Louis Riel - Knowledge

1264:, but francophone Quebec defended Riel as "the symbol, indeed as a hero of his race". Morton concluded that some of Riel's positions were defensible, but that "they did not present a program of practical substance which the government might have granted without betrayal of its responsibilities". J. M. Bumsted in 2000 said that for Manitoba historian James Jackson, the shooting of Scott—"perhaps the result of Riel's incipient madness—was the great blemish on Riel's achievement, depriving him of his proper role as the father of Manitoba." The Catholic clergy had originally supported the Métis, but reversed themselves when they realized that Riel was leading a heretical movement. They made sure that he was not honored as a martyr. However the clergy lost their influence during the 1119: 955:. But by the 1880s, the rapid collapse of the buffalo herd was causing near starvation among the First Nations. This was exacerbated by a reduction in government assistance, and by a general failure of Ottawa to live up to its treaty obligations. The Métis were likewise obliged to give up the hunt and take up agriculture—but this transition was accompanied by complex issues surrounding land claims similar to those that had previously arisen in Manitoba. Moreover, settlers from Europe and the eastern provinces were also moving into the Saskatchewan territories, and they too had complaints related to the administration of the territories. Virtually all parties therefore had grievances, and by 1884 Anglophone settlers, 1383: 471:, but was soon asked to leave, following breaches of discipline. During Riel's period of mourning of his father, he believed that Louis Riel was dead and he himself was David Mordecai, a Jew from Marseilles, and as David, he was not eligible to the immense inheritance of his father (which, in fact, was of little value). Seized with religious fervour, he announced that he was going to form a new religious movement. He remained in Montreal for over a year, living at the home of his aunt, Lucie Riel. Impoverished by the death of his father, Riel took employment as a law clerk in the Montreal office of 753:. However, following the early September defeat of George-Étienne Cartier in his home riding in Quebec, Riel stood aside so that Cartier—on record as being in favour of amnesty for Riel—might secure a seat in Provencher. Cartier won by acclamation, but Riel's hopes for a swift resolution to the amnesty question were dashed following Cartier's death on 20 May 1873. In the ensuing by-election in October 1873, Riel ran unopposed as an Independent, although he had again fled, a warrant having been issued for his arrest in September. Lépine was not so lucky; he was captured and faced trial. 4718: 1566: 1244: 818:. It was here that he received news of Lépine's fate: following his trial for the murder of Scott, which had begun on 13 October 1874, Lépine was found guilty and sentenced to death. This sparked outrage in the sympathetic Quebec press, and calls for amnesty for both Lépine and Riel were renewed. This presented a severe political difficulty for Mackenzie, who was hopelessly caught between the demands of Quebec and Ontario. However, a solution was forthcoming when, acting on his own initiative, the 580: 1552: 1127: 219: 1402: 1176: 719: 859: 4732: 621: 784:, and a general election was held in January 1874. Although the Liberals under Mackenzie formed the new government, Riel easily retained his seat. Formally, Riel had to sign a register book at least once upon being elected, and he did so under disguise in late January. He was nevertheless stricken from the rolls following a motion supported by Schultz, who had become the member for the electoral district of 382: 475:. During this time he was involved in a failed romance with a young woman named Marie–Julie Guernon. This progressed to the point of Riel having signed a contract of marriage, but his fiancée's family opposed her involvement with a Métis, and the engagement was soon broken. Compounding this disappointment, Riel found legal work unpleasant and, by early 1866, he had resolved to leave 944: 1268:, and activists in Quebec found in Riel the perfect hero, with the image now of a freedom fighter who stood up for his people against an oppressive government in the face of widespread racist bigotry. He was made a folk hero by Métis, French Canadian and other Canadian minorities. Activists who espoused violence embraced his image; in the 1960s, the Quebec terrorist group, the 40: 1580: 567:. McDougall attempted to assert his authority by authorizing Dennis to raise a contingent of armed men, but the Anglophone settlers largely ignored this call to arms. Schultz, however, attracted approximately fifty recruits and fortified his home and store. Riel ordered Schultz's home surrounded, and the outnumbered Canadians soon surrendered and were imprisoned in 1048:. But Riel, undoubtedly influenced by his messianic delusions, became increasingly supportive of this course of action. Disenchanted with the status quo, and swayed by Riel's charisma and eloquent rhetoric, hundreds of Métis remained loyal to Riel, despite his proclamations that Bishop Ignace Bourget should be accepted as pope, and that "Rome has fallen". 734:. Archibald issued a call to arms in October, and assured Riel that if he participated he would not be arrested. Riel organized several companies of Métis troops for the defense of Manitoba. When Archibald reviewed the troops in St. Boniface, he made the significant gesture of publicly shaking Riel's hand, signaling that a rapprochement had been effected. 1280:

government. John Foster said in 1985 that "the interpretive drift of the last half-century ... has witnessed increasingly shrill though frequently uncritical condemnations of Canadian government culpability and equally uncritical identification with the "victimization" of the "innocent" Métis". However, political scientist

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Anglophone settlers to consider Smith's proposals. On 7 February, a new list of rights was presented to the Ottawa delegation, and Smith and Riel agreed to send representatives to Ottawa to engage in direct negotiations on that basis. The provisional government established by Louis Riel published its own newspaper titled

715:. The results of the first provincial election in December 1870 were promising for Riel, as many of his supporters came to power. Nevertheless, stress and financial troubles precipitated a serious illness—perhaps a harbinger of his future mental afflictions—that prevented his return to Manitoba until May 1871. 1231:

Francophones were upset Riel was hanged because they thought his execution was a symbol of Anglophone dominance of Canada. The Orange Irish Protestant element in Ontario had demanded the execution as the punishment for Riel's treason and his execution of Thomas Scott in 1870. In Quebec, the politician

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When this news reached Ontario, Mair and members of the Canada First movement whipped up anti-Riel (and anti-Archibald) sentiment. With Federal elections coming in 1872, Macdonald could ill afford further rift in Quebec–Ontario relations and so he did not offer an amnesty. Instead he quietly arranged

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Scott was soon executed by a Métis firing squad on 4 March. Riel's motivations have been the cause of much speculation, but his justification was that he felt it necessary to demonstrate to the Canadians that the Métis must be taken seriously. Protestant Canada did take notice, swore revenge, and set

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The Saskatchewan Métis' requested land grants were all provided by the government by the end of 1887, and the government resurveyed the Métis river lots in accordance with their wishes. However, much of the land was soon bought by speculators who later turned huge profits from it. Riel's worst fears

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sentenced him to death on 1 August 1885, with the date of his execution initially set for 18 September 1885. "We tried Riel for treason," one juror later said, "And he was hanged for the murder of Scott." Lewis Thomas notes that "the government's conduct of the case was to be a travesty of justice".

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Several individuals closely tied to the government requested that the trial be held in Winnipeg in July 1885. Some historians contend that the trial was moved to Regina because of concerns with the possibility of an ethnically mixed and sympathetic jury. Prime Minister Macdonald ordered the trial to

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On 6 November, Riel invited Anglophones to attend a convention alongside Métis representatives to discuss a course of action, and on 1 December he proposed to this convention a list of rights to be demanded as a condition of union. Much of the settlement came to accept the Métis point of view, but a

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reversed his views after editing Riel's writings: he argued that "the Métis grievances were at least partly of their own making", that Riel's violent approach was unnecessary given the government's response to his initial "constitutional agitation", and "that he received a surprisingly fair trial".

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in 1982 found that Riel had become "a Canadian folk hero", even "mythical", in English Canada, corresponding with the designation of Batoche as a national historic site and the compilation of his writings. That compilation consisted of three volumes of letters, diaries, and other prose writings; a

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Across Canada there emerged a new interpretation of reality in his rebellion, holding that the Métis had major unresolved grievances; that the government was indeed unresponsive; that Riel had chosen violence only as a last resort; and he was given a questionable trial, then executed by a vengeful

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under the name "Louis Larochelle". While he suffered from sporadic irrational outbursts, he continued his religious writing, composing theological tracts with an admixture of Christian and Judaic ideas. He consequently began calling himself "Louis David Riel, Prophet, Infallible Pontiff and Priest

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to pass laws. The Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia was the first elected government at the Red River Settlement and functioned from 9 March to 24 June 1870. The assembly had 28 elected representatives, including a president, Louis Riel, an executive council (government cabinet), adjutant general

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The cap was pulled down, and while he was praying the trap was pulled. Death was not instantaneous. Louis Riel's pulse ceased four minutes after the trap-door fell and during that time the rope around his neck slowly strangled and choked him to death. The body was to have been interred inside the

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On 11 February 1885, a response to the petition was received. The government proposed to take a census of the North-West Territories, and to form a commission to investigate grievances. This angered a faction of the Métis who saw it as a mere delaying tactic; they favoured taking up arms at once.

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and sentenced to death for his interference with the provisional government. He was pardoned, but Scott interpreted this as weakness by the Métis, who he regarded with open contempt. After Scott repeatedly quarreled with his guards, they insisted that he be tried for insubordination. At his court

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Riel's historical reputation has long been polarized between portrayals as a dangerous religious fanatic and rebel opposed to the Canadian nation, and, by contrast, as a charismatic leader intent on defending his Métis people from the unfair encroachments by the federal government eager to give

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While Riel awaited news from Ottawa he considered returning to Montana, but had by February resolved to stay. Without a productive course of action, Riel began to engage in obsessive prayer, and was experiencing a significant relapse of his mental agitations. This led to a deterioration in his

995:, a respected buffalo hunter and leader of the Saint-Laurent Métis who had known Riel in Manitoba. James Isbister was the lone Anglo-Métis delegate. Riel was easily swayed to support their cause. Riel also intended to use the new position of influence to pursue his own land claims in Manitoba. 1251:

Historians have debated the Riel case so often and so passionately that he is the most written-about person in Canadian history. Interpretations have varied dramatically over time. The first amateur English language histories hailed the triumph of civilization, represented by English-speaking

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The trial and execution of Riel caused a bitter and prolonged reaction which convulsed Canadian politics for decades. The execution was both supported and opposed by the provinces. For example, conservative Ontario strongly supported Riel's execution, but Quebec was vehemently opposed to it.

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Meetings between Riel and the Ottawa delegation took place on 5 and 6 January 1870. When these proved fruitless, Smith chose to present his case in a public forum. After large meetings on 19 and 20 January, Riel suggested the formation of a new convention split evenly between Francophone and

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Bellehumeur, according to the custom of the country (à la façon du pays), on 28 April, the marriage being solemnized on 9 March 1882. Evelina learned of this marriage from a newspaper and wrote a letter accusing Riel of "infamy". Marguerite and Louis were to have three children: Jean-Louis

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By the mid-20th century academic historians had dropped the theme of savagery versus civilization, deemphasized the Métis, and focused on Riel, presenting his execution as a major cause of the bitter division in Canada along ethnocultural and geographical lines of religion and language.

365:; his execution had a lasting negative impact on Canada, polarizing the new nation along ethno-religious lines. The Métis were marginalized in the Prairie provinces by the increasingly English-dominated majority. A long-term effect of these actions was the bitter alienation felt by 637:

martial he was found guilty and was sentenced to death. Riel was repeatedly entreated to commute the sentence, but Riel responded, "I have done three good things since I have commenced: I have spared Boulton's life at your instance, I pardoned Gaddy, and now I shall shoot Scott."

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Boulton writes in his memoirs that, as the date of his execution approached, Riel regretted his opposition to the defence of insanity and vainly attempted to provide evidence that he was not sane. Requests for a retrial, petitions for a commuted sentence, and an appeal to the

440:, a Métis arrested and tried for challenging the HBC's historical trade monopoly. Sayer's eventual release due to agitations by Louis Sr.'s group effectively ended the monopoly, and the name Riel was therefore well known in the Red River area. His mother was the daughter of 870:

on which they depended were becoming increasingly scarce, the influx of settlers was ever-increasing, and much land was sold to unscrupulous land speculators. Like other Red River Métis who had left Manitoba, Riel headed further west to start a new life. Travelling to the

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Despite the progress on the political front, the Canadian party continued to plot against the provisional government. They attempted to recruit supporters to overthrow Riel. However, they suffered a setback on 17 February, when forty-eight men, including Boulton and

463:. Descriptions of him at the time indicate that he was a fine scholar of languages, science, and philosophy. While a good student, he was also hot-tempered, extreme in his views, intolerant of criticism and opposition, and not opposed to arguing with his teachers. 1011:

Honoré Jackson and representatives of other communities set about drafting a petition to be sent to Ottawa. In the interim, Riel's support began to waver. As Riel's religious pronouncements became increasingly heretical the clergy distanced themselves, and father

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Protestant settlers from Ontario. The political situation was also uncertain, as ongoing negotiations for the transfer of Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company to Canada had not addressed the political terms of transfer. Bishop Taché and the HBC governor

833:. His mental state deteriorated, and following a violent outburst he was taken to Montreal, where he was under the care of his uncle, John Lee, for a few months. But after Riel disrupted a religious service, Lee arranged to have him committed in an asylum in 1027:

Nevertheless, the work continued, and on 16 December Riel forwarded the committee's petition to the government, along with the suggestion that delegates be sent to Ottawa to engage in direct negotiation. Receipt of the petition was acknowledged by

523:, ordered a survey of the area. The arrival of a survey party on 20 August 1869 increased anxiety among the Métis as the survey was being carried out as a grid system of townships (an American system) that cut across existing Métis river lots. 1087:

allowed troops from eastern Canada to quickly arrive in the territory. Knowing that he could not defeat the Canadians in direct confrontation, Dumont had hoped to force the Canadians to negotiate by engaging in a long-drawn out campaign of

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The next question was, "Do you forgive all your enemies?" "Yes." Riel then asked him if he might speak. Father André advised him not to do so. He then received the kiss of peace from both the priests, and Father André exclaimed in French,

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in Britain were denied. John A. Macdonald, who was instrumental in upholding Riel's sentence, is famously quoted as saying "He shall hang though every dog in Quebec bark in his favour" (although the veracity of this quote is uncertain).

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Nevertheless, he slowly recovered, and was released from the asylum on 23 January 1878 with an admonition to lead a quiet life. He returned for a time to Keeseville, where he became involved in a passionate romance with Evelina Martin

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Upon his arrival Métis and Anglophone settlers alike formed an initially favourable impression of Riel following a series of speeches in which he advocated moderation and a reasoned approach. During June 1884, the Plains Cree leaders

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The delegates representing the provisional government arrived in Ottawa in April. Although they initially met with legal difficulties arising from the execution of Scott, they soon entered into direct talks with Macdonald and

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During his time of exile, Riel was primarily concerned with religion rather than politics. Much of these emerging religious beliefs were based on a supportive letter dated 14 July 1875 that he received from Montreal's Bishop

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to explain his actions, Riel declared that any attempt by Canada to assume authority would be contested unless Ottawa had first negotiated terms with the Métis. Nevertheless, the non-bilingual McDougall was appointed the

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arrived and set about the establishment of civil government. Without an amnesty, and with the Canadian militia threatening his life, Riel fled to the safety of the St. Joseph's mission across the Canada–US border in the

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Following news of his father's premature death in 1864, Riel lost interest in the priesthood and withdrew from the college in March 1865. For a time, he continued his studies as a day student in the convent of the

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were realized—following the failed rebellion, the French language and Roman Catholic religion faced increasing marginalization in both Saskatchewan and Manitoba, as exemplified by the controversy surrounding the

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The majority population of the Red River had historically been Métis and First Nations people. Upon his return, Riel found that religious, nationalistic, and racial tensions were exacerbated by an influx of

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on 24 March, and representatives voted to ask Riel to return and represent their cause. On 6 May a joint "Settler's Union" meeting was attended by both the Métis and English-speaking representatives from

1356:. In 1992, the House of Commons passed a resolution recognizing "the unique and historic role of Louis Riel as a founder of Manitoba and his contribution in the development of Confederation". The CBC's 1044:

Riel became the leader of this faction, but he lost the support of almost all Anglophones and Anglo-Métis, and the Catholic Church. He also lost the support of the Métis faction supporting local leader

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were independently formulating their complaints, and subsequently held meetings with Riel. However, the Native grievances were quite different from those of the settlers, and nothing was then resolved.

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Barnabé, sister of Father Fabien. He asked her to marry him before moving west "with the avowed intention of establishing himself" before sending for her; however, their correspondence ended abruptly.

1032:, Macdonald's Secretary of State, although Macdonald himself would later deny having ever seen it. By then many original followers had left; only 250 remained at Batoche when it fell in May 1885. 662:. The parties agreed on several of the demands in the list of rights, including language, religious, and land rights (excepting ownership of public lands). This agreement formed the basis for the 1252:

Protestants, over savagery represented by the half-breed Métis who were Catholic and spoke French. Riel was portrayed as an insane traitor and an obstacle to the expansion of Canada to the West.

666:, which formally admitted Manitoba into the Canadian confederation; the Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia unanimously supported joining. However, the negotiators could not secure a general 822: 330:, but, fearing for his life, never took his seat. During these years in exile he came to believe that he was a divinely chosen leader and prophet. He married in 1881 while in exile in the 526:

In late August, Riel denounced the survey in a speech, and on 11 October 1869, the survey's work was disrupted by a group of Métis that included Riel. This group organized itself as the "

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commuted Lépine's sentence in January 1875. This opened the door for Mackenzie to secure from parliament an amnesty for Riel, on the condition that he remain in exile for five years.

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Before his execution, Riel received Father André as his spiritual advisor. He was also given writing materials and allowed to correspond with friends and relatives. Louis Riel was

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was declared at Batoche on 19 March, with Riel as the political and spiritual leader and with Dumont assuming responsibility for military affairs. Riel formed a council called the

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Riel delivered two long speeches during his trial, defending his own actions and affirming the rights of the Métis people. He rejected his lawyers' attempt to argue that he was

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gallows' enclosure, and the grave was commenced, but an order came from the Lieutenant-Governor to hand the body over to Sheriff Chapleau which was accordingly done that night.

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which took place from 9 to 12 May was never in doubt, and on 15 May a disheveled Riel surrendered to Canadian forces. Although Big Bear's forces managed to hold out until the

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both warned the Macdonald government that the lack of consultation and consideration of Métis views would precipitate unrest. Finally, the Canadian minister of public works,

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Orangemen-dominated Ontario settlers priority access to land. Riel has received among the most formal organizational and academic scrutiny of any figure in Canadian history.

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In numerous communities across Canada, Riel is commemorated in the names of streets, schools, neighbourhoods, and other buildings. Examples in Winnipeg include the landmark

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for 23 years. After much outcry (especially from the Métis community) that the statue was an undignified misrepresentation, the statue was removed and placed at the

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Riel's execution and Macdonald's refusal to commute his sentence caused lasting discord in Quebec. Honoré Mercier exploited the discontent to reconstitute the

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In the fall of 1878, Riel returned to St. Paul, and briefly visited his friends and family. This was a time of rapid change for the Métis of the Red River—the

591:. While they were en route, the Métis National Committee declared a provisional government on 8 December, with Riel becoming its president on 27 December. 4856: 4846: 1201: ... last words were to say good-bye to Dr. Jukes and thank him for his kindness, and just before the white cap was pulled over his face he said, " 3188:

Read, Geoff; Webb, Todd (2012). "'The Catholic Mahdi of the North West': Louis Riel and the Metis Resistance in Transatlantic and Imperial Context".

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near the fork of the Red and Seine rivers. Riel was the eldest of eleven children in a locally well-respected family. His father, who was of Franco-

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says of the execution that it "convulsed the course of national politics for the next decade": it was well received in Ontario, particularly among

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to help resolve longstanding grievances with the Canadian government. He returned to Canada and led an armed conflict with government forces: the

1429: 1345:, which in turn set the stage for the domination of Canadian federal politics (particularly in Quebec) by the Liberal party in the 20th century. 4876: 1318:. The Métis themselves were increasingly forced to live in shantytowns on undesirable land. Saskatchewan did not become a province until 1905. 451:

Riel began his schooling at age seven, and by age ten he attended St. Boniface Catholic schools, including eventually a school run by the

448:, one of the earliest White families to settle in Red River in 1812. The Riels were noted for their devout Catholicism and strong family ties. 2751: 4851: 2999: 3781: 4781: 2741:

Map of Figure 10 points east of mouth of Rivière au Lait & Missouri River towards Ft. Berthold, Dakota Territory and/or Pointe au Loup.

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Nevertheless, by late June Riel was back in Manitoba and was soon persuaded to run as a member of parliament for the electoral district of

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Riel made his way to Montreal and, fearing arrest or assassination, vacillated as to whether he should attempt to take up his seat in the

4861: 1072:. Scouting near Duck Lake on 26 March, a force led by Gabriel Dumont unexpectedly chanced upon a party from Fort Carlton. In the ensuing 837:

on 6 March 1876 under the assumed name "Louis R. David". Fearing discovery, his doctors soon transferred him to the Beauport Asylum near

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depicting Riel as a dignified statesman. The unveiling ceremony was on 12 May 1996, in Winnipeg. A statue of Riel on the grounds of the

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on 24 April 1885. Riel, however, insisted on concentrating forces at Batoche to defend his "city of God". The outcome of the ensuing

520: 2582: 1161: 2377: 4881: 2035: 1057: 4270: 4215: 4025: 3997: 797: 768:, had announced a bounty of $ 5,000 for his arrest. Riel was the only Member of Parliament who was not present for the great 2608: 3646: 2126: 3716: 2956:"The Second Métis War of 1885: A Case Study of Non-Commissioned Member Training and the Intermediate Leadership Program" 4595: 4474: 4455: 4351: 4324: 4297: 4194: 4175: 4156: 4137: 4097: 3978: 1281: 1269: 600: 52: 527: 4821: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4652: 4616: 4576: 4553: 4534: 4502: 4434: 4413: 4389: 4370: 4238: 4076: 4057: 1491: 1449: 963: 4796: 3887: 1187:

Père André, after explaining to Riel that the end was at hand, asked him if he was at peace with men. Riel answered

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Death in the Peaceable Kingdom: Canadian History since 1867 through Murder, Execution, Assassination, and Suicide

879:. Observing the detrimental impact of alcohol on the Métis, he engaged in an unsuccessful attempt to curtail the 685:

was dispatched to the Red River. Although the government described it as an "errand of peace", Riel learned that

1437: 1408: 4116: 2806: 1342: 1334: 1305:, summed up Riel as being a rebel by the standards of the time but a patriot "viewed through our modern lens". 3735: 4886: 4816: 3593: 1433: 1392: 731: 323: 70: 4841: 1598: 1337:

likewise saw significant gains by the federal Liberals. This led to the victory of the Liberal party under

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meaning "those who picked from the flock"). On 21 March, Riel's emissaries demanded that Crozier surrender

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and Métis communities were holding meetings and petitioning a largely unresponsive government for redress.

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established by Riel ultimately negotiated the terms under which the new province of Manitoba entered the

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Riel soon became involved in the politics of Montana, and in 1882, actively campaigned on behalf of the

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on 16 March 1883. With two young children, he had by 1884 settled down and was teaching school at the

456: 3717:"Private Members' Business regarding An Act to Revoke the Conviction of Louis David Riel – Bill C297" 1659: 1315: 1139:, where Riel was tried before a jury of six Anglophone Protestants. The trial began on 20 July 1885. 322:, executed. Riel soon fled to the United States to escape prosecution. He was elected three times as 4891: 2102: 2055:, pp. xxv & xxvi, Stanley's Foreword: "The Fréchette experience is, however, open to question." 1603: 659: 633: 628:

was "conceived in the context of heightened partisanship" and "helped inflame anti-Métis sentiment".

98: 4408:. The Canadian Historical Association Booklets, 2 (8th ed.). Canadian Historical Association. 3945: 3536: 2855: 2755: 2739:(Report). Parks Canada, Historical Research Division, Prairie Region. Manuscript Report Number 379. 1349: 1220: 1084: 781: 614: 587:

Hearing of the unrest, Ottawa sent three emissaries to the Red River, including HBC representative

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for the provisional government; Cartier held that this was a question for the British government.

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The Audacity of His Enterprise: Louis Riel and the Métis Nation That Canada Never Was, 1840–1875

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cautioned Riel against mixing religion and politics. Also, in response to bribes by territorial

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Stanley, George; Huel, Raymond; Martel, Gilles; Flanagan, Thomas; Campbell, Glen, eds. (1985).

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fourth volume of his poetry; and a fifth volume which contained reference materials. Edited by

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to take part in the election. In response, Riel applied for United States citizenship and was

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passionately pro-Canadian minority began organizing in opposition. Loosely constituted as the

409:-European descent. Their ancestors were for the most part Scottish and English men married to 283:; 22 October 1844 – 16 November 1885) was a Canadian politician, a founder of the province of 4087: 4007: 3968: 3799: 3164: 3146: 3074: 2432: 1797: 1358: 967: 535: 492: 300: 4523: 2342: 1816: 649:

noted that "as people then and later have said, it was Riel's one great political blunder".

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Métis descent, had gained prominence in this community by organizing a group that supported

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On 19 February 2024, Riel was formally recognized as Manitoba's first premier by virtue of

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Louis Riel and the Creation of Modern Canada: Mythic Discourse and the Postcolonial State

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Two statues of Riel are located in Winnipeg. One of these statues, the work of architect

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for treason on 16 November 1885 at the North-West Mounted Police barracks in Regina.

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of the Anglo-Métis. It was here resolved to send a delegation to ask Riel to return.

872: 516: 472: 346: 331: 296: 4170:. Life and Times of Sir John A. Macdonald Series. Vol. 2. Random House Canada. 2641: 2039: 1232: 976: 772:

debate of 1873 that led to the resignation of the Macdonald government in November.

4736: 4675: 4339: 4307: 3358: 3197: 2733: 2671: 2444: 1969: 1690: 1639:

Bumsted, J. M. (1987). "The 'Mahdi' of Western Canada: Lewis Riel and His Papers".

1472: 1362:

project ranked Riel as the 11th "Greatest Canadian" on the basis of a public vote.

1265: 1143: 1037: 922: 805: 739: 712: 674: 568: 511: 394: 390: 362: 354: 237: 121: 1024:, local English-language newspapers adopted an editorial stance critical of Riel. 4606: 4260: 4249: 4047: 1338: 911: 769: 682: 564: 437: 414: 279: 4723: 4565: 4400: 4207:

Archbishop A.-A. Taché of St. Boniface: The "Good Fight" and the Illusive Vision

3757:"Winnipeg's Esplanade Riel: A magnificent bridge connecting people and cultures" 1885: 1013: 2675: 1974: 1957: 1456: 1418: 1322: 1294: 1273: 1243: 1036:

relationship with the Catholic clergy, as he publicly espoused an increasingly

980: 867: 830: 743: 552: 318:. However, while carrying out the resistance, Riel had a Canadian nationalist, 4608:

Strange Empire: A Narrative of the Northwest (Louis Riel and the Metis People)

4280: 2700:

Campbell, Glen; Flanagan, Tom (Fall 2019). "Louis Riel's romantic interests".

2343:"Nationalism and Visual Media in Canada: The Case of Thomas Scott's Execution" 956: 4760: 4017: 1571: 1506: 1502: 1045: 1021: 887: 834: 788:. Riel prevailed again in the resulting by-election and was again expelled. 673:

As a means of exercising Canadian authority in the settlement and dissuading

579: 4709: 951:

Following the Red River Resistance, Métis travelled west and settled in the

4713: 1983: 1525: 1445: 1257: 1224: 1069: 761: 742:

1,000 to remain in voluntary exile. This was supplemented by an additional

663: 646: 642: 560: 369:

across Canada, and their anger against the repression by their countrymen.

366: 338: 4343: 4290:

Rome in Canada: The Vatican and Canadian Affairs in the Late Victorian Age

3362: 1475:. There are schools named after Louis Riel in four major Canadian cities: 1215:

Following the execution, Riel's body was returned to his mother's home in

1126: 1104:

on 3 June, the Rebellion was a dismal failure for Indigenous communities.

910:

for rigging a vote, but was then himself accused of fraudulently inducing

858: 3891: 3201: 2683: 1533: 915: 891: 838: 476: 428:

Louis Riel was born in 1844 in his grandparents' small one-room home in

4747:

Heritage Minutes: Historica Minutes (History by the Minute): Louis Riel

3843: 3328:"Review of Riel and the Rebellion 1885 Reconsidered By Thomas Flanagan" 1499: 1490:

Portrayals of Riel's role in the Red River Resistance include the 1979

1004: 750: 544: 401:(HBC). At the mid-19th-century the settlement was largely inhabited by 75: 4426:

The Collected Writings of Louis Riel/Les Ecrits Complets de Louis Riel

1146:. The jury found him guilty but recommended mercy; nonetheless, Judge 620: 19:

This article is about the Métis leader in Canada. For other uses, see

4680: 4663: 4013:

Invaders from the North: How Canada Conquered the Comic Book Universe

3865: 1175: 1065: 1061: 926: 718: 488: 468: 433: 418: 4126:

Francis, R. Douglas; Jones, Richard; Smith, Donald B., eds. (2009).

2721:. Société historique de Saint-Boniface / Centre du patrimoine. 2020. 2448: 1401: 4689:

Woodcock, George (March 1959). "Louis Riel: Defender of the Past".

4210:. Missionary Oblates Mary Immaculate. University of Alberta Press. 1922:. Société historique de Saint-Boniface / Centre du patrimoine. 2020 1529: 1480: 1421:

as a provincial holiday, observed on the third Monday of February.

1000: 810: 706:

It was not until 2 September 1870 that the new Lieutenant-governor

690: 652: 284: 180: 402: 4493:

Barkwell, Lawrence J.; Dorion, Leah; Prefontaine, Darren (2001).

1476: 1169: 966:, a meeting of the south branch Métis was held in the village of 667: 480: 381: 358: 943: 495:, before returning to the Red River settlement on 26 July 1868. 53:

Provisional Government, then, Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia

4089:

Thomas Scott's Body: And Other Essays on Early Manitoba History

2464:"Adams George Archibald, First Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba" 2284:"Smith, Donald Alexander, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal" 1484: 1452:

in Regina was installed and later removed for similar reasons.

880: 422: 2521:"Métis stepped up for Crown, got stepped on for their trouble" 1348:

Since the 1980s, numerous federal politicians have introduced

726:

The settlement now faced a possible threat, from cross-border

1417:

In 2007, Manitoba's provincial government voted to recognize

875:, he became a trader and interpreter in the area surrounding 246: 39: 4251:

The Kingdom of Canada: A General History from Earliest Times

3784:. Louis Riel School Division. 18 August 2014. Archived from 1092:; Dumont realized a modest success along these lines at the 479:. Some of his friends said later that he worked odd jobs in 4336:

Canadian Annual Review of Politics and Public Affairs: 1971

2502:"'Unequal justice:' The Metis in O'Donoghue's Raid of 1871" 2103:"Bishop Taché and the Confederation of Manitoba, 1969–1970" 862:

Jean-Louis and Marie-Angélique Riel, children of Louis Riel

563:, Colonel John Stoughton Dennis, and a more reticent Major 410: 303:

came progressively under the Canadian sphere of influence.

263: 257: 249: 4046:

Boulton, Charles Arkoll (1985). Robertson, Heather (ed.).

1179:

Riel's tombstone at the St. Boniface Cathedral in Winnipeg

4497:. Pemmican Publications Inc. / Gabriel Dumont Institute. 4495:

Metis Legacy: A Historiography and Annotated Bibliography

4422: 4229:

Reflections on Native-newcomer Relations: Selected Essays

3846:. Ministère de l'Éducation et de l'Enseignement supérieur 3375: 2928:"Essay 16 Controversy in the Commemoration of Louis Riel" 2052: 624:

This fictionalized depiction of Scott's execution in the

299:. Riel sought to defend Métis rights and identity as the 4168:

Nation Maker: Sir John A. Macdonald: His Life, Our Times

4149:

Lost on Division: Party Unity in the Canadian Parliament

4837:

Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Manitoba

4467:

Cowboy Cavalry: The Story of the Rocky Mountain Rangers

2782:

Beal, Bob; MacLeod, Rod; Foot, Richard (30 July 2019).

3890:. Division scolaire franco-manitobaine. Archived from 2734:

Riel Family: Home and Lifestyle at St-Vital, 1860–1910

2609:"The House of Commons and Its Members – Notes 351–373" 1691:

Riel Family: Home and Lifestyle at St-Vital, 1860–1910

2433:"The Manitoba Metis Decision and the Uses of History" 2305:. Vol. 1, no. 18. 15 April 1870. p. 3. 894:

in 1881, he married the young Métis Marguerite Monet

455:. At age thirteen he came to the attention of Bishop 337:

In 1884 Riel was called upon by the Métis leaders in

4832:

Indigenous Members of the House of Commons of Canada

3913:

Walz, Eugene; Payment, Diane; Laroque, Emma (1981).

3868:. Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario 3564: 3562: 2636: 2634: 1547: 1235:

rose to power by mobilizing the opposition in 1886.

808:, who introduced him to parish priest Fabien Martin 645:" movement to mobilize their anger. Riel biographer 604:(chief of military staff), chief justice and clerk. 291:

people. He led two resistance movements against the

266: 254: 243: 4069:

The Peoples of Canada: A Post-Confederation History

3156: 3154: 3122:"Louis Riel (October 22, 1844 – November 16, 1885)" 2980:Foster, Keith; Oosterom, Nelle (13 February 2014). 2752:"Louis Riel (October 22, 1844 – November 16, 1885)" 1696:(Report). Parks Canada. p. 32. Report No. 379. 796:During this period, Riel had been staying with the 260: 240: 4872:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) 4564: 4522: 4317:A Rush to Judgment: The Unfair Trial of Louis Riel 4226: 3912: 3627: 3574: 3309: 3307: 2982:"Shifting Riel-ity: The 1885 North-West Rebellion" 2082:Bumsted, J. M.; Foot, Richard (22 November 2019). 2004:Stanley, George F. G.; Gaudry, Adam (9 May 2016). 1459:pedestrian bridge linking old Saint-Boniface with 534:as president. When summoned by the HBC-controlled 306:The first resistance movement led by Riel was the 4590:(1st ed.). McGill-Queen's University Press. 4514:The False Traitor: Louis Riel in Canadian Culture 4125: 3559: 3349:Owram, Douglas (1982). "The Myth of Louis Riel". 3226: 2631: 2400: 491:, and that he was briefly employed as a clerk in 4827:Independent MPs in the Canadian House of Commons 4758: 3723:. House Publications Parliament of Canada. 1996. 3151: 3064: 2699: 2642:"Rethinking Riel – Was Louis Riel Mentally Ill?" 2606: 653:Creation of Manitoba and the Wolseley expedition 4752:Louis Riel – University of Saskatchewan library 3944:King, Betty; Winters, Kenneth (20 April 2017). 3304: 2781: 2038:. Métis Nation of Ontario. 2006. Archived from 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 2979: 2369: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1658:Bumsted, J. M.; Smyth, Julie (25 March 2015). 746:600 from Smith for the care of Riel's family. 4233:(2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. 4111:(2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. 3721:Hansard Debates for Friday, November 22, 1996 3709: 3594:"And the Greatest Canadian of all time is..." 2754:. Library and Archives Canada. Archived from 2478: 2003: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1352:seeking to pardon Riel or recognize him as a 1272:adopted the name "Louis Riel" for one of its 349:, Riel was imprisoned in Regina where he was 111:13 September 1874 – 25 February 1875 4588:Riel's Defence: Perspectives on His Speeches 4525:Louis 'David' Riel: prophet of the new world 2607:Marleau, Robert; Montpetit, Camille (2000). 1990: 1883: 1877: 1657: 1471:in Saskatoon is named after Riel, as is the 1202: 1193: 530:" on 16 October, with Riel as secretary and 3943: 3733: 3647:"Louis Riel Day holiday (3rd Mon. in Feb.)" 3617:"Riel Formally Recognized as First Premier" 3000:"The Battle of Fish Creek (April 23, 1885)" 2695: 2693: 2653: 2651: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2081: 1856: 1854: 1632: 791: 607: 487:, and wrote poems himself in the manner of 4857:19th-century executions of American people 4847:People executed for treason against Canada 4716: 4038:Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellions 2499: 2261:"John Christian Schultz, M.D. – 1840–1896" 1951: 1949: 1700: 1288:An article by Doug Owram appearing in the 853: 632:Boulton was tried by a tribunal headed by 38: 4679: 4109:Riel and the Rebellion: 1885 Reconsidered 3966: 3688: 3686: 3398: 2953: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2418: 2340: 2294: 2156: 1973: 1884:Goldsborough, Gordon (16 February 2020). 1609:The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples 1558:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal 574: 4668:Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française 4106: 3580: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3313: 3187: 3097: 2973: 2954:Ouellette, Robert-Falcon (Autumn 2014). 2925: 2830: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2690: 2664:Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 2657: 2648: 2551:"Relations with First Nations and Métis" 2518: 2375: 2258: 2124: 2113: 1962:Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1860: 1851: 1524:celebrations in 1967; it was written by 1242: 1183:Boulton writes of Riel's final moments: 1174: 1125: 1117: 942: 857: 717: 619: 578: 380: 88:13 October 1873 – 16 April 1874 65:27 December 1869 – 24 June 1870 4787:Canadian emigrants to the United States 4628:"The Question of Louis Riel's Insanity" 4443: 4398: 4379: 4360: 4333: 4314: 4146: 4085: 4066: 4045: 4034: 3553: 3523: 3504: 3467: 3298: 3274: 3238: 3175: 3160: 3142: 3070: 3058: 2906: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2731: 2613:House of Commons Procedure and Practice 2495: 2493: 2406: 2394: 2363: 2336: 2334: 2064: 2022: 1955: 1946: 1940: 1833: 1688: 1638: 1626: 1162:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 991:The head of the delegation to Riel was 932: 498: 4759: 4464: 4247: 4224: 3992:. University of North Carolina Press. 3987: 3866:"École secondaire publique Louis-Riel" 3683: 3614: 3325: 3262: 3250: 3100:"The Riddle of Louis Riel: Conclusion" 3046: 2942: 2891: 2853: 2625: 2500:Swan, Ruth; Jerome, Edward A. (2000). 2461: 2430: 2281: 2077: 2075: 2073: 1814: 1795: 1599:List of Canadian First Nations leaders 1247:1970 Canada stamp depicting Louis Riel 1058:Provisional Government of Saskatchewan 361:. Riel was seen as a heroic victim by 4877:Pre-Confederation Saskatchewan people 4742:CBC Digital Archives: Rethinking Riel 4287: 4184: 3692: 3386: 3348: 3286: 3214: 2872: 2794: 2319:. Indigenous & Northern Relations 2100: 1896: 1845: 1808: 1676: 278: 4852:People executed by Canada by hanging 4365:. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 4258: 4203: 4165: 4041:. Grip Printing & Publishing Co. 4006: 3931: 3633: 3568: 3449:Robinson, Amanda (6 November 2018). 3085: 3023: 2770: 2716:"L'arbre généalogique de Louis Riel" 2537: 2490: 2484: 2331: 2317:"Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia" 2165:"Dennis, John Stoughton (1820–1885)" 2162: 2143: 1407:"Tortured" Louis Riel statue at the 730:coordinated by his former associate 696: 689:elements in the expedition meant to 4782:Burials at Saint Boniface Cathedral 4571:. Canadian Historical Association. 4189:. McGill-Queen's University Press. 3615:Buffie, Nicole (19 February 2024). 3098:Mitchell, W.O. (15 February 1952). 2576:"Louis Riel (1844–1885): Biography" 2070: 1917:"Louis Riel – One Life, One Vision" 1511:Louis Riel: A Comic-Strip Biography 738:for Taché to offer Riel a bribe of 701: 13: 4897:Petit Séminaire de Montréal alumni 4862:People of the North-West Rebellion 4548:. Western Producer Prairie Books. 4485: 3671:. Winnipeg Architecture Foundation 2811:Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada 2187:Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada 2125:Brodbeck, Tom (13 December 2019). 1861:Mitchell, W.O. (1 February 1952). 601:Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia 16:Métis leader in Canada (1844–1885) 14: 4913: 4867:People of the Red River Rebellion 4703: 3734:Beatty, Greg (Winter 2003–2004). 2854:Gaudry, Adam (9 September 2019). 1863:"The Riddle of Louis Riel Part 1" 1450:Saskatchewan Legislative Building 1372: 1238: 1122:Louis Riel testifies at his trial 1076:, the police were routed and the 1051: 986: 814:Barnabé in the nearby village of 617:, were arrested near Fort Garry. 152:, Red River Colony, Rupert's Land 4265:. University of Manitoba Press. 4092:. University of Manitoba Press. 4035:Boulton, Charles Arkoll (1886). 3937: 3925: 3906: 3880: 3858: 3836: 3814: 3792: 3774: 3749: 3727: 3661: 3639: 3608: 3586: 3507:"Saskatchewan and Confederation" 3505:Tattrie, Jon (3 February 2015). 3030:The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan 2913:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 2879:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 2581:. Virtual Museum. Archived from 2555:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 2288:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 2169:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 1886:"Louis 'David' Riel (1844–1885)" 1821:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 1802:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 1578: 1564: 1550: 1400: 1381: 1144:not guilty by reason of insanity 583:The Métis provisional government 287:, and a political leader of the 236: 217: 169:, North-West Territories, Canada 4529:. University of Toronto Press. 4429:. University of Alberta Press. 4363:Canada and the Métis, 1869–1885 4338:. University of Toronto Press. 4292:. University of Toronto Press. 4151:. University of Toronto Press. 4147:Godbout, Jean-François (2020). 4052:. James Lorimer & Company. 3973:. University of Toronto Press. 3547: 3529: 3517: 3498: 3473: 3461: 3442: 3430: 3418: 3392: 3380: 3369: 3342: 3319: 3292: 3280: 3268: 3256: 3244: 3232: 3227:Francis, Jones & Smith 2009 3220: 3208: 3181: 3169: 3136: 3114: 3091: 3079: 3052: 3040: 3017: 2992: 2919: 2900: 2885: 2866: 2847: 2824: 2744: 2725: 2708: 2619: 2600: 2568: 2543: 2531: 2512: 2455: 2424: 2412: 2388: 2382:The Quebec History Encyclopedia 2357: 2309: 2275: 2252: 2234:"The Execution of Thomas Scott" 2226: 2200: 2175: 2137: 2094: 2058: 2046: 2028: 2016: 1934: 1514:. An opera about Riel entitled 1223:following the celebration of a 1207:" meaning "Thank Mrs. Forget". 528:National Committee of the Métis 195: 4605:Kinsey, Howard Joseph (1952). 4516:. University of Toronto Press. 4465:Tolton, Gordon Errett (2011). 4399:Stanley, George F.G. (1979) . 4334:Saywell, John T., ed. (1973). 4248:Morton, William Lewis (1963). 3351:The Canadian Historical Review 2519:Brodbeck, Tom (10 July 2020). 2378:"The 'Murder' of Thomas Scott" 1892:. Manitoba Historical Society. 1839: 1827: 1682: 1670: 1651: 1620: 1198:" meaning "So, go to heaven!" 906:. He brought a suit against a 397:territory administered by the 1: 4882:Refugees in the United States 4469:. Heritage House Publishing. 4402:Louis Riel: Patriot or Rebel? 4225:Miller, James Rodger (2004). 4129:Journeys: A History of Canada 3959: 3915:"Review: Three Views of Riel" 3844:"École secondaire Louis-Riel" 3124:. Library and Archives Canada 2660:"A Pathography of Louis Riel" 1528:, with an English and French 1434:Manitoba Legislative Building 1393:Manitoba Legislative Building 1325:. This party, which promoted 1270:Front de libération du Québec 962:In the electoral district of 376: 295:and its first prime minister 4733:Works by or about Louis Riel 3990:White enough to be American? 3824:. Calgary Board of Education 3802:. University of Saskatchewan 3705:(Autumn / Winter 2001–2002). 3399:McLachlin, Beverley (2011). 1614: 1467:. The student centre at the 1438:Université de Saint-Boniface 1409:Université de Saint-Boniface 1154: 7: 4611:. William Morrow & Co. 4071:. Oxford University Press. 3967:Anastakis, Dimitry (2015). 3401:"Louis Riel: Patriot Rebel" 2807:"1885 Northwest Resistance" 2462:Bowles, Richard S. (1968). 1543: 1083:The near-completion of the 461:Petit Séminaire de Montréal 21:Louis Riel (disambiguation) 10: 4918: 4662:Stanley, G. F. G. (1964). 4645:Riel: a life of revolution 4444:Stewart, Roderick (2002). 3988:Basson, Lauren L. (2008). 3782:"Our history: a look back" 3190:Canadian Historical Review 2926:Dumontet, Monique (1994). 2907:Payment, Diane P. (1994). 2833:"Louis Riel's Land Claims" 2676:10.1177/070674377802300706 2282:Reford, Alexander (1998). 1975:10.1177/070674376501000404 1796:Thomas, Lewis H. (2016) . 1469:University of Saskatchewan 1465:Louis Riel School Division 1290:Canadian Historical Review 1111: 936: 732:William Bernard O'Donoghue 502: 483:, while staying with poet 18: 4626:Knox, Olive (1949–1950). 4563:Flanagan, Thomas (1992). 4544:Flanagan, Thomas (1983). 4521:Flanagan, Thomas (1979). 4254:. McClelland and Stewart. 4166:Gwyn, Richard J. (2011). 4107:Flanagan, Thomas (2000). 3950:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3541:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3511:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3455:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2963:Canadian Military Journal 2860:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2831:Flanagan, Thomas (1991). 2788:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2376:Bélanger, Claude (2007). 2088:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2010:The Canadian Encyclopedia 1664:The Canadian Encyclopedia 1440:. It was replaced with a 1316:Manitoba Schools Question 1308: 626:Canadian Illustrated News 453:French Christian Brothers 442:Jean-Baptiste Lagimodière 345:of 1885. Defeated at the 225: 213: 205: 173: 156: 136: 131: 127: 115: 104: 92: 81: 69: 58: 50: 46: 37: 30: 4822:Executed revolutionaries 4812:Executed Canadian people 4807:Canadian Roman Catholics 4802:Canadian revolutionaries 4643:Siggins, Maggie (1994). 4380:Stanley, George (1963). 3649:. Government of Manitoba 3326:Foster, John E. (1985). 2341:Dick, Lyle (2004–2005). 1343:federal election of 1896 1335:federal election of 1887 1329:, won a majority in the 1221:Saint-Boniface Cathedral 1204:Remerciez Madame Forget. 1107: 1085:Canadian Pacific Railway 1020:and Indian commissioner 792:Exile and mental illness 608:Thomas Scott's execution 555:, this group was led by 4384:. McGraw-Hill Ryerson. 4315:Salhany, Roger (2020). 4288:Perin, Roberto (1990). 4259:Reid, Jennifer (2008). 4086:Bumsted, J. M. (2000). 4067:Bumsted, J. M. (1992). 3693:Bower, Shannon (2001). 3451:"Métis Scrip in Canada" 3026:"North-West Resistance" 2932:Mnemographia Canadensis 2732:Payment, Diane (1980). 2658:Littmann, S.K. (1978). 2615:. Parliament of Canada. 2431:Berger, Thomas (2015). 2384:. Marianopolis College. 2259:Mitchell, Ross (1960). 1817:"Riel, Louis (1817–64)" 1798:"Riel, Louis (1844–85)" 1689:Payment, Diane (1980). 1354:Father of Confederation 1303:Chief Justice of Canada 1130:Regina courthouse, 1884 1030:Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau 854:Montana and family life 4546:Riel and the Rebellion 4361:Sprague, D.N. (1988). 3332:Great Plains Quarterly 3024:Mein, Stewart (2006). 2784:"North-West Rebellion" 2353:(Autumn/Winter): 2–18. 2183:"Red River Resistance" 2101:Dorge, Lionel (1969). 1815:Morton, W. L. (1976). 1604:Métis National Council 1350:private member's bills 1248: 1213: 1203: 1194: 1180: 1131: 1123: 1080:was begun in earnest. 948: 863: 723: 708:Adams George Archibald 675:American expansionists 660:George-Étienne Cartier 634:Ambroise-Dydime Lépine 629: 589:Donald Alexander Smith 584: 575:Provisional government 557:John Christian Schultz 485:Louis-Honoré Fréchette 386: 316:Canadian Confederation 312:provisional government 99:George-Étienne Cartier 4797:Canadian Métis people 4586:Hansen, Hans (2014). 4512:Braz, Albert (2003). 4344:10.3138/9781442671850 4204:Huel, R.J.A. (2003). 3363:10.3138/CHR-063-03-01 3110:on 20 September 2020. 2873:Smyth, David (1998). 2508:(39 Spring / Summer). 2084:"Red River Rebellion" 1520:was commissioned for 1246: 1195:Alors, allez au ciel! 1185: 1178: 1129: 1121: 977:William Henry Jackson 946: 929:district of Montana. 861: 722:Louis Riel circa 1875 721: 623: 582: 536:Council of Assiniboia 493:Saint Paul, Minnesota 384: 301:Northwest Territories 4887:Riel family (Canada) 4817:Executed politicians 4132:. Cengage Learning. 3946:"Louis Riel (opera)" 3788:on 15 December 2021. 3736:"Kim Morgan: Antsee" 3408:Manitoba Law Journal 3202:10.3138/chr.93.2.171 2437:Manitoba Law Journal 2163:Read, Colin (1982). 2144:Read, Colin (1982). 1956:Markson, ER (1965). 1890:Memorable Manitobans 1442:statue of Louis Riel 1331:1886 Quebec election 1094:Battle of Fish Creek 1078:North-West Rebellion 939:North-West Rebellion 933:North-West Rebellion 599:and established the 499:Red River Resistance 399:Hudson's Bay Company 391:Red River Settlement 343:North-West Rebellion 308:Red River Resistance 293:Government of Canada 71:Member of Parliament 4724:Works by Louis Riel 4710:Works by Louis Riel 4308:10.3138/j.ctt2tv08x 4185:Hamon, Max (2019). 3822:"Louis Riel School" 3669:"Louis Riel Statue" 3621:Winnipeg Free Press 3543:. 19 February 2014. 3376:Stanley et al. 1985 2525:Winnipeg Free Press 2131:Winnipeg Free Press 2053:Stanley et al. 1985 1873:on 30 October 2020. 1629:, pp. xiii, 31 1594:History of Manitoba 1522:Canada's centennial 1395:grounds in Winnipeg 1114:Trial of Louis Riel 1102:Battle of Loon Lake 1074:Battle of Duck Lake 1018:lieutenant-governor 953:Saskatchewan Valley 886:In Pointe-au-Loup, 780:became the interim 778:Alexander Mackenzie 679:military expedition 541:lieutenant governor 505:Red River Rebellion 3800:"Place Riel opens" 3481:"1885 – Aftermath" 3470:, pp. 151–154 3229:, pp. 306–307 2540:, pp. 150–151 1660:"Red River Colony" 1586:Biographies portal 1538:Jacques Languirand 1505:'s acclaimed 2003 1367:The Louis Riel Act 1327:Quebec nationalism 1299:Beverley McLachlin 1249: 1181: 1132: 1124: 949: 864: 766:Premier of Ontario 724: 630: 585: 446:Marie-Anne Gaboury 387: 385:Louis Riel, age 14 351:convicted at trial 310:of 1869–1870. The 4842:Métis politicians 4792:Canadian folklore 4728:Project Gutenberg 4647:. HarperCollins. 4272:978-0-8263-4415-1 4217:978-0-88864-406-0 4027:978-1-55002-659-7 3999:978-0-8078-5837-0 2875:"Isbister, James" 1461:Downtown Winnipeg 1389:Louis Riel statue 1359:Greatest Canadian 1098:Battle of Batoche 1090:guerrilla warfare 873:Montana Territory 697:Intervening years 521:William McDougall 517:William Mactavish 473:Rodolphe Laflamme 347:Battle of Batoche 332:Montana Territory 297:John A. Macdonald 280:[lwiʁjɛl] 229: 228: 179:Marguerite Monet 51:President of the 4909: 4737:Internet Archive 4720: 4698: 4685: 4683: 4681:10.7202/302338ar 4658: 4639: 4632:MHS Transactions 4622: 4601: 4582: 4570: 4559: 4540: 4528: 4517: 4508: 4480: 4461: 4440: 4419: 4407: 4395: 4376: 4357: 4330: 4311: 4284: 4255: 4244: 4232: 4221: 4200: 4181: 4162: 4143: 4122: 4103: 4082: 4063: 4042: 4031: 4003: 3984: 3954: 3953: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3919:Manitoba History 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3888:"Notre histoire" 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3743:Espace Sculpture 3740: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3699:Manitoba History 3690: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3537:"Parti national" 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3405: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3106:. Archived from 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3036:on 13 June 2021. 3032:. Archived from 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3005:. Virtual Museum 3004: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2986:Canada's History 2977: 2971: 2970: 2960: 2951: 2940: 2939: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2909:"Nolin, Charles" 2904: 2898: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2856:"Gabriel Dumont" 2851: 2845: 2844: 2837:Manitoba History 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2803: 2792: 2791: 2779: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2748: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2702:Manitoba History 2697: 2688: 2687: 2655: 2646: 2645: 2638: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2588:on 31 March 2020 2587: 2580: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2506:Manitoba History 2497: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2468:MHS Transactions 2459: 2453: 2452: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2347:Manitoba History 2338: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2265:Manitoba Pageant 2256: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2150:Manitoba History 2141: 2135: 2134: 2122: 2111: 2110: 2107:MHS Transactions 2098: 2092: 2091: 2079: 2068: 2067:, pp. 13–34 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2001: 1988: 1987: 1977: 1953: 1944: 1943:, pp. 26–28 1938: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1921: 1913: 1894: 1893: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1869:. Archived from 1858: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1836:, pp. 13–20 1831: 1825: 1824: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1793: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1588: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1494:television film 1473:Louis Riel Trail 1404: 1385: 1266:Quiet Revolution 1206: 1197: 912:British subjects 904:Republican Party 892:Dakota Territory 820:Governor General 758:House of Commons 713:Dakota Territory 702:Amnesty question 687:Canadian militia 569:Upper Fort Garry 405:people of mixed 363:French Canadians 328:House of Commons 282: 277: 273: 272: 269: 268: 265: 262: 259: 256: 252: 251: 248: 245: 242: 221: 199: 197: 163: 160:16 November 1885 146: 144: 132:Personal details 122:Andrew Bannatyne 118: 109: 95: 86: 63: 42: 28: 27: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4757: 4756: 4706: 4701: 4688: 4661: 4655: 4642: 4625: 4619: 4604: 4598: 4585: 4579: 4562: 4556: 4543: 4537: 4520: 4511: 4505: 4492: 4488: 4486:Further reading 4483: 4477: 4458: 4447:Wilfrid Laurier 4437: 4416: 4405: 4392: 4373: 4354: 4327: 4300: 4273: 4241: 4218: 4197: 4178: 4159: 4140: 4119: 4100: 4079: 4060: 4028: 4000: 3981: 3962: 3957: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3911: 3907: 3897: 3895: 3894:on 24 June 2021 3886: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3738: 3732: 3728: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3691: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3403: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3370: 3347: 3343: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3159: 3152: 3141: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3096: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2978: 2974: 2958: 2952: 2943: 2924: 2920: 2915:. Vol. 13. 2905: 2901: 2890: 2886: 2881:. Vol. 14. 2871: 2867: 2852: 2848: 2829: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2805: 2804: 2795: 2780: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2736: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2698: 2691: 2656: 2649: 2640: 2639: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2605: 2601: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2559: 2557: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2517: 2513: 2498: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2460: 2456: 2449:10.29173/mlj920 2429: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2339: 2332: 2322: 2320: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2290:. Vol. 14. 2280: 2276: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2238:From Sea to Sea 2232: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2212:From Sea to Sea 2206: 2205: 2201: 2191: 2189: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2171:. Vol. 11. 2161: 2157: 2142: 2138: 2127:"The Riel deal" 2123: 2114: 2099: 2095: 2080: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2042:on 7 July 2007. 2034: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2002: 1991: 1954: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1897: 1882: 1878: 1859: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1832: 1828: 1813: 1809: 1804:. Vol. 11. 1794: 1701: 1693: 1687: 1683: 1675: 1671: 1656: 1652: 1637: 1633: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1570: 1565: 1563: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1426:Étienne Gaboury 1415: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1405: 1397: 1396: 1386: 1375: 1339:Wilfrid Laurier 1311: 1282:Thomas Flanagan 1274:terrorist cells 1241: 1157: 1148:Hugh Richardson 1135:be convened in 1116: 1110: 1054: 989: 941: 935: 925:mission in the 856: 794: 770:Pacific Scandal 704: 699: 683:Garnet Wolseley 655: 610: 577: 565:Charles Boulton 507: 501: 457:Alexandre Taché 438:Guillaume Sayer 417:men married to 415:French-Canadian 379: 275: 253: 239: 235: 201: 198: 1881) 193: 189: 186: 165: 161: 148: 147:22 October 1844 142: 140: 116: 110: 105: 93: 87: 82: 73: 64: 59: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4915: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4730: 4721: 4705: 4704:External links 4702: 4700: 4699: 4686: 4659: 4653: 4640: 4623: 4617: 4602: 4597:978-0773543362 4596: 4583: 4577: 4560: 4554: 4541: 4535: 4518: 4509: 4503: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4476:978-1926936024 4475: 4462: 4457:978-1770707559 4456: 4441: 4435: 4420: 4414: 4396: 4390: 4377: 4371: 4358: 4353:978-1442671850 4352: 4331: 4326:978-1459746107 4325: 4312: 4299:978-0802067623 4298: 4285: 4271: 4256: 4245: 4239: 4222: 4216: 4201: 4196:978-0773559370 4195: 4182: 4177:978-0307356444 4176: 4163: 4158:978-1487535421 4157: 4144: 4139:978-0176442446 4138: 4123: 4117: 4104: 4099:978-0887553875 4098: 4083: 4077: 4064: 4058: 4043: 4032: 4026: 4004: 3998: 3985: 3980:978-1442606364 3979: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3936: 3924: 3905: 3879: 3857: 3835: 3813: 3791: 3773: 3748: 3726: 3708: 3682: 3660: 3638: 3626: 3607: 3585: 3573: 3558: 3546: 3528: 3516: 3497: 3472: 3460: 3441: 3429: 3417: 3391: 3379: 3368: 3357:(3): 315–336. 3341: 3318: 3303: 3291: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3243: 3231: 3219: 3207: 3196:(2): 171–195. 3180: 3168: 3150: 3135: 3113: 3090: 3078: 3063: 3051: 3039: 3016: 2991: 2972: 2941: 2918: 2899: 2884: 2865: 2846: 2823: 2793: 2769: 2743: 2724: 2707: 2689: 2670:(7): 449–462. 2647: 2630: 2618: 2599: 2567: 2542: 2530: 2511: 2489: 2477: 2454: 2423: 2419:Anastakis 2015 2411: 2399: 2387: 2368: 2356: 2330: 2308: 2301:"Local Laws". 2293: 2274: 2251: 2225: 2199: 2174: 2155: 2136: 2112: 2093: 2069: 2057: 2045: 2027: 2015: 1989: 1968:(4): 246–252. 1945: 1933: 1895: 1876: 1850: 1838: 1826: 1823:. Vol. 9. 1807: 1699: 1681: 1669: 1650: 1631: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1575: 1561: 1545: 1542: 1487:and Winnipeg. 1457:Esplanade Riel 1419:Louis Riel Day 1406: 1399: 1398: 1387: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1373:Commemorations 1371: 1323:Parti National 1310: 1307: 1295:George Stanley 1240: 1239:Historiography 1237: 1233:Honoré Mercier 1156: 1153: 1112:Main article: 1109: 1106: 1053: 1052:Open rebellion 1050: 993:Gabriel Dumont 988: 987:Return of Riel 985: 981:James Isbister 937:Main article: 934: 931: 855: 852: 831:Ignace Bourget 798:Oblate fathers 793: 790: 782:prime minister 703: 700: 698: 695: 681:under Colonel 654: 651: 609: 606: 576: 573: 553:Canadian Party 503:Main article: 500: 497: 378: 375: 227: 226: 223: 222: 215: 211: 210: 207: 203: 202: 191: 187: 178: 177: 175: 171: 170: 164:(aged 41) 158: 154: 153: 138: 134: 133: 129: 128: 125: 124: 119: 113: 112: 102: 101: 96: 90: 89: 79: 78: 67: 66: 56: 55: 48: 47: 44: 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 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