102:
546:. The river is fed by snowmelt and rainfall, resulting in a peak discharge in the period February–May. Low water levels are recorded for the period July–October. The average discharge of the Little Zab is 197.8 cubic metres (6,990 cu ft) per second, whereas the maximum recorded discharge is 3,420 cubic metres (121,000 cu ft) per second. Average annual discharge is 7.2 cubic kilometres (1.7 cu mi). Because of its torrential nature, Medieval Arab geographers have described the Little Zab, and the
133:
514:. In its upper reaches, the course of the Little Zab is determined by the alignment of the major mountain chains that make up the Zagros. Thus, the river flows through valleys that are predominantly aligned along a northwest–southeast axis, parallel to the major mountain chains of the Zagros, only to change its direction abruptly where it cuts through these chains in narrow gorges. Along the way, it collects the waters coming down from the eastern face of the
938:
924:
2342:
738:
is not well known from an archaeological point of view, the available evidence nevertheless shows that the relatively favourable ecological conditions of the Iraqi part of the Zagros attracted human groups from early prehistory onwards. Lower
Palaeolithic archaeological sites have to date not been
533:
Different estimates have been given for the length of the Little Zab: 380 kilometres (240 mi), 400 kilometres (250 mi) and 456 kilometres (283 mi). For a short distance, the Little Zab forms the border between Iran and Iraq, and along its lower course it also constitutes the border
566:
has been constructed, it measures 11,700 square kilometres (4,500 sq mi). The larger part of the basin (74%) is located within Iraqi borders; the remainder is in Iran. On the north, it is bordered by the Great Zab basin while on the south it is adjoined by the basins of the
518:, which now form the border between Iran and Iraq. The Little Zab enters the Mesopotamian plain south of Dukan, where it first assumes a roughly westward course before turning to the southwest upstream from the town of Altun Kopru and uniting with the Tigris near the town of
609:
The Little Zab crosses very diverse climatic and ecological zones. Annual precipitation along the course of the river diminishes from over 1,000 millimetres (39 in) in the
Iranian Zagros to less than 200 millimetres (7.9 in) at the confluence with the Tigris near
664:
upstream from the town of Dukan. The dam's crest is 116 metres (381 ft) above the riverbed (516 metres (1,693 ft) amsl) and 360 metres (1,180 ft) long. Its functions are to regulate the flow of the Little Zab, to store water for irrigation in its
739:
found in the Iraqi part of the Zagros
Mountains, but they are known from the Iranian side where numerous cave sites have been found during archaeological surveys. Information on the early prehistory of the wider Little Zab region itself comes from the
669:(Lake Dukan) and to provide hydroelectric power. The maximum storage capacity of the dam's reservoir is 6.97 cubic kilometres (1.67 cu mi). Because the flooding of Lake Dukan would lead to the submersion of numerous archaeological sites, an
795:
periods. After the
Zarzian, the focus of human occupation shifted from cave-sites, which continue to be used as secondary or seasonal occupation sites up to today, to open-air sites and it was in this period that the trend toward
839:. From that time onward, the Little Zab basin became increasingly entangled in the affairs of the successive Mesopotamian empires that sought control over the Zagros Mountains. In the early second millennium BCE, king
1928:
Iraqi
Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works (2006a), "Volume I: Overview of Present Conditions and Current Use of the Water in the Marshlands Area/Book 1: Water resources",
614:. Average temperatures follow a similar gradient, with the mountain valleys generally experiencing colder winters than the foothill zone, while summers in the latter are hotter. In the high Zagros, three different
478:. The Little Zab is approximately 400 kilometres (250 mi) long and drains an area of about 22,000 square kilometres (8,500 sq mi). The river is fed by rainfall and snowmelt, resulting in a peak
622:
is at approximately 1,800 metres (5,900 ft); above which herbs and shrubs predominate. The dominant vegetation between 1,800 and 610 metres (5,910 and 2,000 ft) was an open oak forest (
816:. The early occupation of Tell Shemshara, in the Ranya Plain, can also be dated to this period. The archaeological fieldwork in the Ranya Plain showed that this area was occupied during the
851:
found at Tell
Shemshara (ancient Shusharra) shows that the local governor switched allegiance and became a vassal of Shamshi-Adad. During the 14th century BCE, the region was part of the
628:), but not much of this original vegetation remains. The river valleys are characterized by water-loving plants, and marshy areas were in the past – in the absence of drainage – prone to
1938:
Iraqi
Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works (2006b), "Annex III: Main Water Control Structures (Dams and Water Diversions) and Reservoirs",
2072:
522:. Most tributaries join the Little Zab upstream from Dukan, with the largest being the Baneh River and the Qala Chulan. A number of smaller streams joined the Little Zab in the
1334:
812:
village community that practiced agriculture and animal husbandry. Pottery occurs from the early occupation levels onward; in its later phases it resembles pottery from
705:
will support a 120 MW power station. Above the
Sardasht Dam, Iran is planning to construct the Shivahan and Garjhal Dams with the primary purpose of power generation.
2116:(1963), "Prehistory in Shanidar Valley, Northern Iraq: Fresh Insights into Near Eastern Prehistory from the Middle Paleolithic to the Proto-Neolithic are Obtained",
656:
Two dams have been constructed on the Little Zab in Iraq while Iran is currently constructing one with two others planned. The two in Iraq are the Dukan Dam and the
632:. Although the foothill zone, especially the plain of Erbil, is heavily cultivated, patches of natural vegetation remain, with herbs in the genus
1452:
689:
is located approximately 130 kilometres (81 mi) upstream from the confluence with the Tigris and was constructed between 1960 and 1965. The
1911:
1947:
Isaev, V.A.; Mikhailova, M.V. (2009), "The
Hydrology, Evolution, and Hydrological Regime of the Mouth Area of the Shatt al-Arab River",
1360:
867:
archives for this period. During the late second–early first millennia BCE, the lower Little Zab basin belonged to the heartland of the
482:
in the spring and low water in the summer and early fall. Two dams built on the Little Zab regulate the river flow, providing water for
847:, which was probably located along the lower course of the Little Zab, and installed garrisons in the conquered towns. The archive of
2562:
744:
1338:
751:
and south of the Little Zab. The earliest evidence for human occupation in this region comes from the Middle
Palaeolithic site of
2071:
Nováček, Karel; Chabr, Tomáš; Filipský, David; Janiček, Libor; Pavelka, Karel; Šída, Petr; Trefný, Martin; Vařeka, Pavel (2008),
759:
stone tools have been found. Archaeological research elsewhere in the Zagros confirms the importance of this area to early human
602:. The Ranya Plain is the largest valley in the Little Zab drainage basin, and the second-largest in the Iraqi Zagros behind the
1427:
824:
and Ninevite V periods – roughly from the middle 6th to the mid-3rd millennium BCE. Evidence for these periods comes from the
2572:
2567:
2233:
2215:
2104:
2006:
1901:
287:
2243:
1678:
Al-Soof, Abu (1968), "Distribution of Uruk, Jamdat Nasr and Ninevite V Pottery as Revealed by Field Survey Work in Iraq",
1997:
Kolars, John (1994), "Problems of International River Management: The Case of the Euphrates", in Biswas, Asit K. (ed.),
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2421:
2176:
1988:
1937:
1927:
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1182:
1002:
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of the Little Zab covers 21,475–22,250 square kilometres (8,292–8,591 sq mi); from the location where the
2295:
2147:(2005), "The Bekhme Dam Project in Kurdistan Iraq. A Threat to the Archaeology of the Upper Zagros River Valley",
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800:
of plants and animals set in. Domestication of the goat probably occurred first in this area of the Zagros.
2557:
831:
The region enters history at the end of the 3rd millennium BCE, when Erbil is mentioned as Urbilum by king
1382:
2587:
2582:
670:
101:
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2043:, Historisk-Filosofiske Skrifter, vol. 5, 2, Copenhagen: Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab,
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17:
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The Little Zab rises in the Mountains in Iraq at an elevation of circa 3,000 metres (9,800 ft)
1758:
1754:
693:
is 376 metres (1,234 ft) long and 23.75 metres (77.9 ft) wide and provides water for the
539:
1706:
Al-Soof, Behnam Abu (1970), "Mounds in the Rania Plain and Excavations at Tell Bazmusian (1956)",
2552:
2547:
2186:
906:
1789:, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, vol. 31, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
875:
empires. After the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, control of the Zagros shifted first to the
595:
2341:
783:, between the Little Zab and the Great Zab. Both open-air and cave sites are attested for the
1777:
479:
2288:
884:
511:
1300:
Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006b
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Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006b
1183:
Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006a
1003:
Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006a
502:. Human occupation of the Little Zab basin has been attested for every period since then.
498:, but the earliest archaeological site in the Little Zab basin, Barda Balka, dates to the
8:
2318:
2203:
892:
888:
872:
836:
729:
1726:
Biglari, Fereidoun; Shidrang, Sonia (2006), "The Lower Paleolithic Occupation of Iran",
868:
2324:
1853:
1836:
Eidem, Jesper (1985), "News from the Eastern Front: The Evidence from Tell Shemshāra",
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805:
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624:
543:
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269:
1940:
New Eden Master Plan for integrated water resources management in the marshlands areas
1931:
New Eden Master Plan for integrated water resources management in the marshlands areas
1822:
Kurds, Turks, and Arabs. Politics, Travel and Research in North-Eastern Iraq 1919-1925
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701:. Construction began in 2011 and when complete, the 116 m (381 ft) tall
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1313:"Construction of dams and hydroelectric power plant began operation Sardasht"
797:
768:
302:
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84:
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2259:
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Fink, A.K.; Ostrizhnov, I.D. (1983), "Dokan Hydroelectric Station in Iraq",
1404:
1039:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
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2441:
2244:"Animal Domestication in the Zagros: A Review of Past and Current Research"
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1913:
Arbil, Iraq Discovery Could be Earliest Evidence of Humans in the Near East
817:
698:
572:
119:
2501:
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in northern Iraq and after Alexander's death in 323, the area fell to his
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929:
864:
848:
821:
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660:. The Dukan Dam was constructed between 1957 and 1961 as a multi-purpose
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1999:
International Waters of the Middle East: From Euphrates-Tigris to Nile
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1894:
Irrigation in the Middle East Region in Figures. AQUASTAT Survey 2008
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146:
142:
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2171:, vol. 4, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 171–175,
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were carried out in the endangered region – notably at the sites of
2208:
A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000–323 BC. Second Edition
903:
661:
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852:
813:
634:
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Irrigation Project. Currently under construction in Iran is the
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2401:
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2228:, Bouquins (in French), Paris: Robert Laffont, pp. 68–69,
2169:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Ancient Near East
1223:
832:
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694:
611:
591:
568:
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467:
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265:
2224:
Villard, Pierre (2001), "Arbèles", in Joannès, Francis (ed.),
2073:"Research of the Arbil Citadel, Iraqi Kurdistan, First Season"
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rivers. The parallel mountain ranges of the Zagros consist of
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2210:, Blackwell History of the Ancient World, Malden: Blackwell,
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maps of Turkish Empire and Persian Kingdom it is listed as
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2167:
Stein, Diana L. (1997), "Nuzi", in Meyers, Eric M. (ed.),
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Iran has diverted as much as 600,000,000 cubic metres (2.1
2406:
1259:
1176:
998:
996:
994:
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rising to elevations over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft).
2097:
Water Resources and Hydrometeorology of the Arab Region
1428:"After revival, Iran's great salt lake faces new peril"
712:
10 cu ft) of its water in efforts to restore
1293:
991:
775:
stone tools that were used by either Neanderthals or
2014:
1500:
1494:
1407:. Iran Water and Power Resources Development Company
1127:
1125:
1123:
919:
1976:
1757:(2010), "AL-Zāb", in Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.;
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1459:
1120:
1108:
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2015:Mohammadifar, Yaghoub; Motarjem, Abbass (2008),
1551:
1527:
2185:US Air Force Combat Climatology Center (2009),
1979:Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East
1946:
1725:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1114:
2226:Dictionnaire de la Civilisation Mésopotamienne
2202:
1863:
1661:
1649:
1131:
843:of Upper Mesopotamia waged war to the land of
2289:
1783:Prehistoric Investigations in Iraqi Kurdistan
1776:
1569:
1557:
1533:
1488:
1465:
1154:
1152:
590:zone south-west of the Zagros with layers of
428:
330:22,000 km (8,500 sq mi)approx.
1425:
1023:
2001:, Oxford University Press, pp. 44–94,
1451:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1207:US Air Force Combat Climatology Center 2009
1098:
1096:
716:. This competes with need for the water in
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1896:, Water Reports, vol. 34, Rome: FAO,
1761:; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.),
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362:3,420 m/s (121,000 cu ft/s)
131:
2038:
1581:
1288:
1282:
1211:
1188:
1164:
586:has filled the Little Zab valley and the
2149:International Journal of Kurdish Studies
1753:
1361:"Projects - Sardasht Dam and Powerhouse"
1337:. SEPASAD Engineering Co. Archived from
1137:
1093:
1029:
986:
526:Plain, which is now partly inundated by
352:197.8 m/s (6,990 cu ft/s)
2223:
2143:
2112:
1891:
1816:
1800:
1705:
1677:
1616:
1610:
1593:
1511:
1505:
1426:StoneApr. 29, Richard (29 April 2021).
1277:
1241:
1217:
1194:
1170:
1158:
1081:
1035:"Mongol Place-Names in Mukri Kurdistan"
969:
494:have been populated since at least the
14:
2540:
2094:
1996:
1763:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1587:
1143:
1102:
641:
550:as well, as "demoniacally possessed".
2277:
2241:
2166:
1974:
1835:
1638:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1545:
1539:
1335:"Sardasht Dam and Powerhouse Project"
1087:
2055:Naval Intelligence Division (1944),
2017:"Settlement Continuity in Kurdistan"
1909:
1805:, Baghdad: Ministry of Agriculture,
1522:
1516:
1385:(in Persian). Farab Energy and Water
863:, south of the Little Zab, yielding
451:
72:
1824:, London: Oxford University Press,
439:
411:
241:3,000 m (9,800 ft)approx.
137:French map showing the Little Zab (
60:
48:
40:
24:
2041:Tell Shimshara. The Hassuna period
25:
2609:
1803:Soils and Soil Conditions in Iraq
114:on the Little Zab created by the
2340:
2059:, Geographical Handbook Series,
1866:Power Technology and Engineering
1501:Mohammadifar & Motarjem 2008
1383:"Hydroelectric Project Activity"
1254:Naval Intelligence Division 1944
1230:Naval Intelligence Division 1944
1076:Naval Intelligence Division 1944
1064:Naval Intelligence Division 1944
1018:Naval Intelligence Division 1944
936:
922:
779:have recently been excavated in
747:at archaeological sites east of
458:) is a river that originates in
423:
322:400 km (250 mi)approx.
100:
2563:Tributaries of the Tigris River
1671:
1419:
1397:
1375:
1353:
1327:
1305:
1271:
2303:
730:Iraqi Kurdistan § History
392:, Qala Chulan, Rubar-i-Basalam
281: • coordinates
13:
1:
957:
952:Tigris–Euphrates river system
767:as evidenced by the finds in
203:Physical characteristics
2573:Geography of Iraqi Kurdistan
2568:International rivers of Asia
2130:10.1126/science.139.3551.179
962:
883:. The last Achaemenid ruler
553:
237: • elevation
7:
1478:Biglari & Shidrang 2006
1115:Isaev & Mikhailova 2009
915:
261: • location
221: • location
141:) and the locations of the
10:
2614:
2242:Zeder, Melinda A. (1999),
1983:, Milton Park: Routledge,
1132:Fink & Ostrizhnov 1983
777:anatomically modern humans
727:
723:
645:
618:can be distinguished. The
358: • maximum
348: • average
2489:
2420:
2349:
2338:
2311:
2057:Iraq and the Persian Gulf
2039:Mortensen, Peder (1970),
1961:10.1134/S0097807809040022
1570:Braidwood & Howe 1960
1558:Braidwood & Howe 1960
1534:Braidwood & Howe 1960
1489:Braidwood & Howe 1960
1466:Braidwood & Howe 1960
1315:(in Persian). Shasa. 2011
855:kingdom, with sites like
505:
383:
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32:
2593:Sulaymaniyah Governorate
2095:Shahin, Mamdouh (2007),
1765:, Leiden: Brill Online,
1728:Near Eastern Archaeology
1363:. SEPASAD Engineering Co
771:in the Great Zab basin.
540:Sulaymaniyah Governorate
2260:10.3406/paleo.1999.4684
2099:, Dordrecht: Springer,
1892:Frenken, Karen (2009),
907:Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
385: • left
1780:; Howe, Bruce (1960),
879:and in 550 BCE to the
808:east of Kirkuk, was a
787:, which straddles the
763:– including groups of
429:
41:Zêy Koya or Zêyê Biçûk
2077:Památky Archeologické
1975:Kliot, Nurit (1994),
728:Further information:
671:archaeological survey
303:35.23806°N 43.43639°E
2204:van de Mieroop, Marc
1801:Buringh, P. (1960),
1778:Braidwood, Robert J.
2558:Rivers of Kurdistan
1910:Hunt, Will (2010),
1662:van de Mieroop 2007
1650:van de Mieroop 2007
1605:Nováček et al. 2008
893:Battle of Gaugamela
889:Alexander the Great
743:carried out by the
642:River modifications
638:being very common.
544:Kirkuk Governorates
500:Middle Palaeolithic
371:Basin features
299: /
27:River in Iran, Iraq
2588:Kurdistan province
2583:Kirkuk Governorate
1878:10.1007/BF01425181
1232:, pp. 195–197
1031:Minorsky, Vladimir
745:Oriental Institute
675:rescue excavations
496:Lower Palaeolithic
308:35.23806; 43.43639
270:Kirkuk Governorate
2578:Erbil Governorate
2535:
2534:
2235:978-2-221-09207-1
2217:978-1-4051-4911-2
2145:Solecki, Ralph S.
2124:(3551): 179–193,
2114:Solecki, Ralph S.
2106:978-1-4020-5414-3
2008:978-0-19-854862-1
1903:978-92-5-106316-3
881:Achaemenid Empire
536:Erbil Governorate
396:
395:
187:Erbil Governorate
16:(Redirected from
2605:
2598:Iran–Iraq border
2344:
2298:
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2155:(1/2): 161–224,
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2011:
1993:
1982:
1971:
1943:
1942:, New Eden Group
1934:
1933:, New Eden Group
1924:
1923:
1921:
1906:
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1734:(3–4): 160–168,
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1572:, pp. 43–44
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1468:, pp. 12–13
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1021:
1015:
1006:
1000:
989:
984:
946:
944:Kurdistan portal
941:
940:
939:
932:
927:
926:
925:
887:was defeated by
826:Citadel of Erbil
761:hunter-gatherers
718:Kurdistan Region
711:
625:Quercus aegilops
542:, and Erbil and
516:Qandil Mountains
492:Zagros Mountains
488:hydroelectricity
472:Kurdistan region
453:
441:
432:
413:
386:
359:
349:
314:
313:
311:
310:
309:
304:
300:
297:
296:
295:
292:
238:
226:Zagros Mountains
222:
135:
104:
74:
62:
50:
42:
30:
29:
21:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2485:
2416:
2345:
2336:
2307:
2302:
2236:
2218:
2194:
2192:
2188:Climate of Iraq
2179:
2107:
2009:
1991:
1949:Water Resources
1919:
1917:
1904:
1872:(10): 519–522,
1786:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1009:
1001:
992:
985:
970:
965:
960:
942:
937:
935:
928:
923:
921:
918:
869:Middle Assyrian
793:Epipalaeolithic
785:Zarzian culture
736:Iraqi Kurdistan
732:
726:
709:
654:
646:Main articles:
644:
556:
508:
486:and generating
416:al-Zāb al-Asfal
384:
357:
347:
307:
305:
301:
298:
293:
290:
288:
286:
285:
282:
262:
236:
220:
177:Iraqi Kurdistan
149:
126:
95:
85:Classical Greek
81:Byzantine Greek
53:al-Zāb al-Asfal
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2553:Rivers of Iraq
2550:
2548:Rivers of Iran
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2239:
2234:
2221:
2216:
2200:
2182:
2177:
2164:
2141:
2110:
2105:
2092:
2068:
2052:
2036:
2012:
2007:
1994:
1989:
1972:
1955:(4): 380–395,
1944:
1935:
1925:
1916:, Heritage Key
1907:
1902:
1889:
1861:
1833:
1814:
1798:
1774:
1759:Bosworth, C.E.
1755:Bosworth, C.E.
1751:
1723:
1703:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1631:
1620:
1609:
1597:
1586:
1582:Mortensen 1970
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1515:
1504:
1493:
1481:
1470:
1458:
1432:Science | AAAS
1418:
1396:
1374:
1352:
1341:on 15 May 2012
1326:
1304:
1292:
1289:Mortensen 1970
1281:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1148:
1136:
1119:
1107:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1022:
1007:
990:
967:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
954:
948:
947:
933:
917:
914:
861:Tell al-Fakhar
837:Ur III dynasty
725:
722:
703:embankment dam
691:embankment dam
683:Tell Bazmusian
679:Tell Shemshara
643:
640:
560:drainage basin
555:
552:
507:
504:
466:just south of
462:and joins the
394:
393:
387:
381:
380:
377:
373:
372:
368:
367:
364:
363:
360:
354:
353:
350:
344:
343:
340:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
324:
323:
320:
316:
315:
283:
280:
277:
276:
263:
260:
257:
256:
253:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
233:
232:
223:
217:
216:
213:
209:
208:
205:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
160:
156:
155:
151:
150:
136:
128:
127:
105:
97:
96:
83:: μικρω Ζβαω,
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2610:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:Little Khabur
2459:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:0-19-506512-3
2174:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1990:0-415-09752-5
1986:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:Edmonds, C.J.
1815:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1664:, p. 300
1663:
1658:
1652:, p. 273
1651:
1646:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1613:
1607:, p. 276
1606:
1601:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1560:, p. 183
1559:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1536:, p. 180
1535:
1530:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1454:
1448:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1406:
1405:"IWPC Tender"
1400:
1384:
1378:
1362:
1356:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1314:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1256:, p. 194
1255:
1250:
1244:, p. 164
1243:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1161:, p. 203
1160:
1155:
1153:
1145:
1140:
1134:, p. 519
1133:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1117:, p. 386
1116:
1111:
1105:, p. 249
1104:
1099:
1097:
1090:, p. 101
1089:
1084:
1078:, p. 101
1077:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1020:, p. 100
1019:
1014:
1012:
1004:
999:
997:
995:
988:
987:Bosworth 2010
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
968:
953:
950:
949:
945:
934:
931:
920:
913:
912:
911:Noue aque fl.
908:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:domestication
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:Shanidar Cave
766:
762:
758:
755:, where Late
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
731:
721:
719:
715:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
659:
653:
649:
639:
637:
636:
631:
627:
626:
621:
617:
613:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:Water erosion
581:
578:
574:
570:
565:
561:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
449:
445:
437:
433:
431:
425:
421:
417:
409:
405:
401:
391:
388:
382:
378:
374:
369:
365:
361:
355:
351:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
284:
278:
275:
271:
267:
264:
258:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
234:
231:
227:
224:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
198:
195:
191:
188:
185:
181:
178:
175:
171:
168:
164:
161:
157:
152:
148:
144:
140:
134:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
103:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
70:
66:
58:
54:
46:
38:
31:
19:
2470:
2254:(2): 11–25,
2251:
2247:
2225:
2207:
2193:, retrieved
2187:
2168:
2152:
2148:
2121:
2117:
2096:
2080:
2076:
2056:
2040:
2024:
2020:
1998:
1978:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1918:, retrieved
1912:
1893:
1869:
1865:
1841:
1837:
1821:
1802:
1782:
1762:
1731:
1727:
1711:
1707:
1686:(1): 74–86,
1683:
1679:
1672:Bibliography
1657:
1645:
1634:
1623:
1617:Villard 2001
1612:
1600:
1594:Al-Soof 1968
1589:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1548:, p. 22
1541:
1529:
1518:
1512:Solecki 1963
1507:
1496:
1491:, p. 61
1484:
1473:
1461:
1435:. Retrieved
1431:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:the original
1329:
1317:. Retrieved
1307:
1302:, p. 17
1295:
1284:
1278:Al-Soof 1970
1273:
1261:
1249:
1242:Solecki 2005
1237:
1225:
1220:, p. 20
1218:Edmonds 1957
1213:
1202:
1197:, p. 43
1195:Buringh 1960
1190:
1178:
1173:, p. 37
1171:Buringh 1960
1166:
1159:Frenken 2009
1146:, p. 87
1139:
1110:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1042:
1038:
1025:
1005:, p. 64
910:
901:
899:successors.
873:Neo-Assyrian
849:clay tablets
841:Shamshi-Adad
830:
765:Neanderthals
733:
707:
699:Sardasht Dam
655:
633:
623:
608:
596:conglomerate
557:
532:
509:
456:Zāba Taḥtāya
455:
444:Zâb-e Kuchak
443:
427:
415:
412:الزاب الاسفل
403:
399:
397:
193:Municipality
138:
120:Suleymaniyah
92:
77:Zāba taḥtāya
76:
65:Zâb-e Kuchak
64:
52:
49:الزاب الاسفل
2422:Tributaries
2083:: 259–302,
1584:, p. 2
1144:Kolars 1994
1103:Shahin 2007
930:Iraq portal
865:clay tablet
753:Barda Balka
741:excavations
376:Tributaries
306: /
93:Zabū šupalū
2542:Categories
2471:Little Zab
2357:Diyarbakır
2333:(1,377 km)
2305:The Tigris
2248:Paléorient
1844:: 83–107,
1714:: 65–104,
1639:Stein 1997
1628:Eidem 1985
1546:Zeder 1999
1088:Kliot 1994
1049:16 October
1045:(1): 58–81
958:References
885:Darius III
773:Mousterian
714:Lake Urmia
528:Lake Dukan
484:irrigation
430:Zêyê Biçûk
400:Little Zab
327:Basin size
294:43°26′11″E
291:35°14′17″N
108:Lake Dukan
87:: Κάπρος,
33:Little Zab
2466:Great Zab
2392:Kadhimiya
2367:Hasankeyf
2312:Countries
2268:1957-701X
2161:1073-6697
2089:0031-0506
2049:562453801
2033:0003-598X
2021:Antiquity
1969:0097-8078
1886:1570-1468
1850:0021-0889
1811:630122693
1771:624382576
1740:1094-2076
1720:0081-9271
1692:0021-0889
1523:Hunt 2010
1447:cite news
1411:2 January
1389:2 January
1367:2 January
1345:2 January
1319:2 January
963:Citations
853:Mitannian
828:as well.
810:Neolithic
757:Acheulean
734:Although
720:in Iraq.
687:Dibis Dam
667:reservoir
658:Dibis Dam
652:Dibis Dam
648:Dukan Dam
620:tree line
604:Shahrazor
600:sandstone
577:limestone
564:Dukan Dam
554:Watershed
548:Great Zab
480:discharge
452:ܙܒܐ ܬܚܬܝܐ
404:Lower Zab
339:Discharge
147:Dibis Dam
143:Dukan Dam
139:Petit Zab
116:Dukan Dam
112:reservoir
73:ܙܒܐ ܬܚܬܝܐ
18:Lower Zab
2321:(523 km)
2206:(2007),
2195:4 August
2138:17772076
1920:4 August
1820:(1957),
1748:25067668
1033:(1957).
916:See also
904:Ortelius
897:Seleucid
662:arch dam
588:foothill
534:between
440:زاب کوچک
424:Zêy Koya
183:District
154:Location
145:and the
106:View of
89:Akkadian
61:زاب کوچک
2522:Samarra
2476:'Adhaim
2397:Baghdad
2387:Samarra
2327:(40 km)
2118:Science
2065:1077604
2027:(317),
1858:4200234
1700:4199840
902:On the
891:at the
835:of the
814:Hassuna
724:History
635:Phlomis
630:malaria
470:in the
436:Persian
420:Kurdish
159:Country
57:Persian
37:Kurdish
2517:Badush
2481:Diyala
2446:Garzan
2442:Batman
2412:Kemune
2407:Al-Kūt
2402:Amarah
2382:Tikrit
2362:Bismil
2350:Cities
2319:Turkey
2266:
2232:
2214:
2191:, NOAA
2175:
2159:
2136:
2103:
2087:
2063:
2047:
2031:
2005:
1987:
1967:
1900:
1884:
1856:
1848:
1830:397502
1828:
1809:
1795:395172
1793:
1769:
1746:
1738:
1718:
1698:
1690:
1437:3 July
833:Shulgi
749:Kirkuk
695:Kirkuk
685:. The
616:biomes
612:Al Zab
598:, and
592:gravel
573:Diyala
569:Adhaim
520:Al Zab
506:Course
490:. The
468:Al Zab
464:Tigris
448:Syriac
408:Arabic
379:
342:
319:Length
266:Tigris
255:
215:
212:Source
173:Region
69:Syriac
45:Arabic
2512:Mosul
2507:Cizre
2502:Ilısu
2497:Dicle
2456:Botan
2452:Savur
2449:Göksu
2438:Hazro
2435:Pamuk
2429:Ambar
2377:Mosul
2372:Cizre
2325:Syria
1854:JSTOR
1787:(PDF)
1744:JSTOR
1708:Sumer
1696:JSTOR
877:Medes
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818:Ubaid
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