Lower Shawneetown - Knowledge

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had made to Lower Shawneetown as an officer with the Baron de Longueuil in 1739: "What have you done, Shawnese, with the sense you had ten years ago when M. de Longueuil passed here?...You showed to him the kindness of your hearts and your sentiments. He even raised a troop of your young men to follow him." The Shawnee leaders refused to acknowledge any French loyalty, however. According to William Trent, Céloron was informed that the French "must not lay on the East of the River because they intended this side for their Brethren, the English, & they must lay on the West side because they kept that country for themselves, but told them they must lay on the sand where the waters cover when it's high and if they wanted wood, to have...the drift wood...& not cut the smallest stick of green wood, if they did, they would kill them, every one."

928: 1442: 1580: 657:...Long rectangular buildings with rounded corners constructed of frameworks of wooden posts set singly into the ground and covered with either thatch, bark, mats or skins. Trade blankets or skins provided "doors" at the ends of the houses. Interior partitions broke up the space within each house, and hearths were located in the center of earthen floors. Pits for storage lined the walls; trash was disposed in outdoor pits or on the ground in heaps behind the house. Bundles of dried food hung from the rafters. However, Europeans described some buildings as huts, cabins or houses--structures with squared logs and covered with bark or clapboard. A few even had chimneys. 956:

town. There, as Joncaire was explaining the purpose of Céloron's expedition, an Indian interrupted him, "saying that the French deceived them and that they came only to destroy them and their families." A number of warriors then "rushed to arms, saying that these Frenchmen should be killed" and Céloron and the others waiting upriver in the canoes should be ambushed. Fortunately, "an Iroquois chief averted the storm." With his help, Joncaire was released to return under guard to the canoes waiting upstream with Céloron and the rest of the expedition. The others who had accompanied Joncaire were held hostage by the Shawnees.

42: 3945: 65: 3839: 58: 1331:) and Lt. Portneuf was sent on ahead with nine men to see if Marin's troops were further upriver. Portneuf traveled for a week before reaching Lower Shawneetown. He observed English traders living in the town, as well as a few deserters from the French army, "some of whom had taken wives there." Portneuf was invited to a conference with a Shawnee chief, who "advised him to leave, adding that their young men were beginning to lose their minds and wanted to kill him." Portneuf and his men left that night and returned to Fort de Chartres. 99: 1174: 3850: 1243:, a large Native American village that was attacked by French and Ottawa forces and destroyed. Trent's storehouse there had been plundered. He traveled to Lower Shawneetown, where he met on 3 July in the council-house with Thomas Burney and Andrew McBryer, two English traders who had escaped during the fighting, who gave Trent a full account of the raid. On 4 August 1752, Trent met with a group of survivors from Pickawillany, including the wife and son of 1044: 1471: 1335: 1096:), who had sent Me out to invite them to come and see Him, & partake of their Father's Present next Summer." Big Hannaona responded with a warm speech which concluded: "We hope that the Friendship now subsisting between us & our Brothers will last as long as the Sun Shines or the Moon gives light." The journal terminates with a detailed description of a wedding festival Gist witnessed during his 12-day stay in Lower Shawneetown. 1541:"Williamsburg, June 11 -- Capt. Stalnacker, who was taken Prisoner by the Shawnese, the 18th of June last, on Holston's River, and has been at the Shawnese Town, and Ouabach Fort ever since, till the tenth of last Month, when he made his Escape from them, is come to this Town, and informs us, that on the evening before he made his escape (9 May 1756), 1,000 Indians and six French officers came to the Shawnese Town, destined for 1070: 1354:...We hear that there is a large body of French at the Falls of the Ohio... abundance of Provisions and Powder and Lead with them...coming up the river to meet the Army from Canada coming down. He says a Canoe with Ten French Men in her came up to the Lower Shawonese Town with him, but on some of the English Traders threatening to take them, they set back that night without telling their business. 1088:). Croghan made a speech in which he informed the chiefs that "the French offered a large sum of Money to any person who would bring them the said Croghan and Andrew Montour the Interpreter alive, or if dead their scalps." This was apparently a further attempt by the French to drive out the English traders, and Croghan evidently felt safe enough in the community to reveal that there was a 894:" for fear the British would recruit Shawnee warriors "to stir up the nations and cause them to undertake expeditions against the French." He added: "If you succeed in inducing the to leave, it will be weakened to such an extent that it need no longer be feared." He also suggested that British traders be expelled from Shawnee communities to discourage trade with the British. 1377:, persuaded the residents of Lower Shawneetown and several other communities that the balance of power was about to change, and they expelled the English traders in 1754, as much for their safety as to indicate that they were showing no favor towards the English. George Croghan reported that he had lost his storehouses and their contents at Pine Creek, Logstown, 646:, among which there were 19 children and adolescents and four adults. Including its 300 warriors, the town may have had a total population of between 1,200 and 1,500. In 1753, after a flood destroyed part of the town which had been on the Scioto River's west bank, some residents relocated to the east bank, and others moved to the Kentucky side of the Ohio River. 804:'s letter. After this took the flag and planted it in front of one of the big chiefs of the village, saying to them: "This is what sends you, to continue to the bidding of the general." They all took up arms, saying...they would have nothing to do with it... it was only to make slaves of them...but told them that he would not listen to them. 710:, and Clover, and abounds with Turkeys, Deer, Elks, and most Sorts of Game, particularly Buffaloes, thirty or forty of which are frequently seen feeding in one Meadow...a most delightful Country. The Ohio and all the large Branches are said to be full of fine Fish of several Kinds, particularly a Sort of 1503:

were taken from her and adopted by Shawnee families. Mary's sister-in-law Bettie was given to a widowed Cherokee chief. French traders were living in the town at that time, selling cloth, and Mary demonstrated her skill in sewing shirts, for which she was paid "in goods." Mary was eventually taken to

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On the Ohio, just below the mouth of the Scioto, on a high bank, near forty feet, formerly stood the Shawnesse Town called the Lower Town, which was all carried away, except three or four houses, by a great flood in the Scioto. I was in the town at the time. Though the banks of the Ohio were so high,

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Archeological evidence shows that, by the 1750s, trade had transformed the lives of the residents of the town. Traders brought guns, metal tools, knives, saddles, hatchets, glass and ceramic beads, strouds (a kind of coarse blanket), ruffled and plain shirts, coats, clay tobacco pipes, brass and iron

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My instructions enjoin me to summon the English traders in Sinhioto and instruct them to withdraw on pain of what might ensue, and even to pillage the English should their response be antagonistic, but I am not strong enough and as these traders are well-established in a village and well-supported by

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On 25 August Céloron summoned the five Pennsylvania traders who were then living in the town and ordered them to leave, stating that "they had no right to trade or aught else on the River." Céloron considered confiscating their goods, but as he was confronted by a large and well-armed Shawnee force,

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Céloron negotiated with the leaders of the town for two days but he was unable to persuade them to abandon their loyalty to the English, as "the cheap merchandise which the English furnished was very seducing motive for them to remain attached to the latter." At one point he referred to the visit he

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estimated that the entire town had about 60 cabins, but by 1751, the town consisted of 40 houses on the Kentucky side located along bluffs above the floodplain, and 100 houses on the Ohio side atop a forty-foot river bank lined with sycamores and willows. In the town center on the Ohio side there was

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Lower Shawneetown's diversity prevented it from operating as a political entity, however. Independent factions, themselves often divided, responded individually to events, to the frustration of European envoys. Community leaders were rarely able to unify a majority in backing policy decisions, which

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When their Warriors arrive within half a Mile of their Towns, it is their custom to whip those who have been so unfortunate as to fall into their Hands, all the Remainder of the Way till they get to the Town, and that it was in this Manner our poor unhappy Neighbors from Virginia had been treated by

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and garments manufactured from animal skins. Large cast-iron pots began to replace ceramic vessels in the preparation of salt or maple sugar. Strings of glass beads, metal pendants, silver earrings and brooches of European manufacture were buried with the dead. European trade goods found at the site

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The same French trader witnessed Chartier's Shawnees performing a two-day "Death Feast," a ceremony conducted before abandoning a village. After staying in Lower Shawneetown for a few weeks, they left the town on 24 June and proceeded down the Ohio River, then in August headed south into Kentucky to

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Residents of the town used Raven Rock, a 500-foot-high sandstone rock formation on the Ohio side, as a lookout point to observe traffic on the Ohio River. Located about 5.5 miles southwest of the town center, the rock allowed lookouts to survey a 14-mile stretch of the river upstream and downstream.

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You know that the French have invaded our Country on all Sides; Why do you sit so still? Will you be Slaves to the French, and suffer them to be Masters of all the Land and all the Game? Rise up, take the Hatchet, and follow our Example. We kill'd not long ago, Fifty Frenchmen, all Warriors, in one

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Set off at seven o'clock, in company with six Delawares, and that night arrived at Logs Town, which we found deserted by its late inhabitants. On inquiring the reason of their speedy flight, the Delawares informed me the Lower Shanoes had removed off the River up Sihotta , to a great plain called

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have desir'd us to sit still, and not mind the French; and that we must keep our Ears and Eyes towards the Six United Nations; and so do our Grandfathers the Delawares. We desire you would spare us and leave our Town before the French hear of you, and come and kill you here, and plunge us into the

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and the newly built storehouse at Lower Shawneetown that he shared with William Trent and Robert Callender: "One large House on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the River Scioto, where the Shawanese had built their new Town, called the Lower Shawanese Town, which House we learn by the Indians is

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chief who had been killed in the raid, and presented them with gifts. He engaged in talks with village elders in an attempt to strengthen the alliance between the Shawnees and the British government. He later visited the ruined town to recover what remained of his furs, bringing back what survived

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materials recovered from the site were not analyzed until the 1960s. Sites on both sides of the Ohio River were excavated again between 1984 and 1987 and all have produced Late Fort Ancient Montour Phase (1550 to 1750) artifacts, including mid-18th century Euro-American trade goods and human and

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to the present day. The first mural shows how the Hopewell mounds near Portsmouth might have appeared soon after their construction. The second mural depicts Lower Shawneetown as it might have appeared on a winter day in 1730. The third mural shows Pierre-Joseph Céloron de Blainville meeting with

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attracted local hunters to bring skins and furs to the town, meaning that a post in Lower Shawneetown could do profitable business with dozens of villages without requiring the traders themselves to travel, as they had done previously. The town's location on the Ohio River allowed traders to send

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Tuesday 29 - Set out...to the Mouth of Sciodoe Creek opposite to the Shannoah Town, here we fired our Guns to alarm the Traders, who soon answered, and came and ferryed Us over to the Town — The Land about the Mouth of Sciodoe Creek is rich but broken fine Bottoms upon the River & Creek. The

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burying lead plates at six locations where major tributaries entered the Ohio. The plates were inscribed to claim the area for France. Céloron also sought out British traders and warned them to leave this territory which belonged to France. Céloron approached the town of "St. Yotoc" on 21 August,

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As Joncaire's delegation approached the town by canoe, warriors manning the stockade fired three shots at them, all of which struck the French flag they were carrying. Joncaire boldly continued, and when the delegation landed, the Shawnees conducted them to the council house in the center of the

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as "Indian republics," multiethnic and autonomous, made up of a variety of smaller disparate social groups: village fragments, extended families, or individuals, often survivors of epidemics and refugees from conflicts with other Native Americans or with Europeans. According to historian Richard

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The situation of the village of the Chaouanons is quite pleasant, at least, it is not masked by the mountains, like the other villages through which we had passed. The Sinhioto River, which bounds it on the west, has given it its name. It is composed of about sixty cabins. The Englishmen there

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Shawnee to leave Pennsylvania with him and migrate south, taking refuge in Lower Shawneetown. In May, an anonymous French trader visiting Lower Shawneetown brought a letter from the French government in Quebec, and a French flag, and watched as Chartier attempted unsuccessfully to persuade the

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The Shawnee name of the town is unknown, but evidence suggests that it may have been "Chillicothe," a Shawnee word meaning "principal place" and typically applied to villages of the Chalahgawtha division of the Shawnees, who dominated the town. On English maps the town was labeled "the Lower

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the water was nine feet on the top, which obliged the whole Town to take to their canoes, and move with their effects to the hills. The Shawnesse afterwards built their Town on the opposite side of the River, which, during the , they abandoned...and removed to the Plains of the Scioto.

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visited the town three times. In 1749 Croghan built a trading post in Lower Shawneetown (probably outside the town near the main overland trail or the Ohio River bank where traders could beach their canoes), operating in conjunction with his trading posts already established at

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In his description of the meeting between Céloron and the English traders, Bonnecamps says, "The Englishmen...were ordered to withdraw, and promised to do so," although he adds elsewhere, "firmly resolved, doubtless, to do nothing of the kind, as soon as our backs were turned."

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Shortly after 1753 the village...was destroyed by a flood. The town was then built up on the south side of the Ohio. George Croghan, William Trent and other Indian traders had trading houses at this place. Croghan's large store...was destroyed by the French and Indians in

1675:' 1778 map of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and North Carolina shows both the relocated "Lower Shawanoe T." on the upper Scioto (upper right quadrant of map), as well as the "Old Shawanoe T." at the mouth of the Scioto on the Ohio River (to the right of map's center). 939:

On that morning, several of Céloron's Native American guides warned him that the town's inhabitants might be preparing to ambush Céloron's force, in the mistaken belief that the French were coming to attack the town. Céloron decided to send a delegation ahead, made up of

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l'Affaire de la Louisiane: un déni de justice sous le règne de Louis XV: essai de réhabilitation de Louis Billouart de Kervaségan, chevalier de Kerlérec, gentilhomme breton, capitaine des vaisseaux du roy, brigadier des armées du roy, dernier gouverneur français de la

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in their fight against the French. Even after the expulsion of the English traders, Lower Shawneetown's chiefs remained stubbornly neutral. In October, 1754, Twightwee leaders visited Lower Shawneetown demanding that Shawnee chiefs support them against the French:

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of 16 February 1756, describing Mary's capture and escape, mentions that while in Lower Shawneetown she saw "a considerable Number of English Prisoners, who have been taken Captives from the Frontiers of Virginia." The same newspaper article states that she saw

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He instead invited them to visit his encampment to hear an announcement. The next day, a canoe bearing a white flag approached Céloron's camp, and Shawnee and Iroquois leaders from Lower Shawneetown met with Céloron. They apologized for their "great mistake" .

1104: 878:...Established at Sonontio, where it forms a sort of republic with a fairly large number of bad characters of various nations who have retired thither...In fact, there is reason to fear that the bad example of the savages...will lead them to do something evil. 701:

All the Way from the Shannoah Town...is fine, rich, level, Land, well timbered with large Walnut, Ash, Sugar Trees, Cherry Trees, &c; it is well watered with a great Number of little Streams or Rivulets, and full of beautiful natural Meadows, covered with

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Extensive archaeological work has provided a clear picture of the town's appearance and activities, particularly the nature of trade, social organization, agriculture, and relationships with other Native American communities. Well-known British traders

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Shawonese Town," "the lower Shawanees town," "Lower Shanna Town," "the Shannoah town," or "Shawnoah." The French called it "Saint Yotoc" (which may be a corruption of Scioto), "Sinhioto," "Sononito," "Sonnioto," "Scioto," "Sonyoto," and "Cenioteaux."

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Lower Shawneetown's size and connections to neighboring communities allowed traders to establish storehouses for incoming and outgoing goods, managed by European men who lived in the town year-round and sometimes married Native American women. These

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The French had focused much attention on Canada, allowing English traders to establish themselves in the Ohio Valley, but in the late 1740s they took notice of Lower Shawneetown's size and commercial dependence on British trade. In February, 1748,

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in July, 1755, along with her two sons, her sister-in-law Bettie Robertson Draper, and her neighbor Henry Lenard (or Leonard), all of whom were taken to Lower Shawneetown. Upon arrival at the town, the prisoners were made to undergo the ritual of

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Céloron selected a guard of fifty reliable soldiers and went to the riverbank opposite the town. As he approached, the Shawnees saluted him by firing their guns into the air. The town's chiefs and elders crossed the river and came with flags and

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Established in the mid-1730s at the confluence of the Scioto and Ohio Rivers, Lower Shawneetown was one of the earliest known Shawnee settlements on the Ohio River. The first reference to the town is found in a letter of 27 July 1734, written by

492:, and the opportunity to trade for furs and to broker political alliances attracted both British and French traders. Within a few years of its establishment, the town became a key center in dealings between Native American tribes and Europeans. 641:

and a large open area or plaza for public events. Houses were clustered together according to kinship, interspersed with gardens, trash heaps and family burial plots. The remains of 23 individuals have been recovered from 16 graves at the

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Céloron's expedition was intended to impress the inhabitants of the Ohio River Valley with the capability of the French to maintain control over the region, but it met with defiance and resulted in a weakening of the French position.

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and the Ohio Valley tributaries in 1750–1751 and 1753, following the trail of Céloron through the Ohio country, visiting the same Indian towns the French expedition had visited and meeting with chiefs. In 1751 Gist, Indian trader

3728: 964:. They had cut the grass to prepare a meeting place and everyone sat together. The men taken hostage with Joncaire were brought forward and handed over. The Shawnees invited Céloron to enter the town and address them in their 4528: 1061:

Shannoah Town is situate upon both Sides the River Ohio, just below the Mouth of Sciodoe Creek, and contains about 300 Men, there are about 40 Houses on the S Side of the River and about 100 on the N Side, with a Kind of

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when he was taken prisoner by a party of Wyandots in April, 1758. They were held for a few days in Lower Shawneetown before being taken to another town. In 1759 they escaped and walked for 23 days to reach Pittsburgh.

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Pennsylvania Archives, 1st Series: Selected and Arranged from Original Documents in the Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, Conformably to Acts of the General Assembly, February 15, 1851, and March 1,

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Pennsylvania Archives: 1st Series: Selected and Arranged from Original Documents in the Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, Conformably to Acts of the General Assembly, February 15, 1851, and March 1,

1619:, and sent for those that lived here to come there and live with them, and quit the French, and at the same time the deputies of the Six Nations, which I had sent from Easton, came and hastened their departure. 348:. The size and diversity of the town's population attracted both French and British traders, leading to political competition between France and Britain to influence the community in the years preceding the 3733: 1194:. Town residents wore European-style glass beads, silver earrings, armbands, and brooches, rather than traditional Native American beads and pendants made from shell, animal teeth, or animal bone. Cloth 1650:

In 1758, the first year of Mary Jemison's going there, the Shawnees moved their town (the Lower Shawnee Town) from the mouth of the Scioto to the upper plains of the Scioto, sending for the Shawnees of

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to make salt by boiling brine. She and another captive escaped in mid-October, 1755, and walked several hundred miles to return home. One source states that Mary's neighbor Henry Leonard also escaped.

4543: 948:(who was raised in a Seneca community), to announce that the French were not intending to attack them. Hearing that a French military force was approaching, the inhabitants had hastily erected a 883: 1683:

because of their political autonomy and the new opportunities they created for different tribes as well as for the interaction of Native Americans with Europeans. Trade with other tribes led to

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and a group of Cherokee warriors had marched up the Big Sandy River, intending to attack Lower Shawneetown. Harsh weather and lack of food forced them to turn back before they reached the town.

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of Shawnee and French-Canadian parentage, opposed the sale of alcohol in Native American communities and threatened to destroy any shipments of rum that he found, defying Pennsylvania governor

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established a storehouse in Lower Shawneetown in the mid-1730s, and the Shawnees kept it secure in order to encourage further trade with the British. Between 1748 and 1751 the British traders

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I was aware of the weakness of my detachment; two-thirds were recruits who had never made an attack... being much displeased, it would have been a great imprudence to go to their village.

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warriors "are gathering together on this side Lake Erie...in order to cutt off the Shawonese at the Lower Shawonese Town. The French and Ottaways offered the hatchet to the

3657: 3647: 3642: 3622: 2432:, ACLS Humanities E-Book; Native American historic demography series; Newberry Library. Center for the History of the American Indian, University of Tennessee Press, 1983. 1080:

The day after they arrived, Gist, Croghan, Callender and Montour met in the council house with the town's elders and a chief whom Gist identifies as Big Hannaona (probably

4221: 3886: 3738: 3572: 3487: 1545:, to wait there some time to see whether any attempt would be made upon it, and if not, to disperse themselves, and fall upon the Frontiers of Virginia and Pennsylvania." 3607: 3602: 3477: 3697: 3662: 3567: 3542: 1631:, spent the winter at the mouth of the Scioto River in 1758–1759, Lower Shawneetown had been abandoned and relocated further up the Scioto River. This new village was 3929: 3682: 3632: 3612: 3587: 3577: 3562: 3552: 3537: 3517: 3492: 3482: 3472: 3072: 2597: 3919: 3702: 3677: 3582: 3522: 3502: 3497: 3467: 3457: 17: 3637: 3592: 3532: 3507: 3462: 2296:

Instances of Prehistoric and Historic Archaeology in the Mountainous Areas of the Eastern United States: Papers from Upland Archaeology in the East Symposium XI,

392:, describing an English trader's warehouse in "the home of the Shawnees on the Ohio River." Historian Charles A. Hanna proposes that the town was established by 447:

Map by historian Charles A. Hanna showing "Shannoah T." on the "Hohio," lower left of map's center. Taken from a trader's map of the Ohio Country, dated 1750-52

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Lower Shawneetown was abandoned in 1758 to avoid colonial American raids during the French and Indian War, and was relocated further up the Scioto River to the

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who form part of it; and that, as the English almost entirely supply their needs, it is to be feared that they may succeed in seducing them...I am writing to

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Colonial records of Pennsylvania: Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania from the organization to the termination of the proprietary government,

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Early Western Travels, 1748-1846: Journals of Conrad Weiser (1748), George Croghan (1750-1765), Christian Frederick Post (1758), and Thomas Morris (1764).

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1764 map showing the site of the relocated "Lower Shawneese Town" on the upper Scioto (spelled Sioto here), seen just below the center of the page, where

3435: 3420: 2519: 412:, when a Virginia trader there was killed following an altercation over some liquor, "which he was tying up, in order to send to the Lower Shawna Town." 839: 352:. The town remained politically neutral in spite of frequent visits by French, British and Native American leaders. Several English captives, including 3375: 3451: 1789:

The Kentucky portion of the site was initially discovered in the 1920s during road construction. It was investigated at that time by a team from the

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Moses Moore and Isham Bernat were captured in Virginia and taken to Lower Shawneetown in early 1758. Bernat was living at his plantation near the

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According to her son John, Mary was not required to do this. Mary stayed in the town for about three weeks, during which time her sons George and

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Christopher Gist's Journals: With Historical, Geographical and Ethnological Notes and Biographies of His Contemporaries by William M. Darlington.

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Lower Shawneetown was downstream from the much smaller Upper Shawneetown, established about 1751 at the confluence of the Ohio River and the

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British traders relocated with the rest of the town's population, intending to maintain their profitable businesses. In the 1918 edition of

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The portion of Lower Shawneetown east of the Scioto was destroyed by floods in 1753. George Croghan described the event in a journal entry:

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in order to identify lands for potential settlement, and to undo any French influence lingering after Céloron's expedition. He surveyed the

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Between about 1734 and 1758 Lower Shawneetown became a center for commerce and diplomacy, "a sort of republic" populated mainly by Shawnee,

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in 1985. The site was listed for its information potential and includes the Lower Shawneetown village site, human burials, and five more

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translated by Marc de Villiers du Terrage, Carl A. Brasseaux; University of Southwestern Louisiana. Center for Louisiana Studies, 1982

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in Illinois, escorted by one hundred infantry under the command of Captain Demazilière and Lieutenant Portneuf. They reached the

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A. Gwynn Henderson argues that multiethnic "supervillages" such as Lower Shawneetown might be considered early Native American

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because the Shawnees were, in George Croghan's words, in "fear of the Virginians." This was possibly a reference to the failed

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Chronicles of the Scotch-Irish Settlement in Virginia: Extracted from the Original Court Records of Augusta County, 1745-1800,

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depicting the history of Portsmouth, Ohio, on the floodwall, built in 1937 to protect the city from periodic floods after the

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on his head. He then promised "a large Present of Goods...which was under the Care of the Governor of Virginia (at that time,

903: 826: 768: 309:, a Madisonville Horizon settlement inhabited between 1400 CE and 1625 CE. Nearby, to the east, there are also four groups of 4553: 4320: 4216: 2084: 457: 57: 4455: 4450: 3391: 2257: 1752: 302: 232: 3079: 383:, showing "Village Chouanon" on the Ohio ("Oyo") River, probably the first representation of Lower Shawneetown on any map. 4475: 4330: 4154: 1227:, tinkling cones, a button, a brass pendant, an earring, cutlery, kettle ears, a key, nails, chisels, hooks, a buckle, a 945: 1441: 4315: 4144: 3895: 3806: 1695:

prevented Europeans from establishing firm diplomatic relations with Lower Shawneetown as they did (to some extent) at

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Pressure from the growing European populations on the east coast of North America and in southern Canada had caused

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over the mountains, transferred into wagons for a fourteen-day journey to Philadelphia and then shipped to London.

1076:, surveyor who visited Lower Shawneetown in 1751. Engraving from ‘’Emerson's Magazine and Putnam's Monthly,’’ 1857. 743:

from July, 1739. A French military expedition made up of 123 French soldiers and 319 Native American warriors from

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where a Lenape Indian they met informed them that the town consisted of "about 80 cabins there, and perhaps 100."

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that were ideal for growing corn, beans, squash, gourds, tobacco, and sunflowers. The remains of charred Northern

4563: 4398: 4343: 4305: 4285: 3965: 3189:

Vol. III, Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Commonwealth. J. Severns, 1853 United States: n.p., 1853.

1860: 2453:"A Preliminary Report on the Contact Period Occupation at Lower Shawneetown (15GP15), Greenup County, Kentucky." 4460: 4388: 4378: 4363: 4290: 4131: 2760: 2738: 2546: 2437: 2362: 2337: 2207: 1991: 887: 548:... French and British-allied traders regarded Lower Shawneetown as one of two capitals of the Shawnee tribe." 1177:

18-century woodcut showing Native Americans with European trade goods that they received in exchange for furs.

649:

According to A. Gwynn Henderson, eighteenth-century homes in this community would have resembled those of the

4393: 4368: 4348: 4295: 3242: 2584: 1780: 1727:

Native American residents of Lower Shawneetown and a few British traders during his visit on 25 August 1749.

1108:

1755 map showing "Lor. Shawnee T." at the junction of the Scioto and Ohio rivers, lower left of map's center.

424: 2652: 906:, leading a force of eight officers, six cadets, an armorer, 20 soldiers, 180 Canadians, 30 Iroquois and 25 4373: 4353: 4310: 4300: 4260: 2713:

Doug MacGregor, "The Shot Not Heard Around the World: Trent's Fort and the Opening of the War for Empire."

1579: 1369:

This threat, plus the presence of French troops in the Ohio Valley as well as French military victories at

2455:

Paper presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of the Central States Anthropological Society on April 9, 1982.

340:. By 1755, its population exceeded 1,200, making it one of the largest Native American communities in the 4418: 4358: 4107: 4051: 3924: 2602:

translated by Donald H. Kent, Sylvester Stevens, ed., 1953. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission

1482: 830: 810: 633: 515:

1753 map of Ohio, by John Patten, showing "Shaonua" on the "Siotha River" in the lower right hand corner.

3202:(1974). "An Ethnohistorical Report on the Indian Use and Occupancy of Royce Area 11, Ohio and Indiana". 2057:

The Wilderness Trail: Or, The Ventures and Adventures of the Pennsylvania Traders on the Allegheny Path,

4383: 3811: 3790: 3206:. By Wheeler-Voegelin, Erminie; Tanner, Helen Hornbeck. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 378–80. 2117:

The Wilderness Trail: Or, The Ventures and Adventures of the Pennsylvania Traders on the Allegheny Path

1918: 1744: 1455: 1048: 523:

characterizes Lower Shawneetown and other growing Native American settlements in the region, including

286: 84: 2802: 2409: 3972: 3322:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Lower Shawneetown Archeological District" 788: 520: 1529:

in Virginia on 18 June 1755. Stalnaker escaped on 10 May 1756, and traveled to Williamsburg to warn

682:, nut-bearing trees, freshwater springs and some with brine. Wildlife included bear, deer, elk, and 41: 4518: 4046: 3199: 3121:

The official records of Robert Dinwiddie, Lieutenant-governor of the Colony of Virginia, 1751-1758,

2115: 1736: 1719: 1567: 1374: 990:

the Indians, the attempt would have failed and put the French to shame. I have therefore withdrawn.

952:. Joncaire described it as a "stone fort, strongly built and in good condition for their defense." 290: 114: 88: 3073:"James Duvall, "Mary Ingles and the Escape from Big Bone Lick," Boone County Public Library, 2009" 2003: 867: 726:

1754 map of British plantations in North America, showing "Shannoah or Lower Shanaws" on the Ohio.

560: 329:

maintained trading posts in the town with large warehouses to store furs, skins, and other goods.

4465: 4061: 3993: 2817: 2692: 1776: 1304: 890:, to send envoys to persuade the Shawnee population of the town to relocate "either to Canada or 2585:"The Hike To Raven Rock Nature Preserve In Ohio Is So Special, It Requires A Permit To Conquer," 3425: 3331: 2134:"Mischiefs So Close to Each Other": External Relations of the Ohio Valley Shawnees, 1730-1775." 2009:

edited by Daniel S. Murphree, Volume 1, pages 393-440; Greenwood Press, Santa Barbara, CA. 2012

1827: 1790: 1783: 1740: 1655:

to join them there and possibly also for the Shawnees of the Shawnee Town at the mouth of the

1600: 1555: 1339: 1182:

pots, and rum to trade for the furs and skins of deer, elk, bison, bear, beaver, raccoon, fox,

1052: 891: 380: 294: 3119: 3004: 1715: 932: 674:

have been documented archaeologically. The area around the town contained abundant resources:

4470: 4149: 4056: 3430: 3410: 3325: 3321: 2240:

An Ethnohistorical Report on the Indian Use and Occupancy of Royce Area 11, Ohio and Indiana,

2195: 1772: 1596: 592: 588: 349: 314: 3360: 4428: 4423: 4139: 3934: 3027:

The Narrative of Col. John Ingles Relating to Mary Ingles and the Escape from Big Bone Lick

2982: 2862: 2733:, Vol. 71 of McGill-Queen's Native and Northern Series; McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, 2013. 1817: 1684: 1525:(1715–1769), who had been captured during a raid on his homestead on the north fork of the 1487: 1421: 1395: 1328: 1296: 1240: 1224: 1220: 1158: 851: 801: 736: 536: 481: 401: 910:, moved down the Ohio River on a flotilla of 23 large boats and birch-bark canoes, on his 653:

inhabitants (a Native American culture that occupied the region from about 1000-1750 CE):

8: 3170:

Captain Samuel Stalnaker, Colonial Soldier and Early Pioneer and Some of His Descendants,

2730:

Setting All the Captives Free: Capture, Adjustment, and Recollection in Allegheny Country

2430:

Their Number Become Thinned: Native American Population Dynamics in Eastern North America

2410:"Relation du voyage de la Belle Rivière faite en 1749, sous les ordres de M. de Céloron," 1764: 1378: 1130: 298: 118: 3284: 3271: 3258: 3134: 3034: 2474: 855: 4433: 4226: 3343: 2354:

The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815

1879:

Sharp, William E. (1996). "Chapter 6: Fort Ancient Farmers". In Lewis, R. Barry (ed.).

1768: 1756: 1723: 1478: 1370: 1037: 740: 353: 310: 2684: 2357:

Cambridge studies in North American Indian history, Cambridge University Press, 1991.

2327: 1303:(in what is now eastern Canada) to the south shore of Lake Erie, under the command of 250: 4280: 4164: 3944: 3914: 3864: 3207: 2917: 2756: 2734: 2636:"Anonymous Diary of a Trip from Detroit to the Ohio River, May 22 - August 24, 1745," 2542: 2433: 2358: 2333: 2203: 2080: 2033: 2025: 1987: 1884: 1636: 1584: 1308: 764: 612: 608: 461: 404:

chiefs. The first reference to the Lower Shawneetown by that name was in a letter by

397: 2196:"The Lower Shawnee Town on Ohio: Sustaining Native Autonomy in an Indian "Republic." 1722:. Between 1992 and 2003 Dafford created 65 paintings covering Ohio history from the 1065:

of about 90 Feet long, with a light Cover of Bark in which they hold their Councils.

4438: 4112: 3824:

University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places

3297: 2717:

Summer 2007, Vol. 74, No. 3, State College: Penn State University Press pp. 354-373

2621:

Vol. 1, No. 1. January, 1918. Pittsburg: Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania

2495:"Dispelling the Myth: Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Indian Life in Kentucky," 1688: 1530: 1522: 1435: 1320: 1093: 1085: 1073: 1012: 871: 694: 675: 357: 92: 2947: 2055: 4117: 3183: 3167: 3149: 3104: 2932: 2898: 2877: 2847: 2786: 2750: 2728: 2615: 2536: 2425: 2387: 2352: 2146: 2019: 1981: 1957: 1672: 1616: 1592: 1459: 1398:

and subsequent attacks, the leaders of Lower Shawneetown had refused to join the

1191: 1089: 580: 469: 364: 4087: 4077: 4008: 2133: 1711: 1408:

Day. Five other Nations have join'd us; and if you, and your Grandfathers, the

1363: 1134: 1121: 1117: 1033: 1029: 780: 703: 667: 600: 473: 326: 2558: 1040:, visited Lower Shawneetown. Gist's journal entry from January, 1751, states: 4512: 4082: 4023: 3909: 3013:

transcribed by James Duvall, Boone County Public Library, Burlington, KY 2008

2276: 1656: 1628: 1542: 1526: 1505: 1500: 1399: 1316: 1312: 1244: 1239:

On 29 June 1752, William Trent had just left Logstown when he learned of the

1228: 1142: 1113: 1024: 707: 552: 420: 405: 322: 145: 132: 104: 4529:

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky

2642:

English translation of documents in the Quebec Seminary by Donald Kent, 1952

2640:

PAPIERS CONTRECOEUR Le Conflit Angelo - Francias Sur L' Ohio De 1745 a 1756.

1462:

traders and after two more years in Canada, managed to return home in 1751.

1382:

now in the possession of a French Trader." Croghan's cornfields, canoes and

1350:

man reported a slightly different version of this event to George Croghan:

4275: 4013: 4003: 3998: 1812: 1794: 1760: 1632: 1624: 1008: 650: 643: 528: 500: 477: 345: 341: 306: 3011:

Early Documents Relating to Mary Ingles and the Escape from Big Bone Lick,

2804:

Journal of Captain William Trent from Logstown to Pickawillany, A.D. 1752,

1458:

and lived in Lower Shawneetown for five years. She was eventually sold to

551:

Although mainly a Shawnee village, the population included contingents of

285:

village located within the Lower Shawneetown Archeological District, near

2004:"A Native History of Kentucky: Selections from Chapter 17: Kentucky," in 1680: 1386:

were also confiscated and turned over to French traders by the Shawnees.

1173: 748: 393: 4574:

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio

2712: 2494: 2476:

A Narrative of the Life of Mary Jemison: The White Woman of the Genesee,

1208: 1198:, wool blankets, linen skirts and shirts and leather shoes supplemented 4018: 3988: 3136:

History of Southwest Virginia, 1746-1786, Washington County, 1777-1870,

2136:

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625770, May 1992

1470: 1300: 1248: 1212: 1081: 1043: 1020: 961: 760: 679: 671: 616: 545: 496: 1438:

settlements are known to have lived in or visited Lower Shawneetown.

1334: 3819:

List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places

3308: 3109:

Volume 2. Augusta County, VA: The Commonwealth Printing Company, 2010

2587:

Posted in Ohio Hiking, Nature, onlyinyourstate.com; November 11, 2021

2298:

Clarence R. Geir, Compiler, pp. 49-63. James Madison University, 2012

1347: 1199: 1195: 1157:

On 6 August 1749, Céloron de Blainville met six English traders near

1151: 1016: 941: 931:

Conference between French and Native American leaders around 1750 by

752: 584: 485: 1454:

Catherine Gougar (1732–1801) was kidnapped in 1744 from her home in

4270: 3232:

chapter 2. Huntington: Standard Printing & Publishing Co., 1906

3229:

A History of Middle New River Settlements And Contiguous Territory,

3166:"Captain Samuel Stalnaker, Colonial Soldier and Early Pioneer," in 1822: 1807: 1696: 1652: 1147: 1069: 949: 620: 576: 541: 532: 524: 489: 480:

communities within a few days' journey. The town also lay near the

465: 409: 333: 1983:

Worlds the Shawnees Made: Migration and Violence in Early America,

1533:

of impending attacks on Virginia settlements. On 1 July 1756, the

1137:. He may have spent the winter of 1752–1753 in Lower Shawneetown. 918:

Father Bonnecamps, the geographer of Céloron's expedition, wrote:

796:

leaders of Lower Shawneetown to form an alliance with the French:

784: 2332:, The Penguin library of American Indian history; Penguin, 2007. 1610:

In his journal under the date 28 November 1758, Croghan writes:

1187: 1183: 907: 756: 711: 572: 568: 282: 186: 4544:

National Register of Historic Places in Greenup County, Kentucky

2752:

That Dark and Bloody River: Chronicles of the Ohio River Valley,

1420:

Brethren, the Twightwees, We are surpriz'd at your Request. The

747:, under the command of Longueuil, was on its way to help defend 2922:

Vol. 6. April 1754 - January 1756. Theo. Fenn, Harrisburg 1851.

1559: 1409: 1383: 1216: 1162: 792: 744: 604: 596: 556: 337: 4549:

National Register of Historic Places in Lewis County, Kentucky

2949:

History of the George and Catherine Goodman family, 1730-1942,

3390: 3151:

History of Tazewell County and Southwest Virginia: 1748-1920.

3005:

Contemporary newspaper account of Mary Ingles' escape in the

2258:"Lower Shawnee Town on the Eve of the French and Indian War," 2152:

Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Commonwealth. J. Severns, 1853

1962:

Vol I: 1634-1760. State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1908

1708: 1563: 1558:

when he was taken prisoner by a party of Shawnees, Wyandots,

1359: 1204: 697:

describes the Ohio country in the area of Lower Shawneetown:

687: 683: 4559:

Former Native American populated places in the United States

3058:

Addington, Luther F., "Captivity of Mary Draper Ingles," in

4569:

National Register of Historic Places in Scioto County, Ohio

2504:(Bicentennial Issue), pp. 1-25, Kentucky Historical Society 1730: 1342:

showing "Lor Shawnee T." to the lower left of map's center.

833:. "Sinhioto" (Lower Shawneetown) appears at the lower edge. 495:

The community was initially built on the south bank of the

1234: 2006:

Native America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia,

1859:. National Park Service. November 2, 2010. Archived from 1319:). On 1 September, supplies were sent to this force from 1286: 846:(which included the Bureau of the Colonies), wrote that 2715:

Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies,

2479:

American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, 1918.

862:

regarding that union, so that he may strive to break it.

730: 2416:

73 vols. Cleveland: Burrow Brothers, 1896-1901, vol. 69

2242:

2 vols. (New York: Garland Press, 1974), vol 1, p. 261.

1412:, will but stir, the French will soon be forced to fly. 1051:

showing "Shawnoah, or Lowr Shawnoes, an English Facty (

897: 360:, were held captive in Lower Shawneetown in the 1750s. 313:

mounds, built between 100 BCE and 500 CE, known as the

3894: 3336: 2866:

Librairie Orientale & Américaine E. Guilmoto, 1905

2824:

vol. 3, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–.

719:

It is today part of Raven Rock State Nature Preserve.

396:

Shawnees who had been forced out of their home on the

1474:

A captive runs the gauntlet between Shawnee warriors.

1358:

The Shawnees then learned that "several hundreds" of

2835:"Constructing the French Forts of the Ohio Country," 2789:

George Croghan and the Westward Movement, 1741–1782.

2200:

The Buzzel about Kentuck: Settling the Promised Land

607:), and nearly all the nations from the territory of 3421:

History of the National Register of Historic Places

2671:

Vol. 6, No. 4, Oct 1932. Louisville, KY, pp 355-382

2666:"Eskippakithiki, The Last Indian Town in Kentucky," 2292:"Appalachian Migrations: Historic and Prehistoric." 1389: 1307:, to build a road and construct a series of forts ( 2389:Expedition of Céloron to the Ohio Country in 1749, 1883:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 170–176. 1002: 27:Historic Native American village on the Ohio River 3452:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state 3062:Southwest Virginia Historical Society, 1967, No 2 2202:, University Press of Kentucky, 1999; pp. 25-56. 2076:The Ohio Frontier: An Anthology of Early Writings 1959:The French Regime in Wisconsin and the Northwest, 1735:The Lower Shawneetown Archeological District, in 4510: 3198: 2599:The Expedition of Baron De Longueuil, 1739-1740, 2498:The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, 2386:Orsamus Holmes Marshall, Andrew Arnold Lambing, 2312:Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 2079:. The University Press of Kentucky. p. 13. 1099: 774: 559:. After his visit to Lower Shawneetown in 1749, 3844:National Register of Historic Places portal 2952:Edwards Brothers, Inc. Ann Arbor, Michigan 1942 2864:Les dernières années de la Louisiane française, 1786:indigenous peoples between 100 BCE and 500 CE. 1603:of spring, 1756, in which several companies of 1549: 1133:, and Pickawillany, dominating the Ohio Valley 735:The earliest eyewitness account is a report by 2980: 2473:James Everett Seaver, Charles Delamater Vail, 2277:"Lower Shawnee Town and Celoron's Expedition," 1702: 1566:on 31 March 1758. Moore was hunting beaver in 1416:Shawnee leaders at Lower Shawneetown replied: 985:he decided to leave. He wrote in his journal: 3880: 3376: 2618:The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, 2520:"The Journal of Christopher Gist, 1750–1751," 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2309:"A System Model of Shawnee Indian Migration," 2024:, Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2004. 1928:, Kentucky Heritage Council, pp. 830–832 1434:At least nine captives taken during raids on 800:They held a council to...hear the reading of 771:, who returned to Lower Shawneetown in 1749. 666:Lower Shawneetown was surrounded by fertile, 3344:"Portsmouth Earthworks-Ohio History Central" 3162: 3160: 3023: 2966:Ohio Archeological and Historical Quarterly, 2791:Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1926 2223:"De Celoron's Expedition to the Ohio in 1749 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1767:, based on ancient artifact assemblages and 1425:War, before the Six United Nations begin it. 816: 567:this village composed for the most part of 3154:W. C. Hill printing Company, Richmond, 1920 2976: 2974: 2322: 2320: 2217: 2215: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1591:Lower Shawneetown was moved upriver to the 1295:sent over two thousand French and Canadian 1271:Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison, 755:, who were attacking the city on behalf of 3887: 3873: 3383: 3369: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2925: 2447: 2445: 2414:The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, 2395: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2271: 2269: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2128: 2126: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1644:Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison 968:, but Céloron was wary of being ambushed: 661: 408:on 20 October 1748, reporting a murder at 72:Approximate location within Kentucky today 3392:U.S. National Register of Historic Places 3309:"Scioto County, Experience Our Heritage," 3204:Indians of Ohio and Indiana Prior to 1795 3157: 3112: 3052: 2610: 2608: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 1916: 1897: 1231:, and pieces of a pair of iron scissors. 390:François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes 233:U.S. National Register of Historic Places 64: 2971: 2774:Emerson's magazine and Putnam's monthly, 2347: 2345: 2317: 2212: 2068: 2066: 2050: 2048: 2046: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1939: 1731:Lower Shawneetown Archeological District 1667: 1578: 1469: 1440: 1333: 1172: 1103: 1068: 1042: 926: 820: 721: 693:In a journal entry from February, 1751, 510: 442: 374: 18:Lower Shawneetown Archeological District 3314: 3220: 2993: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2679: 2677: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2551: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2442: 2367: 2266: 2245: 2123: 1867: 1763:, Forest Home, Laughlin, Thompson, and 1235:Survivors from the raid on Pickawillany 829:along the Ohio River in 1749, drawn by 686:. Tools and pottery could be made from 370: 14: 4511: 3065: 3017: 2605: 2458: 2451:David Pollack and A. Gwynn Henderson, 2155: 2139: 2093: 2072: 1853:"National Register Information System" 1847: 1845: 1843: 1779:ceremonial centers constructed by the 1642:James Everett Seaver, who co-authored 1287:Expulsion of the English traders, 1754 1252:for safekeeping in Lower Shawneetown. 690:-bearing bedrock and clay riverbanks. 540:Warren, "It was a sprawling series of 3868: 3364: 2342: 2063: 2043: 1996: 1965: 1926:The Archaeology of Kentucky:An update 1878: 1481:(1732–1815) was kidnapped during the 1465: 731:Visit by the Baron de Longueuil, 1739 379:1744 map of eastern North America by 2906: 2886: 2674: 2624: 2507: 2482: 2329:The Shawnees and the War for America 1857:National Register of Historic Places 1753:National Register of Historic Places 1273:George P. Donehoo, Secretary of the 898:Visit by Céloron de Blainville, 1749 303:National Register of Historic Places 4539:Native American history of Kentucky 2849:The Last Years of French Louisiana, 2772:"Christopher Gist," engraving from 2559:"Raven Rock State Nature Preserve," 2002:A. Gwynn Henderson, David Pollack, 1840: 1574: 1511: 1449: 946:Philippe-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire 904:Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville 827:Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville 769:Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville 627: 579:of the Five Nations...men from the 24: 4163: 3896:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 3807:National Historic Preservation Act 3009:26 January 1756, p. 3, col. 1; in 2837:Fort Pitt Museum, October 9, 2015] 2669:The Filson Club History Quarterly, 1275:Pennsylvania Historical Commission 759:. While on their journey down the 460:populations to concentrate in the 46:Bronze historical marker near site 25: 4585: 2937:J. R. Weldin & Company, 1893. 2822:Dictionary of Canadian Biography, 2653:"Female Rituals of the Iroquois," 2073:Foster, Emily (August 24, 2000). 499:opposite its confluence with the 305:on 28 April 1983. It is near the 3943: 3849: 3848: 3837: 2573:Raven Rock State Nature Preserve 2541:Trafford Publishing, April 2013 2392:F.J. Heer Printing Company, 1921 1747:, is a 335 acres (1.36 km) 1390:Visit by Twightwee leaders, 1754 1366:but they refused to join them." 587:), there are also some from the 97: 63: 56: 40: 4534:Native American history of Ohio 3302: 3290: 3277: 3264: 3251: 3248:July 2018, www.ohiomagazine.com 3243:"Floodwall Murals, Portsmouth," 3235: 3192: 3176: 3142: 3127: 3097: 3060:Sketches of Southwest Virginia, 2955: 2940: 2931:William McCullough Darlington, 2870: 2855: 2840: 2827: 2810: 2807:Cincinnati: William Dodge, 1871 2795: 2780: 2765: 2743: 2721: 2706: 2658: 2645: 2590: 2577: 2566: 2529: 2419: 2301: 2284: 2263:Vol 40:3, Summer 1990, pp 16-21 2232: 2198:In Craig Thompson Friend, ed., 1003:Visit by Christopher Gist, 1751 791:. Chartier persuaded about 400 3760:Federated States of Micronesia 3406:Architectural style categories 3272:"Early Shawnee Village, 1730," 3139:J.L. Hill Print. Company, 1903 3124:Richmond: The Society, 1883-84 2981:Jennings, Gary (August 1968). 2883:France: Portes du large, 2003. 2412:in Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., 2012: 1919:"Chapter 6:Mississippi Period" 1255: 1168: 1146:furs and skins by canoe up to 1036:(interpreter), accompanied by 888:Governor-General of New France 844:Secretary of State of the Navy 506: 438: 245: 13: 1: 4524:Pre-statehood history of Ohio 2524:Annals of Southwest Virginia, 2522:From Lewis P. Summers, 1929, 2408:Joseph Pierre de Bonnecamps, 2227:Magazine of American History, 2120:Volume 2, Putnam's sons, 1911 2060:Volume 1, Putnam's sons, 1911 1833: 1714:was commissioned to create a 1165:nor beavers are seen there." 1100:Commerce with English traders 1055:) lower left of map's center. 850:...it is reported that since 825:Map of the route followed by 775:Visit by Peter Chartier, 1745 427:and known to the Shawnees as 425:Point Pleasant, West Virginia 4554:Captives of Native Americans 1917:Henderson, A. Gwynn (2008), 1771:. The district includes the 1550:Moses Moore and Isham Bernat 1445:Monument to Catherine Gougar 7: 3259:"The Mound Builders Mural," 2989:. Vol. 19, no. 5. 2876:Kerlérec, Louis Billouart, 2538:Raisin' Cane in Appalachia, 1801: 1703:Portsmouth floodwall murals 1635:at the site of present-day 1429: 1150:, where they were taken by 944:and Abenaki Indians led by 831:Joseph Pierre de Bonnecamps 637:a 90 feet (27 m) long 634:Joseph Pierre de Bonnecamps 451: 10: 4590: 3812:Historic Preservation Fund 3791:American Legation, Morocco 3148:Pendleton, William Cecil, 2987:American Heritage Magazine 2946:Esther Mae Winget Warner, 2861:Le Chevalier de Kerlérec, 2846:Le Chevalier de Kerlérec, 2818:"Paul Marin de La Malgue," 1924:, in David Pollack (ed.), 1456:Berks County, Pennsylvania 85:South Portsmouth, Kentucky 4484: 4411: 4329: 4246: 4237: 4207: 4130: 4100: 4070: 4039: 4032: 3981: 3952: 3941: 3902: 3832: 3799: 3778: 3753:Lists by associated state 3752: 3711: 3444: 3398: 3200:Wheeler-Voegelin, Erminie 2968:Volume 31, January, 1922. 2755:Random House 1995, 2011. 2238:Ermine Wheeler Voegelin, 1663: 1531:Governor Robert Dinwiddie 1327:(the site of present-day 1015:, a skilled woodsman and 874:, described the town as: 817:French political concerns 264: 256: 244:NRHP reference 243: 239: 230: 223: 219: 211: 206: 198: 193: 182: 174: 166: 161: 146:38.7216000°N 83.0230500°W 124: 110: 80: 51: 39: 3734:Northern Mariana Islands 3287:Taken: September 2, 2012 3285:"Céloron de Blainville," 3274:Taken: September 2, 2012 3261:Taken: September 2, 2012 3226:Johnston, David Emmons, 2526:1769–1800. Abingdon, VA. 2114:Charles Augustus Hanna, 2054:Charles Augustus Hanna, 1751:which was listed on the 1737:Greenup County, Kentucky 1720:Ohio River flood of 1937 1483:Draper's Meadow massacre 1375:Battle of Fort Necessity 1211:, gun parts (sideplate, 912:"lead plate expedition," 840:Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux 291:Greenup County, Kentucky 115:Greenup County, Kentucky 89:Greenup County, Kentucky 3133:Lewis Preston Summers, 2897:Thwaites, Reuben Gold, 2693:Ohio Historical Society 2428:, William R. Swagerty, 1956:Thwaites, Reuben Gold, 1724:Hopewell mound builders 1305:Paul Marin de la Malgue 1053:factory or trading post 884:Marquis de la Jonquière 809:found the community of 789:Governor Patrick Gordon 662:Surrounding countryside 151:38.7216000; -83.0230500 4564:1758 disestablishments 3729:Minor Outlying Islands 3712:Lists by insular areas 3426:Keeper of the Register 3298:Portsmouth Ohio Murals 3296:William Fischer, Jr., 3283:William Fischer, Jr., 3270:William Fischer, Jr., 3257:William Fischer, Jr., 2776:Volume 5, No. 40, 1857 2685:"Celeron de Bienville" 2655:Université de Montréal 2132:Caudill, Courtney B., 1986:UNC Press Books, 2014 1828:Sandy Creek Expedition 1791:University of Kentucky 1741:Lewis County, Kentucky 1676: 1661: 1621: 1601:Sandy Creek Expedition 1588: 1547: 1497: 1475: 1446: 1427: 1414: 1356: 1343: 1284: 1267: 1178: 1109: 1077: 1067: 1056: 992: 974: 936: 925: 902:In the summer of 1749 880: 864: 834: 806: 727: 716: 659: 625: 516: 448: 384: 381:Jacques-Nicolas Bellin 301:. It was added to the 295:Lewis County, Kentucky 281:, was an 18th-century 4217:European colonization 3431:National Park Service 3411:Contributing property 3332:accompanying pictures 3326:National Park Service 3118:Robert A. Brock, ed. 3024:Ingles, John (1824). 2983:"An Indian Captivity" 2290:Robert F. Maslowski, 1863:on February 20, 2013. 1781:Ohio Hopewell culture 1775:, one of the largest 1773:Portsmouth Earthworks 1671: 1648: 1612: 1597:French and Indian War 1582: 1539: 1492: 1473: 1444: 1418: 1405: 1352: 1337: 1279: 1262: 1219:, and breech plugs), 1176: 1107: 1072: 1058: 1046: 987: 970: 930: 920: 876: 868:Antoine Louis Rouillé 860:Monsieur de Vaudreuil 848: 824: 798: 725: 714:of a prodigious Size. 699: 655: 593:Mohawks of Kanesatake 589:Lake of Two Mountains 565: 561:Céloron de Blainville 514: 446: 378: 350:French and Indian War 315:Portsmouth Earthworks 215:Number of monuments: 212:Architectural details 3935:Solutrean hypothesis 3786:District of Columbia 2903:Vol. 2. Clark, 1904. 2787:Volwiler, Albert T. 2689:Ohio History Central 2493:A. Gwynn Henderson, 2256:Phillip R. Shriver, 2194:A. Gwynn Henderson, 2021:Ohio's First Peoples 2018:O'Donnell, James H. 1881:Kentucky Archaeology 1818:Kittanning (village) 1535:Pennsylvania Gazette 1488:running the gauntlet 1396:raid on Pickawillany 1346:In January, 1754, a 1329:Louisville, Kentucky 1297:troupes de la marine 1241:Raid on Pickawillany 737:Charles III Le Moyne 484:, which was used by 371:Foundation and names 4316:Trinidad and Tobago 3182:Samuel Hazard, ed. 2963:"Catherine Gougar," 2833:Kathleen Lugarich, 2557:Andrew Lee Feight, 2275:Andrew Lee Feight, 2261:Ohio Archaeologist, 2145:Samuel Hazard, ed. 1765:Old Fort Earthworks 1627:, a captive of the 1595:in 1758 during the 1394:Following the 1752 933:Émile Louis Vernier 615:, the territory of 423:, near present-day 299:Scioto County, Ohio 142: / 119:Scioto County, Ohio 36: 4476:In popular culture 4227:Columbian exchange 4222:Population history 3953:Mythology/Religion 3311:September 10, 2012 2596:Charles Le Moyne, 2518:Christopher Gist, 1769:radiocarbon dating 1757:contributing sites 1677: 1589: 1516:An article in the 1479:Mary Draper Ingles 1476: 1466:Mary Draper Ingles 1447: 1422:Six United Nations 1371:Fort Prince George 1344: 1179: 1129:, Oswegle Bottom, 1110: 1078: 1057: 937: 835: 741:Baron de Longueuil 728: 668:alluvial flatlands 517: 449: 385: 354:Mary Draper Ingles 311:Hopewell tradition 202:A. Gwynn Henderson 32: 4506: 4505: 4407: 4406: 4203: 4202: 4126: 4125: 4096: 4095: 3915:Pre-Columbian era 3862: 3861: 3416:Historic district 3085:on March 13, 2012 3040:on March 13, 2012 3007:New York Mercury, 2749:Allan W. Eckert, 2614:Henry W. Temple, 2562:Scioto Historical 2502:The KentuckyImage 2326:Gordon Calloway, 2280:Scioto Historical 2086:978-0-8131-0979-4 1749:historic district 1637:Chillicothe, Ohio 1585:Chillicothe, Ohio 1400:Twightwee Indians 1325:falls of the Ohio 1309:Fort Presque Isle 1293:Governor Duquesne 1225:drawn glass beads 1019:, to explore the 765:Mississippi River 462:Ohio River Valley 398:Monongahela River 344:, second only to 271:Lower Shawneetown 268: 267: 225:Lower Shawneetown 33:Lower Shawneetown 16:(Redirected from 4581: 4244: 4243: 4161: 4160: 4037: 4036: 3979: 3978: 3947: 3889: 3882: 3875: 3866: 3865: 3852: 3851: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3765:Marshall Islands 3385: 3378: 3371: 3362: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3340: 3334: 3329: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3281: 3275: 3268: 3262: 3255: 3249: 3241:Frances Killea, 3239: 3233: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3196: 3190: 3180: 3174: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3140: 3131: 3125: 3116: 3110: 3103:Lyman Chalkley, 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3084: 3078:. Archived from 3077: 3069: 3063: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3039: 3033:. Archived from 3032: 3021: 3015: 3002: 2991: 2990: 2978: 2969: 2959: 2953: 2944: 2938: 2929: 2923: 2915: 2904: 2895: 2884: 2874: 2868: 2859: 2853: 2844: 2838: 2831: 2825: 2814: 2808: 2799: 2793: 2784: 2778: 2769: 2763: 2747: 2741: 2725: 2719: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2681: 2672: 2664:Lucien Beckner, 2662: 2656: 2649: 2643: 2633: 2622: 2612: 2603: 2594: 2588: 2581: 2575: 2570: 2564: 2555: 2549: 2533: 2527: 2516: 2505: 2500:Vol. 90, No. 1, 2491: 2480: 2471: 2456: 2449: 2440: 2423: 2417: 2406: 2393: 2384: 2365: 2349: 2340: 2324: 2315: 2314:, Vol VII, 1979. 2307:Jerry E. Clark, 2305: 2299: 2288: 2282: 2273: 2264: 2254: 2243: 2236: 2230: 2221:O. H. Marshall, 2219: 2210: 2192: 2153: 2143: 2137: 2130: 2121: 2112: 2091: 2090: 2070: 2061: 2052: 2041: 2016: 2010: 2000: 1994: 1980:Stephen Warren, 1978: 1963: 1954: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1923: 1914: 1895: 1894: 1876: 1865: 1864: 1849: 1798:animal remains. 1745:South Portsmouth 1716:series of murals 1689:ethnic diversity 1605:Virginia Rangers 1587:was later built. 1575:Relocation, 1758 1523:Samuel Stalnaker 1518:New-York Mercury 1512:Samuel Stalnaker 1450:Catherine Gougar 1436:American pioneer 1321:Fort de Chartres 1094:Robert Dinwiddie 1086:Meshemethequater 1084:, also known as 1074:Christopher Gist 1038:Robert Callender 1013:Christopher Gist 872:Foreign minister 779:In April, 1745, 695:Christopher Gist 676:hardwood forests 628:Size and housing 358:Samuel Stalnaker 287:South Portsmouth 273:, also known as 247: 157: 156: 154: 153: 152: 147: 143: 140: 139: 138: 135: 103: 101: 100: 93:Portsmouth, Ohio 67: 66: 60: 44: 37: 31: 21: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4519:Shawnee history 4509: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4480: 4403: 4325: 4239: 4233: 4209: 4199: 4159: 4122: 4092: 4066: 4028: 3977: 3966:List of deities 3948: 3939: 3898: 3893: 3863: 3858: 3838: 3836: 3828: 3795: 3774: 3748: 3707: 3440: 3394: 3389: 3359: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3282: 3278: 3269: 3265: 3256: 3252: 3240: 3236: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3197: 3193: 3181: 3177: 3168:Leo Stalnaker, 3165: 3158: 3147: 3143: 3132: 3128: 3117: 3113: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3003: 2994: 2979: 2972: 2960: 2956: 2945: 2941: 2930: 2926: 2916: 2907: 2896: 2887: 2875: 2871: 2860: 2856: 2845: 2841: 2832: 2828: 2815: 2811: 2801:William Trent, 2800: 2796: 2785: 2781: 2770: 2766: 2748: 2744: 2727:Ian K. Steele, 2726: 2722: 2711: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2683: 2682: 2675: 2663: 2659: 2650: 2646: 2634: 2625: 2613: 2606: 2595: 2591: 2583:Beth Wellford, 2582: 2578: 2571: 2567: 2556: 2552: 2535:David Osborne, 2534: 2530: 2517: 2508: 2492: 2483: 2472: 2459: 2450: 2443: 2426:Henry F. Dobyns 2424: 2420: 2407: 2396: 2385: 2368: 2351:Richard White, 2350: 2343: 2325: 2318: 2306: 2302: 2289: 2285: 2274: 2267: 2255: 2246: 2237: 2233: 2220: 2213: 2193: 2156: 2144: 2140: 2131: 2124: 2113: 2094: 2087: 2071: 2064: 2053: 2044: 2017: 2013: 2001: 1997: 1979: 1966: 1955: 1940: 1931: 1929: 1921: 1915: 1898: 1891: 1877: 1868: 1851: 1850: 1841: 1836: 1804: 1733: 1705: 1673:Thomas Hutchins 1666: 1659:to do the same. 1593:Pickaway Plains 1577: 1552: 1514: 1468: 1460:French-Canadian 1452: 1432: 1392: 1289: 1258: 1237: 1171: 1102: 1025:Kanawhan Region 1005: 900: 819: 777: 733: 664: 630: 619:to the west of 581:Sault St. Louis 509: 458:Native American 454: 441: 433:Chinodahichetha 373: 365:Pickaway Plains 235: 226: 150: 148: 144: 141: 136: 133: 131: 129: 128: 98: 96: 76: 75: 74: 73: 70: 69: 68: 47: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4587: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4493: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4415: 4413: 4412:Related topics 4409: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4340: 4338: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4252: 4250: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4213: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4175: 4169: 4167: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4043: 4041: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4009:Medicine wheel 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3985: 3983: 3976: 3975: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3920:Classification 3917: 3912: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3892: 3891: 3884: 3877: 3869: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3846: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3746: 3744:Virgin Islands 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3719:American Samoa 3715: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3653:South Carolina 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3618:North Carolina 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3448: 3446: 3445:Lists by state 3442: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3436:Property types 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3388: 3387: 3380: 3373: 3365: 3357: 3356: 3335: 3313: 3301: 3289: 3276: 3263: 3250: 3246:Ohio Magazine, 3234: 3219: 3212: 3191: 3175: 3156: 3141: 3126: 3111: 3096: 3064: 3051: 3016: 2992: 2970: 2961:Frank Warner, 2954: 2939: 2924: 2905: 2885: 2869: 2854: 2839: 2826: 2816:W. J. Eccles, 2809: 2794: 2779: 2764: 2742: 2720: 2705: 2673: 2657: 2644: 2623: 2604: 2589: 2576: 2565: 2550: 2528: 2506: 2481: 2457: 2441: 2418: 2394: 2366: 2341: 2316: 2300: 2283: 2265: 2244: 2231: 2211: 2154: 2138: 2122: 2092: 2085: 2062: 2042: 2011: 1995: 1964: 1938: 1896: 1889: 1866: 1838: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1803: 1800: 1732: 1729: 1712:Robert Dafford 1704: 1701: 1687:and increased 1665: 1662: 1646:(1824), says: 1576: 1573: 1568:Augusta County 1551: 1548: 1513: 1510: 1467: 1464: 1451: 1448: 1431: 1428: 1391: 1388: 1288: 1285: 1257: 1254: 1236: 1233: 1170: 1167: 1135:deerskin trade 1122:George Croghan 1118:Andrew Montour 1112:Indian trader 1101: 1098: 1034:Andrew Montour 1030:George Croghan 1004: 1001: 962:pipes of peace 923:numbered five. 899: 896: 866:In May, 1749, 818: 815: 811:Eskippakithiki 781:Peter Chartier 776: 773: 732: 729: 678:, grasslands, 663: 660: 629: 626: 613:Pays d'en Haut 508: 505: 453: 450: 440: 437: 372: 369: 327:George Croghan 266: 265: 262: 261: 258: 254: 253: 248: 241: 240: 237: 236: 231: 228: 227: 224: 221: 220: 217: 216: 213: 209: 208: 204: 203: 200: 199:Archaeologists 196: 195: 191: 190: 184: 180: 179: 178:November, 1758 176: 172: 171: 168: 164: 163: 159: 158: 126: 122: 121: 112: 108: 107: 82: 78: 77: 71: 62: 61: 55: 54: 53: 52: 49: 48: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4586: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4331:South America 4328: 4322: 4321:United States 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4248:North America 4245: 4242: 4238:Modern groups 4236: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4206: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101:South America 4099: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4024:Turtle Island 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982:North America 3980: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3910:Paleo-Indians 3908: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3885: 3883: 3878: 3876: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3855: 3847: 3845: 3835: 3834: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3693:West Virginia 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3598:New Hampshire 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3558:Massachusetts 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 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