaemonian dual

1300:, was more pessimistic, saying that Lycurgan laws "created monks bearing arms" while branding the system as a whole "an atrocity" and "incompatible with a large... commercial state". The branding of Lycurguan Sparta as a "dismal monastery" was widely, but not universally, shared among the 1108:

likely emerged some time during the seventh century alongside the institution of the ephorate. The education of Spartan women, mainly focusing on physical fitness, or, supposedly, physical fitness to produce healthy children for eugenic purposes, was similarly attributed to Lycurgus.

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as well as likely Herodotus, claimed that Lycurgus' imposition of the mess halls created a citizen body of some 9,000 men. Each of these mess halls also played a role in military organisation: each likely had 15 men with three mess halls forming a "sworn band"; but after the

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The main elements of Lycurgus' legacy are through the laws attributed to him. In the modern world this took on a number of aspects: the stability of the Lacedaemonian state from Lycurgus' balanced constitution; universal male citizen conscription and contribution (via the

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and has one of his eyes put out by an adolescent, his opponents back down and he forgives the adolescent. The extent to which this story of revolution and conflict with the wealthy is driven by – or a retrojection from – the experiences of the reformist Spartan kings

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Ancient authors claimed of the Spartans a general aversion to commerce, which was also attributed to Lycurgus, who was supposed to have "forbade free men to touch anything to do with making money". This likely emerged from the fact that Spartan citizens, the

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account on Lycurgus is in Herodotus, placing him as the guardian and regent of the early Argiad king Leobotes. Later accounts of Lycurgus' activities associate him with the later-more-influential Eurypontid dynasty instead, specifically as regent of

1073:, containing pottery grave goods. Further claims that Lycurgus required the burial of fallen Spartan soldiers abroad are not compatible with archaeological evidence showing that the first certain mass grave for Spartan battlefield losses was at 567:

writes he is "probably mythical". Others have attempted to glean from the myths that survive some kernel of truth. But most historians "would subscribe to the stark judgement of Antony Andrewes: 'if there was a real Lycurgus, we know nothing of

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makes no mention of such customs, and composed wedding hymns reflecting the more common Greek wedding processions; Spartan wedding customs therefore also postdate Lycurgus, emerging some time before 500 BC. The further claim in Plutarch's

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who sought to redistribute Sparta's land. The reforms attributed to Lycurgus, however, have been praised by ancients and moderns alike, seeing at various times different morals projected on a figure of which so little concrete can be known.

1564: 1092:, was also attributed to an initiative of Lycurgus to equalise Spartan citizens socially, by raising them without outside family and clan loyalties. Though the story is rejected by Plutarch, Lycurgus is also said to have instituted the 502:

The reforms at various times attributed to him touch all aspects of Spartan society. They included the creation of the Spartan constitution (in most traditions after the dual monarchy), the imposition of the Spartan mess halls called

1717: 733:(the mess halls to which each Spartan belonged). In Xenophon's telling, the legend of Lycurgus expanded even further, ascribing to him not only reforms but also the creation of the Lacedaemonian dual monarchy and state as well. 780:

or after the completion of Spartan conquests. The economic reforms, which are supposed to have made Spartan citizens equal, never happened and were invented to legitimise redistributive policies in the Hellenistic period.

2034:, p. 36, noting that the attribution to Lycurgus is "wholly in line with the general tendency of the fifth and fourth centuries... to condense and concentrate the various stories upon one all-reforming legislator". 1037:

where the bride, rather than being processed to the groom's home for a wedding ceremony with feast, was instead ritually seized by the groom, and the marriage consummated without feast. The seventh century Spartan poet

3007: 3031: 1158:, who arranged the Spartan way of life once and for all". For these achievements, which they viewed as having facilitated the emergence of Sparta as the most powerful state in Greece, Lycurgus was honoured with a 1314: 793:

At various times, ancient writers attributed almost all parts of the Spartan constitution – diagrammed above – to Lycurgus' reforms. This unitary reformist moment is not accepted by modern scholars.

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was the illusion that Spartan citizens were economically equal: that no citizen owned more land than another. There is, however, no evidence of equal land ownership at Sparta, with exception of

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from time to time. Thus bring in and set aside . The people are to have the right to respond, and power ... but if the people speak crookedly, the elders and kings are to be setters-aside.

2504: 1266:, a French educator, produced an enduring and admiring conception of Lycurgus as having created the rule of law, the mixed constitution, equality, and universal education. The philosopher 805:. It, however, is not genuine and contains anachronistic contents. Regardless, Plutarch records it as having included provisions related to Sparta's religious and political practices: 704:

In the earlier legends of Lycurgus, namely in the accounts of the Great Rhetra, Lycurgus is not credited with a radical reorganisation of Spartan life or with the institution of the

1342:, for example, was one of the first to take a highly critical view of Sparta, suggesting that Lycurgus was a fiction and his Great Rhetra was a fabrication. In the aftermath of the 2004:. "The range of Spartan laws and institutions credited to Lycurgus was extraordinary. Initially, all Spartan institutions were attributed to him with the exception of the diarchy". 763:

to Sparta to institute new laws, he has the community swear not to change the laws until he returns from Delphi. Upon reaching Delphi he dies so to enshrine the laws forever.

845:", was a later addition. However, the grammatical construction of preserved rhetra is consistent with it being part of the original text, a view taken by Massimo Nafissi in 729:(respectively, the Spartan council of elders and annually-elected overseeing magistrates). He also is supposed to have reorganised Spartan military life and instituted the 1238:); economic freedom for citizens by their possession of sufficient land and helots to meet their needs; and austere politics for the common good. The republican views of 3083: 2909:

and received from the incipient emperor honours and political autonomy. The constitution of Lycurgus with the dual monarchy was not preserved in much more than name.

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after sumptuary restrictions, compulsory contributions from poorer citizens who previously abstained, and intermixture of rich and poor shortly before 500 BC.

2217: 1705: 1270:, who derived most of his knowledge of Lycurgus from Plutarch's biography, viewed the figure positively as standing for an austere civil morality acting for the 879:

were merged into the Spartan army, each mess hall likely formed its own band. Such messes were likely preceded in the seventh century BC poet Alcman's time with

538: 3016:, p. 676, noting that the article on "législateur" mentioned Lycurgus not at all and saying "it looks like a deliberate insult to the pro-Spartan lobby". 2864: 2527: 1189:

Admiration of the customs of Sparta, supposed to be established by Lycurgus, survived – with a break during the second century when Sparta was part of the

750: 553: 117: 2392:, took the form of a coin. It likely was first coined in the fifth century, reflecting the abundance of iron but scarcity of precious metals in Laconia. 1914: 2485: 2162: 1246:

European political thought. Other thinkers of the period hailed Lycurgan politics as building a stable polity dedicated to simplicity, unity, and the

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German nationalism embraced Sparta and Lycurgus, seeing it as a locus of heroism, physicality, racial purity, and struggle. Such themes complemented

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views of Spartan society, which praised Spartan eugenicism and militarism became common in Germany in the later nineteenth century through to the

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The silence of the rhetra, a text meant to describe and legitimise the Spartan political system of the seventh century, with regard to Sparta's

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who saw Lycurgus as having doomed his own people to poverty and futile militarism; however, he also praised the Lycurgan – as well as the

1250:– attributing to the Spartans, not necessarily rightly, universal education and equality among citizens – while also noting the cruelty of the 3271: 2442: 1976: 2687: 1895: 1845: 3372: 2959: 2733: 749:

In Plutarch's narrative, Lycurgus' laws cause backlash among the wealthy, who attempt to have him stoned. After he flees to the temple of

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Lycurgus is also supposed to have ensured the austere lifestyle of the Spartans by banning the use of gold and silver coins, requiring a

717:; the disputes indicate that the two royal houses by the historical period attempted to associate themselves by blood with the figure. 5991: 746:

voice instead consolidates prior disparate stories into a general upsurge of support from the kings, the people, and the aristocracy.

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and eugenicist policy; if such wife sharing existed, it is likely a product of Spartan population decline in the fifth century BC.

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account is likely based on oral accounts from both Spartans and non-Spartans in Greece. The two royal dynasties of Sparta, the

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Desideri, Paolo (2002). "Lycurgus: the Spartan ideal in the age of Trajan". In Stadter, Philip A; Van der Stockt, Luc (eds.).

443: 3666: 3476: 3449: 3392: 3333: 3283: 3249: 3185: 3145: 2349: 2023: 1789: 849:, believing that the idea that the set-aside provision was later inserted was itself a fabrication of the fourth century BC. 5379: 1162:, which may have developed slowly into the Roman imperial period into full godhood. His temple and sanctuary, according to 473:), involving political, economic, and social reforms to produce a military-oriented Spartan society in accordance with the 1714:, p. 99, basing this assessment on the contents of the Great Rhetra as reflecting Lycurgan myth in the sixth century. 1150:

In Spartan society, Lycurgus and his laws were received as the creator of the Spartan way of life. Xenophon's pro-Spartan

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There is no consensus as to when a historical Lycurgus lived, neither today or in the ancient world (Plutarch, in his

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Possible dates for when Lycurgus lived, years before AD 1, with the classical authors who give each date attributed.

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Plutarch states that the provision that the elders and kings could set aside decisions of the apella, called the "

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its Lycurgan inheritance by means of architecture, theatre, and retention of distinctive political institutions.

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as bound tenants. The consensus among scholars is that this never happened. The seventh century Spartan poet,

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since Hammond's article has generally been... the Great rhetra itself belongs to a time before ... dated

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Gatto, Martina (2024-01-18). "Lycurgus of Sparta in the Imperial Age: Plutarch, Pausanias, and Lucian".

7288: 6909: 6782: 5915: 5910: 5886: 5796: 5313: 4411: 4124: 4101: 3941: 664: 3041: 563: – which has led many historians today to doubt his historicity: for example, Massimo Nafissi in 7267: 7210: 6166: 5969: 5954: 5876: 5811: 5131: 5026: 4500: 4434: 4092: 3983: 3969: 499:). There remains no consensus as to when he lived; some modern scholars deny that he existed at all. 31: 5778: 5758: 4956: 4614: 2632: 5964: 5927: 5861: 5527: 5414: 4262: 3601:. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 1. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. Harvard University Press. 2900: 1698:, pp. 99–100, noting that the ephorate was credited in the fourth century to the Spartan king 3157:

Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek intellectuals, and Roman power in the time of Trajan (98–117 AD)

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Nafissi, Massimo. "Lykourgos the Spartan "lawgiver": ancient beliefs and modern scholarship". In

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Jensen, Sean R. "Reception of Sparta in North America: eighteenth to twenty-first centuries". In

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suggests that the ephorate was a product of a later reform at Sparta and was not Lycurgan –

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Hodkinson, Stephen (2009). "Property concentration and the emergence of a plutocratic society".

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trended toward the Lycurgan "mixed constitution" but this was not necessarily a through-line in

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altogether has no basis. Lycurgus is also said to have instituted a system of wife sharing as a

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However, Lycurgus does not feature in the earliest preserved Spartan source – the poet

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viewed Lycurgus' society highly positively since, for him, it inspired men to greatness.

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and as one of the most famous, moral, and effective legislators of the Greek tradition.

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Euseb. (Hieron.) 87b (H) / 151 (F) for ephorate establishment in the fifth Olympiad.

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Rebenich, Stefan. "Reception of Sparta in Germany and German-speaking Europe". In

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claim that Spartans wore complex and luxurious clothing until "not long ago".

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Hooker, James Thomas (1988). "The life and times of Lycurgus the Lawgiver".

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Lycurgus is also supposed to have instituted the Spartan practice of staged

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Lycurgus is supposed also to have established the Spartan mess halls called

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Millender, Ellen. "Athenian ideology and the empowered Spartan woman". In

676: 7052: 6944: 6924: 6752: 6260: 6238: 6228: 6223: 6146: 6103: 5650: 5560: 5550: 5437: 5427: 5191: 4568: 4543: 4318: 4216: 4097: 4034: 4029: 1335: 1331: 1301: 1247: 1243: 1052: 606: 323: 6757: 3547:

van Wees, Hans (2018a). "Luxury, austerity, and equality in Sparta". In

937:, led to the creation of a myth that Lycurgus redistributed the land of 596:. Alternatively, an excursus in the 5th century BC Greek historian 6989: 6959: 6954: 6939: 6825: 6792: 6461: 6431: 6098: 5826: 5660: 5502: 5497: 5487: 5472: 5457: 5447: 5422: 4798: 4553: 4508: 3965: 3825: 3796: 3705: 2341: 2014:

Parker, Victor (2007). "Tyrants and lawgivers". In Shapiro, H A (ed.).

1550: 1548: 1354:, painting Sparta as a "proto-National Socialist state". Defeat in the 1305: 1122: 998: 597: 328: 257: 195: 170: 3224: 929:. Demands for redistribution, heard by the reformist Spartan monarchs 6964: 6890: 6875: 6845: 6840: 6772: 6696: 6681: 6666: 6609: 6509: 6161: 6093: 5665: 5645: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5570: 5565: 5535: 5482: 5442: 5221: 5087: 5041: 5021: 4652: 4523: 4313: 4088: 4007: 3775:

Starr, Chester G (1965). "The credibility of early Spartan history".

3576: 2111: 1233: 1198: 1103: 1097: 1081: 986: 886: 880: 874: 859: 853: 830: 822: 816: 810: 714: 688:, is supposed to have divinely sanctioned Lycurgus' laws through the 643: 580: 458: 302: 252: 231: 190: 175: 155: 79: 3873: 3689: 3676:

Forrest, W G (1963). "The date of the Lykourgan reforms in Sparta".

1545: 789: 7014: 7004: 6994: 6969: 6747: 6714: 6676: 6619: 6534: 6519: 6376: 6366: 6283: 6278: 5675: 5670: 5630: 5625: 5600: 5580: 5507: 5462: 5452: 5308: 5206: 5141: 5069: 4677: 4358: 4308: 4303: 4177: 4070: 4061: 4056: 3905: 3730: 3614: 3590: 3306: 3208: 3180:. Brill's Plutarch Studies. Vol. 14. Brill. pp. 254–265. 1093: 954: 942: 926: 824: 730: 722: 560: 504: 482: 333: 284: 279: 226: 216: 185: 160: 124: 6767: 4254: 3538:

Richer, Nicholas. "Spartan education in the classical period". In

3486: 3459: 3343: 2995: 1661: 1256:

and denigration of autonomy, especially in contrast to democratic

7157: 7147: 7092: 7087: 7072: 7062: 7047: 7042: 6929: 6817: 6807: 6686: 6661: 6656: 6629: 6624: 6604: 6594: 6584: 6549: 6539: 6529: 6481: 6471: 6446: 6411: 6406: 6381: 6034: 5816: 5477: 5467: 5226: 5196: 5186: 5181: 5161: 5156: 5036: 4983: 4692: 4682: 4672: 4667: 4657: 4369: 4160: 4155: 4146: 4142: 4106: 3927: 3259:

Shaw, P-J. "Olympiad chronology and 'early' Spartan history". In

2389: 2214:

if assuming a 1.5 pc reduction in the number of homoioi per year.

1347: 1338:. Such views, however, were not unanimous. The German classicist 1179: 1088: 1048: 990: 965: 946: 938: 930: 865: 755: 610: 586: 512: 318: 274: 84: 7102: 6416: 2037: 1304:. Similar negative views were expressed by the American founder 1178:

Spartan life during the Hellenistic period, by Spartan monarchs

620:. Modern scholars generally date the Great Rhetra to before the 585:

to 118 years after the reign of one of Sparta's founding kings,

511:

example, are attested only after the reformist Spartan monarchs

7127: 7057: 7037: 6999: 6865: 6671: 6564: 6501: 6491: 6436: 6054: 6039: 5635: 5620: 5595: 5590: 5575: 5236: 5231: 4998: 4978: 4722: 4712: 4707: 4578: 4538: 4528: 4513: 4115: 4038: 4020: 3511:

Mason, Haydn. "The literary reception of Sparta in France". In

2894: 2252: 1677: 1470: 1257: 1066:; moreover, any ban on grave goods must postdate a grave, also 1039: 950: 802: 697: 693: 689: 681: 474: 454: 180: 165: 45: 3408:

Parker, Victor (1993). "Some dates in early Spartan history".

1809:. Vol. 2. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 850. 1749: 536: 7137: 7112: 7009: 6949: 6934: 6802: 6762: 6514: 6426: 6421: 6391: 6386: 6361: 6044: 5585: 5540: 5492: 5064: 5016: 4717: 4687: 4634: 4609: 4548: 4518: 4353: 4128: 4074: 4065: 3998: 2295: 2293: 1583: 1373: 1252: 1220: 895: 797:

Lycurgus' political reforms were supposedly promulgated in a

742: 726: 705: 605:

monarchy, placing him during the reign of the Heraclid kings

477:. The Spartans in the historical period honoured him as god. 448: 441: 211: 129: 3099: 419: 7142: 7117: 7067: 6554: 6544: 4002: 2675: 2663: 2570: 2430: 2061: 809:

After dedicating a temple to Zeus.. and Athena..., forming

425: 410: 3111: 2916: 2824: 2776: 2370: 2358: 2290: 672:, Lycurgus hands over the kingship to a newly born child. 4293: 3442:

Ancient Greece: a political, social, and cultural history

2278: 1964: 1634: 422: 3195:

Hammond, N G L (1950). "The Lycurgan reform at Sparta".

3071: 3047: 2971: 2812: 2558: 2546: 2473: 2461: 2399: 2186: 2174: 2150: 2073: 2049: 1952: 1651: 1649: 885:(private men's eating clubs). They became the classical 2836: 2721: 1503: 1501: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1396: 1394: 2138: 1864: 1780:(1st American ed.). New York: Scribner. pp. 961:, attesting to land inequality at the earliest times. 3096:

as inspiring the fascist cult of death and sacrifice.

3059: 3019: 2800: 1807:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology

1646: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1125:, as one of the 23 great historical lawgivers in the 485:

11th century BC – the early ninth century (

428: 416: 2947: 2788: 1498: 1486: 1425: 1406: 1391: 407: 3444:(4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 2764: 413: 1773: 1453: 3351:Morris, Ian. "The eighth-century revolution". In 3232:Hodkinson, Stephen; Powell, Anton, eds. (2009) . 2905:; choosing the correct side again, it fought for 7280: 3556:van Wees, Hans (2018b). "The common messes". In 3361: 3352: 3323: 1726:, p. 51, however, notes that a fragment of 957:, already opposed land distribution in the poem 4605: 3324:Rafflaub, Kurt A; van Wees, Hans, eds. (2009). 3260: 3231: 3001: 2883:Lafond, Yves. "Sparta in the Roman period". In 2656: 1197:. Aristotle, for example, praised the Lycurgan 1154:"unreservedly regard as the Spartan legislator 3857:"This. Isn't. Sparta. Part III: Spartan Women" 3436: 2336:. Classical Press of Wales. pp. 399–446. 2125: 2091: 2043: 1589: 4385: 4270: 3889: 1166:, included a grave for his son with the name 556:, both claimed Lycurgus in their ancestries. 528: 379: 3274:. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). 3159:. Leuven University Press. pp. 315–28. 1295: 1283: 1137:Statue of Lycurgus at the eighteen-hundreds 829:of thirty including the kings, then hold an 27:Traditional founder of Sparta's institutions 2898: 2388:By the classical period this currency, the 899: 5271: 4392: 4378: 4277: 4263: 3896: 3882: 3040:, pp. 679–80, noting the philosopher 2226:, pp. 130–31, rejecting the claim at 2018:. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. 386: 372: 3854: 3806:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 3777:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 3555: 3546: 3278:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press. 3269: 3133: 2755: 2743: 2727: 2681: 2669: 2654: 2638: 2619: 2607: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2533: 2510: 2491: 2479: 2467: 2448: 2436: 2417: 2405: 2393: 2376: 2364: 2331: 2315: 2299: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2168: 2156: 2079: 2067: 2055: 1739: 1400: 784: 3803: 3651:Problèmes de la guerre en Grèce ancienne 3528: 3377:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics 3154: 3117: 3105: 3089: 3077: 2922: 2870: 2854: 2756:Millender, Ellen G. "Spartan women". In 2230:, 1.65 that Lycurgus created the ephors. 2207:, pp. 251–53, suggesting formation 1290:but this was not shared by all authors. 1132: 1116: 1008: 788: 675: 657: 3675: 3519: 3385:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3819 3370: 3359: 3194: 2934: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2806: 2693: 2334:Property and wealth in classical Sparta 2319: 2284: 2223: 2144: 2107: 2095: 2001: 1982: 1970: 1958: 1939: 1920: 1901: 1882: 1870: 1851: 1835: 1823: 1819: 1755: 1711: 1695: 1683: 1667: 1655: 1640: 1601: 1570: 1554: 1539: 1519: 1507: 1492: 1480: 1476: 1464: 1443: 1431: 1419: 1211:The Plutarchian comparison between the 14: 7281: 6325: 3745: 3644: 3589: 3557: 3548: 3539: 3537: 3530: 3521: 3512: 3503: 3501: 3466: 3407: 3350: 3053: 2938: 2910: 2884: 2882: 2757: 2739: 2712: 2623: 2537: 2514: 2495: 2421: 2311: 2245: 2129: 2013: 1986: 1943: 1924: 1886: 1855: 1723: 1671: 1617: 1193:– continuously into the Sparta of the 492:) to as late as early eighth century ( 7182: 6324: 5753: 5257: 4604: 4424: 4373: 4258: 3903: 3877: 3774: 3613: 3510: 3301:Lipka, Michael (2002). Introduction. 3300: 3173: 3065: 3037: 3025: 3013: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2697: 2592: 2452: 2031: 2016:Cambridge companion to archaic Greece 1905: 1804: 1771: 1759: 1605: 1574: 1558: 1080:The education of Spartan boys in the 766: 457:, credited with the formation of its 6793:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus 4425: 3861:A Collection of Unmitigated Pedantry 3712: 3258: 2239: 481:putting aside the implausibly early 4284: 3838:: CS1 maint: untitled periodical ( 2610:, p. 211, citing Thuc., 1.6.3. 1542:, p. 97, citing Thuc., 1.18.1. 24: 7309:People whose existence is disputed 5754: 4399: 3637: 3568: 3140:. University of California Press. 2251:, 7, for a Lycurgan ephorate with 1023:a Laconian girl running or dancing 25: 7320: 3848: 3649:. In Vernant, Jean-Pierre (ed.). 3373:"Lycurgus (2), legendary Spartan" 3272:"Lycurgus (2), legendary Spartan" 3126: 7262: 7252: 7243: 7242: 4292: 3653:. De Gruyter. pp. 143–160. 3575: 2227: 1839: 1743: 1447: 1358:largely ended such hagiography. 670:Jean-Jacques-François Le Barbier 453:) was the legendary lawgiver of 403: 7263: 3715:"Agis, Cleomenes, and Equality" 3371:Nafissi, Massimo (2019-10-30). 3360:Nafissi, Massimo. "Sparta". In 3276:The Oxford classical dictionary 3177:Plutarch and his Contemporaries 3092:, p. 693, also noting the 2876: 2749: 2648: 2382: 2325: 2233: 2101: 2007: 1995: 1798: 1765: 1733: 1595: 1533: 3855:Devereaux, Bret (2019-08-30). 3362:Rafflaub & van Wees (2009) 3353:Rafflaub & van Wees (2009) 1513: 1437: 1312: – mixed constitution in 1282:pervaded some articles in the 635:and would therefore place him 13: 1: 4864: 4851: 4832: 4815: 3261:Hodkinson & Powell (2009) 2857:, p. 321, citing Arist. 2657:Hodkinson & Powell (2009) 2208: 1625: 1380: 1086:, less anachronistically the 1067: 1060: 636: 614: 590: 493: 486: 5992:Funeral and burial practices 5177:Military of Mycenaean Greece 3236:. Classical Press of Wales. 2641:, p. 220, citing Plut. 2112: 1805:Smith, William, ed. (1857). 1385: 1315:Defense of the Constitutions 1234: 1199: 1121:Lycurgus depicted in a 1950 1104: 1098: 1082: 913:One of the illusions of the 887: 881: 875: 860: 854: 831: 823: 817: 811: 581: 523: 459: 449: 7: 3760:10.1524/klio.1988.70.70.340 3467:Powell, Anton, ed. (2018). 3379:. Oxford University Press. 3326:Companion to archaic Greece 3270:Hodkinson, Stephen (2012). 3197:Journal of Hellenic Studies 3002:Hodkinson & Powell 2009 1361: 919:Cleomenes' five-year regime 908: 847:Companion to archaic Greece 10: 7325: 5916:Greek Revival architecture 5258: 3942:On the Malice of Herodotus 3422:10.1524/klio.1993.75.75.45 2622:, pp. 219–20, citing 2536:, pp. 213–14, citing 2513:, pp. 212–13, citing 1145: 801:that he received from the 529:Historicity and chronology 442: 29: 7304:Greek mythological heroes 7238: 7189: 7183: 7178: 7023: 6900: 6889: 6816: 6738: 6695: 6642: 6500: 6352: 6343: 6339: 6320: 6269: 6184: 6122: 6084: 6077: 6027: 5987: 5978: 5900: 5777: 5773: 5749: 5715: 5684: 5526: 5413: 5357: 5324:Attalid kings of Pergamon 5279: 5270: 5266: 5253: 5132:Antigonid Macedonian army 5105: 5078: 5050: 5007: 4964: 4955: 4797: 4736: 4633: 4629: 4600: 4499: 4448: 4444: 4420: 4407: 4299: 4290: 4235: 4199: 3958: 3912: 3659:10.1515/9783111330570-008 3609:– via LacusCurtius. 1294:, the main editor of the 1226: 1112: 1047:that Lycurgus prohibited 1004: 32:Lycurgus (disambiguation) 3713:Fuks, Alexander (1962). 3234:Sparta: new perspectives 3134:Cartledge, Paul (2001). 1686:, pp. 94–95, 98–99. 1526:70, F 118 and Eratosth. 1280:Positive views of Sparta 1017:bronze statuette in the 4200:Translators and editors 3042:Claude Adrien Helvétius 2907:Octavian against Antony 2262:, 1313a26–8, and Plut. 2242:, p. 296, citing: 1772:Grant, Michael (1987). 776:600 BC during the 686:this 2nd century statue 653: 589:, which corresponds to 108:List of Kings of Sparta 5358:Artists & scholars 5273:List of ancient Greeks 4910:Second Athenian League 4759:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 4584:Ancient Greek colonies 3804:Woodward, A M (1950). 3440:; et al. (2018). 2899: 2889:Sparta sided with the 2742:, p. 526, citing 2591:, p. 218, citing 2494:, p. 211, citing 2451:, p. 211, citing 2420:, p. 209, citing 2128:, p. 163, citing 1985:, p. 107, citing 1942:, p. 107, citing 1923:, p. 107, citing 1904:, p. 107, citing 1885:, p. 107, citing 1854:, p. 105, citing 1838:, p. 104, citing 1822:, Character and life; 1776:The rise of the Greeks 1573:, pp. 98, citing 1376:, an Athenian lawgiver 1370:, an Athenian lawgiver 1296: 1284: 1142: 1130: 1030: 900: 839: 794: 785:Political and military 701: 673: 642:, per the philosopher 6477:Sybaris on the Traeis 5202:Sacred Band of Thebes 4942:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) 4456:Cycladic civilization 3469:A companion to Sparta 3242:10.2307/j.ctvvn9cq.13 3094:Battle of Thermopylae 2696:, p. 61, citing 1268:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1141:in Brussels, Belgium. 1136: 1127:United States Capitol 1120: 1012: 966:currency made of iron 807: 792: 679: 662:In the 1791 painting 661: 565:A companion to Sparta 7299:Government of Sparta 6002:mythological figures 5723:Ancient Greek tribes 4848:Peloponnesian League 3645:Finley, M I (1968). 3619:Spartan constitution 3303:Spartan constitution 2785:, p. 258 n. 14. 2110:, p. 129. "The 1152:Spartan Constitution 977:generals during the 821:, and instituting a 778:Second Messenian War 53:Spartan Constitution 30:For other uses, see 7294:Ancient legislators 6114:Tunnel of Eupalinos 6109:Theatre of Dionysus 5733:Ancient Macedonians 5349:Tyrants of Syracuse 4861:Amphictyonic League 4461:Minoan civilization 3975:Alexander the Great 3719:Classical Philology 3533:, pp. 685–703. 3471:. Wiley Blackwell. 3328:. Wiley Blackwell. 3263:, pp. 293–310. 3137:Spartan reflections 3108:, pp. 696–700. 2833:, pp. 99, 111. 2212:&thinsp, 511 BC 2126:Pomeroy et al. 2018 2092:Pomeroy et al. 2018 2044:Pomeroy et al. 2018 1620:, p. 53. "The 1590:Pomeroy et al. 2018 1240:Niccolò Machiavelli 1205:universal education 905:date to that time. 622:First Messenian War 618: 1003 BC 40:Part of a series on 6788:Menestheus's Limin 6442:Pandosia (Lucania) 6330:Greek colonisation 5692:Athenian statesmen 5453:Diogenes of Sinope 5314:Kings of Macedonia 5304:Kings of Commagene 5172:Macedonian phalanx 5152:Hellenistic armies 4900:(c. 424–c. 395 BC) 4764:Indo-Greek Kingdom 4486:Hellenistic Greece 4212:Arthur Hugh Clough 3595:"Life of Lycurgus" 3560:, pp. 236–68. 3551:, pp. 202–35. 3542:, pp. 525–42. 3524:, pp. 93–123. 3515:, pp. 665–84. 3506:, pp. 704–22. 3364:, pp. 117–37. 3004:, pp. xix–xx. 2980:, pp. 666–67. 2925:, pp. 315–17. 2887:, pp. 413–17. 2684:, pp. 222–23. 2672:, pp. 221–22. 2659:, pp. 364–66. 2579:, pp. 217–18. 2439:, pp. 209–10. 2342:10.2307/j.ctvvn96g 2318:, pp. 204–5; 2287:, pp. 132–33. 2070:, pp. 226–27. 2046:, pp. 162–63. 1973:, pp. 109–10. 1643:, pp. 133–34. 1340:Karl Julius Beloch 1143: 1131: 1071: 600 BC 1064: 600 BC 1031: 945:equally among the 795: 767:Attributed reforms 751:Athena Chalcioecus 702: 674: 665:Lycurgus of Sparta 640: 776 BC 627:One artefact, the 594: 885 BC 497: 776 BC 490: 885 BC 7289:Ancient Greek law 7276: 7275: 7234: 7233: 7174: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7166: 7165: 6740:Iberian Peninsula 6672:Lipara/Meligounis 6638: 6637: 6316: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6289:Cypriot syllabary 6180: 6179: 6089:Athenian Treasury 6073: 6072: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5334:Ptolemaic dynasty 5294:Archons of Athens 5249: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5120:Athenian military 5101: 5100: 4934:League of Corinth 4916:Thessalian League 4892:Chalcidian League 4874:Acarnanian League 4784:Ptolemaic Kingdom 4596: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4367: 4366: 4252: 4251: 4239:Comparison extant 4169:Tiberius Gracchus 3935:De genio Socratis 3668:978-3-11-133057-0 3478:978-1-119-07238-6 3451:978-0-19-068691-8 3394:978-0-19-938113-5 3355:, pp. 64–80. 3335:978-0-631-23045-8 3285:978-0-19-954556-8 3251:978-1-905125-31-9 3187:978-90-04-68730-1 3147:978-0-520-23124-5 3120:, pp. 700–2. 3056:, pp. 706–7. 2821:, pp. 94–95. 2760:, pp. 505–6. 2520:, 13.2 and Plut. 2379:, pp. 203–4. 2367:, pp. 203–5. 2351:978-1-905125-30-2 2302:, pp. 207–8. 2025:978-0-521-82200-8 1961:, pp. 108–9. 1791:978-0-684-18536-1 1604:, p. 98, .; 1561:, pp. 35–36. 1522:, citing Ephorus 1325:Federalist Papers 1248:communal interest 979:Peloponnesian War 396: 395: 18:Lycurgus (Sparta) 16:(Redirected from 7316: 7266: 7265: 7256: 7246: 7245: 7180: 7179: 6898: 6897: 6397:Heraclea Lucania 6350: 6349: 6341: 6340: 6322: 6321: 6082: 6081: 6014:Twelve Olympians 5985: 5984: 5775: 5774: 5751: 5750: 5339:Seleucid dynasty 5319:Kings of Paionia 5268: 5267: 5255: 5254: 5125:Scythian archers 5032:Graphe paranomon 4962: 4961: 4869: 4866: 4856: 4853: 4837: 4834: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4631: 4630: 4602: 4601: 4481:Classical Greece 4466:Mycenaean Greece 4446: 4445: 4422: 4421: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4371: 4370: 4296: 4279: 4272: 4265: 4256: 4255: 4222:Philemon Holland 4111:Cato the Younger 3991:Aratus of Sicyon 3898: 3891: 3884: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3843: 3837: 3829: 3800: 3771: 3742: 3709: 3672: 3632: 3610: 3586: 3561: 3552: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3507: 3498: 3463: 3438:Pomeroy, Sarah B 3433: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3365: 3356: 3347: 3320: 3297: 3264: 3255: 3228: 3191: 3170: 3151: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2904: 2888: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2753: 2747: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2710: 2704: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2652: 2646: 2636: 2630: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2543:, 9.3–5, 13.3–4. 2531: 2525: 2508: 2502: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2329: 2323: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2237: 2231: 2221: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2123: 2117: 2115: 2105: 2099: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1937: 1931: 1918: 1912: 1899: 1893: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1849: 1843: 1833: 1827: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1779: 1769: 1763: 1753: 1747: 1737: 1731: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1703: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1644: 1638: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1615: 1609: 1608:, pp. 35–36 1599: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1568: 1562: 1552: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1451: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1423: 1417: 1404: 1398: 1356:Second World War 1299: 1289: 1237: 1215:of Lycurgus and 1202: 1107: 1101: 1085: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1062: 903: 890: 884: 878: 863: 857: 836: 828: 820: 814: 641: 638: 619: 616: 595: 592: 584: 577:Life of Lycurgus 571: 498: 495: 491: 488: 472: 469: 466: 462: 452: 447: 446: 435: 434: 431: 430: 427: 424: 421: 418: 415: 412: 409: 388: 381: 374: 37: 36: 21: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7230: 7185: 7162: 7025: 7019: 6902: 6893: 6885: 6856:Melaina Korkyra 6812: 6734: 6691: 6644:Aeolian Islands 6634: 6496: 6354: 6335: 6334: 6308: 6265: 6176: 6118: 6069: 6023: 5974: 5896: 5887:Wedding customs 5769: 5768: 5737: 5728:Thracian Greeks 5711: 5702:Olympic victors 5680: 5522: 5409: 5353: 5344:Kings of Sparta 5329:Kings of Pontus 5299:Kings of Athens 5275: 5262: 5241: 5137:Army of Macedon 5097: 5074: 5046: 5003: 4951: 4924:(370–c. 230 BC) 4922:Arcadian League 4906:(c. 400–188 BC) 4904:Aetolian League 4898:Boeotian League 4880:Hellenic League 4867: 4854: 4844:(c. 650–404 BC) 4835: 4829:Italiote League 4822: 4818: 4812:Doric Hexapolis 4802: 4793: 4789:Seleucid Empire 4732: 4625: 4624: 4588: 4495: 4471:Greek Dark Ages 4440: 4439: 4416: 4403: 4398: 4368: 4363: 4297: 4286: 4285:Greek lawgivers 4283: 4253: 4248: 4231: 4195: 4182:Aemilius Paulus 3954: 3950:Pseudo-Plutarch 3908: 3902: 3865: 3863: 3851: 3846: 3831: 3830: 3754:(70): 340–345. 3690:10.2307/1086717 3669: 3640: 3638:Further reading 3635: 3629: 3571: 3569:Primary sources 3566: 3479: 3452: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3336: 3317: 3286: 3252: 3188: 3167: 3148: 3129: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2937:, Laws, citing 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2754: 2750: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2711: 2707: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2653: 2649: 2637: 2633: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2532: 2528: 2509: 2505: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2387: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2352: 2330: 2326: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2238: 2234: 2222: 2218: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2124: 2120: 2106: 2102: 2094:, p. 163; 2090: 2086: 2078: 2074: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2026: 2012: 2008: 2000: 1996: 1981: 1977: 1969: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1938: 1934: 1930:, 5.1–2, 5.8–9. 1919: 1915: 1900: 1896: 1881: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1850: 1846: 1834: 1830: 1818: 1814: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1770: 1766: 1754: 1750: 1738: 1734: 1722: 1718: 1710: 1706: 1694: 1690: 1682: 1678: 1670:, p. 104; 1666: 1662: 1654: 1647: 1639: 1635: 1628: 1622:communis opinio 1616: 1612: 1600: 1596: 1588: 1584: 1569: 1565: 1557:, p. 103; 1553: 1546: 1538: 1534: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1499: 1491: 1487: 1475: 1471: 1463: 1454: 1442: 1438: 1430: 1426: 1418: 1407: 1399: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1364: 1344:First World War 1272:collective good 1229: 1148: 1115: 1070: 1063: 1007: 911: 787: 769: 656: 639: 629:Disc of Iphitos 617: 593: 569: 545: 544: 543: 540: 539: 537: 531: 526: 496: 489: 470: 467: 464: 406: 402: 392: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7322: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7260: 7250: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7176: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7029: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6906: 6904: 6895: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6822: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6744: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6701: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6648: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6590:Megara Hyblaea 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6570:Hybla Gereatis 6567: 6562: 6560:Heraclea Minoa 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6506: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6358: 6356: 6347: 6337: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6326: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6306: 6304:Attic numerals 6301: 6299:Greek numerals 6296: 6294:Greek alphabet 6291: 6286: 6281: 6275: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6190: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6128: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6005: 6004: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5948:Musical system 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5907: 5905: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5783: 5781: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5755: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5532: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5380:Mathematicians 5377: 5372: 5367: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5289:Kings of Argos 5285: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5264: 5263: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5147:Cretan archers 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5117: 5111: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5084: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4946:Achaean League 4943: 4940:Euboean League 4937: 4931: 4928:Epirote League 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4876:(c. 500–31 BC) 4871: 4858: 4845: 4839: 4826: 4808: 4806: 4804:Confederations 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4728:Lissus (Crete) 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4639: 4637: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4606: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4505: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4476:Archaic Greece 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4452: 4450: 4442: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4426: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4401:Ancient Greece 4397: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4374: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4300: 4298: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4259: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4242:Four unpaired 4240: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4184: 4175: 4173:Gaius Gracchus 4158: 4149: 4140: 4131: 4122: 4113: 4104: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4023: 4014: 4012:Cato the Elder 4005: 3988: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3938: 3924: 3921:Parallel Lives 3916: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3901: 3900: 3893: 3886: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3850: 3849:External links 3847: 3845: 3844: 3812:(4): 616–634. 3801: 3783:(3): 257–272. 3772: 3743: 3731:10.1086/364695 3725:(3): 161–166. 3710: 3684:(3): 157–179. 3673: 3667: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3633: 3627: 3611: 3599:Parallel Lives 3587: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3562: 3553: 3544: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3508: 3477: 3464: 3450: 3434: 3405: 3393: 3368: 3367: 3366: 3357: 3334: 3321: 3315: 3298: 3284: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3250: 3229: 3209:10.2307/629291 3192: 3186: 3171: 3165: 3152: 3146: 3130: 3128: 3127:Modern sources 3125: 3123: 3122: 3110: 3098: 3082: 3080:, p. 691. 3070: 3068:, p. 682. 3058: 3046: 3030: 3028:, p. 678. 3018: 3006: 2994: 2982: 2970: 2958: 2956:, p. 665. 2946: 2927: 2915: 2913:, p. 408. 2875: 2863: 2847: 2835: 2823: 2811: 2799: 2797:, p. 258. 2787: 2775: 2763: 2748: 2744:Cartledge 2001 2732: 2728:Cartledge 2001 2720: 2705: 2686: 2682:van Wees 2018a 2674: 2670:van Wees 2018a 2662: 2647: 2639:van Wees 2018a 2631: 2620:van Wees 2018a 2612: 2608:van Wees 2018a 2600: 2589:van Wees 2018a 2581: 2577:van Wees 2018a 2569: 2567:, p. 215. 2565:van Wees 2018a 2557: 2555:, p. 214. 2553:van Wees 2018a 2545: 2534:van Wees 2018a 2526: 2511:van Wees 2018a 2503: 2492:van Wees 2018a 2484: 2482:, p. 242. 2480:van Wees 2018b 2472: 2470:, p. 213. 2468:van Wees 2018a 2460: 2449:van Wees 2018a 2441: 2437:van Wees 2018a 2429: 2418:van Wees 2018a 2410: 2408:, p. 208. 2406:van Wees 2018a 2398: 2396:, p. 210. 2394:van Wees 2018a 2381: 2377:van Wees 2018a 2369: 2365:van Wees 2018a 2357: 2350: 2324: 2322:, p. 110. 2316:van Wees 2018a 2314:, p. 68; 2304: 2300:van Wees 2018a 2289: 2277: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2256: 2232: 2216: 2205:van Wees 2018b 2197: 2195:, p. 239. 2193:van Wees 2018b 2185: 2183:, p. 238. 2181:van Wees 2018b 2173: 2169:van Wees 2018b 2161: 2159:, p. 237. 2157:van Wees 2018b 2149: 2147:, p. 126. 2137: 2118: 2100: 2098:, p. 126. 2084: 2082:, p. 226. 2080:van Wees 2018a 2072: 2068:van Wees 2018a 2060: 2058:, p. 227. 2056:van Wees 2018a 2048: 2036: 2024: 2006: 1994: 1975: 1963: 1951: 1932: 1913: 1894: 1875: 1873:, p. 106. 1863: 1844: 1828: 1812: 1797: 1790: 1764: 1748: 1740:Hodkinson 2012 1732: 1716: 1704: 1688: 1676: 1660: 1645: 1633: 1610: 1594: 1592:, p. 162. 1582: 1563: 1544: 1532: 1512: 1497: 1485: 1469: 1452: 1450:, 1.65.2–66.1. 1436: 1424: 1405: 1401:Hodkinson 2012 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1371: 1363: 1360: 1264:Charles Rollin 1228: 1225: 1191:Achaean League 1156:par excellence 1147: 1144: 1114: 1111: 1019:British Museum 1006: 1003: 915:Spartan mirage 910: 907: 786: 783: 768: 765: 684:, depicted in 655: 652: 541: 535: 534: 533: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 475:Delphic oracle 394: 393: 391: 390: 383: 376: 368: 365: 364: 363: 362: 360:Spartan mirage 357: 352: 344: 343: 339: 338: 337: 336: 331: 326: 321: 313: 312: 308: 307: 306: 305: 300: 295: 294: 293: 287: 282: 272: 271: 270: 265: 260: 247: 246: 242: 241: 240: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 206: 205: 201: 200: 199: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 150: 149: 145: 144: 143: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 121: 120: 115: 102: 101: 97: 96: 95: 94: 93: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 64: 56: 55: 49: 48: 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7321: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7269: 7261: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7249: 7241: 7240: 7237: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7188: 7181: 7177: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6899: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6768:Hemeroscopion 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6345:Magna Graecia 6342: 6338: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6219:Arcadocypriot 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6173: 6172:Zeus, Olympia 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6157:Hera, Olympia 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6060:Mount Olympus 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6028:Sacred places 6026: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5852:Olympic Games 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5842:Homosexuality 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5252: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5212:Seleucid army 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4886:Delian League 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4862: 4859: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4842:Ionian League 4840: 4830: 4827: 4823: 560 BC 4813: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4564:Magna Graecia 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4395: 4390: 4388: 4383: 4381: 4376: 4375: 4372: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4280: 4275: 4273: 4268: 4266: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4207:Jacques Amyot 4205: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3979:Julius Caesar 3976: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3887: 3885: 3880: 3879: 3876: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3852: 3841: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3642: 3630: 3628:3-11-017466-9 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3559: 3558:Powell (2018) 3554: 3550: 3549:Powell (2018) 3545: 3541: 3540:Powell (2018) 3536: 3532: 3531:Powell (2018) 3527: 3523: 3522:Powell (2018) 3518: 3514: 3513:Powell (2018) 3509: 3505: 3504:Powell (2018) 3500: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3416:(75): 45–60. 3415: 3411: 3406: 3396: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3316:3-11-017466-9 3312: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3262: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3172: 3168: 3166:90-5867-239-5 3162: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3119: 3118:Rebenich 2018 3114: 3107: 3106:Rebenich 2018 3102: 3095: 3091: 3090:Rebenich 2018 3086: 3079: 3078:Rebenich 2018 3074: 3067: 3062: 3055: 3050: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3027: 3022: 3015: 3010: 3003: 2998: 2991: 2986: 2979: 2974: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2950: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2931: 2924: 2923:Desideri 2002 2919: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2902: 2897:and then the 2896: 2892: 2886: 2885:Powell (2018) 2879: 2872: 2871:Desideri 2002 2867: 2860: 2856: 2855:Desideri 2002 2851: 2844: 2839: 2832: 2827: 2820: 2815: 2809:, p. 94. 2808: 2803: 2796: 2791: 2784: 2779: 2773:, p. 35. 2772: 2767: 2759: 2758:Powell (2018) 2752: 2746:, p. 88. 2745: 2741: 2736: 2730:, p. 88. 2729: 2724: 2717: 2716: 2709: 2702: 2701: 2695: 2690: 2683: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2658: 2651: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2628: 2627: 2621: 2616: 2609: 2604: 2597: 2596: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2573: 2566: 2561: 2554: 2549: 2542: 2541: 2535: 2530: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2512: 2507: 2500: 2499: 2493: 2488: 2481: 2476: 2469: 2464: 2457: 2456: 2450: 2445: 2438: 2433: 2426: 2425: 2419: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2378: 2373: 2366: 2361: 2353: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2286: 2281: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2255:as the first. 2254: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2236: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2206: 2201: 2194: 2189: 2182: 2177: 2170: 2165: 2158: 2153: 2146: 2141: 2134: 2133: 2127: 2122: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2081: 2076: 2069: 2064: 2057: 2052: 2045: 2040: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2017: 2010: 2003: 1998: 1991: 1990: 1984: 1979: 1972: 1967: 1960: 1955: 1948: 1947: 1941: 1936: 1929: 1928: 1922: 1917: 1910: 1909: 1903: 1898: 1891: 1890: 1884: 1879: 1872: 1867: 1860: 1859: 1853: 1848: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1826:, p. 96. 1825: 1821: 1816: 1808: 1801: 1793: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1777: 1768: 1762:, p. 35. 1761: 1757: 1752: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1713: 1708: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1685: 1680: 1674:, p. 50. 1673: 1669: 1664: 1658:, p. 97. 1657: 1652: 1650: 1642: 1637: 1629: 736–16 1623: 1619: 1614: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1591: 1586: 1579: 1578: 1572: 1567: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1541: 1536: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1510:, p. 98. 1509: 1504: 1502: 1495:, p. 93. 1494: 1489: 1483:, p. 94. 1482: 1478: 1473: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1434:, p. 97. 1433: 1428: 1422:, p. 95. 1421: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1390: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1352:Nazi ideology 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328:(number 63). 1327: 1326: 1321: 1320:James Madison 1317: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1206: 1203:as a form of 1201: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1184:Cleomenes III 1181: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1140: 1135: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1110: 1106: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1084: 1078: 1076: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1035:bride capture 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1002: 1000: 994: 992: 988: 982: 980: 975: 971: 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 935:Cleomenes III 932: 928: 922: 920: 916: 906: 902: 897: 892: 889: 883: 877: 871: 870:Cleomenes III 867: 862: 856: 850: 848: 844: 838: 835: 834: 827: 826: 819: 815:and creating 813: 806: 804: 800: 791: 782: 779: 773: 764: 761: 760:Cleomenes III 757: 752: 747: 744: 741:occupies the 738: 734: 732: 728: 724: 718: 716: 711: 707: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 678: 671: 667: 666: 660: 651: 647: 645: 634: 633:Olympic Games 630: 625: 623: 612: 608: 603: 599: 588: 583: 578: 573: 566: 562: 557: 555: 551: 521: 518: 517:Cleomenes III 514: 508: 506: 500: 484: 478: 476: 461: 456: 451: 445: 439: 433: 400: 389: 384: 382: 377: 375: 370: 369: 367: 366: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 347: 346: 345: 341: 340: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 315: 314: 310: 309: 304: 301: 299: 296: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 277: 276: 273: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 255: 254: 251: 250: 249: 248: 244: 243: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 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1244:Renaissance 1053:pronatalist 613:, dated to 607:Eurysthenes 602:Archaeology 554:Eurypontids 324:Gymnopaedia 118:Eurypontids 7283:Categories 7113:Polemonion 6990:Phanagoria 6960:Kimmerikon 6955:Kerkinitis 6940:Hermonassa 6930:Dioscurias 6826:Aspalathos 6773:Kalathousa 6748:Akra Leuke 6677:Phoenicusa 6462:Scylletium 6447:Poseidonia 6367:Brentesion 6254:Pamphylian 6249:Macedonian 6167:Samothrace 6152:Hephaestus 6099:Long Walls 6078:Structures 6019:Underworld 5965:Technology 5928:Literature 5862:Philosophy 5827:Euergetism 5716:By culture 5661:Thucydides 5503:Pythagoras 5498:Protagoras 5488:Parmenides 5473:Heraclitus 5458:Empedocles 5448:Democritus 5433:Anaximenes 5423:Anaxagoras 5375:Historians 4868: 595 4855: 550 4836: 800 4821: – c. 4749:Cappadocia 4554:Ionian Sea 4544:Hellespont 4509:Aegean Sea 4102:Flamininus 3995:Artaxerxes 3970:Coriolanus 3966:Alcibiades 3866:2024-05-31 3487:2017011675 3460:2016059031 3400:2023-03-22 3344:2008046992 3066:Mason 2018 3038:Mason 2018 3026:Mason 2018 3014:Mason 2018 2990:Mason 2018 2978:Mason 2018 2966:Mason 2018 2954:Mason 2018 2891:Caesarians 2795:Gatto 2024 2783:Gatto 2024 2771:Lipka 2002 2032:Lipka 2002 1892:, 5.10–12. 1760:Lipka 2002 1700:Theopompus 1606:Lipka 2002 1559:Lipka 2002 1381:References 1306:John Adams 1139:Law Courts 1123:bas relief 999:Thucydides 987:spartiates 598:Thucydides 483:Xenophonic 468:good order 329:Hyacinthia 258:Ambologera 196:Partheniae 171:Neodamodes 156:Spartiates 100:Government 7199:in Epirus 7148:Trapezous 7093:Mesambria 7078:Eupatoria 7048:Apollonia 7043:Anchialos 7005:Theodosia 6975:Nymphaion 6965:Myrmekion 6935:Gorgippia 6891:Black Sea 6876:Tragurion 6861:Nymphaion 6846:Epidauros 6841:Epidamnos 6831:Apollonia 6808:Zacynthos 6730:Ptolemais 6724:Apollonia 6697:Cyrenaica 6687:Therassía 6682:Strongyle 6662:Ereikousa 6585:Leontinoi 6525:Apollonia 6402:Hipponion 6199:Mycenaean 6162:Parthenon 6094:Lion Gate 5997:Mythology 5960:Sculpture 5923:Astronomy 5857:Pederasty 5832:Festivals 5817:Education 5697:Lawgivers 5666:Timocreon 5646:Sophocles 5641:Simonides 5616:Philocles 5611:Panyassis 5606:Mimnermus 5571:Herodotus 5566:Euripides 5536:Aeschylus 5483:Leucippus 5443:Aristotle 5222:Strategos 5088:Synedrion 5042:Ostracism 5022:Areopagus 4974:Free city 4769:Macedonia 4653:Byzantion 4559:Macedonia 4524:Cyrenaica 4501:Geography 4435:Geography 4349:Nicodorus 4314:Charondas 4165:Cleomenes 4152:Sertorius 4125:Poplicola 4120:Agesilaus 4093:Marcellus 4089:Pelopidas 4026:Demetrius 4008:Aristides 3904:Works of 3818:0018-2311 3789:0018-2311 3768:2192-7669 3739:0009-837X 3698:0031-8299 3593:(1914) . 3582:Histories 3577:Herodotus 3495:981761116 3430:2192-7669 3294:959667246 3217:2041-4099 3203:: 42–64. 2270:ephorate. 2240:Shaw 2009 2030:See also 1746:, 1.65–6. 1742:, citing 1728:Simonides 1530:241, F 2. 1446:, citing 1386:Citations 1164:Pausanias 1160:hero cult 949:with the 876:perioikoi 715:Charilaus 644:Aristotle 524:Biography 450:Lykourgos 444:Λυκοῦργος 311:Festivals 303:Menelaion 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