354:
246:
45:
913:
2706:"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to lycopene and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 1608, 1609, 1611, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1899, 1942, 2081, 2082, 2142, 2374), protection of the skin from UV-induced (including photo-oxidative) damage (ID 1259, 1607, 1665, 2143, 2262, 2373), contribution to normal cardiac function (ID 1610, 2372), and maintenance of normal vision (ID 1827) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006"
643:
27:
1245:
36:
716:
646:
648:
647:
944:. Efficient energy transfer occurs between the encapsulated dye and nanotube—light is absorbed by the dye and without significant loss is transferred to the nanotube. Encapsulation increases chemical and thermal stability of lycopene molecules; it also allows their isolation and individual characterization.
1953:
Lycopenemia, characterized by an orange discoloration of the skin, has been observed with high intakes of lycopene-containing foods. One case study reported the incidence of lycopenemia in a 61-y-old woman who had consumed ~2 L of tomato juice daily for several years (10). Although there was evidence
924:
pigment-protein complexes in plants, photosynthetic bacteria, fungi, and algae. They are responsible for the bright orange–red colors of fruits and vegetables, perform various functions in photosynthesis, and protect photosynthetic organisms from excessive light damage. Lycopene is a key intermediate
1343:
no studies provided information about whether lycopene intake may reduce the risk of any of the specific forms of cancer. Based on the above, FDA concludes that there is no credible evidence supporting a relationship between lycopene consumption, either as a food ingredient, a component of food, or
1180:
Spreng) has the highest content of lycopene of any known fruit or vegetable (multiple times more than tomatoes), tomatoes and tomato-based sauces, juices, and ketchup account for more than 85% of the dietary intake of lycopene for most people. The lycopene content of tomatoes depends on variety and
972:, the first committed step in carotenoid biosynthesis. Through several desaturation steps, phytoene is converted into lycopene. The two terminal isoprene groups of lycopene can be cyclized to produce beta-carotene, which can then be transformed into a wide variety of xanthophylls.
1196:
lycopene. Lycopene in tomato paste is up to four times more bioavailable than in fresh tomatoes. Processed tomato products such as pasteurized tomato juice, soup, sauce, and ketchup contain a higher concentration of bioavailable lycopene compared to raw tomatoes.
163:
2194:
Kamiloglu, S.; Demirci, M.; Selen, S.; Toydemir, G.; Boyacioglu, D.; Capanoglu, E. (2014). "Home processing of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum): Effects onin vitrobioaccessibility of total lycopene, phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity".
377:
InChI=1S/C40H56/c1-33(2)19-13-23-37(7)27-17-31-39(9)29-15-25-35(5)21-11-12-22-36(6)26-16-30-40(10)32-18-28-38(8)24-14-20-34(3)4/h11-12,15-22,25-32H,13-14,23-24H2,1-10H3/b12-11+,25-15+,26-16+,31-17+,32-18+,35-21+,36-22+,37-27+,38-28+,39-29+,40-30+
387:
InChI=1/C40H56/c1-33(2)19-13-23-37(7)27-17-31-39(9)29-15-25-35(5)21-11-12-22-36(6)26-16-30-40(10)32-18-28-38(8)24-14-20-34(3)4/h11-12,15-22,25-32H,13-14,23-24H2,1-10H3/b12-11+,25-15+,26-16+,31-17+,32-18+,35-21+,36-22+,37-27+,38-28+,39-29+,40-30+
1845:
Saito, Yuika; Yanagi, Kazuhiro; Hayazawa, Norihiko; Ishitobi, Hidekazu; Ono, Atsushi; Kataura, Hiromichi; Kawata, Satoshi (2006). "Vibrational
Analysis of Organic Molecules Encapsulated in Carbon Nanotubes by Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy".
2119:
Ilahy, R; Piro, G; Tlili, I; Riahi, A; Sihem, R; Ouerghi, I; Hdider, C; Lenucci, M. S. (2016). "Fractionate analysis of the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities in advanced breeding lines of high-lycopene tomatoes".
984:
in tomato sauces that turns plastic cookware orange. It is insoluble in plain water, but it can be dissolved in organic solvents and oils. Because of its non-polarity, lycopene in food preparations will stain any sufficiently
989:
material, including most plastics. To remove this staining, the plastics may be soaked in a solution containing a small amount of chlorine bleach. The bleach oxidizes the lycopene, thus rendering it colourless.
1022:
for humans, but is commonly found in the diet mainly from dishes prepared from tomatoes. The median and 99th percentile of dietary lycopene intake have been estimated to be 5.2 and 123 mg/d, respectively.
1657:
Chasse, Gregory A.; Mak, Melody L.; Deretey, Eugen; Farkas, Imre; Torday, Ladislaus L.; Papp, Julius G.; Sarma, Dittakavi S.R; Agarwal, Anita; Chakravarthi, Sujatha; Agarwal, Sanjiv; Rao, A.Venket (2001).
905:-isomers, which have a less linear shape. Isomers distinct stabilities, with highest stability: 5-cis ≥ all-trans ≥ 9-cis ≥ 13-cis > 15-cis > 7-cis > 11-cis: lowest. In human blood, various
1212:) greatly increases assimilation from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. Lycopene is fat-soluble, so the oil is said to help absorption. Gac has high lycopene content derived mainly from its
1339:, in rejecting manufacturers' requests in 2005 to allow "qualified labeling" for lycopene and the reduction of various cancer risks, provided a conclusion that remains in effect as of 2015:
1316:
found that dietary lycopene did not affect prostate cancer risk. Other reviews concluded that research has been insufficient to establish whether lycopene consumption affects human health.
1954:
of lycopene and fatty deposits in the liver, there was an absence of measurable hepatic dysfunction. After 3 wk of consuming a diet free of tomato juice, the orange discoloration faded.
1790:
1278:
is an orange discoloration of the skin that is observed with high intakes of lycopene. The discoloration is expected to fade after discontinuing excessive lycopene intake.
1252:
Lycopene is non-toxic and commonly found in the diet, mainly from tomato products. There are cases of intolerance or allergic reaction to dietary lycopene, which may cause
890:
form, the molecule is long and somewhat flat, constrained by its system of 11 conjugated double bonds. The extended conjugation is responsible for its deep red color.
649:
1693:
1659:
2740:
952:
The unconditioned biosynthesis of lycopene in eukaryotic plants and in prokaryotic cyanobacteria is similar, as are the enzymes involved. Synthesis begins with
2312:
Alquezar, B; Rodrigo, M. J.; Zacarías, L (2008). "Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis during fruit maturation in the red-fleshed orange mutant Cara Cara".
1328:
concluded there was insufficient evidence for lycopene having antioxidant effects in humans, particularly in skin, heart function, or vision protection from
2156:
1967:
Ishida, BK; Turner, C; Chapman, MH; McKeon, TA (28 January 2004). "Fatty acid and carotenoid composition of gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) fruit".
2407:
3144:
657:
2741:"Qualified Health Claims: Letter Regarding Tomatoes and Prostate Cancer (Lycopene Health Claim Coalition) (Docket No. 2004Q-0201) (Updated 9 July 2015)"
1571:
886:
subunits. Isolation procedures for lycopene were first reported in 1910, and the structure of the molecule was determined by 1931. In its natural, all-
729:
1335:
Although lycopene from tomatoes has been tested in humans for cardiovascular diseases and prostate cancer, no effect on any disease was found. The US
2082:
Ishida BK, Turner C, Chapman MH, McKeon TA (January 2004). "Fatty acid and carotenoid composition of gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) fruit".
909:-isomers constitute more than 60% of the total lycopene concentration, but the biological effects of individual isomers have not been investigated.
2002:
671:
1352:
concluded that the FDA has not approved the use of lycopene as effective for treating any medical condition, including various types of cancer.
2998:
1789:
Yanagi, Kazuhiro; Iakoubovskii, Konstantin; Kazaoui, Said; Minami, Nobutsugu; Maniwa, Yutaka; Miyata, Yasumitsu; Kataura, Hiromichi (2006).
1264:
drugs. Because lycopene may cause low blood pressure, interactions with drugs that affect blood pressure may occur. Lycopene may affect the
4217:
3134:
403:
1236:, which contain around 3.5–7.0 μg/g of lycopene. When lycopene is used as a food additive (E160d), it is usually obtained from tomatoes.
2084:
664:
1821:
941:
1597:
1574:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. July 2016. Archived from
2805:
1728:"How do nutritional and hormonal status modify the bioavailability, uptake, and distribution of various isomers of lycopene?"
1437:
4529:
3177:
2744:
2483:
4156:
1451:
1890:
2247:
368:
2766:
724:
4210:
2435:"Effect of Dietary and Supplemental Lycopene on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
736:
1260:, stomach pain or cramps, gas, and loss of appetite. Lycopene may increase the risk of bleeding when taken with
4664:
2411:
1484:
1325:
610:
67:
2484:"Tomato and lycopene supplementation and cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
1575:
4781:
4524:
3633:
1336:
965:
311:
241:
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1637:
968:. Two molecules of this product are then condensed in a tail-to-tail configuration to give the 40-carbon
4786:
4203:
4183:
3155:
1287:
957:
332:
203:
2009:
4771:
1294:
1692:
Chasse, Gregory A.; Chasse, Kenneth P.; Kucsman, Arpad; Torday, Ladislaus L.; Papp, Julius G. (2001).
4177:
2798:
2482:
Cheng, Ho Ming; Koutsidis, Georgios; Lodge, John K.; Ashor, Ammar; Siervo, Mario; Lara, José (2017).
1509:
1349:
961:
253:
2035:"Effects of maturity on physicochemical properties of Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.)"
4639:
3170:
349:
4776:
4240:
1476:
1011:. Intestinal absorption of lycopene is enhanced by the presence of fat and by cooking. Lycopene
4644:
3588:
1291:
4766:
4270:
3435:
57:
1297:, whereas a 2017 review concluded that tomato products and lycopene supplementation reduced
223:
116:)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-Octamethyldotriaconta-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-tridecaene
4761:
4659:
4255:
3461:
2791:
2321:
2204:
1855:
1805:
1361:
698:
320:
2502:
8:
4539:
3163:
139:
129:
2325:
2208:
1859:
1809:
1572:"Carotenoids: α-Carotene, β-Carotene, β-Cryptoxanthin, Lycopene, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin"
1224:, also contain lycopene. Some foods that do not appear red also contain lycopene, e.g.,
353:
245:
183:
4710:
4624:
4599:
4569:
4564:
4426:
4310:
4290:
4265:
4226:
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2633:
2598:
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2541:
2522:
2459:
2434:
2384:
2294:
2059:
2034:
1871:
1019:
1012:
411:
C(\C=C\C=C(\CC/C=C(\C)C)C)(=C/C=C/C(=C/C=C/C=C(/C=C/C=C(/C=C/C=C(\C)CC\C=C(/C)C)C)C)C)C
1712:
1678:
4614:
4348:
2687:
2638:
2620:
2579:
2561:
2514:
2506:
2464:
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2137:
2101:
2064:
1984:
1943:
1875:
1749:
1480:
1447:
1414:
1329:
854:
give lycopene its deep red color. Owing to the strong color, lycopene is useful as a
851:
2526:
2333:
4549:
4357:
3775:
3551:
3491:
2855:
2717:
2677:
2669:
2628:
2610:
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2212:
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1976:
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1813:
1739:
1708:
1674:
1472:
752:
519:
502:
426:
300:
1768:
1510:"Foods highest in lycopene, Nutrition Data, USDA Nutrient Database, version SR-21"
4609:
4284:
4260:
3894:
3809:
3767:
3275:
1324:
In a review of literature on lycopene and its potential benefit in the diet, the
1309:
1221:
1217:
1193:
1189:
1110:
937:
843:
834:, lycopene is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many carotenoids, including
533:
2557:
1228:, which contains about 30 μg of lycopene per 100-g serving (0.3 μg/g) and dried
4694:
4649:
4393:
4160:
4114:
4027:
4022:
4012:
3989:
3951:
3941:
3522:
2938:
2928:
2913:
2850:
2845:
2835:
2450:
2372:
2157:"Influence of cooking procedure on the bioavailability of lycopene in tomatoes"
2033:
Tran, X. T.; Parks, S. E.; Roach, P. D.; Golding, J. B.; Nguyen, M. H. (2015).
1817:
1615:
1302:
1269:
953:
921:
912:
867:
839:
831:
707:
594:
2172:
1308:
A 2015 review found that dietary lycopene was associated with reduced risk of
882:
because it consists entirely of carbon and hydrogen and is derived from eight
862:) and is approved for use in the US, Australia and New Zealand (registered as
44:
4755:
4730:
4559:
4544:
4279:
4105:
4071:
4066:
4017:
3247:
3076:
3041:
3021:
3008:
2933:
2923:
2860:
2840:
2722:
2705:
2624:
2615:
2599:"Dietary Tomato Consumption and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis"
2565:
2510:
1938:
1921:
1744:
1727:
1313:
1265:
1261:
926:
898:
855:
835:
552:
537:
489:
479:
279:
234:
2356:
4735:
4245:
4119:
4037:
3956:
3946:
3889:
3872:
3857:
3826:
3786:
3756:
3682:
3361:
3341:
3124:
3104:
3026:
2988:
2978:
2958:
2943:
2870:
2691:
2642:
2583:
2518:
2468:
2380:
2341:
2290:
2224:
2180:
2141:
2105:
2068:
1988:
1947:
1753:
1298:
1153:
1129:
768:
756:
3185:
670:
4654:
4634:
4629:
4589:
4091:
4081:
4057:
4042:
3884:
3849:
3844:
3733:
3728:
3596:
3560:
3537:
3476:
3425:
3415:
3365:
3285:
3119:
2983:
2963:
2948:
2918:
2900:
2890:
2880:
2154:
1867:
1788:
1381:
1275:
930:
776:
683:
2433:
Tierney, Audrey; Rumble, Chloe; Billings, Lauren; George, Elena (2020).
2281:
2264:
656:
4725:
4679:
4481:
4476:
4366:
4339:
4325:
4250:
4076:
3994:
3920:
3879:
3867:
3862:
3748:
3738:
3532:
3527:
3480:
3129:
3114:
3109:
2993:
2973:
2953:
2814:
2133:
1376:
1141:
1137:
1100:
1093:
1063:
1004:
916:
Lycopene is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of many carotenoids.
808:
800:
796:
773:
663:
580:
526:
513:
448:
254:
214:
4195:
2216:
2097:
1980:
1184:
Unlike other fruits and vegetables, where nutritional content such as
4740:
4689:
4619:
4594:
4534:
4486:
4471:
4466:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4320:
4275:
3703:
3612:
3565:
3496:
3336:
3191:
3139:
3099:
3051:
2265:"Carotenoid pigments in GAC fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis SPRENG)"
2050:
1443:
1371:
1225:
1213:
1205:
1185:
1157:
1125:
816:
764:
1319:
706:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
4574:
4554:
4491:
4451:
4436:
4330:
4047:
4004:
3933:
3899:
3698:
3570:
3471:
3445:
3430:
3381:
3371:
3331:
3256:
3195:
3091:
3036:
2885:
2875:
2822:
1386:
1366:
1253:
1015:(in oil) may be more efficiently absorbed than lycopene from food.
986:
969:
883:
760:
629:
557:
271:
2743:. US Food and Drug Administration. 8 November 2005. Archived from
2263:
Aoki, H; Kieu, N. T.; Kuze, N; Tomisaka, K; Van Chuyen, N (2002).
1891:"How To Clean Tomato Sauce Stains From Plastic Storage Containers"
1844:
1244:
964:(an isomer of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate), to give the 20-carbon
162:
26:
4720:
4674:
4604:
4584:
4431:
4305:
4295:
3925:
3915:
3836:
3657:
3652:
3580:
3575:
3517:
3512:
3466:
3440:
3376:
3315:
3310:
3236:
3227:
3187:
3081:
3071:
2540:
Chen, Ping; Zhang, Wenhao; Wang, Xiao; et al. (2015-08-21).
1791:"Light-Harvesting Function of β-Carotene Inside Carbon Nanotubes"
1229:
1201:
1169:
1165:
1087:
1008:
981:
879:
847:
565:
469:
287:
2155:
Perdomo F, Cabrera Fránquiz F, Cabrera J, Serra-Majem L (2012).
838:, which is responsible for yellow, orange, or red pigmentation,
4715:
4579:
4501:
4496:
4456:
4446:
4441:
4384:
4375:
4086:
3628:
3486:
3420:
3386:
3357:
3270:
3046:
2968:
1660:"An ab initio computational study on selected lycopene isomers"
1272:, sensitivity to sunlight, or drugs used for stomach ailments.
1257:
1149:
1057:
812:
804:
792:
780:
584:
541:
194:
2783:
1694:"Conformational potential energy surfaces of a Lycopene model"
897:
lycopene. When exposed to light or heat, lycopene can undergo
3031:
2656:
Story, EN; Kopec, R. E; Schwartz, S. J; Harris, G. K (2010).
2193:
1233:
1209:
1145:
1121:
827:
823:
174:
152:
1290:
found conflicting evidence for lycopene having an effect on
337:
4684:
4506:
4461:
2432:
2357:"Biotechnological production of lycopene by microorganisms"
1248:
Test tube containing a dichloromethane solution of lycopene
1161:
35:
2081:
1966:
1691:
1173:
1133:
1045:
1003:
Absorption of lycopene requires that it be combined with
2655:
2481:
2355:
Li, Lei; Liu, Zhen; Jiang, Hong; Mao, Xiangzhao (2020).
1281:
2311:
1656:
936:
Dispersed lycopene molecules can be encapsulated into
2032:
772:, the name of a former tomato genus) is a bright red
272:
4155:
Terpene synthase enzymes (many), having in common a
2658:"An Update on the Health Effects of Tomato Lycopene"
2262:
873:
2240:
Carotenoids : Properties, Effects and
Diseases
2118:
1638:"Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers"
2475:
2242:. New York: Nova Science Publishers. p. 125.
1435:
1344:as a dietary supplement, and any of these cancers.
960:. This is then condensed with three molecules of
2539:
2003:"Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis) Analysis report"
1922:"Are there adverse effects of lycopene exposure?"
1320:Regulatory status in Europe and the United States
1204:process) and serving in oil-rich dishes (such as
1172:is a common dietary source of lycopene. Although
4753:
1603:. US Food and Drug Administration. 26 July 2005.
1417:. PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 2016
299:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1469:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
893:Plants and photosynthetic bacteria produce all-
645:
138:
4410:Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)
3233:Iridoid glycosides (iridoids bound to a sugar)
2197:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
494:660.9 °C (1,221.6 °F; 934.0 K)
4211:
3171:
2799:
2735:
2733:
2354:
1888:
1348:In a review of research through 2024, the US
1030:
2769:. US National Cancer Institute. 5 April 2024
2662:Annual Review of Food Science and Technology
1908:
1766:
1477:10.1002/0471238961.2005181602120504.a01.pub2
925:in the biosynthesis of carotenoids, such as
688:350.7 °C (663.3 °F; 623.8 K)
2269:Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry
1616:"Standard 1.2.4 – Labelling of ingredients"
1192:of tomatoes increases the concentration of
4218:
4204:
3178:
3164:
2806:
2792:
2730:
2597:Luo, Jie; Ke, Dandan; He, Qingwei (2021).
2085:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2075:
1969:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
352:
244:
222:
2721:
2681:
2632:
2614:
2573:
2458:
2280:
2237:
2058:
1937:
1743:
1725:
1613:Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code
1200:Cooking and crushing tomatoes (as in the
319:
1701:Journal of Molecular Structure: Theochem
1667:Journal of Molecular Structure: Theochem
1598:"21 CFR 73.585. Tomato lycopene extract"
1243:
998:
911:
791:Aside from tomatoes, it is found in red
4225:
2596:
2402:
2400:
2398:
1467:Sell, Charles S. (2006). "Terpenoids".
975:
920:Carotenoids like lycopene are found in
348:
4754:
2542:"Lycopene and Risk of Prostate Cancer"
1919:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
846:. Like all carotenoids, lycopene is a
484:177 °C (351 °F; 450 K)
235:
4199:
3159:
2787:
2503:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.01.009
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1439:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
1282:Research and potential health effects
783:and other red fruits and vegetables.
380:Key: OAIJSZIZWZSQBC-GYZMGTAESA-N
202:
182:
2698:
2533:
2395:
2026:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1466:
2759:
2410:. Mayo Clinic. 2017. Archived from
1398:
1164:, a berry relative of tomato), and
850:. It is insoluble in water. Eleven
390:Key: OAIJSZIZWZSQBC-GYZMGTAEBZ
290:
13:
4157:terpene synthase N terminal domain
2674:10.1146/annurev.food.102308.124120
1527:
1239:
1220:, and other citrus fruit, such as
1128:that are high in lycopene include
641:
14:
4798:
1889:Barnes, Chris (11 October 2011).
1493:
1460:
874:Structure and physical properties
1436:Haynes, William M., ed. (2011).
714:
438:
43:
34:
25:
2813:
2649:
2590:
2426:
2348:
2334:10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.04.020
2305:
2256:
2231:
2187:
2148:
2112:
1995:
1960:
1882:
1838:
1782:
1760:
1719:
1685:
1181:increases as the fruit ripens.
947:
710:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1650:
1629:
1607:
1590:
1429:
1326:European Food Safety Authority
611:Occupational safety and health
432:
1:
2238:Yamaguchi, Masayoshi (2010).
1713:10.1016/S0166-1280(01)00413-4
1679:10.1016/S0166-1280(01)00424-9
1392:
786:
3634:Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
2039:Food Science & Nutrition
1337:Food and Drug Administration
1288:randomized controlled trials
1188:is diminished upon cooking,
1032:Dietary sources of lycopene
966:geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
7:
4184:Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
2558:10.1097/md.0000000000001260
2361:Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol
2161:Hospital Nutrition (Madrid)
1355:
958:dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
10:
4803:
4530:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate
4420:Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)
2373:10.1007/s00253-020-10967-4
1818:10.1103/PhysRevB.74.155420
1769:"What Color is Your Food?"
1635:UK Food Standards Agency:
1026:
956:, which is converted into
878:Lycopene is a symmetrical
4703:
4515:
4405:Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
4304:
4233:
4178:Isopentenyl pyrophosphate
4170:
4148:
4132:Norisoprenoids (modified)
4131:
4104:
4056:
4003:
3988:
3971:
3908:
3835:
3825:
3808:
3747:
3721:
3691:
3666:
3645:
3621:
3611:
3550:
3505:
3454:
3408:
3399:
3350:
3324:
3303:
3284:
3246:
3203:
3090:
3060:
3007:
2899:
2821:
2173:10.3305/nh.2012.27.5.5908
1726:Erdman Jr, J. W. (2005).
1350:National Cancer Institute
1178:Momordica cochinchinensis
1039:
1036:
962:isopentenyl pyrophosphate
704:
697:
692:
608:
603:
419:
399:
364:
122:
66:
56:
51:
42:
33:
24:
4171:Activated isoprene forms
3972:Sesquarterpenes/oids (7)
3221:Monocyclic (single ring)
2723:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2031
2616:10.3389/fnut.2021.625185
2451:10.1093/advances/nmaa069
1926:The Journal of Nutrition
1732:The Journal of Nutrition
832:photosynthetic organisms
693:Supplementary data page
4241:Bodybuilding supplement
3794:Secodehydroabietic acid
993:
852:conjugated double bonds
807:. It is not present in
4415:Tocopherol (Vitamin E)
3589:Farnesyl pyrophosphate
3061:Vitamin A retinoids (C
2603:Frontiers in Nutrition
1939:10.1093/jn/135.8.2060s
1745:10.1093/jn/135.8.2046s
1346:
1249:
1115:2 per half grapefruit
917:
901:to any of a number of
652:
3791:Sandaracopimaric acid
3436:Geranyl pyrophosphate
2439:Advances in Nutrition
1341:
1247:
999:Consumption by humans
915:
763:. Lycopene (from the
651:
599:1.33·10 mmHg (25 °C)
68:Systematic IUPAC name
4615:Japanese honeysuckle
3981:Tetraprenylcurcumene
3462:Grapefruit mercaptan
2414:on 23 September 2017
1868:10.1143/JJAP.45.9286
1362:Lycopene (data page)
976:Staining and removal
699:Lycopene (data page)
634:(fire diamond)
4782:Dietary supplements
4540:Chondroitin sulfate
4358:Pantothenic acid (B
4321:Retinol (Vitamin A)
4291:Protein supplements
4227:Dietary supplements
3764:Dehydroabietic acid
3230:(cyclopentane ring)
2367:(24): 10307–10324.
2326:2008PChem..69.1997A
2282:10.1271/bbb.66.2479
2209:2014JSFA...94.2225K
1895:The Huffington Post
1860:2006JaJAP..45.9286S
1810:2006PhRvB..74o5420Y
1033:
1018:Lycopene is not an
1013:dietary supplements
503:Solubility in water
456: g·mol
21:
4787:E-number additives
4711:Codex Alimentarius
4600:Grape seed extract
4261:Herbal supplements
3224:Bicyclic (2 rings)
2134:10.1039/c5fo00553a
1920:Trumbo PR (2005).
1848:Jpn. J. Appl. Phys
1767:NDSU Agriculture.
1618:. 8 September 2011
1516:. Conde Nast. 2014
1250:
1031:
1020:essential nutrient
942:optical properties
918:
737:Infobox references
653:
19:
16:Carotenoid pigment
4772:Food antioxidants
4749:
4748:
4394:Cyanocobalamin (B
4311:chemical elements
4193:
4192:
4141:7,8-dihydroionone
4100:
4099:
3967:
3966:
3804:
3803:
3772:Lambertianic acid
3546:
3545:
3395:
3394:
3210:Acyclic (linear,
3153:
3152:
3145:Zuretinol acetate
2716:(4): 2031. 2011.
2320:(10): 1997–2007.
2217:10.1002/jsfa.6546
2098:10.1021/jf030616i
1981:10.1021/jf030616i
1955:
1854:(12): 9286–9289.
1514:nutritiondata.com
1442:(92nd ed.).
1330:ultraviolet light
1312:, whereas a 2021
1286:A 2020 review of
1119:
1118:
745:Chemical compound
743:
742:
333:CompTox Dashboard
164:Interactive image
4794:
4704:Related articles
4610:Iron supplements
4550:Copper gluconate
4220:
4213:
4206:
4197:
4196:
4001:
4000:
3833:
3832:
3810:Sesterterpenoids
3776:Levopimaric acid
3638:Geranyl-linalool
3619:
3618:
3552:Sesquiterpenoids
3492:Perillyl alcohol
3406:
3405:
3301:
3300:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3157:
3156:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2685:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2636:
2618:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2488:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2462:
2445:(6): 1453–1488.
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2404:
2393:
2392:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2284:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2062:
2051:10.1002/fsn3.291
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2008:. Archived from
2007:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1941:
1917:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1820:. Archived from
1795:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1698:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1664:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1568:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1506:
1491:
1490:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1446:. p. 3.94.
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1411:
1034:
1007:and fat to form
980:Lycopene is the
940:enhancing their
938:carbon nanotubes
755:classified as a
753:organic compound
727:
721:
718:
717:
673:
666:
659:
644:
455:
440:
434:
427:Chemical formula
357:
356:
341:
339:
323:
303:
292:
274:
256:
248:
237:
226:
206:
186:
166:
142:
47:
38:
29:
22:
18:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4699:
4517:
4511:
4397:
4388:
4379:
4370:
4361:
4352:
4343:
4334:
4312:
4309:
4300:
4285:Bifidobacterium
4229:
4224:
4194:
4189:
4166:
4144:
4127:
4096:
4052:
3992:
3990:Tetraterpenoids
3984:
3963:
3904:
3895:Cholecalciferol
3821:
3818:Geranylfarnesol
3800:
3783:Neoabietic acid
3768:Isopimaric acid
3743:
3717:
3687:
3662:
3641:
3607:
3542:
3501:
3450:
3401:
3400:Monoterpenoids
3391:
3346:
3320:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3280:
3276:Isovaleric acid
3266:
3262:
3242:
3199:
3184:
3154:
3149:
3086:
3064:
3056:
3014:
3003:
2906:
2895:
2828:
2817:
2812:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2747:on 22 July 2017
2739:
2738:
2731:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2654:
2650:
2595:
2591:
2538:
2534:
2491:Atherosclerosis
2486:
2480:
2476:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2396:
2353:
2349:
2310:
2306:
2275:(11): 2479–82.
2261:
2257:
2250:
2236:
2232:
2203:(11): 2225–33.
2192:
2188:
2153:
2149:
2117:
2113:
2080:
2076:
2031:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1965:
1961:
1932:(8): 2060S–1S.
1918:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1887:
1883:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1738:(8): 2046S–7S.
1724:
1720:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1662:
1655:
1651:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1494:
1487:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1399:
1395:
1358:
1322:
1310:prostate cancer
1284:
1242:
1240:Adverse effects
1222:pink grapefruit
1218:Cara cara navel
1111:Pink grapefruit
1029:
1001:
996:
978:
950:
876:
858:(registered as
844:photoprotection
789:
746:
739:
734:
733:
732: ?)
723:
719:
715:
711:
678:
677:
676:
675:
668:
661:
654:
650:
642:
621:
573:
569:
561:
555:
549:
545:
530:
523:
505:
495:
464:deep red solid
453:
443:
437:
429:
415:
412:
407:
406:
395:
392:
391:
388:
382:
381:
378:
372:
371:
360:
342:
335:
326:
306:
293:
266:
229:
209:
189:
169:
156:
145:
132:
118:
117:
62:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4800:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4777:Food colorings
4774:
4769:
4764:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4695:Zinc gluconate
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4670:St John's wort
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4650:Red yeast rice
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4521:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4223:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4200:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4181:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4161:protein domain
4152:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4117:
4115:Natural rubber
4111:
4109:
4106:Polyterpenoids
4102:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4028:Delta-Carotene
4025:
4023:Gamma-Carotene
4020:
4015:
4013:Alpha-Carotene
4009:
4007:
3998:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3952:Betulinic acid
3949:
3944:
3942:Oleanolic acid
3936:
3931:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3854:Citrostadienol
3852:
3841:
3839:
3830:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3797:Palustric acid
3795:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3773:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3594:
3591:
3586:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3523:Bornyl acetate
3520:
3515:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3251:
3248:Hemiterpenoids
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3092:Retinoid drugs
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3009:Apocarotenoids
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2939:Diadinoxanthin
2936:
2931:
2929:Citranaxanthin
2926:
2921:
2916:
2914:Antheraxanthin
2910:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2788:
2781:
2780:
2758:
2729:
2697:
2668:(1): 189–210.
2648:
2589:
2532:
2474:
2425:
2394:
2347:
2314:Phytochemistry
2304:
2255:
2248:
2230:
2186:
2147:
2111:
2074:
2045:(2): 305–314.
2025:
1994:
1959:
1907:
1881:
1837:
1804:(15): 155420.
1781:
1759:
1718:
1684:
1673:(1–3): 27–37.
1649:
1628:
1606:
1589:
1578:on 21 May 2017
1526:
1492:
1485:
1459:
1453:978-1439855119
1452:
1428:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1321:
1318:
1303:blood pressure
1292:cardiovascular
1283:
1280:
1270:nervous system
1241:
1238:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1042:
1041:
1040:mg wet weight
1038:
1028:
1025:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
977:
974:
954:mevalonic acid
949:
946:
922:photosynthetic
875:
872:
868:European Union
840:photosynthesis
788:
785:
744:
741:
740:
735:
713:
712:
708:standard state
705:
702:
701:
695:
694:
690:
689:
686:
680:
679:
669:
662:
655:
640:
639:
638:
637:
635:
626:
625:
622:
619:
616:
615:
606:
605:
601:
600:
597:
595:Vapor pressure
591:
590:
589:1 g/L (14 °C)
587:
577:
576:
571:
567:
559:
547:
543:
528:
521:
516:
510:
509:
506:
501:
498:
497:
492:
486:
485:
482:
476:
475:
472:
466:
465:
462:
458:
457:
451:
445:
444:
441:
435:
430:
425:
422:
421:
417:
416:
414:
413:
410:
402:
401:
400:
397:
396:
394:
393:
389:
386:
385:
383:
379:
376:
375:
367:
366:
365:
362:
361:
359:
358:
345:
343:
331:
328:
327:
325:
324:
316:
314:
308:
307:
305:
304:
296:
294:
286:
283:
282:
276:
268:
267:
265:
264:
260:
258:
250:
249:
239:
231:
230:
228:
227:
219:
217:
211:
210:
208:
207:
199:
197:
191:
190:
188:
187:
179:
177:
171:
170:
168:
167:
159:
157:
150:
147:
146:
144:
143:
135:
133:
128:
125:
124:
120:
119:
71:
70:
64:
63:
60:
54:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4799:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4731:Nutraceutical
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:Dietary fiber
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4545:Cod liver oil
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4516:Other common
4514:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4390:
4385:Folic acid (B
4383:
4381:
4374:
4372:
4367:Pyridoxine (B
4365:
4363:
4356:
4354:
4347:
4345:
4340:Riboflavin (B
4338:
4336:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4280:Lactobacillus
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4209:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4138:3-oxo-α-ionol
4137:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4072:Cryptoxanthin
4070:
4068:
4067:Canthaxanthin
4065:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4018:Beta-Carotene
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3978:Ferrugicadiol
3977:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:Serratenediol
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3827:Triterpenoids
3824:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3780:Mercusic acid
3779:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3761:Communic acid
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:Retinoic acid
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:Food orange 7
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:Abscisic acid
3020:
3019:
3017:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:Cryptoxanthin
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2924:Canthaxanthin
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2768:
2762:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2552:(33): e1260.
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2249:9781612097138
2245:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2167:(5): 1542–6.
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:(1): 574–83.
2127:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2015:on 2018-04-13
2011:
2004:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1827:on 2020-10-02
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1707:(1–3): 7–26.
1706:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1639:
1632:
1617:
1610:
1599:
1593:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1314:meta-analysis
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1266:immune system
1263:
1262:anticoagulant
1259:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:13 per wedge
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1078:Tomato paste
1077:
1076:
1072:
1070:Tomato juice
1069:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:2~6 per gram
1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
991:
988:
983:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
945:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
927:beta-carotene
923:
914:
910:
908:
904:
900:
899:isomerization
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
856:food coloring
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:beta-carotene
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
784:
782:
778:
775:
771:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
738:
731:
726:
709:
703:
700:
696:
691:
687:
685:
682:
681:
674:
667:
660:
636:
633:
632:
628:
627:
623:
618:
617:
613:
612:
607:
602:
598:
596:
593:
592:
588:
586:
582:
579:
578:
575:
563:
556:insoluble in
554:
553:vegetable oil
550:
539:
535:
531:
524:
517:
515:
512:
511:
507:
504:
500:
499:
493:
491:
490:Boiling point
488:
487:
483:
481:
480:Melting point
478:
477:
473:
471:
468:
467:
463:
460:
459:
452:
450:
447:
446:
431:
428:
424:
423:
418:
409:
408:
405:
398:
384:
374:
373:
370:
363:
355:
351:
350:DTXSID2046593
347:
346:
344:
334:
330:
329:
322:
318:
317:
315:
313:
310:
309:
302:
298:
297:
295:
289:
285:
284:
281:
277:
275:
270:
269:
262:
261:
259:
257:
252:
251:
247:
243:
240:
238:
236:ECHA InfoCard
233:
232:
225:
221:
220:
218:
216:
213:
212:
205:
201:
200:
198:
196:
193:
192:
185:
181:
180:
178:
176:
173:
172:
165:
161:
160:
158:
154:
149:
148:
141:
137:
136:
134:
131:
127:
126:
121:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
69:
65:
59:
55:
50:
46:
41:
37:
32:
28:
23:
4767:Hydrocarbons
4736:Multivitamin
4660:Saw palmetto
4640:Milk thistle
4313:("minerals")
4246:Energy drink
4124:Gutta-balatá
4120:Gutta percha
4058:Xanthophylls
4038:Neurosporene
4032:
3957:Moronic acid
3947:Ursolic acid
3890:Testosterone
3873:Stigmasterol
3858:Cycloartenol
3845:Phytosterols
3787:Pimaric acid
3757:Abietic acid
3708:Manoyl oxide
3683:Salvinorin A
3673:
3613:Diterpenoids
3477:Thujaplicins
3402:(2,modified)
3342:Phellandrene
3286:Monoterpenes
3215:
3211:
3204:Basic forms:
3125:Isotretinoin
3105:Alitretinoin
3027:Apocarotenal
2999:Zeinoxanthin
2989:Violaxanthin
2979:Rhodoxanthin
2959:Flavoxanthin
2944:Diatoxanthin
2901:Xanthophylls
2871:Neurosporene
2865:
2773:14 September
2771:. Retrieved
2761:
2749:. Retrieved
2745:the original
2713:
2710:EFSA Journal
2709:
2700:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2494:
2490:
2477:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2416:. Retrieved
2412:the original
2364:
2360:
2350:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2239:
2233:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2092:(2): 274–9.
2089:
2083:
2077:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2017:. Retrieved
2010:the original
1997:
1975:(2): 274–9.
1972:
1968:
1962:
1951:
1929:
1925:
1898:. Retrieved
1894:
1884:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1829:. Retrieved
1822:the original
1801:
1798:Phys. Rev. B
1797:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1762:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1704:
1700:
1687:
1670:
1666:
1652:
1641:. Retrieved
1631:
1620:. Retrieved
1609:
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1576:the original
1518:. Retrieved
1513:
1468:
1462:
1438:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1347:
1342:
1334:
1323:
1307:
1299:blood lipids
1295:risk factors
1285:
1274:
1251:
1199:
1194:bioavailable
1183:
1177:
1154:seabuckthorn
1136:, tomatoes,
1130:autumn olive
1120:
1017:
1002:
979:
951:
948:Biosynthesis
935:
931:xanthophylls
919:
906:
902:
894:
892:
887:
880:tetraterpene
877:
863:
859:
848:tetraterpene
830:, and other
821:
815:. It has no
809:strawberries
790:
769:Lycopersicon
767:
757:tetraterpene
748:
747:
630:
624:Combustible
620:Main hazards
609:
496:at 760 mmHg
204:ChEMBL501174
123:Identifiers
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
61:ψ,ψ-Carotene
4762:Carotenoids
4655:Royal jelly
4635:Lipoic acid
4630:Linseed oil
4590:Glucosamine
4518:ingredients
4331:Thiamine (B
4256:Fatty acids
4092:Rubixanthin
4082:Astaxanthin
4043:Phytofluene
3995:Carotenoids
3885:Cholesterol
3880:Tocopherols
3850:Campesterol
3749:Resin acids
3734:Gibberellin
3729:Aphidicolin
3722:Tetracyclic
3597:Longifolene
3561:Artemisinin
3538:Umbellulone
3426:Citronellol
3416:Citronellal
3120:Fenretinide
2984:Rubixanthin
2964:Fucoxanthin
2949:Dinoxanthin
2919:Astaxanthin
2891:Lycopersene
2881:Phytofluene
2815:Carotenoids
2751:16 December
2497:: 100–108.
1382:Tocotrienol
1276:Lycopenemia
1081:75 per cup
1073:22 per cup
801:grapefruits
797:watermelons
777:hydrocarbon
684:Flash point
614:(OHS/OSH):
518:soluble in
474:0.889 g/cm
461:Appearance
420:Properties
242:100.007.227
184:CHEBI:15948
4756:Categories
4726:Herbal tea
4680:Wheatgrass
4580:Folic acid
4482:Phosphorus
4477:Molybdenum
4326:B vitamins
4276:Probiotics
4271:Prebiotics
4251:Energy bar
4077:Zeaxanthin
3921:Lanosterol
3868:Sitosterol
3863:Sitostanol
3739:Paclitaxel
3646:Monocyclic
3533:Ascaridole
3528:Eucalyptol
3481:Hinokitiol
3455:Monocyclic
3325:Monocyclic
3192:terpenoids
3135:Temarotene
3130:Tazarotene
3115:Etretinate
3110:Bexarotene
2994:Zeaxanthin
2974:Neoxanthin
2954:Echinenone
2861:ζ-Carotene
2856:ε-Carotene
2851:δ-Carotene
2846:γ-Carotene
2841:β-Carotene
2836:α-Carotene
2767:"Lycopene"
2609:: 625185.
2408:"Lycopene"
2122:Food Funct
2019:2018-04-13
1831:2019-02-12
1643:2011-10-27
1622:2011-10-27
1520:2014-08-19
1486:0471238961
1421:13 October
1415:"Lycopene"
1393:References
1377:Tocopherol
1214:seed coats
1190:processing
1142:grapefruit
1138:watermelon
1126:vegetables
1101:Watermelon
1094:tablespoon
1005:bile salts
866:) and the
819:activity.
787:Occurrence
774:carotenoid
581:Solubility
514:Solubility
508:insoluble
449:Molar mass
321:SB0N2N0WV6
215:ChemSpider
151:3D model (
130:CAS Number
58:IUPAC name
4741:Nutrition
4690:Yohimbine
4685:Wolfberry
4665:Spirulina
4645:Melatonin
4620:Krill oil
4595:Glutamine
4565:Echinacea
4535:Carnitine
4487:Potassium
4472:Manganese
4467:Magnesium
4376:Biotin (B
4349:Niacin (B
4149:Synthesis
4005:Carotenes
3900:Ecdysones
3704:Forskolin
3692:Tricyclic
3679:Epimanool
3604:Nootkatin
3601:Muurolene
3593:Juniperol
3585:Chanootin
3566:Bisabolol
3497:Carvacrol
3337:Terpinene
3239:(4 rings)
3186:Types of
3140:Tretinoin
3100:Acitretin
3052:Peridinin
2823:Carotenes
2625:2296-861X
2566:0025-7974
2511:0021-9150
2389:225058089
1876:122152101
1444:CRC Press
1372:Nutrition
1226:asparagus
1208:sauce or
1206:spaghetti
1186:vitamin C
1158:wolfberry
817:vitamin A
779:found in
765:Neo-Latin
280:(colours)
263:207-949-1
255:EC Number
20:Lycopene
4575:Fish oil
4555:Creatine
4492:Selenium
4452:Fluorine
4437:Chromium
4306:Vitamins
4296:Vitamins
4266:Minerals
4048:Phytoene
4033:Lycopene
3934:Squalane
3926:Saponins
3837:Steroids
3699:Cembrene
3676:-Abienol
3667:Bicyclic
3571:Cadinene
3506:Bicyclic
3472:p-Cymene
3446:Linalool
3431:Geraniol
3382:Sabinene
3372:Camphene
3351:Bicyclic
3332:Limonene
3316:Myrcenes
3257:Isoprene
3237:Steroids
3228:Iridoids
3196:isoprene
3188:terpenes
3037:Crocetin
2886:Torulene
2876:Phytoene
2866:Lycopene
2692:22129335
2643:34017849
2584:26287411
2546:Medicine
2527:19287598
2519:28129549
2469:32652029
2381:33097966
2342:18538806
2291:12506992
2225:24375495
2181:23478703
2142:26462607
2106:14733508
2069:27004120
1989:14733508
1948:16046742
1754:16046737
1387:Tomatine
1367:Lycopane
1356:See also
1254:diarrhea
1092:2.5 per
1062:4.6 per
1009:micelles
970:phytoene
884:isoprene
813:cherries
781:tomatoes
761:carotene
749:Lycopene
631:NFPA 704
604:Hazards
273:E number
140:502-65-8
4721:Hadacol
4675:Taurine
4625:Lingzhi
4605:Guarana
4585:Ginseng
4570:Ephedra
4432:Choline
4427:Calcium
4186:(DMAPP)
3916:Betulin
3714:Pimarol
3711:Pimaral
3658:Retinal
3653:Retinol
3622:Acyclic
3581:Cedrene
3576:Cadinol
3518:Borneol
3513:Camphor
3467:Menthol
3441:Halomon
3409:Acyclic
3377:Thujene
3311:Ocimene
3304:Acyclic
3082:Retinol
3072:Retinal
3047:Ionones
2683:3850026
2634:8129008
2575:4616444
2460:7666898
2322:Bibcode
2299:2118248
2205:Bibcode
2060:4779482
1856:Bibcode
1806:Bibcode
1230:parsley
1202:canning
1170:Ketchup
1166:rosehip
1144:, pink
1140:, pink
1088:ketchup
1086:Tomato
1037:Source
1027:Sources
982:pigment
805:papayas
793:carrots
730:what is
728: (
470:Density
454:536.888
288:PubChem
4716:Enzyte
4502:Sulfur
4497:Sodium
4457:Iodine
4447:Copper
4442:Cobalt
4108:(many)
4087:Lutein
3938:Acids
3629:Phytol
3487:Thymol
3421:Citral
3387:Carene
3358:Pinene
3271:Prenol
3218:forms)
3198:units)
3194:(# of
3013:<40
2969:Lutein
2690:
2680:
2641:
2631:
2623:
2582:
2572:
2564:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2467:
2457:
2418:29 May
2387:
2379:
2340:
2297:
2289:
2246:
2223:
2179:
2140:
2104:
2067:
2057:
1987:
1946:
1900:29 May
1874:
1774:10 May
1752:
1582:29 May
1483:
1450:
1268:, the
1258:nausea
1150:papaya
1122:Fruits
1058:tomato
987:porous
929:, and
842:, and
824:plants
803:, and
759:and a
751:is an
725:verify
722:
585:hexane
404:SMILES
301:446925
278:E160d
224:394156
195:ChEMBL
52:Names
4234:Types
4180:(IPP)
3997:) (8)
3909:Other
3216:trans
3032:Bixin
2523:S2CID
2487:(PDF)
2385:S2CID
2295:S2CID
2013:(PDF)
2006:(PDF)
1872:S2CID
1825:(PDF)
1794:(PDF)
1697:(PDF)
1663:(PDF)
1601:(PDF)
1234:basil
1210:pizza
1146:guava
1048:aril
895:trans
888:trans
860:E160d
828:algae
538:ether
369:InChI
175:ChEBI
153:JSmol
4525:AAKG
4507:Zinc
4462:Iron
3364:and
3297:)(2)
3214:and
3190:and
2775:2024
2753:2019
2688:PMID
2639:PMID
2621:ISSN
2580:PMID
2562:ISSN
2515:PMID
2507:ISSN
2465:PMID
2420:2017
2377:PMID
2338:PMID
2287:PMID
2244:ISBN
2221:PMID
2177:PMID
2138:PMID
2102:PMID
2065:PMID
1985:PMID
1944:PMID
1902:2017
1776:2012
1750:PMID
1584:2017
1481:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1423:2016
1301:and
1232:and
1162:goji
1124:and
1056:Raw
994:Diet
864:160d
527:CHCl
312:UNII
4308:and
3829:(6)
3812:(5)
3674:cis
3615:(4)
3554:(3)
3250:(1)
3212:cis
2718:doi
2678:PMC
2670:doi
2629:PMC
2611:doi
2570:PMC
2554:doi
2499:doi
2495:257
2455:PMC
2447:doi
2369:doi
2365:104
2330:doi
2277:doi
2213:doi
2169:doi
2130:doi
2094:doi
2055:PMC
2047:doi
1977:doi
1934:doi
1930:135
1864:doi
1814:doi
1740:doi
1736:135
1709:doi
1705:571
1675:doi
1671:571
1473:doi
1305:.
1174:gac
1134:gac
1064:cup
1046:Gac
907:cis
903:cis
822:In
811:or
583:in
534:THF
338:EPA
291:CID
112:,26
108:,24
104:,22
100:,20
96:,18
92:,16
88:,14
84:,12
80:,10
4758::
4396:12
3295:16
3291:10
3289:(C
3259:(C
3063:20
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2827:40
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574:OH
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562:OH
558:CH
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548:14
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520:CS
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436:40
76:,8
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