Long barrow - Knowledge

689: 685:. In 1950, Daniel stated that about a tenth of known chambered long barrows in Britain had been excavated, while regional field studies helped to list them. Few of the earlier excavations recorded or retained any human remains found in the chamber. From the 1960s onward, archaeological research increasingly focused on examining regional groups of long barrows rather than the wider architectural tradition. From this decade onward, the meticulous excavation of various long barrows also led to the widespread recognition that long barrows were often multi-phase monuments which had been changed over time. 544: 528: 775: 330:

known, archaeologists do not know exactly where the tradition started nor which long barrows are the very first ones to have been built. It therefore appears that the architectural tradition developed in this southern area of Western Europe before spreading north, along the Atlantic coast. The tradition had reached Britain by the first half of the fourth millennium BCE, either soon after farming or in some cases perhaps just before it. It later spread further north on mainland Europe, for instance arriving in the Netherlands in the second half of the fourth millennium BCE.

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particular community, and thus warning away rival groups. In defending this interpretation, Malone noted that each "tomb-territory" typically had access to a range of soils and landscape types in its vicinity, suggesting that it could have represented a viable territorial area for a particular community. Also supporting this interpretation is the fact that the distribution of chambered long barrows on some Scottish islands shows patterns that closely mirror modern land divisions between farms and crofts. This interpretation also draws

362: 309: 22: 117: 578:. Malone suggested that the prominence of these barrows suggested that ancestors were deemed far more important to Early Neolithic people than their Mesolithic forebears. In the early twentieth century, this interpretation of the long barrows as religious sites was often connected to the idea that they were the holy sites of a new religion spread by either settlers or missionaries. This explanation has been less popular with archaeologists since the 1970s. 585:, Lewis-Williams and Pearce argued that the chambered long barrows "reflected and at the same time constituted... a culturally specific expression of the neurologically generated tiered cosmos", a cosmos mediated by a system of symbols. They suggested that the entrances to the chambers were viewed as transitional zones where sacrificial rituals took place, and that they were possibly spaces for the transformation of the dead using fire. 2354: 434: 56:, or "barrow", that is flanked on two sides with linear ditches. These typically stretch for between 20 and 70 metres in length, although some exceptional examples are either longer or shorter than this. Some examples have a timber or stone chamber in one end of the tumulus. These monuments often contained human remains interred within their chambers, and as a result, are often interpreted as 449:

were buried in these long barrows, although it remains unknown what criteria were used to determine whose remains were interred there and whose were not. Large sections of the Early Neolithic population were not buried in them, although how their bodily remains are dealt with is not clear. It is possible that they were left in the open air.

350:, the long barrows are "some of the most impressive and aesthetically distinctive constructions of prehistoric Britain". Her fellow archaeologist Frances Lynch stated that these long barrows "can still inspire awe, wonder and curiosity even in modern populations familiar with Gothic cathedrals and towering skyscrapers." 614:. Accordingly, communities in Britain would have been semi-nomadic, with little need for territorial demarcation or clear markings of land ownership. Also, this explanation fails to explain why the chambered long barrows should be clustered in certain areas rather than being evenly distributed throughout the landscape. 673:

view that such Western European monuments had been based on tombs originally produced in parts of the eastern Mediterranean region, suggesting that their ultimate origin was either in Egypt or in Crete. In this view, the tradition was seen as having spread westward as part of some form of "megalithic

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The first serious study of chambered long barrows took place in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when the mounds that covered chambers were removed by agriculture. By the nineteenth century, antiquarians and archaeologists had come to recognise this style of monument as a form of tomb. In the

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The human remains placed in long barrows often included a mix of men, women, and children. The bones of various individuals were often mixed together. This may have reflected a desire to obliterate distinctions of wealth and status among the deceased. Not all of those who died in the Early Neolithic

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The archaeologist David Field noted that drawing typological distinctions on the basis of material used can mask important similarities between different long barrows. Also criticising the focus on classification, the archaeologists Lewis-Williams and Pearce believed that doing so distracted scholars

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in Kent, southeast England, three inhumations were buried at the southern edge of the ditch around the long barrow. The barrow at Wayland's Smithy in Oxfordshire, also in southeast England, saw a cemetery established around the long barrow, with at least 46 skeletons buried in 42 graves, many having

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Many of the long barrows were used as tombs in which to place the remains of deceased individuals. For this reason, archaeologists like Malone have referred to them as "houses of the dead". Conversely, many of the long barrows do not appear to have been used as tombs; various examples that have been

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Enviro-archaeological studies have demonstrated that many of the long barrows were erected in wooded landscapes. In Britain, these chambered long barrows are typically located on prominent hills and slopes, in particular being located above rivers and inlets and overlooking valleys. In Britain, long

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Many were altered and restyled over their long period of use. Ascertaining at what date a long barrow was constructed is difficult for archaeologists as a result of the various modifications that were made to the monument during the Early Neolithic. Similarly, both modifications and later damage can

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A second explanation is that these long barrows were intrinsically connected to the transition to farming, representing a new way of looking at the land. In this interpretation, the long barrows served as territorial markers, dividing up the land, signifying that it was occupied and controlled by a

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Comparatively rarely, grave goods have been found interred alongside human bone inside the long barrows. Where these have been found, archaeologists have typically interpreted them as the remains of funerary ceremonies or of feasts. The choice of grave goods included reflects regional variation. In

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Across Europe, about 40,000 long barrows are known to survive from the Early Neolithic. They are found across much of Western Europe; stretching from southeast Spain up to southern Sweden and taking in the British Isles to the west. The long barrows are not the world's oldest known structures using

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In some cases, the bones deposited in the chamber may have been old when placed there. In other instances, they may have been placed into the chamber long after the long barrow was built. In some instances, collections of bone originally included in the chamber might have been removed and replaced

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The purpose and meaning of Early Neolithic long barrows are not known, though archaeologists can make suggestions on the basis of recurring patterns that can be observed within the tradition. Archaeologists have not, however, agreed upon the most likely meaning and purpose of these monuments, with

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Excavation has revealed that some of the long barrows in the area of modern Spain, Portugal, and western France were erected in the mid-fifth millennium BCE, making these older than those long barrows further north. Although the general area in which the oldest long barrows were built is therefore

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The source of inspiration for the design of the chambered long barrows remains unclear. Suggestions that have proved popular among archaeologists is that they were inspired either by natural rock formations or by the shape of wooden houses. It has been suggested that their design was based on the

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In some chambers, human remains were arranged and organised according to the type of bone or the age and sex of the individual that they came from, factors that determined which chamber they were placed in. Lynch noted that "the bulk of our surviving evidence suggests that collectivity became and

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The earliest examples developed in Iberia and western France during the mid-fifth millennium BCE. The tradition then spread northwards, into the British Isles and then the Low Countries and southern Scandinavia. Each area developed its own variations of the long barrow tradition, often exhibiting

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suggested that such sites could also be termed "tomb-shrines" to reflect the fact that they appear to have often been used both to house the remains of the dead and to have been used in ritual activities. Some contain no burials while others have been found to contain the remains of up to fifty

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When entering the chambers to either add or remove new material, individuals would likely have been exposed to the smell of decaying corpses. It is unknown if entering this area was therefore seen by Early Neolithic Europeans as an ordeal to be overcome or an honourable job to be selected for.

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The long barrows found in the Netherlands and northern Germany also used stone in their construction where it was available. The examples of long barrows found in parts of Poland are also typically earthen rather than megalithic. Further north, in Denmark and southern Sweden, the long barrows

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The deposition of coins around long barrows also appears to have been quite common in Roman Britain, and these may have been placed by these monuments as offerings. A hoard of Constantinian coins was for instance placed in a pot around Julliberrie's Grave. A solitary coin from the reign of

342:, Wales, built long after people stopped building them across most of Western Europe. The conscious anachronism of the monument led excavators to suggest that its construction was part of a deliberate attempt by people to restore older religious practices that were extinct elsewhere. 325:

has described them as "the oldest built structures in Europe" to survive, while Field noted that they are the earliest monuments surviving in Britain. Although found across this large area, they can be subdivided into clear regionalised traditions based on architectural differences.

499:, thus indicating a date in the final centuries of the third millennium BCE; this meant that human remains had been placed into the chamber intermittently over a period of 1500 years. This indicates that some chambered long barrows remained in sporadic use until the Late Neolithic. 510:, southern England, a number of skeletal assemblages were found to be missing not just small bones but also long bones and skulls. It is therefore possible that some bones were deliberately removed from the chambers in the Early Neolithic for use in ritualistic activities. 268:

There is often regional variation in style and material. In the north and west of Britain, for instance, long barrows often consist of stone mounds containing chambers inside of them, whereas in the south and east of Britain these long barrows are typically made of earth.

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Hutton suggested that this tradition "defines the Early Neolithic of Western Europe" more than any other, while the archaeologist David Field described them as "among the best known and easily recognised archaeological monuments in the landscape." For the archaeologist

719:, southwest England were for instance thought to be long barrows until an excavation in the 1950s revealed that they post-dated the Middle Ages, and thus must have been created by more recent landscaping projects. In areas which were previously impacted by glaciation, 60:, although there are some examples where this appears not to be the case. The choice of timber or stone may have arisen from the availability of local materials rather than cultural differences. Those that contained chambers inside of them are often termed 243:

favoured the term "earthen" barrows for them. Ian Kinnes instead used the term "non-megalithic barrows". These long barrows might have used timber because stone was not available. Some classificatory systems, such as that employed by the United Kingdom's

731:, northwest England, for instance, a mound was initially believed to be a long barrow and only later assessed as a natural feature. Damage sustained by Neolithic long barrows can also lead to them being mistaken for other types of monuments, such as the 429:

and David Peace, however, noted that these long barrows were more than tombs, also being "religious and social foci", suggesting that they were places where the dead were visited by the living and where people maintained relationships with the deceased.

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The construction of long barrows in the Early Neolithic would have required the co-operation of a number of different individuals and would have represented an important investment in time and resources. They were built without the use of metal tools.

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ideas then popular in the European archaeological establishment. In the early twenty-first century, archaeologists began to challenge this idea, as evidence emerged that much of Early Neolithic Britain was forested and its inhabitants were likely

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Communities continued to use these long barrows long after their construction. In both the Roman period and the Early Middle Ages, many long barrows were reused as cemeteries. Since the sixteenth century they have attracted interest from

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in French archaeology and involved the chamber being erected above ground. Many chambered long barrows contained side chambers within them, often producing a cruciform shape. Others had no such side alcoves; these are known as

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period. Typically constructed from earth and either timber or stone, those using the latter material represent the oldest widespread tradition of stone construction in the world. Around 40,000 long barrows survive today.

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various different interpretations being put forward. Lynch suggested that the long barrows likely had "broad religious and social roles" for the communities who built and used them, comparing them in this way to the

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Later in the Neolithic, burial practices tended to place greater emphasis on the individual, suggesting a growing social hierarchy and a move away from collective burial. One of the last chambered tombs erected was

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Long barrows are single mounds, usually of earth, which are flanked by ditches. They are usually between 20 and 70 metres in length, although there are some exceptional examples at either end of this spectrum.

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Many of the chambered long barrows have not remained intact, having been damaged and broken up during the millennia. In some cases, most of the chamber has been removed, leaving only the three-stone dolmen.

292:. Bank barrows are stylistically similar to the long barrows but are considerably longer. Cursus monuments also exhibit parallel ditches, but also extend over much longer distances than the long barrows. 376:

In Britain, earthen long barrows predominate across much of the southern and eastern parts of the island. Around 300 earthen long barrows are known from across the eastern side of Britain, from

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wooden long houses found in central Europe during the Early Neolithic, however there is a gap of seven centuries between the last known long houses and the first known chambered long barrows.

216:. In most cases, local stone was used where it was available. The decision as to whether a long barrow used wood or stone appears to have been based largely on the availability of resources. 1834: 796:

in Wiltshire have become tourist attractions. At Wayland's Smithy in Oxfordshire, visitors have lodged coins into cracks in the site's stones since at least the 1960s, while at the

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This idea became popular among archaeologists in the 1980s and 1990s, and—in downplaying religion while emphasising an economic explanation for these monuments—it was influenced by

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found in the west of the island. These are typically chambered long barrows, and contained human bone in comparatively large quantities, averaging between 40 and 50 people in each.

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the Cotswold-Severn Group in southwestern England, cattle bones were commonly found within the chambers, where they had often been treated in a manner akin to the human remains.

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Julliberrie's Grave in Kent, southeast England is an unchambered long barrow that saw various inhumation burials and a coin hoard placed around it during the Roman period

128:, the earthen mound of a long barrow has been worn away by the weather or removed, exposing a stone chamber within. In this case, the surviving chamber represents a 503: 76:

their own architectural innovations. The purpose and meaning of the barrows remains an issue of debate among archaeologists. One argument is that they are

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is a southern English dialect word for an earthen tumulus, and was adopted as a scholarly term for such monuments by the 17th-century English antiquarian

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of the latter that our knowledge about them derives. Some have been reconstructed and have become tourist attractions or sacred sites used for rituals by

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The Earthen Long Barrow in Britain: An Introduction to the Study of the Funerary Practice and Culture of the Neolithic People of the Third Millennium B.C

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Given their dispersal across Western Europe, long barrows have been given different names in the various different languages of this region. The term

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Archaeological investigation of long barrows has been hindered by the misidentification of other features. Long barrows have been confused with

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view West Kennet Long Barrow as a "temple" and use it for their rituals. Some see it as a place of the ancestors where they can engage in "

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can also sometimes take on shapes similar to those of long barrows. Later landscaping has also led to misidentification; the two mounds at

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According to one possible explanation, the long barrows served as markers of place that were connected to Early Neolithic ideas about

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Watson, Aaron (2001). "The Sounds of Transformation: Acoustics, Monuments and Ritual in the British Neolithic". In Neil Price (ed.).

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In the area of southern Spain, Portugal, southwestern France, and Brittany, the long barrows typically include large stone chambers.

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word meaning "table-stone"; this is typically used in reference to the stone chambers found in some, although not all, long barrows.

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Up until the 1970s, archaeologists widely believed that the long barrows of Western Europe were based on Near Eastern models.

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In various cases, archaeologists have found specific bones absent from the assemblages within the chambers. For instance, at

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terms, as territorial markers delineating the areas controlled by different communities as they transitioned toward farming.

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Grans Barrow on Toyd Down, Hampshire, U.K. The long barrow mound is 60 metres long, 20 metres wide and over 2 metres high.

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in modern Turkey—but they do represent the oldest widespread tradition of using stone in construction. The archaeologist

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Architecturally, there is much overlap between long barrows and other monument types from Neolithic Europe, such as the

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found in front of many long barrows may also have represented the bases of platforms on which excarnation took place.

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took place prior to the deposition of bones within the chambers. Some human bones have been found in the ditches of

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excavated by archaeologists have shown no evidence of having had human remains deposited there. The archaeologists

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to the early-to-mid fourth millennium BCE, while a later deposition of human remains was found to belong to the

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Doyle White, Ethan (2016). "Old Stones, New Rites: Contemporary Pagan Interactions with the Medway Megaliths".

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Dronfield, J. (1995). "Migraine, Light and Hallucinations: The Neurocognitive Basis of Irish Megalithic Art".

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Aerial photography has proven useful in identifying many more examples that are barely visible on the ground.

392:. Excavation has suggested that these earthen long barrows were likely constructed between 3800 and 3000 BCE. 4296: 3826: 3086: 2888: 2358: 365: 3154: 639:

During the first half of the first millennium BCE, many British long barrows saw renewed human activity. At

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parallels from recorded communities around the world, who have also used monuments to demarcate territory.

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or as a religion spread by missionaries or settlers. An alternative explanation views them primarily in

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in French archaeology, are dug into the earth. The second form, which is more widespread, are known as

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The treachery of images: deconstructing the early Neolithic monumental architecture of the South Downs

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The Significance of Monuments: On the Shaping of Human Experience in Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe

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practices. Others have seen it as a womb of the Great Goddess, and as a sort of living entity. The

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surveys have been found to be helpful to explore sites that are unavailable for excavation.

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Sometimes human remains were deposited in the chambers over many centuries. For instance, at

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Houlbrook, Ceri (2015). "The Penny's Dropped: Renegotiating the Contemporary Coin Deposit".

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The distribution of known Early Neolithic long barrows and related funerary monuments

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Sacred Sites Contested Rites/Rights: Pagan Engagements with Archaeological Monuments

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Bowman, Marion (2002). "Contemporary Celtic Spirituality". In Joanne Pearson (ed.).

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An aerial photograph of the Selsey Long Barrow in Gloucestershire, southwest England

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Kinnes, Ian (1975). "Monumental Function in British Neolithic Burial Practices".

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make it difficult to determine the nature of the original long barrow design.

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deposits on valley floors have sometimes been mistaken for long barrows. At

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Inside the Neolithic Mind: Consciousness, Cosmos and the Realm of the Gods

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from the task of explaining the meaning and purpose behind the monuments.

212:. The archaeologists Roy and Lesley Adkins referred to these monuments as 4566: 4522: 4517: 4469: 4407: 4370: 4343: 4244: 4214: 4089: 4011: 3932: 3920: 3681: 3666: 3656: 3627: 3585: 3500: 3468: 3416: 3349: 3186: 3061: 2918: 2867: 2714: 2204: 732: 678: 607: 595: 543: 453: 381: 277: 141: 97: 677:

A seminal study of the long barrows authored by the Welsh archaeologist

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in Scotland. Another term to have achieved international usage has been

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The style of the chamber falls into two categories. One form, known as

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latter nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, archaeologists like

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Belief Beyond Boundaries: Wicca, Celtic Spirituality and the New Age

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Earthen Long Barrows: The Earliest Monuments in the British Isles

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Early 20th-century archaeologists began to call these monuments

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been decapitated. 17 Romano-British burials were discovered at

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in Wiltshire. This was followed soon after by others, such as

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has been a particularly popular occasion for Pagans to visit.

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was found in the ditch around the long barrow at Skendleby I.

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Riddles in Stone: Myths, Archaeology and the Ancient Britons

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A well-preserved earthen long barrow on Gussage Down in the

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termed these "unchambered" barrows, while the archaeologist

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Some long barrows do not contain chambers inside of them.

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In 2015 the first long barrow in thousands of years, the

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Burials, houses, women and men in the European Neolithic

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Another prominent regional tradition in Britain is the

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Adkins, Roy; Adkins, Lesley; Leitch, Victoria (2008).

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in Dorset, eight of which were missing their heads.

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Long Barrows of the Cotswolds and Surrounding Areas

1749: 1695: 1683: 1668: 1521: 1477: 1450: 1429: 1386: 1170: 1158: 1143: 1106: 1079: 1062: 1017: 887: 856: 64:while those which lack chambers are instead called 1987:The Prehistoric Chamber Tombs of England and Wales 1918: 1826:"Stonehenge steward builds his own burial chamber" 1824: 1641: 1318: 1245: 985: 942: 919: 904: 44:in the fifth and fourth millennia BCE, during the 2365:Long barrow search results from Megalithic Portal 384:in the south, with two projections westward into 4787: 1951:. Brighton and Portland: Sussex Academic Press. 2123:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 303: 80:sites, perhaps erected as part of a system of 2934: 2386: 2317: 2138:Lewis-Williams, David; Pearce, David (2005). 804:has been established overhanging the barrow. 476:remained the norm until the late neolithic". 437:The Grønsalen Barrow on the Danish island of 111: 2159:Megalithic Tombs and Long Barrows in Britain 660:Antiquarian and archaeological investigation 403:typically used stone in their construction. 296:barrows were also often constructed near to 2012: 1946: 1799: 1784: 40:are a style of monument constructed across 2948: 2941: 2927: 2393: 2379: 2161:. Princes Risborough: Shire Publications. 2065:. London and Rio Grande: Hambledon Press. 1855: 255: 2335: 2244: 2101: 2079: 1772: 626: 1989:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 780:Inside one of the Chambers of the barrow 687: 630: 513: 432: 360: 307: 203: 115: 20: 2225: 1993: 1932:. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 55–101. 1361: 1345: 683:The Megalith Builders of Western Europe 4788: 2318:Watson, Aaron; Keating, David (1999). 2308: 2265: 2203: 2175: 2118: 2060: 1984: 1927: 1811: 1760: 1677: 1600: 1576: 1555: 1543: 1515: 1471: 1411: 1380: 1312: 1285: 1239: 1212: 1200: 1188: 1152: 1137: 1044: 994: 963: 913: 898: 881: 588: 452:It is also not known where the act of 176:in Northern England and Scotland, and 4112: 3751: 3017: 2922: 2374: 2156: 2041: 1970:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1947:Blain, Jenny; Wallis, Robert (2007). 1718: 1706: 1689: 1662: 1650: 1635: 1623: 1539: 1527: 1488: 1456: 1444: 1399: 1349: 1333: 1262: 1176: 1164: 1112: 1100: 1088: 1073: 1056: 1040: 1028: 979: 975: 930: 353: 4113: 1965: 1856:Wainwright, Oliver (18 March 2019). 1837:from the original on 12 January 2022 1921:The Handbook of British Archaeology 1891:"BBC One - Countryfile, Shropshire" 445:during the Early Neolithic itself. 52:The structures have a long earthen 13: 2259:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1995.tb00063.x 2230:. London and New York: Routledge. 2196: 749: 561: 419: 221:grottes sepulchrales artificielles 14: 4817: 4065:Megalithic architectural elements 2910:↓ Bronze Age Europe ↓ 2418:↑ Mesolithic Europe ↑ 2346: 739:which are usually of later date. 132:that is commonly called a dolmen. 4796:Types of monuments and memorials 3752: 2352: 2301:in Cotton, J and Field, D (eds) 2290:in D Miller and C Tilley (eds), 1589:Lewis-Williams & Pearce 2005 1504:Lewis-Williams & Pearce 2005 1424:Lewis-Williams & Pearce 2005 1298:Lewis-Williams & Pearce 2005 1012:Lewis-Williams & Pearce 2005 943:Adkins, Adkins & Leitch 2008 773: 758: 617: 555:Examples of ancient long barrows 542: 526: 29:Long Barrow, a long barrow near 4684:Evolutionary origin of religion 1911: 1883: 1849: 1817: 1724: 416:of medieval and modern Europe. 2313:. Routledge. pp. 178–192. 581:Adopting an approach based in 300:, a form of earthen monument. 1: 4297:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 3827:British megalith architecture 2889:Secondary products revolution 2280:10.1080/00438243.1975.9979618 2247:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 2178:Neolithic Britain and Ireland 2142:. London: Thames and Hudson. 2027:10.1080/17432200.2016.1192152 1998:. Stroud: The History Press. 845: 4292:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 3832:Nordic megalith architecture 2311:The Archaeology of Shamanism 850: 786:Images of the modern barrows 108:and other religious groups. 7: 2082:Journal of Material Culture 828:Long Barrow at All Cannings 406: 317:stone—they are predated by 304:Distribution and chronology 10: 4822: 4440:British Isles and Brittany 4361:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 366:Jacket's Field Long Barrow 112:Terminology and definition 16:Type of Neolithic monument 4642: 4455: 4282: 4129: 4125: 4108: 3994: 3958: 3807: 3764: 3760: 3747: 3554: 3385: 3358: 3283: 3209: 3200: 3105: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3013: 2956: 2907: 2876: 2838: 2705: 2458: 2444:First Temperate Neolithic 2424: 2415: 2337:10.1017/S0003598X00088281 2294:, Oxford, Basil Blackwell 2226:Bradley, Richard (1998). 2176:Malone, Caroline (2001). 1994:Darvill, Timothy (2004). 1985:Daniel, Glynn E. (1950). 681:was published in 1958 as 380:in the north down to the 246:National Monuments Record 2094:10.1177/1359183515577120 2061:Hayman, Richard (1997). 66:unchambered long barrows 4672:Evolutionary musicology 4075:Oldest extant buildings 4002:Archaeological features 3521:Prepared-core technique 2830:Unchambered long barrow 2303:Towards a New Stone Age 2157:Lynch, Frances (1997). 2119:Hutton, Ronald (2013). 1800:Blain & Wallis 2007 1736:journals.socantscot.org 794:West Kennet Long Barrow 537:area of Dorset, England 485:West Kennet Long Barrow 256:Design and architecture 214:megalithic long barrows 4634:Unchambered long cairn 4482:Mound Builders culture 3815:Neolithic architecture 2950:Prehistoric technology 2449:Linear Pottery culture 2292:Architecture and Order 693: 636: 627:Iron Age and Roman use 441: 373: 313: 230:undifferentiated tombs 133: 62:chambered long barrows 34: 4309:List of Stone Age art 3511:Microblade technology 3459:Langdale axe industry 3057:Ard / plough 2042:Field, David (2006). 1966:Burl, Aubrey (1981). 792:Long barrows such as 691: 671:cultural diffusionist 634: 583:cognitive archaeology 514:Origins of the design 458:causewayed enclosures 436: 397:Cotswold-Severn Group 364: 311: 298:causewayed enclosures 204:Chambered and earthen 119: 24: 4716:Prehistoric medicine 4711:Prehistoric counting 4694:Prehistoric religion 4689:Paleolithic religion 4667:Behavioral modernity 4024:Causewayed enclosure 3916:Abri de la Madeleine 3040:Neolithic Revolution 2899:Proto-Indo-Europeans 2863:Neolithic long house 2720:Causewayed enclosure 2361:at Wikimedia Commons 1923:. London: Constable. 1833:. 13 November 2014. 427:David Lewis-Williams 70:earthen long barrows 4755:Prehistoric warfare 3501:Magdalenian culture 3464:Levallois technique 3395:Earliest toolmaking 2765:Megalithic entrance 2643:Starčevo–Körös–Criș 2439:Corded Ware culture 1638:, pp. 161–162. 1215:, pp. 106–107. 1191:, pp. 107–108. 836:Soulton Long Barrow 798:Coldrum Long Barrow 767:Soulton Long Barrow 641:Julliberrie's Grave 589:Territorial markers 576:ancestor veneration 290:mortuary enclosures 225:cryptes dolmeniques 82:ancestor veneration 4706:Origin of language 4699:Spiritual drug use 4609:Rectangular dolmen 4511:Dartmoor kistvaens 4324:Carved stone balls 4036:Circular enclosure 3995:Other architecture 3938:Alp pile dwellings 3526:Solutrean industry 3437:Gravettian culture 3087:Secondary products 2785:Rectangular dolmen 2553:Gumelnița–Karanovo 2513:Cucuteni–Trypillia 2180:. Stroud: Tempus. 2046:. Stroud: Tempus. 1603:, pp. 42, 43. 694: 637: 442: 374: 354:Regional variation 314: 134: 35: 4806:5th millennium BC 4783: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4728:Prehistoric music 4677:music archaeology 4334:Cup and ring mark 4159:Clothing/textiles 4104: 4103: 4100: 4099: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3546:Yubetsu technique 3531:Striking platform 3496:Lithic technology 3381: 3380: 3366:Game drive system 3285:Projectile points 3177:Mortar and pestle 2916: 2915: 2853:Lithic industries 2410: 2357:Media related to 2297:Russell, M, 2004 2286:Rodder, I, 1984, 2268:World Archaeology 2130:978-0-300-19771-6 2015:Material Religion 1968:Rites of the Gods 1958:978-1-84519-130-6 1721:, pp. 24–25. 1558:, pp. 41–42. 1414:, pp. 40–41. 1059:, pp. 21–22. 493:radiocarbon dated 120:In cases such as 100:; it is from the 4813: 4743:Divje Babe flute 4650:Archaeoastronomy 4393:Petrosomatoglyph 4127: 4126: 4110: 4109: 3959:Water management 3762: 3761: 3749: 3748: 3652:Denticulate tool 3474:Lithic reduction 3207: 3206: 3028: 3027: 3015: 3014: 2943: 2936: 2929: 2920: 2919: 2884:Danubian culture 2780:Polygonal dolmen 2623:Seine–Oise–Marne 2543:Globular Amphora 2404: 2402:Neolithic Europe 2395: 2388: 2381: 2372: 2371: 2356: 2341: 2339: 2330:(280): 325–336. 2314: 2283: 2262: 2241: 2222: 2191: 2172: 2153: 2134: 2115: 2105: 2076: 2072:978-1-852-855666 2057: 2038: 2009: 1990: 1981: 1962: 1943: 1924: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1828: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1788: 1785:Doyle White 2016 1782: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1604: 1598: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1537: 1531: 1525: 1519: 1513: 1507: 1501: 1492: 1486: 1475: 1469: 1460: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1427: 1421: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1397: 1384: 1378: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1343: 1337: 1331: 1316: 1310: 1301: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1266: 1260: 1243: 1237: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1174: 1168: 1162: 1156: 1150: 1141: 1135: 1116: 1110: 1104: 1098: 1092: 1086: 1077: 1071: 1060: 1054: 1048: 1038: 1032: 1026: 1015: 1009: 998: 992: 983: 973: 967: 961: 946: 940: 934: 928: 917: 911: 902: 896: 885: 879: 777: 762: 667:V. Gordon Childe 612:agriculturalists 546: 530: 282:cursus monuments 122:Kit's Coty House 27:Wayland's Smithy 4821: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4771: 4638: 4624:Stone box grave 4594:Megalithic tomb 4499:Cotswold-Severn 4451: 4356:Guardian stones 4284:Prehistoric art 4278: 4121: 4096: 4085:Timber trackway 3990: 3954: 3950:Wattle and daub 3803: 3782:Standing stones 3756: 3735: 3550: 3377: 3354: 3279: 3196: 3106:Food processing 3101: 3050:New World crops 3022: 3009: 2952: 2947: 2917: 2912: 2903: 2872: 2834: 2745:Guardian stones 2707: 2701: 2663: 2523:Decea Mureşului 2454: 2434:Cardium pottery 2420: 2411: 2405:(including the 2399: 2349: 2344: 2238: 2219: 2199: 2197:Further reading 2194: 2188: 2169: 2150: 2131: 2073: 2054: 2006: 1978: 1959: 1940: 1914: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1874: 1872: 1854: 1850: 1840: 1838: 1831:Telegraph.co.uk 1823: 1822: 1818: 1810: 1806: 1798: 1791: 1783: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1750: 1740: 1738: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1717: 1713: 1705: 1696: 1688: 1684: 1676: 1669: 1665:, pp. 8–9. 1661: 1657: 1649: 1642: 1634: 1630: 1622: 1607: 1599: 1595: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1562: 1554: 1550: 1538: 1534: 1526: 1522: 1514: 1510: 1502: 1495: 1487: 1478: 1470: 1463: 1455: 1451: 1443: 1430: 1422: 1418: 1410: 1406: 1398: 1387: 1379: 1368: 1360: 1356: 1344: 1340: 1332: 1319: 1311: 1304: 1296: 1292: 1284: 1269: 1261: 1246: 1238: 1219: 1211: 1207: 1199: 1195: 1187: 1183: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1159: 1151: 1144: 1136: 1119: 1111: 1107: 1103:, pp. 5–6. 1099: 1095: 1087: 1080: 1072: 1063: 1055: 1051: 1039: 1035: 1027: 1018: 1010: 1001: 993: 986: 974: 970: 962: 949: 941: 937: 929: 920: 912: 905: 897: 888: 880: 857: 853: 848: 821:winter solstice 790: 789: 788: 787: 783: 782: 781: 778: 770: 769: 763: 752: 750:Recent activity 725:Dunham New Park 662: 629: 620: 591: 564: 562:Religious sites 559: 558: 557: 556: 552: 551: 550: 547: 539: 538: 535:Cranborne Chase 531: 516: 504:Fussell's Lodge 422: 420:Funerary spaces 409: 356: 348:Caroline Malone 306: 258: 210:chambered tombs 206: 166:Gloucestershire 114: 46:Early Neolithic 17: 12: 11: 5: 4819: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4781: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4757: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4733:Alligator drum 4725: 4724: 4723: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4669: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4660:lunar calendar 4657: 4646: 4644: 4643:Other cultural 4640: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4547: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4461: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4447:Venus figurine 4444: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4378:Megalithic art 4375: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4336: 4331: 4329:Cave paintings 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4294: 4288: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4274: 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2148: 2135: 2129: 2116: 2088:(2): 173–189. 2077: 2071: 2058: 2052: 2039: 2021:(3): 346–372. 2010: 2005:978-0752429076 2004: 1991: 1982: 1977:978-0460043137 1976: 1963: 1957: 1944: 1939:978-0754608202 1938: 1925: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1907: 1882: 1848: 1816: 1804: 1802:, p. 207. 1789: 1787:, p. 359. 1777: 1775:, p. 178. 1773:Houlbrook 2015 1765: 1748: 1723: 1711: 1694: 1682: 1667: 1655: 1640: 1628: 1626:, p. 161. 1605: 1593: 1591:, p. 171. 1581: 1560: 1548: 1542:, p. 15; 1532: 1520: 1518:, p. 112. 1508: 1506:, p. 182. 1493: 1476: 1461: 1449: 1428: 1426:, p. 179. 1416: 1404: 1385: 1366: 1354: 1348:, p. 13; 1338: 1317: 1302: 1300:, p. 186. 1290: 1288:, p. 103. 1267: 1244: 1217: 1205: 1203:, p. 106. 1193: 1181: 1169: 1157: 1142: 1140:, p. 108. 1117: 1105: 1093: 1078: 1061: 1049: 1043:, p. 21; 1033: 1016: 1014:, p. 181. 999: 984: 968: 966:, p. 107. 947: 935: 918: 903: 886: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 785: 784: 779: 772: 771: 764: 757: 756: 755: 754: 753: 751: 748: 705:rabbit warrens 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4550:Gallery grave 4548: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4465:Burial mounds 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4425:Statue menhir 4423: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4413:Stone carving 4411: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4252:Sewing needle 4250: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 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3750: 3746: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3253:spear-thrower 3251: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3232: 3231:Bow and arrow 3229: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3140:Grinding slab 3138: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3072:Domestication 3070: 3068: 3067:Digging stick 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3045:Founder crops 3043: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2986:New Stone Age 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2925: 2924: 2921: 2911: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2825:Tor enclosure 2823: 2821: 2820:Timber circle 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2805:Statue menhir 2803: 2801: 2800:Simple dolmen 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2775:Passage grave 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2697:Windmill Hill 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2598:Pit–Comb Ware 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2408: 2403: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2377: 2376: 2373: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2253:(3): 261–75. 2252: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2237:0-415-15204-6 2233: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2218:0-86094-170-1 2214: 2211:. Geo Books. 2210: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2189: 2187:0-7524-1442-9 2183: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2122: 2121:Pagan Britain 2117: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2053:9780752440132 2049: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1916: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1820: 1814:, p. 65. 1813: 1808: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1786: 1781: 1774: 1769: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1720: 1715: 1709:, p. 24. 1708: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1692:, p. 23. 1691: 1686: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1664: 1659: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1637: 1632: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1602: 1597: 1590: 1585: 1579:, p. 43. 1578: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1557: 1552: 1546:, p. 48. 1545: 1541: 1536: 1530:, p. 13. 1529: 1524: 1517: 1512: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1491:, p. 15. 1490: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1474:, p. 50. 1473: 1468: 1466: 1459:, p. 12. 1458: 1453: 1447:, p. 14. 1446: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1425: 1420: 1413: 1408: 1402:, p. 11. 1401: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1383:, p. 42. 1382: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1364:, p. 13. 1363: 1358: 1352:, p. 13. 1351: 1347: 1342: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1315:, p. 46. 1314: 1309: 1307: 1299: 1294: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1242:, p. 41. 1241: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1214: 1209: 1202: 1197: 1190: 1185: 1179:, p. 30. 1178: 1173: 1167:, p. 28. 1166: 1161: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1115:, p. 14. 1114: 1109: 1102: 1097: 1091:, p. 27. 1090: 1085: 1083: 1076:, p. 22. 1075: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1058: 1053: 1047:, p. 44. 1046: 1042: 1037: 1031:, p. 21. 1030: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1004: 996: 991: 989: 982:, p. 21. 981: 978:, p. 9; 977: 972: 965: 960: 958: 956: 954: 952: 945:, p. 46. 944: 939: 933:, p. 13. 932: 927: 925: 923: 915: 910: 908: 901:, p. 44. 900: 895: 893: 891: 884:, p. 40. 883: 878: 876: 874: 872: 870: 868: 866: 864: 862: 860: 855: 843: 842:, Shropshire. 841: 837: 833: 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 813:vision quests 810: 809:modern Pagans 805: 803: 799: 795: 776: 768: 761: 747: 745: 740: 738: 737:round barrows 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 697: 690: 686: 684: 680: 675: 672: 668: 657: 655: 649: 647: 642: 633: 624: 618:Later history 615: 613: 609: 604: 599: 597: 586: 584: 579: 577: 573: 569: 545: 536: 529: 520: 511: 509: 505: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 481: 477: 473: 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 450: 446: 440: 435: 431: 428: 417: 415: 404: 400: 398: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 378:Aberdeenshire 371: 367: 363: 359: 351: 349: 343: 341: 337: 331: 327: 324: 323:Frances Lynch 320: 310: 301: 299: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 274: 270: 266: 262: 253: 249: 247: 242: 238: 237:John Thurnham 233: 231: 226: 222: 217: 215: 211: 201: 198: 197:Ronald Hutton 193: 191: 187: 186: 181: 180: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 154:Staffordshire 151: 147: 143: 139: 131: 127: 123: 118: 109: 107: 103: 99: 95: 89: 87: 83: 79: 73: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 50: 47: 43: 39: 32: 28: 23: 19: 4576: 4560:wedge-shaped 4545:Funeral pyre 4538:Great dolmen 4494:Chamber tomb 4475:Round barrow 4430:Stone circle 4302:Blombos Cave 4230:Grooved ware 4154:Chalcolithic 4058:Thornborough 3976:Flush toilet 3911:Blombos Cave 3906:Rock shelter 3862:Quiggly hole 3754:Architecture 3729:illustration 3371:Buffalo jump 3192:Storage pits 3155:Aşıklı Höyük 3145:Ground stone 2981:Subdivisions 2848:Grooved ware 2810:Stone circle 2795:Round barrow 2754: 2740:Great dolmen 2708:architecture 2533:Funnelbeaker 2407:Chalcolithic 2359:Long barrows 2327: 2323: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2291: 2287: 2274:(1): 16–29. 2271: 2267: 2250: 2246: 2227: 2208: 2205:Ashbee, Paul 2177: 2158: 2139: 2120: 2085: 2081: 2062: 2043: 2018: 2014: 1995: 1986: 1967: 1948: 1929: 1920: 1912:Bibliography 1898:. Retrieved 1894: 1885: 1873:. Retrieved 1862:The Guardian 1861: 1851: 1839:. Retrieved 1830: 1819: 1807: 1780: 1768: 1763:, p. 4. 1739:. Retrieved 1735: 1726: 1714: 1685: 1680:, p. 3. 1658: 1653:, p. 8. 1631: 1596: 1584: 1551: 1535: 1523: 1511: 1452: 1419: 1407: 1362:Darvill 2004 1357: 1346:Darvill 2004 1341: 1336:, p. 9. 1293: 1265:, p. 5. 1208: 1196: 1184: 1172: 1160: 1155:, p. 7. 1108: 1096: 1052: 1036: 997:, p. 5. 971: 938: 916:, p. 6. 832:All Cannings 825: 817:neo-shamanic 815:" and other 806: 791: 765:The modern 741: 733:oval barrows 698: 695: 682: 676: 669:held to the 663: 650: 638: 621: 610:rather than 608:pastoralists 600: 596:ethnographic 592: 580: 572:spirituality 565: 517: 501: 482: 478: 474: 470: 451: 447: 443: 423: 410: 401: 394: 375: 357: 344: 332: 328: 319:Göbekli Tepe 315: 294: 278:bank barrows 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 250: 234: 229: 224: 220: 218: 213: 209: 207: 194: 183: 177: 173: 161: 145: 137: 135: 106:modern Pagan 94:antiquarians 90: 74: 69: 65: 61: 51: 38:Long barrows 37: 36: 18: 4582:unchambered 4577:Long barrow 4567:Grave goods 4523:Court cairn 4518:Clava cairn 4470:Bowl barrow 4408:Rock cupule 4351:Golden hats 4344:Hill figure 4245:Unstan ware 4225:Cord-marked 4090:Sweet Track 4012:Burnt mound 3933:Stilt house 3921:Sibudu Cave 3714:Tally stick 3682:Quern-stone 3667:Hammerstone 3657:Fire plough 3628:Pesse canoe 3586:Bannerstone 3556:Other tools 3469:Lithic core 3417:Aurignacian 3305:Bare Island 3187:Quern-stone 2868:Unstan ware 2755:Long barrow 2715:Bank barrow 2672:Tiszapolgár 2638:Sredny Stog 2603:Pitted Ware 1812:Bowman 2002 1761:Hayman 1997 1678:Daniel 1950 1601:Hutton 2013 1577:Hutton 2013 1556:Hutton 2013 1544:Hutton 2013 1516:Malone 2001 1472:Hutton 2013 1412:Hutton 2013 1381:Hutton 2013 1313:Hutton 2013 1286:Malone 2001 1240:Hutton 2013 1213:Malone 2001 1201:Malone 2001 1189:Malone 2001 1153:Daniel 1950 1138:Malone 2001 1045:Hutton 2013 995:Daniel 1950 964:Malone 2001 914:Daniel 1950 899:Hutton 2013 882:Hutton 2013 800:in Kent, a 744:Geophysical 709:Rifle butts 679:Glyn Daniel 674:religion". 454:excarnation 382:South Downs 370:River Stour 286:long cairns 142:John Aubrey 102:excavations 4790:Categories 4721:trepanning 4614:Ring cairn 4572:Jar burial 4555:transepted 4487:U.S. sites 4388:Petroglyph 4314:Bird stone 4272:wine press 3945:Stone roof 3928:Roundhouse 3820:long house 3797:Stonehenge 3765:Ceremonial 3709:Stone tool 3536:Tool stone 3506:Metallurgy 3410:Mousterian 3387:Toolmaking 3325:Cumberland 3298:Transverse 3268:Schöningen 3160:Qesem cave 3128:Earth oven 3082:Irrigation 2993:Technology 2961:Prehistory 2894:Old Europe 2858:Metallurgy 2840:Technology 2706:Monumental 2503:Cortaillod 2103:2299/18964 1719:Field 2006 1707:Field 2006 1690:Field 2006 1663:Lynch 1997 1651:Lynch 1997 1636:Field 2006 1624:Field 2006 1540:Lynch 1997 1528:Lynch 1997 1489:Lynch 1997 1457:Lynch 1997 1445:Lynch 1997 1400:Lynch 1997 1350:Field 2006 1334:Lynch 1997 1263:Lynch 1997 1177:Field 2006 1165:Field 2006 1113:Field 2006 1101:Lynch 1997 1089:Field 2006 1074:Field 2006 1057:Field 2006 1041:Field 2006 1029:Field 2006 980:Field 2006 976:Lynch 1997 931:Field 2006 846:References 713:Stoke Park 646:Wor Barrow 158:Derbyshire 4765:symbolism 4629:Tor cairn 4587:Grønsalen 4528:Cremation 4420:Sculpture 4398:Pictogram 4383:Petroform 4203:amber use 4171:Cosmetics 3981:Reservoir 3966:Check dam 3896:Pueblitos 3891:Pit-house 3874:Longhouse 3808:Dwellings 3677:Microlith 3608:Bow drill 3603:Bone tool 3596:prismatic 3405:Acheulean 3320:Cresswell 3293:Arrowhead 3219:Boomerang 3135:Granaries 3097:Terracing 2976:Stone Age 2815:Stone row 2488:Cernavodă 2324:Antiquity 2112:159495735 2035:218836456 1870:0261-3077 1841:19 August 851:Footnotes 568:cosmology 508:Wiltshire 489:Wiltshire 466:postholes 130:trilithon 78:religious 31:Uffington 4403:Rock art 4366:painting 4339:Geoglyph 4164:timeline 4144:Beadwork 3884:Mehrgarh 3879:Mudbrick 3787:megalith 3662:Fire-saw 3484:debitage 3479:analysis 3447:Hand axe 3427:Cupstone 3005:Glossary 2966:Timeline 2877:Concepts 2760:Megalith 2692:Wartberg 2649:Starčevo 2593:Petrești 2573:Karanovo 2558:Hamangia 2548:Gornești 2508:Coțofeni 2498:Chasséen 2460:Cultures 2426:Horizons 2207:(1984). 1835:Archived 802:rag tree 729:Cheshire 654:Allectus 414:churches 407:Function 390:Galloway 372:in Kent. 340:Anglesey 200:people. 170:Hereford 150:Cheshire 86:economic 25:View of 4760:Symbols 4371:pigment 4257:Weaving 4220:Cardium 4215:Pottery 4210:Mirrors 4198:Jewelry 4139:Baskets 4119:culture 3971:Cistern 3777:Pyramid 3719:Weapons 3697:Scraper 3687:Racloir 3647:Cleaver 3635:Chopper 3541:Uniface 3452:Grooves 3442:Hafting 3400:Oldowan 3359:Systems 3310:Cascade 3273:woomera 3263:harpoon 3236:history 3202:Hunting 3182:Pottery 3123:Cooking 3032:Farming 2998:history 2971:Outline 2687:Vučedol 2618:Rzucewo 2578:Lengyel 2528:Dudești 1741:26 July 721:moraine 717:Bristol 603:Marxist 54:tumulus 4801:Tumuli 4738:flutes 4533:Dolmen 4457:Burial 4267:winery 4240:Linear 4070:Midden 4048:Cursus 4041:Goseck 3901:Pueblo 3852:Dugout 3837:Burdei 3516:Mining 3340:Lamoka 3335:Folsom 3315:Clovis 3172:Metate 3150:Hearth 3118:Basket 3092:Sickle 2790:Rondel 2770:Menhir 2735:Dolmen 2730:Cursus 2628:Sesklo 2613:Rössen 2568:Kakanj 2563:Horgen 2518:Danilo 2483:Butmir 2473:Beaker 2234: 2215: 2184: 2165: 2146: 2127: 2110: 2069: 2050: 2033: 2002: 1974: 1955: 1936: 1900:20 May 1875:20 May 1868: 464:. The 386:Dorset 288:, and 190:Breton 185:dolmen 156:, and 138:barrow 4655:sites 4599:Mummy 4319:Cairn 4235:Jōmon 4186:shoes 4181:Hides 4053:Henge 4007:Broch 3869:Jacal 3724:Wheel 3672:Knife 3618:Canoe 3613:Burin 3591:Blade 3489:flake 3350:Plano 3258:baton 3248:Spear 3214:Arrow 3167:Manos 3020:Tools 2750:Henge 2682:Vinča 2677:Varna 2667:Tisza 2654:Körös 2633:Sopot 2588:Neman 2583:Narva 2538:Gaudo 2493:Cerny 2478:Boian 2468:Baden 2451:(LBK) 2108:S2CID 2031:S2CID 838:near 807:Many 179:cairn 58:tombs 4748:gudi 4506:Cist 4435:list 4262:Wine 4191:Ötzi 4176:Glue 4149:Beds 4117:and 4115:Arts 3986:Well 3842:Cave 3772:Kiva 3702:side 3692:Rope 3640:tool 3574:bone 3564:Adze 3330:Eden 3243:Nets 3113:Fire 3077:Goad 3062:Celt 2725:Cist 2659:Criş 2608:Pfyn 2232:ISBN 2213:ISBN 2182:ISBN 2163:ISBN 2144:ISBN 2125:ISBN 2067:ISBN 2048:ISBN 2000:ISBN 1972:ISBN 1953:ISBN 1934:ISBN 1902:2020 1877:2020 1866:ISSN 1843:2017 1743:2021 735:and 703:and 570:and 388:and 188:, a 174:howe 168:and 162:tump 126:Kent 96:and 3857:Hut 3792:row 3623:Oar 3581:Axe 3569:Awl 2332:doi 2276:doi 2255:doi 2098:hdl 2090:doi 2023:doi 1895:BBC 840:Wem 727:in 715:in 506:in 487:in 439:Møn 338:in 164:in 148:in 146:low 68:or 4792:: 2328:73 2326:. 2322:. 2270:. 2251:14 2249:. 2106:. 2096:. 2086:20 2084:. 2029:. 2019:12 2017:. 1893:. 1864:. 1860:. 1829:. 1792:^ 1751:^ 1734:. 1697:^ 1670:^ 1643:^ 1608:^ 1563:^ 1496:^ 1479:^ 1464:^ 1431:^ 1388:^ 1369:^ 1320:^ 1305:^ 1270:^ 1247:^ 1220:^ 1145:^ 1120:^ 1081:^ 1064:^ 1019:^ 1002:^ 987:^ 950:^ 921:^ 906:^ 889:^ 858:^ 284:, 280:, 232:. 172:, 160:, 152:, 124:, 72:. 2942:e 2935:t 2928:v 2409:) 2394:e 2387:t 2380:v 2367:. 2340:. 2334:: 2282:. 2278:: 2272:7 2261:. 2257:: 2240:. 2221:. 2190:. 2171:. 2152:. 2133:. 2114:. 2100:: 2092:: 2075:. 2056:. 2037:. 2025:: 2008:. 1980:. 1961:. 1942:. 1904:. 1879:. 1845:. 1745:.

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Index