George Croghan - Knowledge

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that, given the Gaelic origins of the surname, the pronunciation was “Crone," his evidence is less than conclusive: a financial account that one of Croghan's clerks labeled as "Crohan and Trent;" and "a Frenchman who recorded his name as "Croan," apparently the way it sounded. Descendants have used the hard "g" pronunciation favored by Croghan scholar Margaret Pearson Bothwell, but Crist dismisses them and "the practice in Ireland today," where the name is pronounced "CROG-han." "CRO-ghan" seems to be the standard English pronunciation. Crist cites Nicholas B. Wainwright's "Crowan" as an intermediate step between "something like 'Crohan,' and in further simplification, 'Crone.'" A study of Crogan's dialect by Michael Montgomery, a linguist specializing in Irish, written more than thirty years after Crist, does not find the name pronunciation dispute worth mentioning.

870:, plus numerous tracts for his friends. At the large conference, attended by more than 3100 Iroquois, the Six Nations demanded (on his part) that the Crown recognize these and other pre-treaty sales. They also asked that a grant by them of 2,500,000 acres (10,000 km) on the Ohio to Trent and his associates be made part of the treaty. Third, they wanted to ensure that should Pennsylvania seize the 200,000 acres (810 km) which the Indians had granted to Croghan at the Forks of the Ohio, they requested that the Crown grant Croghan as much land elsewhere. Sir William Johnson was censured by the Crown for aiding Croghan's private land dealings, and the government refused to ratify these private requests. 1036: 167:. Cave concludes that the treason charge that ended Croghan's career was trumped up by his enemies. Western Pennsylvania became the focal point in August 1749 when Croghan purchased 200,000 acres from the Iroquois, exclusive of two square miles at the Forks of the Ohio for a British fort. Croghan soon learned that his three deeds would be invalidated if part of Pennsylvania, sabotaged that colony's effort to erect the fort, and led the Ohio Confederation to permit Virginia's Ohio Company to build it and settle the region. Late in 1753 Virginia sent George Washington to the Ohio Country, who would eventually end Croghan's influence there. 688:, abandoned in 1759. He also hired locals to carry ammunition and supplies from Fort Loudon to Bedford. He reached Bedford on June 12 and, believing further travel west too dangerous, he fed starving families and bolstered the garrison of seven soldiers under Captain Lewis Ourry. A few weeks later Indians attacked fifteen men mowing Croghan's fields within a mile of the fort, scalping two. Croghan refused Bouquet's order to march with his column when it left Bedford on July 27. Instead on August 2 he set out for Philadelphia to pursue private interests. 803: 1016:. In an effort to pay off debts, Croghan mortgaged Croghan Hall to Joseph Simon. He deeded 74,000 acres (300 km) of his Indian grant to the Gratzes, who paid his bills and financed another trip to Williamsburg to seek to have his Indian titles recognized by the state of Virginia, without success. Bedridden with gout upon his return, Croghan wrote few letters to family and friends. In May 1780, he moved to Philadelphia, where he learned his western properties were within the boundaries of the new state of Pennsylvania. 949:

proceedings. Many of the bids were never paid and the sheriff absconded with most of the money collected, leaving only £900 for Croghan. He raised $ 6,000 in Virginia to buy directly from the Iroquois 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km) on the eastern bank of the Allegheny River. Samuel Wharton sent encouraging news about Vandalia, including the arrival of a large shipment of goods for gifts to the Indians and land payments, temporarily stored at Georgetown because of Dunmore's War.

190:, the local military commander, banished Col. Croghan from the frontier in 1777 on suspicion of treason. Despite his acquittal in a November, 1778 trial, Croghan was not allowed to return to the frontier. His death in 1782, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War, received little if any notice. Although often quoted by historians, the story of Croghan's 30 years as the pivotal figure in Ohio Country history is only found in the handful of biographies. 894:. Crawford surveyed land near Chartiers Creek for Washington that Croghan claimed when his survey of an Indian deed fell far short of the 100,000 acres (400 km) called for and he had it redone. More than twenty years later, in 1784, Washington won a court case against Chartiers Creek families who had bought their land from Croghan. Washington's document was dated July 5, 1775, two years after his land dispute with Croghan began. It was made out by 708:, which was intended to prevent westward settlement by British colonists and keep peace with Native Americans, from the Appalachian Mountains to the Ohio River. As the months waiting on the Lords dragged by, a planned trip to Ireland to claim the estate of his grandfather, Edmund Croghan, was put aside, significant for showing that Croghan's extreme ethnic pride and possible homesickness were now secondary to his life in America. 655:

covered some expenses and wrote that he served "the King for nothing"). Amherst also severely limited the gunpowder and lead available to the Indians, thinking it would forestall future uprisings. But the friendly Native Americans needed these supplies to hunt and acquire game for survival, as well as to trade the skins and furs for necessities. Amherst ignored Croghan's intelligence that as a result, an Indian war was imminent.

1067:, and built his mansion, Otsego Hall, on the former site of Croghan's residence. William Franklin and the Prevost heirs watched bitterly as the property increased in value twentyfold. "Andrew Prevost, Jr., wrote Franklin on December 12, 1812: 'We have lost an immense property from the infamous advantage taken by Cooper and others without your knowledge by a forced Sale under your Title.'" William Cooper's son, the author 144:, the governing body of the Iroquois, and remained so until he was banished from the frontier in 1777 during the American Revolutionary War. Emigrating from Ireland to Pennsylvania in 1741, he had become an important trader by going to the villages of Indigenous Peoples, learning their languages and customs, and working on the frontier where previously mostly French had been trading. During and after 155:, British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Northern District, who was based in New York and had strong alliances with the Iroquois. Beginning in the 1740s and following this appointment, Croghan amassed hundreds of thousands of acres of land in today's western Pennsylvania and New York by official grants and from Native American purchases. Beginning in 1754, he was a rival of 848:, to settle the borders of Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Virginia (now West Virginia). He said of Croghan: "It would be very difficult to manage this business without his assistance." The Indians halted the survey before it was completed, in what was a vain attempt by Croghan to protect his 1749 grant by the Seneca for 200,000 acres from being included in Pennsylvania. 945:, not wanting war, had three chiefs escort the traders from his villages to Croghan Hall. Connolly ordered 40 militiamen to capture or kill the Indians and they succeeded in shooting one of the Shawnee chiefs after they had escaped across the Allegheny. St. Clair, echoing other Pennsylvanians, said that Croghan was "indefatigable in endeavoring to make up the breeches." 735:. Played by John Wayne in Hollywood's 1939 version of the incident, Allegheny Uprising, Smith's hatred of Indians was long standing. At nineteen, as a captive in Fort Duquesne, Smith was traumatized by the screams of Braddock's captured soldiers being slowly tortured to death by Indian allies of the French. There were two justifications for leading the 1048:

survived by six of her twelve children. For decades, they pursued their claims to Croghan's often clouded deeds in numerous lawsuits. "For some years, the hopeless involvements of his estate kept courtrooms abuzz, and, when that ceased and his contemporaries died off, the man's name and fame faded away into the obscurity from which he had emerged."

819:, and thirteen carrying Baynton, Wharton, and Morgan trade goods. They traveled north from the Ohio River on the Mississippi to reach the former colonial French settlement of Fort Chartres. During his August conferences there, Croghan successfully negotiated with 22 tribes, soon augmented by three Indian nations under French influence. Weak from 1001:, who greeted him with suspicion. What was believed to be a Loyalist conspiracy had been uncovered. Colonel George Morgan, the Indian agent, Alexander McKee; Simon Girty, and others were under arrest. General Hand examined Thomas Smallman's papers and although there was nothing to indicate Croghan was disloyal, Hand ordered him to Philadelphia. 716:. Col. Bouquet, traveling east after his victorious 1764 Ohio campaign, was outraged to learn in a letter from Croghan to McKee that the Indian Department was now independent of local military control. Further incensed when the report was confirmed, Bouquet called Croghan "illiterate, imprudent , and ill bred" in a letter to British 497:), with Croghan serving on the Indian Council and Andrew Montour acting as translator. The Ohio Confederation gave Virginia's Ohio Company permission to build a fort and settle one hundred families on 500,000 acres (2,000 km) in today's Western Pennsylvania. Immediately after the conference, a French force led by 910:

Dunmore, governor of Virginia, decided to make good his colony's western claims. Presumably, when Dunmore visited Pittsburgh in the summer of 1773, he met Croghan, for he agreed to recognize the validity of Croghan's Indian grant." Dunmore appointed an associate and nephew of Croghan as his western agent. Dr.

563:, where Governor Dinwiddie commissioned them as captains under Col. George Washington. Croghan was to supply flour for the expedition and advise Washington on Indian affairs. Washington alienated his Indian allies during a crucial conference at Gist's plantation and blamed Croghan for the subsequent defeat at 953:

Dunmore's good graces." After bringing his war to a successful close that fall, Dunmore left 75 militia under Connolly to garrison Fort Pitt, renamed Fort Dunmore. The Virginia governor also adjourned the Augusta county court from Staunton to Pittsburgh, where he appointed Croghan to serve as president judge.

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History continues to be made by Croghan descendants. To this day the female line of Croghan's Mohawk daughter Catherine are inheritors of her position and power in the Turtle Clan. "Catharine Adonwentishon was head of the Turtle clan, the first in rank in the Mohawk Nation. Her birthright was to name

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Facing bankruptcy, Croghan "drew bills payable on Samuel Wharton in London" for thousands of pounds in order to patent his New York land. Crippled with gout and hounded by creditors, Croghan sought refuge in Croghan Forest, which totaled more than 250,000 acres (1,000 km). Its remote setting did

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had been defeated five days earlier. Claiming to be one himself, Croghan used his influence on the Indians at Easton, Pennsylvania, where the treaty that stripped the French of their local allies was negotiated, assuring Forbes' success. He then joined Forbes on November 20 with fifteen Indian scouts

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Although failing to sell any of his New York acres, Barnard and Michael Gratz remained Croghan's agents, creditors, primary suppliers and friends. He felt great sorrow at the loss of his friend Andrew Montour, murdered in January 1772. The British abandoned Fort Pitt that fall, and Croghan had McKee

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From 1764 onward, despite continual provocations, the tribes were kept at peace on the frontier, largely due to the herculean efforts of Croghan. The exceptions were isolated incidents and Dunmore's War in 1774 on the Shawnee, when the former Indian agent worked to keep the Delaware and other Indian

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for all lands from the Allegheny to the Ohio River and Mississippi, most of which had already been sparsely settled by the British. After having achieved relatively amicable relations with the French, who had learned about their culture and with whom they had relations for a long time, they resented

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reserved for construction of a British fort.(A map accompanying the text for the first Pennsylvania Croghan historical marker may be found on the Critical Comments page of the ohiocountry.us website). Biographer Wainwright said gaining this huge amount of land was "a momentous event in his life," a

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in Native American villages, as the French traders did, and learning their languages and customs. At the time, the usual British practice was to set up a post at a site for their own convenience, generally at a major crossroads, and wait for Native Americans to come to them. Croghan learned at least

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Croghan's luck appeared to change when the Crown agreed to a new inland colony, Vandalia, appointing him as Indian agent and its largest land owner. Crown agents were restricted from forming such ventures, however, so Croghan resigned from the Indian Department on November 2, 1771. Alexander McKee

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in the attack on the British convoy, burning most of Croghan's gifts, and threatening his life if he ever returned to Cumberland County. Pennsylvania had proscribed trade with the Ohio Indians before a peace was established under a new treaty and as a Crown Indian agent, Croghan was prohibited from

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General Amherst in New York ordered Croghan to Fort Pitt to investigate the causes of the uprising and Col. Bouquet to relieve it with a few hundred men. Croghan provided Bouquet with the latest intelligence from Carlisle. At Shippensburg he helped calm fearful residents by recruiting and arming 25

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Britain's blockade of French ports made the few French trade goods reaching Ohio Country prohibitively expensive; this resulted in a bonanza for the Pennsylvania British traders that alarmed the French. They knew that Native American trade and diplomacy were closely linked, and Croghan's activities

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author. "France's friend" claimed to be nearly 38 years old, among other self-descriptions that pointed to Croghan, but a secret British investigation exposed the fraud. Croghan testified to his Irish origins in meetings in London in the 1760s. Croghan is a corruption and Anglicization of an older

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Governor Dunmore reached Pittsburgh in September, pausing in his campaign against the Shawnee to grill Croghan concerning "Connolly's accusations about inciting the Shawnees to attack Virginia and siding with Pennsylvania against Virginia. Croghan easily disproved the charges and was reinstated in

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Denied leave by General Amherst to travel to London, Croghan resigned as Deputy Indian agent, angering Amherst. The general sailed to London on his own business. Croghan, accompanied by two officers recently besieged in Ft. Detroit and recalled to testify about the Indian uprising, set sail on the

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During 1761 and 1762, Croghan negotiated preliminary treaties with thirteen western tribes on behalf of the British Crown, gaining their acceptance of its assumption of rule in areas ceded by the French. These treaties were formalized in the September 1761 conference at Detroit, which was presided

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There has been disagreement as to how to pronounce Croghan's name. The governor of Canada, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, in a letter to the Minister of France on August 8, 1756, referred to “George Craon’s fort”, which appears to be a phonetic spelling. Although biographer Robert. G. Crist concludes

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In April 1745 the Seneca protected Croghan from capture, but elsewhere French-allied Natives robbed a canoe-load of Croghan's furs. Croghan was adopted by the Seneca and in 1746, according to his testimony before the Lords of Trade in 1764, was one of their hereditary sachems among the 50 chiefs

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Braddock's Defeat in 1755 and French control of Ohio Country, which they called the Illinois Country, indicating the area of their greater settlement, found Croghan building forts on the Pennsylvania frontier. Following which he manned the farthest frontier post in present-day New York as Deputy

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through his agent William Crawford. "I am likely to sell another tract to Coll. Washington and his friends," Croghan wrote to Joseph Wharton, Jr. and to Michael Gratz, "I have sold a parcel of lands to Coll Washington,", but there were no further sales to him beyond 1,500 acres (6.1 km) in

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declined Croghan's request to transfer his Indian grant of 200,000 acres (810 km) from the Ohio to the Mohawk River valley, refused to compensate traders for war losses, or to permit an Illinois colony. But the Lords agreed to free the Indian Department from military control and to consider

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does not mention Croghan being present. Captains Croghan and Montour were there, outranked the General's aide, and worked together to save Braddock, with Croghan the more likely leader in the emergency. It was a familiar role, one Croghan assumed on the Pennsylvania frontier a year earlier, and

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Weiser held a conference in August 1748 at Logstown, on the Ohio River near its confluence in today's western Pennsylvania, to inform the recently allied tribes of the Ohio Confederation gathered at their capital that Britain had signed a peace treaty with France ending the war. As a result, the

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While the total value of his personal estate was valued at only £50 13s.6d, his extensive land holdings were "conservatively estimated at £140,000." Except for some specific bequests, his June 12, 1782, will left his entire estate to his daughter Susannah. Susannah Croghan Prevost died in 1790,

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and castigated for chairing Pittsburgh's Committee of Safety and keeping the Lake Indians neutral. Ordered to take lodgings in town, where he was kept under constant supervision by two British officers, Croghan learned that Monckton Hall was burnt after the battle of Germantown, "another severe

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A year passed with Vandalia still in limbo. Croghan borrowed money and pawned his plate (silver), spending £1,365 for provisions and gifts for 400 Indians who attended his November conference regarding the proposed colony. "Convinced that the powerful Vandalia project had fallen through, Lord

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and Hugh Parker into the region, who made overtures to the Miami at Pickawillany. In a November,1749 letter to Pennsylvania's governor, Croghan offered to oppose them. Not long thereafter he learned that his 200,000 acres (810 km) in Indian grants were against Pennsylvania statutes, as the

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did not understand Native American culture, calling the practice of gift giving foolish, akin to bribery. He considered the cost of maintaining peace with the Indians exorbitant, and cut Indian Department expenses to the bone. By stopping gift giving, he insulted the Native Americans. (Croghan

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That August deputies of the Six Nation brought the news of Sir William Johnson's death. He had died in July, the day before a sheriff's sale put over 50,000 acres (200 km) of Croghan's New York land on the auction block. Bids totaled £4,840 despite the pall Johnson's death cast over the

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to the province of Pennsylvania in 1741. His mother and step-father, his half-brother Edward Ward, and cousin Thomas Smallman also emigrated, the men working for him in America. Among relatives remaining in Ireland were a merchant, Nicholas Croghan (likely a brother of George); an aunt, Mrs.

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Forbes assigned Croghan and Montour to bring in the regional Delaware warriors for a peace treaty with the British. Still under Col. Henry Bouquet's command early in 1759, Croghan gathered intelligence about the French force at Venango, "700 troops and about 950 Indians." About to overwhelm

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to establish an Illinois colony. When Gage refused, Croghan publicly resigned as Deputy Indian agent. Laid low by illness, he spent February recuperating at Monckton Hall near Philadelphia. In March he went to New York to visit with Sir William Johnson, who convinced him to withdraw his

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When Indian attacks engulfed Ohio Country in 1763, Croghan was in Philadelphia advising Governor Hamilton on Indian affairs and selling real estate. He galloped to Lancaster where word reached him that his business partner Col. Clapham had been killed in the region's initial attack, their

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in 1755, Croghan, assisted by Montour, led eight Indian scouts, the same group who had been with the Half King at Jumonville Glen a year earlier. General Braddock alienated the other friendly Indians, yet Montour and the handful with Croghan attended the gravely wounded general. Teamsters

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for influence in Ohio Country and remained far more powerful there for more than 20 additional years. During the American Revolutionary War in 1777, he was falsely accused of treason. He was acquitted the following year but patriot authorities did not allow him back in the Ohio territory.

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and dependent Ohio Country nations, Croghan organized the Ohio Confederation of the region's tribes in 1748; they lit a "council fire on the Ohio River, independent of the Six Nations." Greenwood believes this was Croghan's initiative, as shown by earlier and subsequent events.

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Since the late 20th century, historians have re-evaluated Croghan's role and begun to assert his importance in the Ohio Country. He was a flamboyant character like William Johnson, brash and grasping, but also with a talent for diplomacy and relations with the Native Americans.

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fled on horseback as Croghan pressed Braddock to relinquish command and, despite the general's refusal, apparently took charge. He got Braddock off the battlefield with the help of Braddock's aide, the 23-year-old Washington. Washington's account differs and his biographer

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officially appointed Croghan as the representative of the Ohio Confederation in communications to and from Pennsylvania, and authorized him to receive its gifts for the tribes. His biographer Wainwright says this suggests that he organized his own appointment.

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spoken by the westernmost Seneca nation of the Iroquois), whose territory extended into what colonists called Pennsylvania. They also had hunting grounds in the Ohio Valley. These were the languages of the two major nations of Native Americans in the region.

914:, fully supported by Croghan, "claimed Pittsburgh for Virginia in January, 1774, and called up the militia. The first men to appear at the parade ground for the initial muster came from Croghan Hall." Virginia's claim was opposed by Pennsylvania's General 985:

as its Pittsburgh agent. When Butler retired in April 1776, Croghan lobbied for his position. But, George Morgan was chosen as Indian agent and, still resentful for the failed Illinois trading venture a decade earlier, "had absolutely no use for Croghan."

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English had no more war supplies for them and he distributed gifts instead. Pennsylvania approved Weiser's recommendation that the colony appoint Croghan as its negotiator with the Ohio Country Indians. His success in that role should surprise no one.

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Upon Croghan's return, Sir William Johnson ordered him to accompany Col. Bouquet's expedition against the Ohio tribes, but furnishing newly purchased Monckton Hall near Philadelphia was a higher priority. He assigned the negotiations to his assistant,

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Croghan had already informed Pennsylvania Governor Hamilton that the Ohio Confederation wanted a British fort at the Forks of the Ohio. During a Logstown conference at the end of May 1751, he formally recorded the request and sent Andrew Montour to the

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Unsuccessful in driving out the French, the participating bands became more closely aligned with the British. Reports claimed that Croghan had encouraged the uprising so that the Natives would trade with him and not the French. Old Briton relocated to

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Croghan Hall gave the ailing Croghan a refuge from lawsuits and debtors' prison, but he could do little more than watch as settlers poured into the Ohio Country on land he considered to be his. Pennsylvania appointed officials for newly established

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Croghan protested and among other things had Montour retract his testimony before the Pennsylvania Assembly, but no one believed it. Evidence of the underhanded charade is found in the Native American conference held in June 1752 at Logstown (the

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financial blow." When the British evacuated Philadelphia in June 1778, they left Croghan behind on parole. Returning Pennsylvania officials accused him of collaborating with the enemy, but Croghan was acquitted in a November 12, 1778, trial.

2059: 532:, Croghan, about 35, had been operating in Ohio Country for twelve years, and was the leading figure among its British traders, Native American tribes and bands, and colonial agents. Soon after Washington returned from delivering Virginia 488:

to confirm it. Montour, however, denied that the Indians wanted a fort, claiming that it was all Croghan's idea. The colony's plans for a fort evaporated as Pennsylvania "defaulted its leadership in the West to Virginia's Ohio Company."

175:, called the "Mohawk Baron" for his extensive landholdings and leadership with the Mohawk and other Iroquois. Croghan briefly lived until 1770 on a quarter of a million New York acres. He resigned as Indian agent in 1771 to establish 179:, a fourteenth British colony to include parts of present-day West Virginia, southwestern Pennsylvania, and eastern Kentucky, but continued to serve as a borderland negotiator for Johnson, who died a British loyalist in 1774. 540:, and supplying the Indians with food, rum, and weapons. When the French reached the Forks of the Ohio early that spring, Croghan's half-brother Ensign Edward Ward was in charge of the garrison and forced to surrender. 378:(1670–1740), another Seneca appointee to the Onondaga Council two decades earlier. That these men were members of the tribes they represented cannot be overemphasized in understanding their roles in American history. 810:

By Spring 1766 Croghan resumed his mission to the Illinois tribes on the Mississippi. Seventeen bateaux left Pittsburgh on June 18, one carrying Croghan and his party, another carrying Captain Harry Gordon and Ensign

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took his place as deputy agent, with Croghan "on call when Indian affairs were critical." He took his cousin Thomas Smallman into a fur trading partnership and Croghan "made a major effort to liquidate his debts."

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tribes into the British economic orbit, with Pontiac "playing an important part in the proceedings." At the time, Croghan was celebrated as a national hero for negotiating with Pontiac and ending the Indian war.

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On July 10, 1775, Croghan purchased 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km) from the Six Nations between the Allegheny and Beaver rivers. Two days later, Congress established an Indian Department and appointed trader

863:. He built a six-chimney "hutt" and had Croghan Forest's 100,000 acres (400 km) surveyed in September 1768 prior to final discussions by Sir Johnson with the Six Nations of the Treaty of Fort Stanwix. 941:, old Shikallamy's son. Croghan kept the Seneca and Delaware neutral, but his cooperation with St. Clair in defending the frontier prompted Connolly to accuse him of deserting Virginia. Shawnee chief 370:, the future British Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Northern District, Croghan's superior. Their principal French competitor for influence among the Native Americans in the Ohio region was 647:

Croghan countered Seneca efforts to enlist the western Indians in an anti-British alliance; as he had in 1748, he organized the western groups into a confederacy independent of the Six Nations.

463:, sent Croghan to Logstown to investigate. Days before Celeron reached Logstown, its chiefs sold Croghan 200,000 acres (810 km) in the area, excluding 2 square miles (5.2 km) at the 604:, one of four forts he built on the frontier. In 1756, he relocated to the western edge of the New York frontier, beginning a 15-year career as Deputy Superintendent of Indian Affairs under 247:

Croghan also learned Native American customs, rapidly adopting the practice of exchanging gifts when he met with the people. He established his first trading base and wintered in a mostly

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Pittsburgh in July, these French forces were ordered to relieve Fort Niagara, where they were ambushed and defeated by Sir William Johnson. The following year Croghan took part in the

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Little is known of Croghan's early life, including the names of his parents. He was born in Ireland around 1718. The best evidence for Croghan's age is found in the treasonous

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The ship wrecked off the Normandy coast in January 1764. He survived, visiting Normandy historical sites on his journey to Le Havre, where he crossed the Channel to London.

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Seen as a 1765 prelude to the Revolutionary War, Croghan's first shipment of Indian presents and trade goods to Pittsburgh provoked armed rebellion by frontiersmen led by

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A hard year for Croghan's Indian diplomacy followed: the Black Boys' pledged in March to kill Croghan on his way to an Indian conference in Pittsburgh, and hostile

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in his usual role at the head of the military column, likely the first to see that the French had burned Fort Duquesne to prevent it being used by the British.

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Ohio's recorded history begins with Croghan's actions in the mid-1740s as fur trader, Iroquois sachem, and go-between for Pennsylvania, according to historian

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As noted above, before completion of the Fort Stanwix Treaty in November 1768, the Six Nations sold Croghan 127,000 acres (510 km) in New York bordering

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In 2020, a historical marker, commemorating Croghan was placed at the site of his original trading post, in Mechanicsburg (Cumberland County), Pennsylvania.

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tell the Indians that it was done to please them. 1772 ended with "the news that the Privy Council had overruled Lord Hillsborough and approved Vandalia."

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and effectively ended in 1760 with the British capture of Montreal. French forces occupied the Ohio Country and expelled or arrested British fur traders.

536:'s summons to the French, Croghan was in Ohio Country gathering intelligence for Pennsylvania, helping to build the Ohio Company stockade commanded by 771:, Piankashaw, Miami, Ouiatenon, Mascouten, and Kickapoo Indians to British rule, a peace confirmed shortly afterward in a grand council that included 476:

colony tried to protect the natives, but were permitted in Virginia. By 1750 he and Montour were aiding the Virginia Commonwealth, guiding its scout

2275: 977:. Croghan and his committee secured Connolly’s release and Connolly subsequently left the frontier to join Lord Dunmore aboard a British man-of-war. 823:, Croghan accompanied Gordon and Hutchins to New Orleans. From there he sailed for New York with stops at Mobile, Pensacola, Havana, and Charleston. 311:, so Croghan was doubly connected to influential British and Mohawk families in the East. Elizabeth Brant, a daughter of Joseph Brant and Catherine ( 740:

engaging in Indian trade. Without the trade and gifts, no peace treaty was possible and Croghan was quick to point out the threat to British rule.

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from his base on the Cuyahoga River threatened French influence among the regional natives. As Croghan expanded his trading network westward toward

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Full text of "A selection of George Croghan's letters and journals relating to tours into the western country--November 16, 1750-November, 1765 .."

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detained Croghan in Philadelphia on his return east, with questions about the Indians to accompany the survey of borders between the colonies by

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aboard a British warship on the James River, signed a few days after Washington had assumed command of the Continental army besieging Boston.

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was appointed in London to the government portfolio for American affairs. Croghan established a quiet retreat at his large parcel of land at

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In 2012 a historical marker commemorating Croghan was dedicated at the veteran's memorial near Rostraver Township's borough building in

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the patronizing and insulting treatment by Amherst and his officers. They complained he treated them like slaves and dogs. They joined

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Croghan married in the 1740s and had a daughter, Susannah Croghan. He later married again, while serving as Deputy Indian agent to Sir

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and his partner Andrew Craig "by questionable methods . . . purchased the Otsego lands for only £2,700." Cooper laid out the town of

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Apparently Croghan's father died young and his widowed mother married again, to Thomas Ward. Croghan emigrated as a young man from

2212:, Vol. IV, No. 1 (January, 1923), pp. 21–40, on-line text, hosted by James Fenimore Cooper Society, 2002, Oneonta University. 759:

warriors. Two of Croghan's men and three Indians were killed, Croghan tomahawked, the camp plundered and the survivors marched to

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Despite Black Boy opposition, Croghan accumulated enough goods to open trade with the Ohio Indians in Pittsburgh; he set off for

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Two weeks after he reached the city, it was captured by the British. Croghan, too ill with gout to escape, was hauled before

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which resulted with the French capitulation to the British. Soon after Croghan accompanied Major Rogers on an expedition to

299:) Croghan (1759-1837) would assume her mother's hereditary role as head of the Turtle clan. She later was the third wife of 1257: 1012:

General Hand refused to let him return to Croghan Hall in western Pennsylvania, and Croghan spent the next two winters in

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in Philadelphia. The marker on his grave was deteriorated by the elements, and the location was unmarked for many years.

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With Montour at his side and in command of 100 Indians on an overlooking hilltop, Croghan witnessed in July 1758 General

371: 77: 993:, at the expense of the Gratz brothers to obtain a clear title to land he had sold them. After conferring with Governor 468:

gross understatement of its impact on history, namely the otherwise unlikely penetration of Virginia into Ohio Country.

2260: 1330: 651: 624: 620: 509: 151:

Croghan was appointed in 1756 as Deputy Indian Agent with chief responsibility for the Ohio region tribes. He assisted

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of North America (current United States) who became a key early figure in the region. In 1746 he was appointed to the

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At the same time Croghan brought the Miami into an alliance with Great Britain, formalized in a July, 1748 treaty at

2205: 966: 455:

The French attacked pro-British tribes left hanging by the peace without arms and ammunition to defend themselves.

375: 367: 308: 284: 172: 2231: 2143:

Sivertsen, Barbara. "Turtles, Wolves, and Bears - a Mohawk Family History," Westminster, MD: Heritage Books, 2006.

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resignation. Sent to Fort Pitt in May, Croghan defused an Indian war over squatters and illegal trade. Governor

575:, seeking refuge. The Half-King became fatally ill and died that October, followed by the Queen in late December. 1094: 1020: 355: 62: 2166: 1310: 938: 444:, a conference interpreter, became Croghan's closest associate until his death in 1772. The other interpreter, 2050: 1059:

Speculation in western New York lands and clouded titles resulted in many unscrupulous transactions. In 1786

685: 512:"opened his campaign to drive the English out of the Ohio Valley." That October during a conference held at 460: 720:

complaining of the agent. Although Bouquet soon recanted, saying that Croghan was the best person to pacify

389:. This was the start of a regional Indian revolt against the French fomented by Croghan. The Wyandot chief 962: 879: 2097:

Greenwood, Jim. "George Croghan; A Reappraisal." Washington, PA: Monongahela Press, 2009. ohiocountry.us.

1035: 775:. The principals journeyed to Detroit, where Croghan conducted an even larger conference that brought the 732: 304: 459:

led a 1749 expedition to claim the Ohio Valley for France and drive out the English traders; Governor

891: 705: 553: 346:

His partnership with Trent was temporarily suspended when the latter joined the military to serve in

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edited by Warren R. Van Tine and Michael Dale Pierce; Athens, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2002.

148:

of the 1740s, he helped negotiate new treaties and alliances for the British with Native Americans.

982: 974: 970: 911: 66: 20: 2206:

A[lbert] T. Volwiler, "George Croghan and the Development of Central New York, 1763-1800"

1923:

Wainwright, 310; Volwiler, 334. Volwiler, writing in 1926, did not know where Croghan was buried.

1013: 680:

trading post burned along with Croghan Hall near Pittsburgh, and that Fort Pitt was under siege.

437: 268: 182:

While working to keep the Ohio Indians neutral during the Revolutionary War, Croghan served as

1302: 1296: 1060: 990: 867: 856: 659: 513: 331:

The British trader quickly took advantage of wartime conditions, establishing new posts at the

2232:

Guide to the Reuben T. Durrett Collection of William and George Croghan Papers circa 1823-1890

2010:

The Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Face of Empire in British America, 1754-1766

2250: 2155:

The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution

1068: 1064: 1040: 485: 2215: 2060:

Cave, Alfred A. "George Croghan and the Emergence of British Influence on the Ohio Frontier"

494: 2255: 841: 560: 502: 456: 347: 315:) Crogan, married William Johnson Kerr, a grandson of Sir William Johnson and Molly Brant. 287:, British Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Northern District. His second wife was a 232: 145: 1989: 699:

While in London, Croghan was described as "the personification of wealth and power." The

8: 717: 605: 579: 549: 328:, then held by the French, they encouraged French-allied Native Americans to attack him. 272: 152: 24: 760: 533: 351: 240: 133: 874:

not protect him when the Wharton bills were returned for nonpayment in February 1770.

295:), daughter of Mohawk chief Nickus Peters (Karaghaigdatie). Their daughter Catherine ( 2169: 2162: 2134: 2112: 2088: 2027: 2013: 1306: 934: 886: 860: 852: 792: 633: 525: 471:

Virginia's Ohio Company, which acted on behalf of the Commonwealth, sent agents Col.

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broke out in the Pennsylvania area in the spring of 1774, when frontiersmen led by

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In 1755, friendly Indians again sought refuge at Augwick. Croghan fortified it as

362:

there which served as his home and base of operations from about 1745 until 1751.

275:, Trent likely supplied capital to acquire trade goods and set up their business. 2158: 1262: 831:

His ship reached New York on January 10, 1767, and two days later Croghan joined

812: 752: 713: 677: 619:. Afterward Croghan wrote Johnson that he feared a similar "thrashing" for Gen. 597:

during the almost continuous crises in Ohio Country before and after until 1777.

568: 260: 236: 211: 186:'s president judge for Virginia and chairman of its Committee of Safety. General 2024:

The Iroquois Restoration: Iroquois Diplomacy on the Colonial Frontier, 1701-1754

997:

about frontier defenses, he returned to Pittsburgh with dispatches for General

930: 832: 700: 572: 564: 441: 386: 382: 336: 332: 252: 228: 203: 164: 969:. The next month, Croghan was hosting a conference with Indians to ratify the 2244: 994: 816: 772: 658:

The French had released all claims and trade relations to the British in the

593: 588: 537: 529: 472: 445: 288: 264: 248: 608:. Johnson appointed him to deal with the Susquehanna and Allegheny Indians. 343:

village of Pickawillany, tribes that had previously traded with the French.

2043:

Campbell, William J. "An Adverse Patron: Land, Trade, and George Croghan,"

1005: 895: 748: 601: 584: 421: 410: 300: 223: 137: 2173: 998: 836: 724:, his ill-considered and untrue characterization of Croghan has endured. 187: 2104:

Vol. Two, originally published in 1911. Lewisburg, PA: Wennawoods, 1995.

99:

Fur trader, Indian agent, Onondaga Council sachem land speculator, judge

776: 736: 402: 359: 183: 2235: 942: 764: 756: 425: 256: 219: 505:, killing a few British traders and 13 Miami, including Old Briton. 2126:

Jeffrey Kallen, ed. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamin Pub. Co., 1997.

2053:

Speculators in Empire: Iroquoia and the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix

394: 2210:

The Quarterly Journal of the New York State Historical Association

2109:

Into the American Woods: Negotiators on the Pennsylvania Frontier.

263:.) During the early years, Croghan's primary business partner was 820: 780: 637: 325: 48: 385:

warriors murdered five French traders at the Wyandot village of

366:

comprising the Six Nations' Onondaga Council. Already on it was

218:

Within a few years Croghan became one of Pennsylvania's leading

2131:

Our Savage Neighbors, How Indian War Transformed Early America.

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when Connolly was arrested by Pennsylvanians and imprisoned at

768: 448:, had been appointed as British Indian agent for Pennsylvania. 397:(or "Old Briton" as Croghan named him), known by the French as 235:

common to the Lenape of the mid-Atlantic region) and probably

2100:

Hanna, Charles A. "George Croghan: The King of the Traders,"

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Among those buying land from Croghan's 1749 Indian grant was

429: 340: 1056:

the Tekarihoga, the principal sachem of the Mohawk nation."

815:

on a river mapping expedition, two carrying provisions for

2236:

University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

2150:

Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania Historical Commission, 1941.

784: 623:

advance forces nearing Fort Duquesne, unaware that Major

2036:

Bothwell, Margaret Pearson. "The Astonishing Croghans,"

918:, the colony's chief official west of the Alleghenies. 2189:

Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1959.

1901: 1899: 307:. Brant's sister Molly was a long-term consort of Sir 2078:

George Washington; The Forge of Experience, 1732-1775

1168: 1166: 767:. In a conference on July 13, Croghan reconciled the 1071:, presented his family's side of the dispute in his 2281:

People of Pennsylvania in the French and Indian War

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George Croghan and the Westward Movement, 1741–1782

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Wilderness Chronicles of Northwestern Pennsylvania.

1896: 417:, where Croghan built a stockade and trading post. 215:Smallman; and George's grandfather Edmund Croghan. 1799: 1797: 1163: 23:. For the United States Marine Corps general, see 2122:Montgomery, Michael. "A Tale of Two Georges," in 2083:Frederic, Harold & William C. Frederick III. 2242: 2133:New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2009. 2073:Harrisburg, PA: Dauphin Deposit Trust Co., 1965. 1958: 1956: 1697: 1695: 2182:. Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1926. 1794: 747:. His party was attacked near the mouth of the 559:By the end of May, Croghan and Montour were in 528:making his diplomatic journey to the French at 508:Early in the spring of 1753, Canada's Governor 318: 202:letters, written early in 1756 by an otherwise 2216:Jim Greenwood, "George Croghan: A Reappraisal" 1298:Encyclopedia of American Indian Wars 1492-1890 791:Croghan led a group of speculators, including 1953: 1692: 571:took their people to Croghan's plantation on 667:to expel the British from their territory. 2026:, Lincoln, NE: U. of Nebraska Press, 1997. 989:During the summer of 1777, Croghan visited 350:(1744–48). The two men bought property on 2146:Stevens, Sylvester and Donald Kent, eds. 2064:Builders of Ohio, a Biographical History. 937:led other pioneers to kill the family of 278: 119:Susannah, from first liaison; Catharine ( 2276:Irish emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies 1078: 1034: 801: 222:. A key to his success was establishing 193: 2286:People of Pennsylvania of Pontiac's War 2080:. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1965. 1250: 2243: 2038:Western Pennsylvania History Magazine, 1328:Michael J. Mullin, "Croghan, George", 1324: 1322: 1294: 1097:added a new marker to Croghan's grave. 1039:Historical marker honoring Croghan in 956: 2085:The Westsylvania Pioneers, 1774-1776, 859:. Its outlet is the headwater of the 524:When the year ended with 21-year-old 207:native Irish surname Mac Conchruacha 2296:Merchants from colonial Pennsylvania 2202:, Bancroft Library, Internet Archive 2187:George Croghan: Wilderness Diplomat. 2056:, University of Oklahoma Press, 2012 1994:website, "Critical Comments" section 1301:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1189: 1187: 1087: 393:led it at first. He was followed by 2301:People from Otsego County, New York 1319: 1030: 543: 480:on a tour of Ohio Indian villages. 372:Philippe-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire 132:(c. 1718 – August 31, 1782) was an 13: 1331:American National Biography Online 14: 2317: 2271:Businesspeople from County Dublin 2193: 2087:Butler, PA: H.R. Frederic, 2001. 1184: 1102:Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania 933:killed two Shawnee warriors, and 615:'s calamitous frontal assault on 2291:Merchants from colonial New York 967:battles of Lexington and Concord 921: 670: 376:Louis-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire 259:. (This area later developed as 78:St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia 2266:Colonial American Indian agents 1983: 1974: 1965: 1944: 1935: 1926: 1917: 1908: 1887: 1878: 1869: 1860: 1851: 1842: 1833: 1824: 1815: 1806: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1758: 1749: 1740: 1731: 1722: 1713: 1704: 1683: 1674: 1665: 1652: 1643: 1634: 1625: 1616: 1607: 1598: 1589: 1580: 1571: 1562: 1553: 1544: 1535: 1526: 1517: 1508: 1499: 1490: 1481: 1472: 1463: 1454: 1445: 1436: 1427: 1418: 1409: 1400: 1391: 1382: 1373: 1364: 1355: 1346: 1337: 1288: 1279: 1270: 1241: 1232: 1223: 1214: 1205: 1095:Sons of the American Revolution 965:, formed in May 1775 after the 806:George Croghan's Otsego Patents 420:Aided by local Iroquois chiefs 374:, son of the French fur trader 356:Cumberland County, Pennsylvania 1196: 1175: 1154: 1145: 1136: 1127: 1118: 19:For the American soldier, see 1: 1111: 961:Croghan chaired Pittsburgh's 826: 644:over by Sir William Johnson. 461:James Hamilton (Pennsylvania) 2071:George Croghan of Pennsboro. 1025:St. Peter's Episcopal Church 1019:Croghan died at his home in 319:King George's War, 1744–1748 267:, also a trader. The son of 251:village at the mouth of the 7: 2040:48(2), April 1965: 119–144. 963:committee of correspondence 10: 2322: 2002: 381:Early in 1747, Seneca and 305:American Revolutionary War 18: 2261:British Indian Department 2012:, New York: Knopf, 2000. 1073:Chronicles of Cooperstown 892:Perryopolis, Pennsylvania 706:Proclamation Line of 1763 640:which was also captured. 554:Battle of Jumonville Glen 115: 103: 95: 83: 73: 55: 41: 34: 16:Irish-American fur trader 2306:Irish colonial officials 2222:website, 2009 (54 pages) 2185:Wainwright, Nicholas B. 2111:New York: Norton, 1999. 1142:Wainwright, 49, 310, 29. 971:Treaty of Camp Charlotte 21:George Croghan (soldier) 2076:Flexner, James Thomas. 1014:Lancaster, Pennsylvania 438:Lancaster, Pennsylvania 171:Indian agent under Sir 1295:Keenan, Jerry (1997). 1044: 991:Williamsburg, Virginia 807: 514:Carlisle, Pennsylvania 358:. Croghan developed a 279:Marriages and families 227:two Native languages, 2102:The Wilderness Trail, 2069:Crist, Robert Grant. 2051:Campbell, William J. 2047:76(2), 2009: 117–140. 2045:Pennsylvania History, 1079:Pronunciation of name 1069:James Fenimore Cooper 1065:Cooperstown, New York 1041:Cooperstown, New York 1038: 805: 567:. The Half King and 486:Pennsylvania Assembly 194:Early life and career 91:, King of the Traders 2178:Volwiler, Albert T. 1971:Stevens and Kent, 94 1172:Wainwright, 34, 264. 1160:Wainwright, 34, 138. 561:Winchester, Virginia 503:Raid on Pickawillany 457:Celeron de Bienville 428:sent to oversee the 107:unknown; Catharine ( 1932:Wainwright, 307-307 1914:Wainwright, 305-305 1905:Wainwright, 302-303 1893:Wainwright, 300-301 1884:Wainwright, 296-299 1875:Wainwright, 294-295 1857:Wainwright, 292-293 1848:Wainwright, 189-191 1812:Wainwright, 283-284 1622:Wainwright, 210-211 1613:Wainwright, 207-208 1586:Wainwright, 198-200 1577:Wainwright, 196-198 957:American Revolution 718:General Thomas Gage 606:Sir William Johnson 580:Braddock Expedition 273:Trenton, New Jersey 233:Algonquian language 153:Sir William Johnson 25:George Croghan Reid 2107:Merrell, James H. 1379:Wainwright, 14–15. 1045: 808: 534:Governor Dinwiddie 495:Treaty of Logstown 352:Conedogwinet Creek 291:woman, Catherine ( 241:Iroquoian language 136:fur trader in the 2139:978-0-393-33490-6 2124:Focus on Ireland, 2093:978-0-9703825-3-5 2032:978-0-8032-5932-4 2022:Aquila, Richard. 2018:978-0-375-40642-3 1990:James Greenwood, 1950:Volwiler, 329-330 1671:Volwiler, 185-186 1658:George Croghan's 1487:Wainwright, 75-78 1460:Wainwright, 49-50 1451:Wainwright, 41-44 1406:Wainwright, 18–21 1343:Wainwright, 8–13. 1088:Legacy and honors 1021:Passyunk Township 935:Daniel Greathouse 887:George Washington 861:Susquehanna River 853:Lord Hillsborough 793:Benjamin Franklin 728:nations neutral. 634:Montreal Campaign 613:James Abercrombie 526:George Washington 465:Forks of the Ohio 415:Great Miami River 391:Nicholas Orontony 348:King George's War 157:George Washington 146:King George's War 127: 126: 2313: 2226:"George Croghan" 2008:Anderson, Fred. 1996: 1987: 1981: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1963: 1960: 1951: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1831: 1828: 1822: 1819: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1792: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1762: 1756: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1729: 1726: 1720: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1702: 1699: 1690: 1687: 1681: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1663: 1656: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1614: 1611: 1605: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1515: 1512: 1506: 1505:Flexner, 129-130 1503: 1497: 1494: 1488: 1485: 1479: 1476: 1470: 1467: 1461: 1458: 1452: 1449: 1443: 1440: 1434: 1431: 1425: 1422: 1416: 1413: 1407: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1386: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1353: 1350: 1344: 1341: 1335: 1334:, February 2000. 1326: 1317: 1316: 1292: 1286: 1285:Wainwright, 207. 1283: 1277: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1254: 1248: 1247:Wainwright, 107. 1245: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1221: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1194: 1191: 1182: 1179: 1173: 1170: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1149: 1143: 1140: 1134: 1133:Wainwright, 310. 1131: 1125: 1122: 1031:Croghan's estate 916:Arthur St. Clair 797:William Franklin 745:Illinois Country 722:Illinois Country 684:men to garrison 617:Fort Ticonderoga 550:Seven Years' War 544:Seven Years' War 499:Charles Langlade 478:Christopher Gist 424:(Half King) and 403:Piankeshaw Miami 142:Onondaga Council 84:Other names 32: 31: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2241: 2240: 2196: 2159:Alfred A. Knopf 2129:Silver, Peter. 2005: 2000: 1999: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1941:Wainwright, 310 1940: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1866:Wainwright, 294 1865: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1839:Wainwright, 283 1838: 1834: 1830:Wainwright, 287 1829: 1825: 1821:Wainwright, 286 1820: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1803:Wainwright, 282 1802: 1795: 1791:Wainwright, 281 1790: 1786: 1782:Wainwright, 277 1781: 1777: 1773:Wainwright, 271 1772: 1768: 1764:Wainwright, 267 1763: 1759: 1755:Wainwright, 257 1754: 1750: 1746:Wainwright, 256 1745: 1741: 1737:Wainwright, 253 1736: 1732: 1728:Wainwright, 251 1727: 1723: 1719:Wainwright, 244 1718: 1714: 1710:Wainwright, 239 1709: 1705: 1700: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1631:Wainwright, 120 1630: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1604:Wainwright, 206 1603: 1599: 1595:Wainwright, 204 1594: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1568:Wainwright, 195 1567: 1563: 1559:Wainwright, 182 1558: 1554: 1550:Wainwright, 165 1549: 1545: 1541:Wainwright, 153 1540: 1536: 1532:Wainwright, 151 1531: 1527: 1523:Wainwright, 145 1522: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1370:Anderson, 28-29 1369: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1327: 1320: 1313: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1276:Wainwright, 260 1275: 1271: 1263:The Irish Times 1256: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1229:Wainwright, 307 1228: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1151:Wainwright, 13. 1150: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1090: 1081: 1033: 959: 924: 846:Mason and Dixon 835:in urging Gen. 829: 813:Thomas Hutchins 783:, Wyandot, and 763:and eventually 714:Alexander McKee 678:Sewickley Creek 673: 660:Treaty of Paris 652:Jeffery Amherst 569:Queen Aliquippa 546: 368:William Johnson 354:in present-day 321: 309:William Johnson 285:William Johnson 281: 261:Cleveland, Ohio 212:Dublin, Ireland 200:Filius Gallicae 196: 173:William Johnson 69: 60: 59:August 31, 1782 51: 46: 37: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2319: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2239: 2238: 2229: 2228:, Find-a-Grave 2223: 2213: 2203: 2195: 2194:External links 2192: 2191: 2190: 2183: 2176: 2153:Taylor, Alan. 2151: 2144: 2141: 2127: 2120: 2105: 2098: 2095: 2081: 2074: 2067: 2057: 2048: 2041: 2034: 2020: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1982: 1973: 1964: 1952: 1943: 1934: 1925: 1916: 1907: 1895: 1886: 1877: 1868: 1859: 1850: 1841: 1832: 1823: 1814: 1805: 1793: 1784: 1775: 1766: 1757: 1748: 1739: 1730: 1721: 1712: 1703: 1691: 1682: 1673: 1664: 1651: 1642: 1633: 1624: 1615: 1606: 1597: 1588: 1579: 1570: 1561: 1552: 1543: 1534: 1525: 1516: 1507: 1498: 1496:Wainwright, 93 1489: 1480: 1478:Wainwright, 65 1471: 1469:Wainwright, 55 1462: 1453: 1444: 1435: 1433:Wainwright, 30 1426: 1424:Wainwright, 28 1417: 1415:Wainwright, 27 1408: 1399: 1390: 1381: 1372: 1363: 1354: 1352:Wainwright, 8. 1345: 1336: 1318: 1311: 1287: 1278: 1269: 1249: 1240: 1238:Wainwright, 3. 1231: 1222: 1220:Greenwood, 5-7 1213: 1211:Wainwright, 41 1204: 1195: 1193:Wainwright, 13 1183: 1181:Greenwood, 46. 1174: 1162: 1153: 1144: 1135: 1126: 1116: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1098: 1089: 1086: 1080: 1077: 1061:William Cooper 1032: 1029: 983:Richard Butler 958: 955: 931:Michael Cresap 923: 920: 880:Bedford County 833:Samuel Wharton 828: 825: 701:Lords of Trade 686:Fort Lyttleton 672: 669: 573:Aughwick Creek 565:Fort Necessity 545: 542: 442:Andrew Montour 320: 317: 280: 277: 253:Cuyahoga River 195: 192: 165:Alfred A. Cave 130:George Croghan 125: 124: 117: 113: 112: 105: 101: 100: 97: 93: 92: 85: 81: 80: 75: 71: 70: 61: 57: 53: 52: 47: 43: 39: 38: 36:George Croghan 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2318: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2117:0-393-04676-1 2114: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2006: 1995: 1993: 1986: 1977: 1968: 1962:Volwiler, 331 1959: 1957: 1947: 1938: 1929: 1920: 1911: 1902: 1900: 1890: 1881: 1872: 1863: 1854: 1845: 1836: 1827: 1818: 1809: 1800: 1798: 1788: 1779: 1770: 1761: 1752: 1743: 1734: 1725: 1716: 1707: 1701:Volwiler, 197 1698: 1696: 1689:Volwiler, 195 1686: 1680:Volwiler, 188 1677: 1668: 1661: 1655: 1649:Volwiler, 179 1646: 1640:Volwiler, 177 1637: 1628: 1619: 1610: 1601: 1592: 1583: 1574: 1565: 1556: 1547: 1538: 1529: 1520: 1514:Volwiler, 800 1511: 1502: 1493: 1484: 1475: 1466: 1457: 1448: 1439: 1430: 1421: 1412: 1403: 1397:Greenwood, 3. 1394: 1385: 1376: 1367: 1361:Wainwright, 3 1358: 1349: 1340: 1333: 1332: 1325: 1323: 1314: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1291: 1282: 1273: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1258:"Irish names" 1253: 1244: 1235: 1226: 1217: 1208: 1199: 1190: 1188: 1178: 1169: 1167: 1157: 1148: 1139: 1130: 1121: 1117: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1093:In 2008, the 1092: 1091: 1085: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1042: 1037: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1007: 1002: 1000: 996: 995:Patrick Henry 992: 987: 984: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 954: 950: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 927:Dunmore's War 922:Dunmore's War 919: 917: 913: 912:John Connolly 907: 903: 899: 897: 893: 888: 883: 881: 875: 871: 869: 864: 862: 858: 854: 849: 847: 843: 838: 834: 824: 822: 818: 817:Fort Chartres 814: 804: 800: 798: 794: 789: 786: 782: 778: 774: 773:Chief Pontiac 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 741: 738: 734: 729: 725: 723: 719: 715: 709: 707: 702: 697: 695: 689: 687: 681: 679: 671:Pontiac's War 668: 666: 665:Pontiac's War 661: 656: 653: 648: 645: 641: 639: 635: 629: 626: 622: 618: 614: 609: 607: 603: 598: 595: 594:James Flexner 590: 589:Daniel Morgan 586: 581: 576: 574: 570: 566: 562: 557: 555: 551: 541: 539: 538:William Trent 535: 531: 530:Fort Le Boeuf 527: 522: 519: 515: 511: 506: 504: 500: 496: 490: 487: 481: 479: 474: 473:Thomas Cresap 469: 466: 462: 458: 453: 449: 447: 446:Conrad Weiser 443: 439: 434: 431: 427: 423: 418: 416: 412: 406: 404: 400: 399:La Demoiselle 396: 392: 388: 384: 379: 377: 373: 369: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 344: 342: 338: 334: 329: 327: 316: 314: 313:Adonwentishon 310: 306: 302: 298: 297:Adonwentishon 294: 290: 286: 276: 274: 270: 266: 265:William Trent 262: 258: 254: 250: 245: 242: 238: 234: 230: 225: 224:trading posts 221: 216: 213: 208: 205: 201: 191: 189: 185: 180: 178: 174: 168: 166: 161: 158: 154: 149: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 122: 121:Adonwentishon 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 96:Occupation(s) 94: 90: 86: 82: 79: 76: 74:Resting place 72: 68: 64: 58: 54: 50: 44: 40: 33: 30: 26: 22: 2251:1710s births 2220:Ohio Country 2219: 2209: 2186: 2179: 2157:, New York: 2154: 2147: 2130: 2123: 2108: 2101: 2084: 2077: 2070: 2063: 2052: 2044: 2037: 2023: 2009: 1992:Ohio Country 1991: 1985: 1976: 1967: 1946: 1937: 1928: 1919: 1910: 1889: 1880: 1871: 1862: 1853: 1844: 1835: 1826: 1817: 1808: 1787: 1778: 1769: 1760: 1751: 1742: 1733: 1724: 1715: 1706: 1685: 1676: 1667: 1659: 1654: 1645: 1636: 1627: 1618: 1609: 1600: 1591: 1582: 1573: 1564: 1555: 1546: 1537: 1528: 1519: 1510: 1501: 1492: 1483: 1474: 1465: 1456: 1447: 1442:Anderson, 30 1438: 1429: 1420: 1411: 1402: 1393: 1384: 1375: 1366: 1357: 1348: 1339: 1329: 1297: 1290: 1281: 1272: 1261: 1252: 1243: 1234: 1225: 1216: 1207: 1198: 1177: 1156: 1147: 1138: 1129: 1124:Frederic, 73 1120: 1082: 1072: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1018: 1011: 1006:General Howe 1003: 988: 979: 960: 951: 947: 925: 908: 904: 900: 896:Lord Dunmore 884: 876: 872: 865: 850: 830: 809: 795:and his son 790: 749:Wabash River 742: 730: 726: 710: 698: 693: 690: 682: 674: 657: 649: 646: 642: 630: 610: 602:Fort Shirley 599: 585:Daniel Boone 577: 558: 547: 523: 517: 507: 491: 482: 470: 454: 450: 435: 422:Tanacharison 419: 411:Pickawillany 407: 401:, who was a 398: 380: 364: 345: 330: 322: 312: 301:Joseph Brant 296: 292: 282: 246: 217: 209: 199: 197: 181: 169: 162: 150: 138:Ohio Country 129: 128: 123:), 1759-1837 120: 108: 88: 67:Pennsylvania 29: 2256:1782 deaths 1388:Aquila,194. 999:Edward Hand 868:Lake Otsego 857:Lake Otsego 733:James Smith 704:moving the 625:James Grant 621:John Forbes 578:During the 335:village of 269:the founder 220:fur traders 188:Edward Hand 2245:Categories 2167:0679454713 1312:0874367964 1112:References 975:Hannastown 827:Later life 777:Potawatomi 751:by eighty 737:Black Boys 694:Britannia. 360:plantation 293:Takarihoga 184:Pittsburgh 134:Irish-born 109:Takarihoga 89:Anagurunda 87:The Buck, 943:Cornstalk 882:in 1771. 842:John Penn 765:Ouiatenon 761:Vincennes 757:Mascouten 518:Scarouady 426:Scarouady 257:Lake Erie 204:anonymous 104:Spouse(s) 2174:58043162 2161:, 2006. 1980:Crist, 3 1202:Cave, 12 1075:(1838). 890:today's 753:Kickapoo 650:General 510:Duquesne 395:Memeskia 387:Sandusky 339:and the 337:Sandusky 229:Delaware 177:Vandalia 116:Children 63:Passyunk 2234:at the 2003:Sources 1662:, 18-19 1660:Journal 821:malaria 781:Ojibway 638:Detroit 501:made a 413:on the 405:chief. 383:Wyandot 333:Wyandot 326:Detroit 49:Ireland 45:c. 1718 2172: 2165: 2137: 2115: 2091: 2030: 2016: 1309: 769:Ottawa 289:Mohawk 249:Seneca 237:Seneca 2062:, in 1303:57-58 939:Logan 430:Mingo 341:Miami 2170:OCLC 2163:ISBN 2135:ISBN 2113:ISBN 2089:ISBN 2028:ISBN 2014:ISBN 1307:ISBN 837:Gage 755:and 587:and 548:The 239:(an 231:(an 56:Died 42:Born 785:Wea 271:of 255:on 2247:: 2218:, 2208:, 1955:^ 1898:^ 1796:^ 1694:^ 1321:^ 1305:. 1260:. 1186:^ 1165:^ 779:, 516:, 440:. 65:, 2119:. 1315:. 1266:. 1104:. 1043:. 111:) 27:.

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