1566:
536:
2406:
2397:, ɛHf values ranging from −31.9 to −21.9 were obtained, representing a crustal melt origin. Apatite has also promising Lu–Hf information, as apatite has high Lu content relative to Hf content. In cases where rocks are silica-poor, if more evolved rocks of the same magmatic origin can be identified, apatite could provide high Lu/Hf ratio data to produce accurate isochron, with an example from Smålands Taberg, southern Sweden, where apatite Lu/Hf age of 1204.3±1.8 million yr was identified as the lower boundary of a 1.2 billion yr magmatic event that caused the Fe–Ti mineralization at Smålands Taberg.
2484:
1551:. This also means a higher Lu/Hf ratio in sample. Positive value would be found in the residue solid after melt extraction, as the liquid would be enriched in Hf. It is worth noting that the enrichment of Hf in melt would means removing the more abundant isotopes of Hf to a larger extent than Hf, resulting in the observed Hf/Hf enrichment in residue solid. Using the same logic, a negative ɛHf value would represent the extracted melt from reservoir, forming an evolved, juvenile material.
130:, with one naturally-occurring stable isotope Lu and one naturally-occurring radioactive isotope Lu. When Lu atoms are incorporated into earth materials, such as rocks and minerals, they began to be "trapped" while starting to decay. Through radioactive decay, an unstable nucleus decays into another relatively stable one. Radiometric dating makes use of the decay relationship to calculate how long the atoms have been "trapped", i.e. the time since the earth material was formed.
1574:
1491:
2458:. With the help of garnet Lu/Hf ages, a study on Lago di Cignana, western Alps, Italy, an age of 48.8±2.1 million yr for lower boundary of garnet growth time was identified. From this, the burial rate of ultra-high-pressure rocks at Lago di Cignana was estimated to be 0.23–0.47 cm/yr, which suggest ocean floor rocks were carried down to subduction and reached ultra-high-pressure metamorphism conditions.
20:
990:. A common practice for geochronological dating is to establish an isochron plot. Multiple set of data would be measured and plotted with Hf/Hf on y-axis and Lu/Hf on x-axis. A linear relationship would be obtained. The initial ratio can either be assumed to be natural isotopic abundance ratio or, for a better approach, obtained from the y-intercept of plotted
771:
2358:
dissolution of Lu and Hf bearing materials. The technique of isotope dilution is often necessary for precise determination of concentrations. Isotope dilution is done by adding materials of known concentration of Lu and Hf into the dissolved samples. The samples can then go through TIMS for data acquisition.
2465:
Another low-temperature, high-pressure metamorphic index mineral, lawsonite was brought into use in recent years to understand subduction metamorphism using Lu/Hf dating. A study showed that lawsonite could be significant in dating low-temperature metamorphic rocks, typically in prograde metamorphism
2361:
The above sample preparation procedures prevent convenient analysis of Lu–Hf, thus limiting its usage in the 1980s. Also, the age determination using TIMS require samples of high Lu and Hf concentration to be successful. However, common mineral phases have low concentrations of Lu and Hf, which again
2491:
Hf ages determined from detrital zircon can help to identify major event of crustal growth. By analyzing detrital zircon in
Yangtze River sediments, a group of researchers produced a statistical distribution of Hf model ages of the sediments. The statistical peaks of age ranges were identified: 2000
2461:
Conventional isochron ages are obtained from bulk garnet separates and are only an estimate of the average age of the overall growth of garnet. To give precise estimates of the pace of growth of a single garnet crystal, geochronologists use microsampling methods to collect and date small consecutive
1494:
Schematic diagram showing elemental movement starting from planetesimal formation. Light blue particles represent volatile elements, which will not condense during early Earth formation. Dark brown and orange particles are both refractory elements which condense to form the solid Earth (indicated by
2474:
The crust formation process is supposedly chemically depleting the mantle, as crust forms from partial melts originating from the mantle. However, the process and extent of depletion could not be concluded based on a few isotope characteristics, as some isotope systems are thought to be susceptible
1591:
model age is the age at which the material, from which rock and mineral forms, leaves the chondritic uniform reservoir, i.e. the mantle, when assuming the silicate earth retained chemical signature of chondritic uniform reservoir. As described in previous section, melting will cause a fractionation
2495:
Hf ages from detrital zircon also help tracing sediment source. A study on detrital zircon from sandstones in the Oslo Rift, Norway identified major sediment source in
Fennoscandia region and also a minor source in Variscan Mountains of central Europe during Late Devonian to Late Carboniferous by
1534:
elements and relatively immobile. However, Hf is more incompatible than Lu, and thus it is relatively enriched in the crust and in silicate melts. Thus, a higher Lu/Hf ratio (also meaning a higher Hf / Hf ratio, over time, due to Lu decay) is generally found in the residual solid during partial
594:
An age equation is set up for every radiometric dating technique to describe the mathematical relationship of the number of parent and daughter nuclide. In Lu–Hf system, the parent would be Lu (the radioactive isotope) and Hf as the daughter nuclide (the product after radioactive decay). The age
1519:
to form the solid part of Earth, as opposed to volatile elements. The two elements as a result would not be found in Earth's early atmosphere. Due to these characteristics, the two elements are relatively stationary throughout planetary evolution and are thought to retain the isotopic abundance
585:
can be obtained through direct counting experiments and by comparing Lu–Hf ages with other isotope system ages of samples whose ages are determined. The commonly accepted decay constant has the value of 1.867 (± 0.007) × 10 yr. However, there remain discrepancies on the value of decay constant.
2357:
in a Teflon bomb. The bomb is put in oven at 160 °C for four days. Following that comes acids treatment for purification from major elements and other undesirable trace elements. Different studies may use slightly different protocols and procedures, but all are trying to ensure complete
1592:
of Lu and Hf in the melt and residue solid, thus resulting in Lu/Hf and Hf/Hf values deviating from chondritic uniform reservoir values. The time or age at which the Lu/Hf and Hf/Hf values from the sample and chondritic uniform reservoir matches is the chondritic uniform reservoir model age.
2061:
are used to model the chemistry of the silicate layers of Earth as these layers were unaffected by planetary evolution processes. To characterise the chondritic uniform reservoir composition in terms of Lu and Hf, chondrites of different petrological types are used for analysing Lu and Hf
601:
1507:(earth-loving) elements, meaning they are mainly found in the silicate fraction of Earth, i.e. the mantle and crust. During the formation of the Earth, the two elements tended not be fractionated into the core during core formation, i.e. not concentrated in the core, unlike
3563:
Schmidt, Alexander; Pourteau, Amaury; Candan, Osman; Oberhänsli, Roland (2015). "Lu–Hf geochronology on cm-sized garnets using microsampling: New constraints on garnet growth rates and duration of metamorphism during continental collision (Menderes Massif, Turkey)".
2975:
Ur, Hafiz; Kobayashi, Katsura; Tsujimori, Tatsuki; Ota, Tsutomu; Nakamura, Eizo; Yamamoto, Hiroshi; Kaneko, Yoshiyuki; Kh, Tahseenullah (2012). "Sm-Nd and Lu-Hf
Isotope Geochemistry of the Himalayan High- and Ultrahigh-Pressure Eclogites, Kaghan Valley, Pakistan".
2369:(ICP–MS). ICP–MS, with multi-collector, allow precision determination with materials with low Hf concentration, such as apatite and garnet. The amount of sample needed for determination is also smaller, facilitating utilization of zircon for Lu–Hf ages.
3351:
Hollocher, K; Robinson, P; Terry, M P; Walsh, E (2007). "Application of major- and trace-element geochemistry to re ne U-Pb zircon, and Sm/Nd or Lu/Hf sampling targets for geochronology of HP and UHP eclogites, Western Gneiss Region, Norway".
1958:
1407:
2026:
1475:
3433:
Lapen, T J; Johnson, C M; Baumgartner, L P; Mahlen, N J; Beard, B L; Amato, J M (2003). "Burial rates during prograde metamorphism of an ultra-high-pressure terrane: an example from Lago di
Cignana, western Alps, Italy".
3237:
Lagos, Markus; Scherer, Erik E.; Tomaschek, Frank; Münker, Carsten; Keiter, Mark; Berndt, Jasper; Ballhaus, Chris (2007). "High precision Lu–Hf geochronology of Eocene eclogite-facies rocks from Syros, Cyclades, Greece".
1867:
1577:
A schematic Hf evolution diagram.The black curve is plotted using Hf/Hf values from
Patchett and Tatsumoto (1980). All other curves and values are hypothetical. 4.55 billion year was assumed to be the time of Earth
2614:
Bouvier, A; Vervoort, J D; Patchett, P J (2008). "The Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd isotopic composition of CHUR: Constraints from unequilibrated chondrites and implications for the bulk composition of terrestrial planets".
766:{\displaystyle \left({\frac {{\ce {^{176}Hf}}}{{\ce {^{177}Hf}}}}\right)=\left({\frac {{\ce {^{176}Hf}}}{{\ce {^{177}Hf}}}}\right)_{i}+\left({\frac {{\ce {^{176}Lu}}}{{\ce {^{177}Hf}}}}\right)(e^{\lambda t}-1)}
93:(ICP–MS) with multi-collector (also known as MC–ICP–MS) in later years, the dating method is made applicable to date diverse earth materials. The Lu–Hf system is now a common tool in geological studies such as
322:
1332:
252:
3768:
Liu, X C; Wu, Y B; Fisher, C M; Hanchar, J M; Beranek, L; Gao, S; Wang, H (2017). "Tracing crustal evolution by U-Th-Pb, Sm-Nd, and Lu-Hf isotopes in detrital monazite and zircon from modern rivers".
50:
of 37.1 billion years, the long-living Lu–Hf decay pair survives through geological time scales, thus is useful in geological studies. Due to chemical properties of the two elements, namely their
3685:
Gruau, G.; Rosing, M.; Bridgwater, D.; Gill, R.C.O (1996). "Resetting of Sm-Nd systematics during metamorphism of 3.7-Ga rocks: implications for isotopic models of early Earth differentiation".
3520:
Cheng, Hao; Vervoort, Jeffrey D.; Dragovic, Besim; Wilford, Diane; Zhang, Lingmin (2018). "Coupled Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd geochronology on a single eclogitic garnet from the Huwan shear zone, China".
3186:
Cheng, H.; King, R. L.; Nakamura, E.; Vervoort, J. D.; Zhou, Z. (2008). "Coupled Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd geochronology constrains garnet growth in ultra-high-pressure eclogites from the Dabie orogen".
1565:
886:
940:
829:
3469:
Cheng, H.; Liu, X. C.; Vervoort, J. D.; Wilford, D.; Cao, D. D. (2016-03-15). "Micro-sampling Lu-Hf geochronology reveals episodic garnet growth and multiple high-Pmetamorphic events".
2339:
2293:
2247:
2201:
2155:
2109:
1138:
1092:
2475:
to re-setting by metamorphism. To further constrain the modelling of depleted mantle, Lu–Hf information from zircons are useful, as zircons are resistant to Lu–Hf re-equilibrating.
3054:
Patchett, P J; Vervoort, J D; Soderlund, U; Salters, V J M (2004). "Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd isotopic systematics in chondrites and their constraints on the Lu–Hf properties of the Earth".
530:
497:
464:
431:
394:
361:
184:
1038:
977:
583:
2492:
Ma–1200 Ma, 2700 Ma–2400 Ma, and 3200 Ma-2900 Ma, indicating crustal growth events at ages of
Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic, and of Archean in the South China Block.
2912:
Söderlund, U; Patchett, P J; Vervoort, J; Isachsen, C (2004). "The 176Lu decay constant determined by Lu-Hf and U-Pb isotope systematics of
Precambrian mafic intrusions".
1495:
the black circle). Dark brown particles represent siderophile elements that sink to the centre of Earth during core formation while the orange lithophile elements do not.
3135:
Anczkiewicz, Robert; Thirlwall, Matthew F. (2003). "Improving precision of Sm-Nd garnet dating by H2SO4leaching: a simple solution to the phosphate inclusion problem".
89:
The trace concentration of the Lu and Hf in earth materials posed some technological difficulties in using Lu–Hf dating extensively in the 1980s. With the use of
535:
3316:
Larsson, D; Söderlund, U (2005). "Lu–Hf apatite geochronology of mafic cumulates: An example from a Fe–Ti mineralization at Smålands Taberg, southern Sweden".
1897:
1346:
1144:. The usage of ɛHf value is a common practice in Hf studies. ɛHf has a range of value from +15 to -70 at present. ɛHf is expressed in the following equation:
2249:
ratios yielded varies by 14 ɛHf units. One later study focused on chondrites of petrological types 1 to 3, which are unequilibrated, show variation of 3% in
1965:
1414:
3395:
Smit, M A; Scherer, E E; Mezger, K (2013). "Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd garnet geochronology: Chronometric closure and implications for dating petrological processes".
3806:
Kristoffersen, M; Andersen, T; Andersen, A (2014). "U–Pb age and Lu–Hf signatures of detrital zircon from
Palaeozoic sandstones in the Oslo Rift, Norway".
2466:
in a subduction zone settings, as garnets are formed after lawsonite is stabilized, so that lawsonite can be enriched in Lu for radiometric dating.
3720:
Vervoort, J D; Patchett, P J; Gehrels, G E; Nutman, A P (1996). "Constraints on early Earth differentiation from hafnium and neodymium isotopes".
2450:. This means garnets generally have high Lu/Hf ratios. Dating of garnets with Lu–Hf could provide information of history of garnet growth during
1598:
986:
The two isotopes, Lu and Hf, in the system are measured as ratio to the reference stable isotope of Hf. The measured ratio can be obtained from
3642:
Mulcahy, S R; Vervoort, J D; Renne, P R (2014). "Dating subduction-zone metamorphism with combined garnet and lawsonite Lu–Hf geochronology".
1341:"0" in the bracket denoting time = 0, meaning present day. Numbers in bracket can represent any time in the past up to the formation of Earth.
2366:
90:
2385:
Lu–Hf isotope system can provide information on where and when a magmatic body originate. By applying Hf concentration determination to
1535:
melting and removal of a liquid from a geochemical reservoir. It is worth noting that variation in Lu/Hf ratio is usually very small.
260:
2947:
1150:
3607:
Mulcahy, S R; King, R L; Vervoort, J D (2009). "Lawsonite Lu-Hf geochronology: A new geochronometer for subduction zone processes".
192:
3016:
Blichert-Toft, J; Albarède, F (1997). "The Lu-Hf isotope geochemistry of chondrites and the evolution of the mantle-crust system".
2349:
In the earliest years, at around the 1980s, age acquisition based on Lu–Hf system make use of chemical dissolution of sample and
2372:
Selective dissolution, i.e. dissolving the garnet but leaving the refractory inclusions intact, is applied to the Lu–Hf system.
2443:
concentration is low is the two eclogites, Lu/Hf ratios is high, therefore enabling concentration determination of Lu and Hf.
2993:
2762:
2710:
2573:
2446:
Garnets play an important role in Lu/Hf applications, as they are common metamorphic minerals while having high affinity to
433:, a lighter element. However, as the major mode of decay is by β emission, i.e. release of electron (e), as in the case for
2350:
3092:
Patchett, P J; Tatsumoto, M (1980). "A routine high-precision method for Lu-Hf isotope geochemistry and chronology".
3281:
Goodge, J W; Vervoort, J D (2006). "Origin of
Mesoproterozoic A-type granites in Laurentia: Hf isotope evidence".
836:
893:
782:
2455:
1562:
were formed from ocean-island basalt with contamination from sediments to produce the intermediate ɛHf values.
1512:
2298:
2252:
2206:
2160:
2114:
2068:
1097:
1051:
2885:; Vervoort, J; Albarède, F (2006). "Effects of impacts on Sm-Nd and Lu-Hf internal isochrons of eucrites".
2405:
2058:
2042:
2029:
1886:
1588:
1548:
1544:
1521:
1478:
1141:
502:
469:
436:
403:
366:
333:
156:
3865:
1500:
1001:
951:
557:
2413:
In understanding metamorphic rocks, Lu–Hf can still provide information of origin. In cases where
1554:
The original figure 9 from Rehman et al. (2012) showed an intermedia, mixed ɛHf trend for the
2451:
3577:
3447:
3408:
3294:
3067:
3029:
2925:
2898:
2822:
2628:
3815:
3777:
3729:
3694:
3651:
3616:
3573:
3529:
3478:
3443:
3404:
3361:
3325:
3290:
3247:
3195:
3144:
3101:
3063:
3025:
2921:
2894:
2818:
2624:
1528:
139:
106:
2483:
1953:{\displaystyle \left({\frac {{\ce {^{176}Hf}}}{{\ce {^{177}Hf}}}}\right)_{{\ce {sample}}}}
1409:
is the Hf-176 to Hf-177 ratio in the sample. For t = 0, it represent the ratio at present.
1402:{\displaystyle \left({\frac {{\ce {^{176}Hf}}}{{\ce {^{177}Hf}}}}\right)_{{\ce {sample}}}}
8:
2882:
1516:
1508:
51:
3819:
3781:
3733:
3698:
3655:
3620:
3533:
3482:
3365:
3329:
3251:
3199:
3148:
3105:
2021:{\displaystyle \left({\frac {{\ce {^{176}Hf}}}{{\ce {^{177}Hf}}}}\right)_{{\ce {CHUR}}}}
1470:{\displaystyle \left({\frac {{\ce {^{176}Hf}}}{{\ce {^{177}Hf}}}}\right)_{{\ce {CHUR}}}}
3841:
3745:
3667:
3502:
3377:
3219:
3168:
3117:
2447:
2440:
2157:
ratios remain. Earlier studies experimented on chondrites of all petrologic types. The
1504:
127:
118:
67:
59:
3706:
3455:
3037:
2933:
3870:
3845:
3671:
3589:
3545:
3506:
3494:
3381:
3263:
3223:
3211:
3207:
3172:
3160:
3121:
2989:
2863:
2758:
2706:
2569:
987:
549:
145:
35:
3053:
1547:. A positive ɛHf value means that Hf concentration in sample is larger than that of
1543:ɛHf values are closely related to the enrichment or depletion of Hf relative to the
16:
Gochronological dating method utilizing the radioactive decay system of lutetium–176
3875:
3831:
3823:
3785:
3749:
3737:
3702:
3659:
3624:
3581:
3537:
3486:
3451:
3412:
3369:
3333:
3298:
3255:
3203:
3152:
3109:
3071:
3033:
2981:
2929:
2859:
2855:
2826:
2787:
2632:
2565:
2561:
98:
3541:
3337:
3259:
3156:
2778:
Dixon, D; McNair, A; Curran, S C (1954). "The natural radioactivity of lutetium".
2045:
model are tightly constrained in order to use Lu–Hf system for age determination.
3719:
3432:
995:
991:
2948:"Hf analytical methods at the Arizona LaserChron Center (University of Arizona)"
2880:
3585:
3416:
3302:
3075:
2911:
2831:
2806:
2780:
The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
2636:
2390:
3827:
2791:
3859:
3593:
3549:
3498:
3267:
3215:
3164:
2433:
2422:
1531:
31:
3684:
1862:{\displaystyle t_{{\ce {CHUR}}}=\left({\frac {1}{\lambda }}\right)\ln \left}
539:
Original figure 2 from Debaille et al. (2017); An example of Lu/Hf isochron.
2952:
Arizona Laserchron Center, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona
2867:
2054:
2050:
102:
94:
55:
2365:
The most common analytical methods for Lu–Hf determination nowadays is by
3373:
3350:
1573:
79:
2353:(TIMS). Generally, rock samples are powdered and treated with HF and HNO
3836:
3113:
2400:
3805:
3767:
3663:
3628:
3490:
2804:
2705:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. pp. 284–296.
2057:, and to further extent meaning the primitive undifferentiated Earth.
1490:
3789:
3741:
2425:
2394:
2046:
397:
83:
71:
47:
2613:
1569:
Original figure 9 from Rehman et al. (2012); An example of ɛHf plot.
3641:
2436:
2418:
1559:
1555:
888:
is the initial ratio of the two isotopes when the sample is formed.
327:
151:
123:
39:
3606:
2985:
2429:
317:{\displaystyle {\ce {{^{176}_{71}Lu}+e^{-}->{^{176}_{70}Yb}}}}
43:
1327:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{{\ce {Hf}}(0)}=\left\times 10\,000}
3562:
2807:"The role of phosphates for the Lu–Hf chronology of meteorites"
2414:
2386:
247:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{176}_{71}Lu->{^{176}_{72}Hf}+e^{-}}}}
75:
63:
19:
3394:
2496:
U–Pb and Lu–Hf characteristics of source rocks and sediments.
2556:
Vervoort J (2014). "Lu-Hf Dating: The Lu-Hf Isotope System".
2409:
Garnet, a common metamorphic mineral target for Lu/Hf dating.
3519:
2777:
1558:
that was studied. The experimental result indicate that the
3236:
3015:
2469:
1876:"0" in the bracket denoting time = 0, meaning present day.
3185:
3091:
3280:
942:
is the measured ratio of the two isotopes of the sample.
831:
is the measured ratio of the two isotopes of the sample.
3468:
2974:
2439:
can be candidate for Hf analysis. Although the overall
1485:
3315:
1520:
characteristics of primitive planetary material, i.e.
2805:
Debaille, V; Van Orman, J; Yin, Q; Amelin, Y (2017).
2301:
2255:
2209:
2163:
2117:
2071:
1968:
1900:
1601:
1417:
1349:
1153:
1100:
1054:
1004:
954:
896:
839:
785:
604:
560:
505:
472:
439:
406:
369:
336:
263:
195:
159:
3134:
2700:
2401:
Metamorphic rock petrogenesis and metamorphic events
1511:
elements (iron-loving elements). Lu and Hf are also
532:
is of negligible effect to Lu–Hf age determination.
2417:phase is absent or very low in abundance, such as
2333:
2287:
2241:
2203:ratios yielded varies by 18%, or even by 28%. The
2195:
2149:
2103:
2020:
1952:
1861:
1515:elements, meaning they quickly condensed from the
1469:
1401:
1326:
1132:
1086:
1032:
971:
934:
880:
823:
765:
577:
524:
491:
458:
425:
388:
355:
316:
246:
178:
150:The only natural occurring radioactive isotope of
2478:
2036:
3857:
3137:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
105:, early earth mantle-crust differentiation, and
1481:. For t = 0, it represent the ratio at present.
543:
70:, while Hf is usually found in trace amount in
2846:Luo, J; Kong, X (2006). "Half-life of 176Lu".
2845:
881:{\displaystyle {\ce {(^{176}Hf/^{177}Hf)_i}}}
2380:
2367:inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
1960:is the Hf-176 to Hf-177 ratio in the sample.
91:inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
935:{\displaystyle {\ce {(^{176}Lu/^{177}Hf)}}}
824:{\displaystyle {\ce {(^{176}Hf/^{177}Hf)}}}
2752:
2555:
23:Zircon, a common target for Lu–Hf analysis
3835:
3094:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
2830:
2558:Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods
2334:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{176}Hf/^{177}Hf}}}
2288:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{176}Lu/^{177}Hf}}}
2242:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{176}Hf/^{177}Hf}}}
2196:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{176}Lu/^{177}Hf}}}
2150:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{176}Hf/^{177}Hf}}}
2104:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{176}Lu/^{177}Hf}}}
1538:
1320:
1133:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{176}Hf/^{177}Hf}}}
1087:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{176}Hf/^{177}Hf}}}
982:t is the time since the sample is formed.
58:, Lu is usually found in trace amount in
2482:
2470:Early Earth mantle-crust differentiation
2404:
1572:
1564:
1489:
595:equation to Lu–Hf system is as follows:
534:
18:
2978:Geochemistry - Earth's System Processes
3858:
2970:
2968:
1043:
3801:
3799:
3763:
3761:
3759:
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3426:
3087:
3085:
3049:
3047:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
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2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2487:Oslo Rift, also known as Oslo Graben.
2344:
2028:is the Hf-176 to Hf-177 ratio in the
1477:is the Hf-176 to Hf-177 ratio in the
525:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{176}_{70}Yb}}}
492:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{176}_{72}Hf}}}
459:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{176}_{71}Lu}}}
426:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{176}_{70}Yb}}}
389:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{176}_{72}Hf}}}
356:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{176}_{71}Lu}}}
179:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{176}_{71}Lu}}}
112:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2703:Isotopes: Principles and application
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2351:thermal ionization mass spectrometry
1486:Geochemistry of lutetium and hafnium
589:
3566:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3436:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3397:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3283:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3056:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3018:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2965:
2914:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2887:Meteoritics & Planetary Science
2811:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2617:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2049:represent primitive materials from
13:
3796:
3756:
3423:
3082:
3044:
3002:
1094:ratio of a sample with respect to
186:decays in the following two ways:
14:
3887:
2719:
2643:
2582:
2506:
1582:
1033:{\displaystyle (e^{\lambda t}-1)}
133:
3208:10.1111/j.1525-1314.2008.00785.x
972:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{176}Lu}}}
578:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{176}Lu}}}
3713:
3678:
3635:
3600:
3556:
3513:
3462:
3388:
3344:
3309:
3274:
3230:
3179:
3128:
2940:
2701:Faure, G; Mensing, T M (2005).
2375:
46:–176. With a commonly accepted
3644:Journal of Metamorphic Geology
3471:Journal of Metamorphic Geology
3188:Journal of Metamorphic Geology
2905:
2874:
2860:10.1016/j.apradiso.2005.11.013
2848:Applied Radiation and Isotopes
2839:
2798:
2771:
2566:10.1007/978-94-007-6326-5_46-1
2479:Detrital zircon and provenance
2037:Lu/Hf and Hf/Hf ratios of CHUR
1296:
1290:
1238:
1232:
1170:
1164:
1048:ɛHf value is an expression of
1027:
1005:
927:
900:
870:
843:
816:
789:
760:
738:
294:
211:
1:
3707:10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00092-7
3542:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.11.018
3456:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00455-2
3338:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.07.007
3260:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.04.008
3157:10.1144/gsl.sp.2003.220.01.05
3038:10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00040-X
2934:10.1016/S0012-821X(04)00012-3
2499:
2059:Chondritic uniform reservoir
2053:which later accrete to form
2043:chondritic uniform reservoir
2030:chondritic uniform reservoir
1887:chondritic uniform reservoir
1589:chondritic uniform reservoir
1549:chondritic uniform reservoir
1545:chondritic uniform reservoir
1522:chondritic uniform reservoir
1479:chondritic uniform reservoir
1142:chondritic uniform reservoir
544:Decay constant determination
34:dating method utilizing the
7:
2295:ratios, and 4 ɛHf units in
2065:However, discrepancies of
1503:scheme, Lu and Hf are both
994:. The slope of the plotted
10:
3892:
3586:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.09.015
3417:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.08.046
3303:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.040
3076:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.02.030
2832:10.1016/j.epsl.2017.05.039
2637:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.010
2462:zones of garnet crystals.
1501:Goldschmidt classification
547:
143:
137:
116:
3828:10.1017/S0016756813000885
2792:10.1080/14786440708520476
2381:Igneous rock petrogenesis
2314:
2268:
2222:
2176:
2130:
2084:
2002:
1988:
1934:
1920:
1837:
1823:
1787:
1773:
1738:
1724:
1688:
1674:
1451:
1437:
1383:
1369:
1276:
1262:
1218:
1204:
1113:
1067:
967:
948:is the decay constant of
730:
716:
681:
667:
637:
623:
573:
520:
487:
454:
421:
384:
351:
311:
279:
228:
210:
174:
62:loving minerals, such as
2309:
2303:
2263:
2257:
2217:
2211:
2171:
2165:
2125:
2119:
2079:
2073:
1997:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1929:
1923:
1915:
1909:
1892:λ is the decay constant.
1832:
1826:
1818:
1812:
1782:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1733:
1727:
1719:
1713:
1683:
1677:
1669:
1663:
1446:
1440:
1432:
1426:
1378:
1372:
1364:
1358:
1271:
1265:
1257:
1251:
1213:
1207:
1199:
1193:
1108:
1102:
1062:
1056:
962:
956:
725:
719:
711:
705:
676:
670:
662:
656:
632:
626:
618:
612:
568:
562:
513:
507:
480:
474:
447:
441:
414:
408:
396:, a heavier element, or
377:
371:
344:
338:
304:
298:
272:
266:
221:
215:
203:
197:
167:
161:
74:-rich minerals, such as
3578:2015E&PSL.432...24S
3448:2003E&PSL.215...57L
3409:2013E&PSL.381..222S
3295:2006E&PSL.243..711G
3068:2004E&PSL.222...29P
3030:1997E&PSL.148..243B
2926:2004E&PSL.219..311S
2899:2006M&PSA..41.5348B
2823:2017E&PSL.473...52D
2629:2008E&PSL.273...48B
28:Lutetium–hafnium dating
2488:
2410:
2335:
2289:
2243:
2197:
2151:
2105:
2022:
1954:
1863:
1579:
1570:
1539:ɛHf value implications
1496:
1471:
1403:
1328:
1134:
1088:
1034:
973:
936:
882:
825:
767:
579:
554:The decay constant of
540:
526:
493:
460:
427:
390:
357:
318:
248:
180:
24:
3354:American Mineralogist
2486:
2452:prograde metamorphism
2408:
2336:
2290:
2244:
2198:
2152:
2106:
2023:
1955:
1864:
1576:
1568:
1493:
1472:
1404:
1329:
1135:
1089:
1035:
974:
937:
883:
826:
768:
580:
538:
527:
494:
461:
428:
391:
358:
319:
249:
181:
22:
3374:10.2138/am.2007.2405
3360:(11–12): 1919–1924.
2299:
2253:
2207:
2161:
2115:
2069:
1966:
1898:
1599:
1415:
1347:
1151:
1098:
1052:
1002:
952:
894:
837:
783:
602:
558:
503:
470:
437:
404:
367:
334:
261:
193:
157:
140:Isotopes of lutetium
3820:2014GeoM..151..816K
3808:Geological Magazine
3782:2017Geo....45..103L
3734:1996Natur.379..624V
3699:1996ChGeo.133..225G
3656:2014JMetG..32..515M
3621:2009Geo....37..987M
3534:2018ChGeo.476..208C
3483:2016JMetG..34..363C
3366:2007AmMin..92.1919H
3330:2005ChGeo.224..201L
3252:2007ChGeo.243...16L
3200:2008JMetG..26..741C
3149:2003GSLSP.220...83A
3106:1981CoMP...75..263P
2757:. Wiley-Blackwell.
2753:White, W M (2003).
2456:peak P-T conditions
2362:limits Lu–Hf uses.
1527:Both Lu and Hf are
1517:protoplanetary disk
1044:Epsilon (ɛHf value)
3866:Radiometric dating
3114:10.1007/BF01166766
2489:
2448:rare-earth element
2441:rare-earth element
2411:
2345:Analytical methods
2331:
2285:
2239:
2193:
2147:
2101:
2018:
1950:
1859:
1580:
1571:
1497:
1467:
1399:
1324:
1130:
1084:
1030:
969:
932:
878:
821:
763:
575:
541:
522:
499:, the presence of
489:
456:
423:
386:
353:
314:
244:
176:
128:rare-earth element
119:Radiometric dating
113:Radiometric dating
60:rare-earth element
25:
3728:(6566): 624–627.
3664:10.1111/jmg.12092
3629:10.1130/G30292A.1
3491:10.1111/jmg.12185
2995:978-953-51-0586-2
2764:978-0-470-65668-6
2712:978-0-471-38437-3
2575:978-94-007-6326-5
2560:. pp. 1–20.
2329:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2283:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2237:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2191:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2145:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2099:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2014:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1946:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1798:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1749:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1699:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1629:
1610:
1499:According to the
1463:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1395:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1301:
1288:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1230:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1162:
1128:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1082:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1059:
988:mass spectrometry
963:
961:
960:
959:
926:
911:
876:
869:
854:
815:
800:
732:
726:
724:
723:
722:
712:
710:
709:
708:
683:
677:
675:
674:
673:
663:
661:
660:
659:
639:
633:
631:
630:
629:
619:
617:
616:
615:
590:Age determination
569:
567:
566:
565:
550:Exponential decay
512:
511:
510:
479:
478:
477:
446:
445:
444:
413:
412:
411:
376:
375:
374:
343:
342:
341:
303:
302:
301:
287:
271:
270:
269:
236:
220:
219:
218:
202:
201:
200:
166:
165:
164:
146:Radioactive decay
36:radioactive decay
3883:
3850:
3849:
3839:
3803:
3794:
3793:
3790:10.1130/G38720.1
3765:
3754:
3753:
3742:10.1038/379624a0
3717:
3711:
3710:
3687:Chemical Geology
3682:
3676:
3675:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3522:Chemical Geology
3517:
3511:
3510:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3318:Chemical Geology
3313:
3307:
3306:
3289:(3–4): 711–731.
3278:
3272:
3271:
3240:Chemical Geology
3234:
3228:
3227:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3051:
3042:
3041:
3024:(1–2): 243–258.
3013:
3000:
2999:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2920:(3–4): 311–324.
2909:
2903:
2902:
2883:Blichert-Toft, J
2878:
2872:
2871:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2786:(366): 683–694.
2775:
2769:
2768:
2750:
2717:
2716:
2698:
2641:
2640:
2611:
2580:
2579:
2553:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2074:
2062:concentrations.
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2003:
1992:
1989:
1978:
1975:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1924:
1921:
1910:
1907:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1827:
1824:
1813:
1810:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1777:
1774:
1763:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1728:
1725:
1714:
1711:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1678:
1675:
1664:
1661:
1653:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1441:
1438:
1427:
1424:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1373:
1370:
1359:
1356:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1266:
1263:
1252:
1249:
1242:
1241:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1208:
1205:
1194:
1191:
1184:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1160:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1057:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1020:
1019:
998:would represent
978:
976:
975:
970:
968:
957:
947:
941:
939:
938:
933:
931:
930:
924:
923:
922:
917:
909:
908:
907:
887:
885:
884:
879:
877:
874:
873:
867:
866:
865:
860:
852:
851:
850:
830:
828:
827:
822:
820:
819:
813:
812:
811:
806:
798:
797:
796:
772:
770:
769:
764:
753:
752:
737:
733:
731:
720:
717:
706:
703:
694:
693:
688:
684:
682:
671:
668:
657:
654:
644:
640:
638:
627:
624:
613:
610:
584:
582:
581:
576:
574:
563:
531:
529:
528:
523:
521:
508:
498:
496:
495:
490:
488:
475:
465:
463:
462:
457:
455:
442:
432:
430:
429:
424:
422:
409:
395:
393:
392:
387:
385:
372:
362:
360:
359:
354:
352:
339:
323:
321:
320:
315:
313:
312:
299:
293:
292:
285:
280:
267:
253:
251:
250:
245:
243:
242:
241:
234:
229:
216:
198:
185:
183:
182:
177:
175:
162:
32:geochronological
3891:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3804:
3797:
3766:
3757:
3718:
3714:
3683:
3679:
3640:
3636:
3615:(11): 987–990.
3605:
3601:
3561:
3557:
3518:
3514:
3467:
3463:
3431:
3424:
3393:
3389:
3349:
3345:
3314:
3310:
3279:
3275:
3235:
3231:
3184:
3180:
3133:
3129:
3090:
3083:
3052:
3045:
3014:
3003:
2996:
2973:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2910:
2906:
2879:
2875:
2844:
2840:
2803:
2799:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2751:
2720:
2713:
2699:
2644:
2612:
2583:
2576:
2554:
2507:
2502:
2481:
2472:
2403:
2391:A-type granites
2383:
2378:
2356:
2347:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2039:
2011:
2010:
1990:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1943:
1942:
1922:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1884:
1845:
1825:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1795:
1775:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1726:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1696:
1676:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1645:
1641:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1585:
1541:
1488:
1460:
1459:
1439:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1392:
1391:
1371:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1285:
1284:
1264:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1227:
1226:
1206:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1000:
999:
955:
953:
950:
949:
945:
918:
913:
912:
903:
899:
898:
897:
895:
892:
891:
861:
856:
855:
846:
842:
841:
840:
838:
835:
834:
807:
802:
801:
792:
788:
787:
786:
784:
781:
780:
745:
741:
718:
704:
702:
698:
689:
669:
655:
653:
649:
648:
625:
611:
609:
605:
603:
600:
599:
592:
561:
559:
556:
555:
552:
546:
506:
504:
501:
500:
473:
471:
468:
467:
440:
438:
435:
434:
407:
405:
402:
401:
370:
368:
365:
364:
363:can decay into
337:
335:
332:
331:
297:
288:
284:
265:
264:
262:
259:
258:
237:
233:
214:
196:
194:
191:
190:
160:
158:
155:
154:
148:
142:
136:
121:
115:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3889:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3852:
3851:
3814:(5): 816–829.
3795:
3776:(2): 103–106.
3755:
3712:
3693:(1): 225–240.
3677:
3650:(5): 515–533.
3634:
3599:
3555:
3512:
3477:(4): 363–377.
3461:
3442:(1–2): 57–72.
3422:
3387:
3343:
3324:(4): 201–211.
3308:
3273:
3246:(1–2): 16–35.
3229:
3194:(7): 741–758.
3178:
3127:
3100:(3): 263–267.
3081:
3043:
3001:
2994:
2964:
2939:
2904:
2873:
2854:(5): 588–590.
2838:
2797:
2770:
2763:
2718:
2711:
2642:
2623:(1–2): 48–57.
2581:
2574:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2402:
2399:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2354:
2346:
2343:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2008:
2001:
1987:
1973:
1961:
1940:
1933:
1919:
1905:
1893:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1869:
1857:
1843:
1836:
1822:
1808:
1803:
1793:
1786:
1772:
1758:
1744:
1737:
1723:
1709:
1704:
1694:
1687:
1673:
1659:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1605:
1584:
1583:CHUR model age
1581:
1540:
1537:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1457:
1450:
1436:
1422:
1410:
1389:
1382:
1368:
1354:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1282:
1275:
1261:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1224:
1217:
1203:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1157:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1045:
1042:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
984:
983:
980:
966:
943:
929:
921:
916:
906:
902:
889:
872:
864:
859:
849:
845:
832:
818:
810:
805:
795:
791:
774:
773:
762:
759:
756:
751:
748:
744:
740:
736:
729:
715:
701:
697:
692:
687:
680:
666:
652:
647:
643:
636:
622:
608:
591:
588:
572:
545:
542:
519:
516:
486:
483:
453:
450:
420:
417:
383:
380:
350:
347:
325:
324:
310:
307:
296:
291:
283:
278:
275:
255:
254:
240:
232:
227:
224:
213:
209:
206:
173:
170:
138:Main article:
135:
132:
114:
111:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3888:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3800:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3427:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3086:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3048:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2997:
2991:
2987:
2986:10.5772/32859
2983:
2979:
2971:
2969:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2434:orthopyroxene
2431:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2407:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2342:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2055:planetesimals
2052:
2048:
2044:
2031:
2006:
1999:
1985:
1971:
1962:
1938:
1931:
1917:
1903:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1855:
1841:
1834:
1820:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1784:
1770:
1756:
1742:
1735:
1721:
1707:
1702:
1692:
1685:
1671:
1657:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1480:
1455:
1448:
1434:
1420:
1411:
1387:
1380:
1366:
1352:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1293:
1280:
1273:
1259:
1245:
1235:
1222:
1215:
1201:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1041:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1009:
997:
993:
989:
981:
964:
944:
919:
914:
904:
890:
862:
857:
847:
833:
808:
803:
793:
779:
778:
777:
757:
754:
749:
746:
742:
734:
727:
713:
699:
695:
690:
685:
678:
664:
650:
645:
641:
634:
620:
606:
598:
597:
596:
587:
570:
551:
537:
533:
517:
514:
484:
481:
451:
448:
418:
415:
399:
381:
378:
348:
345:
329:
308:
305:
289:
281:
276:
273:
257:
256:
238:
230:
225:
222:
207:
204:
189:
188:
187:
171:
168:
153:
147:
141:
131:
129:
125:
120:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
3811:
3807:
3773:
3769:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3439:
3435:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3143:(1): 83–91.
3140:
3136:
3130:
3097:
3093:
3062:(1): 29–41.
3059:
3055:
3021:
3017:
2977:
2955:. Retrieved
2951:
2942:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2890:
2886:
2881:Bouvier, A;
2876:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2755:Geochemistry
2754:
2702:
2620:
2616:
2557:
2494:
2490:
2473:
2464:
2460:
2445:
2412:
2384:
2376:Applications
2371:
2364:
2360:
2348:
2064:
2051:solar nebula
2040:
1879:
1871:
1586:
1553:
1542:
1529:incompatible
1526:
1498:
1336:
1047:
985:
775:
593:
553:
466:decaying to
326:
149:
122:
103:petrogenesis
88:
27:
26:
3837:10852/59050
3528:: 208–222.
3403:: 222–233.
2957:15 November
1509:siderophile
134:Decay of Lu
99:metamorphic
80:baddeleyite
56:ionic radii
3860:Categories
2500:References
2047:Chondrites
1889:model age.
1578:formation.
1513:refractory
1505:lithophile
548:See also:
144:See also:
117:See also:
107:provenance
68:phosphates
38:system of
3846:130122302
3672:129619817
3594:0012-821X
3572:: 24–35.
3550:0009-2541
3507:130488191
3499:0263-4929
3382:129860755
3268:0009-2541
3224:128949534
3216:0263-4929
3173:128841468
3165:0305-8719
3122:129696874
2817:: 52–61.
2437:eclogites
2426:protolith
2395:Laurentia
1802:−
1797:sample(0)
1703:−
1698:sample(0)
1639:
1627:λ
1560:eclogites
1556:eclogites
1315:×
1304:−
1156:ε
1140:ratio of
1022:−
1014:λ
776:where:
755:−
747:λ
398:ytterbium
295:⟶
290:−
239:−
212:⟶
84:zirkelite
72:zirconium
48:half-life
3871:Lutetium
2868:16380262
2423:cumulate
2419:eclogite
2341:ratios.
1524:(CHUR).
996:isochron
992:isochron
328:Lutetium
152:lutetium
124:Lutetium
52:valences
42:–176 to
40:lutetium
3876:Hafnium
3816:Bibcode
3778:Bibcode
3770:Geology
3750:4354408
3730:Bibcode
3695:Bibcode
3652:Bibcode
3617:Bibcode
3609:Geology
3574:Bibcode
3530:Bibcode
3479:Bibcode
3444:Bibcode
3405:Bibcode
3362:Bibcode
3326:Bibcode
3291:Bibcode
3248:Bibcode
3196:Bibcode
3145:Bibcode
3102:Bibcode
3064:Bibcode
3026:Bibcode
2922:Bibcode
2895:Bibcode
2893:: A27.
2819:Bibcode
2625:Bibcode
2430:kyanite
2387:zircons
1885:is the
1872:where:
1847:CHUR(0)
1748:CHUR(0)
1337:where:
95:igneous
44:hafnium
3844:
3748:
3722:Nature
3670:
3592:
3548:
3505:
3497:
3380:
3266:
3222:
3214:
3171:
3163:
3120:
2992:
2866:
2761:
2709:
2572:
2415:zircon
1945:sample
1394:sample
1229:sample
946:λ
76:zircon
64:garnet
3842:S2CID
3746:S2CID
3668:S2CID
3503:S2CID
3378:S2CID
3220:S2CID
3169:S2CID
3118:S2CID
2421:with
2389:from
1532:trace
126:is a
101:rock
30:is a
3590:ISSN
3546:ISSN
3495:ISSN
3264:ISSN
3212:ISSN
3161:ISSN
2990:ISBN
2959:2017
2864:PMID
2759:ISBN
2707:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2454:and
2432:and
2111:and
2041:The
2013:CHUR
1883:CHUR
1609:CHUR
1587:The
1462:CHUR
1287:CHUR
97:and
82:and
66:and
54:and
3832:hdl
3824:doi
3812:151
3786:doi
3738:doi
3726:379
3703:doi
3691:133
3660:doi
3625:doi
3582:doi
3570:432
3538:doi
3526:476
3487:doi
3452:doi
3440:215
3413:doi
3401:381
3370:doi
3334:doi
3322:224
3299:doi
3287:243
3256:doi
3244:243
3204:doi
3153:doi
3141:220
3110:doi
3072:doi
3060:222
3034:doi
3022:148
2982:doi
2930:doi
2918:219
2856:doi
2827:doi
2815:473
2788:doi
2633:doi
2621:273
2562:doi
2393:in
2323:177
2312:176
2277:177
2266:176
2231:177
2220:176
2185:177
2174:176
2139:177
2128:176
2093:177
2082:176
2000:177
1986:176
1932:177
1918:176
1835:177
1821:176
1785:177
1771:176
1736:177
1722:176
1686:177
1672:176
1449:177
1435:176
1381:177
1367:176
1322:000
1274:177
1260:176
1216:177
1202:176
1122:177
1111:176
1076:177
1065:176
965:176
920:177
905:176
863:177
848:176
809:177
794:176
728:177
714:176
679:177
665:176
635:177
621:176
571:176
518:176
485:176
452:176
419:176
382:176
349:176
309:176
277:176
226:176
208:176
172:176
3862::
3840:.
3830:.
3822:.
3810:.
3798:^
3784:.
3774:45
3772:.
3758:^
3744:.
3736:.
3724:.
3701:.
3689:.
3666:.
3658:.
3648:32
3646:.
3623:.
3613:37
3611:.
3588:.
3580:.
3568:.
3544:.
3536:.
3524:.
3501:.
3493:.
3485:.
3475:34
3473:.
3450:.
3438:.
3425:^
3411:.
3399:.
3376:.
3368:.
3358:92
3356:.
3332:.
3320:.
3297:.
3285:.
3262:.
3254:.
3242:.
3218:.
3210:.
3202:.
3192:26
3190:.
3167:.
3159:.
3151:.
3139:.
3116:.
3108:.
3098:75
3096:.
3084:^
3070:.
3058:.
3046:^
3032:.
3020:.
3004:^
2988:.
2980:.
2967:^
2950:.
2928:.
2916:.
2891:41
2889:.
2862:.
2852:64
2850:.
2825:.
2813:.
2809:.
2784:45
2782:.
2721:^
2645:^
2631:.
2619:.
2584:^
2568:.
2508:^
2428:,
2328:Hf
2305:Hf
2282:Hf
2259:Lu
2236:Hf
2213:Hf
2190:Hf
2167:Lu
2144:Hf
2121:Hf
2098:Hf
2075:Lu
1993:Hf
1979:Hf
1925:Hf
1911:Hf
1828:Hf
1814:Lu
1778:Hf
1764:Lu
1729:Hf
1715:Hf
1679:Hf
1665:Hf
1636:ln
1442:Hf
1428:Hf
1374:Hf
1360:Hf
1318:10
1267:Hf
1253:Hf
1209:Hf
1195:Hf
1161:Hf
1127:Hf
1104:Hf
1081:Hf
1058:Hf
1040:.
958:Lu
925:Hf
910:Lu
868:Hf
853:Hf
814:Hf
799:Hf
721:Hf
707:Lu
672:Hf
658:Hf
628:Hf
614:Hf
564:Lu
515:70
509:Yb
482:72
476:Hf
449:71
443:Lu
416:70
410:Yb
400:,
379:72
373:Hf
346:71
340:Lu
330:,
306:70
300:Yb
274:71
268:Lu
223:72
217:Hf
205:71
199:Lu
169:71
163:Lu
109:.
86:.
78:,
3848:.
3834::
3826::
3818::
3792:.
3788::
3780::
3752:.
3740::
3732::
3709:.
3705::
3697::
3674:.
3662::
3654::
3631:.
3627::
3619::
3596:.
3584::
3576::
3552:.
3540::
3532::
3509:.
3489::
3481::
3458:.
3454::
3446::
3419:.
3415::
3407::
3384:.
3372::
3364::
3340:.
3336::
3328::
3305:.
3301::
3293::
3270:.
3258::
3250::
3226:.
3206::
3198::
3175:.
3155::
3147::
3124:.
3112::
3104::
3078:.
3074::
3066::
3040:.
3036::
3028::
2998:.
2984::
2961:.
2936:.
2932::
2924::
2901:.
2897::
2870:.
2858::
2835:.
2829::
2821::
2794:.
2790::
2767:.
2715:.
2639:.
2635::
2627::
2578:.
2564::
2355:3
2318:/
2272:/
2226:/
2180:/
2134:/
2088:/
2032:.
2007:)
1972:(
1939:)
1904:(
1880:t
1856:]
1842:)
1807:(
1792:)
1757:(
1743:)
1708:(
1693:)
1658:(
1650:+
1647:1
1643:[
1632:)
1624:1
1619:(
1615:=
1604:t
1456:)
1421:(
1388:)
1353:(
1311:]
1307:1
1297:)
1294:0
1291:(
1281:)
1246:(
1239:)
1236:0
1233:(
1223:)
1188:(
1180:[
1176:=
1171:)
1168:0
1165:(
1117:/
1071:/
1028:)
1025:1
1017:t
1010:e
1006:(
979:.
928:)
915:/
901:(
875:i
871:)
858:/
844:(
817:)
804:/
790:(
761:)
758:1
750:t
743:e
739:(
735:)
700:(
696:+
691:i
686:)
651:(
646:=
642:)
607:(
286:e
282:+
235:e
231:+
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