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615:-melt in the highlands around the western and southern rims of the caldera. The water from snow-melt and rainfall infiltrates to depths of a few kilometers (miles) where it is heated to at least 220 °C (428 °F) by hot rock near geologically young intrusions. Upflow occurs in the west moat where the heated water with lower density rises along steeply inclined fractures to depths of 1–2 km (0.62–1.24 mi). This hydrothermal fluid flows laterally, down the hydraulic gradient, from the west to the southeast around the resurgent dome and then eastward to discharge points along Hot Creek and around
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swarms and continued dome-shaped uplift of the central section of the caldera accompanied by changes in thermal springs and gas emissions. After the quake, a secondary access road was created as a potential escape route for the town of
Mammoth Lakes. Its name at first was proposed as the "Mammoth Escape Route" but was changed to the Mammoth Scenic Loop after Mammoth area businesses and land owners complained.
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200,000-year intervals (500,000, 300,000, and 100,000 years ago) in clockwise succession around the dome. The declining volcanic activity and increasingly crystalline lava extruded over the last 650,000 years, as well as other trends, suggest that the magma reservoir under the caldera has now largely crystallized and is unlikely to produce large-scale eruptions in the future.
627:(like the stream portion of the creek, these pools alternate in temperature but the eruptions in the pools are of super-heated water in already very hot water). Recent geothermal instability has led to its temporary closure for swimming. Officials are unsure of when (if ever) Hot Creek will officially reopen for swimming.
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began an intensive effort to monitor and study geologic unrest in Long Valley
Caldera. The goal is to provide residents and civil authorities with reliable information on the nature of the potential hazards posed by this unrest and timely warning of an impending volcanic eruption, should it develop.
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Subsequent eruptions from the Long Valley magma chamber were confined within the caldera with extrusions of relatively hot (crystal-free) rhyolite 700,000 to 600,000 years ago as the caldera floor was uplifted to form the resurgent dome followed by extrusions of cooler, crystal-rich moat rhyolite at
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are a 25-mile (40 km)-long volcanic chain situated along a narrow, north–south-trending fissure system extending along the western rim of the caldera from
Mammoth Mountain to the north shore of Mono Lake. The Mono-Inyo Craters erupted from 40,000 to 600 years ago, from a magma source separate
510:
6 earthquakes struck the southern margin of the Long Valley
Caldera. It was associated with a 10 in (250 mm) dome-shaped uplift of the caldera floor. These events marked the onset of the latest period of caldera unrest that is ongoing. This ongoing unrest includes recurring earthquake
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filled the caldera to a depth of 300 m (984 ft) as of 600,000 years ago. At that time, the lake surface was at an elevation near 7,500 ft (2,286 m). The lake drained sometime in the last 100,000 years after it overtopped the southern rim of the caldera, eroded the sill, and
364:
The known volcanic history of Long Valley
Caldera area started a few million years ago when magma began to collect several miles below the surface. Volcanic activity became concentrated in the vicinity of the present site of Long Valley Caldera 3.1 to 2.5 million years ago with eruptions of
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The caldera is a giant bowl-shaped depression, approximately 20 mi (32 km) long, surrounded by mountains except to the southeast. The elevation of the bottom of the bowl ranges from 6,500 to 8,500 ft (2,000 to 2,600 m), being higher in the west.
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Hot Creek has been a popular swimming hole for decades. Over a dozen people have died in Hot Creek since the late 1960s, but most of these deaths happened to people who ignored the numerous warning signs and attempted to use the hydrothermal pools as
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area. The largest springs are in Hot Creek Gorge where about 250 L (66 US gal) per second of thermal water discharge and account for about 80% of the total thermal water discharge in the caldera. At the other extreme are springs at
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where land-surface elevations are relatively low; fumaroles exist primarily in the western half where elevations are higher. Mineral deposits from thermal activity are found on an uplifted area called the resurgent dome, at
619:. Reservoir temperatures in the volcanic fill decline from 220 °C (428 °F) near the Inyo Craters to 50 °C (122 °F) near Crowley Lake due to a combination of heat loss and mixing with cold water.
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Most, perhaps all, volcanic eruptions are preceded and accompanied by geophysical and geochemical changes in the volcanic system. Common precursory indicators of volcanic activity include increased seismicity,
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cuts into part of the resurgent dome and passes through hot springs. The warm water of Hot Creek supports many trout, and is used at the Hot Creek Fish
Hatchery. The creek was closed to swimming in 2006 after
420:. The rest of the pyroclastic material, along with 300 km (72 cu mi) of other matter, was blown as far as 25 mi (40 km) into the air where winds distributed it as far away as eastern
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The rim of the caldera is formed from pre-existing rock, rising about 3,000 ft (910 m) above the caldera floor. However, the eastern rim is lower, only about 500 ft (150 m).
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which contain a small component (2–5%) of thermal water that raises water temperatures about 5 °C (9.0 °F) higher than background temperatures. Use of the warm spring water in the
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Layers of the Bishop tuff, in a rock quarry in
Chalfant Valley, about 25 km (16 mi) southwest of the Long Valley Caldera, laid down in phases of a major eruption 760,000 years ago.
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The eruption initially produced a caldera 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) deep. However, much of the ejecta went straight up, fell down, and filled the initial caldera about two-thirds full.
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overlapping domes. These domes formed in a long series of eruptions from 110,000 to 57,000 years ago, building a volcano that reaches 11,059 ft (3,371 m) in elevation.
388:(VEI) 7) eruption of the area 760,000 years ago, which released 600 cubic kilometres (144 cu mi) of material from vents just inside the margin of the caldera. (The
259:, solidified ash that was ejected during the eruption that created the caldera. The Bishop tuff is 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) thick in the caldera floor, and is cut by the
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The tectonic causes of the Long Valley volcanism are still largely unexplained and are therefore a matter of much ongoing research. Long Valley is not above a
1230:
Hildreth, Wes (25 September 2004). "Volcanological perspectives on Long Valley, Mammoth
Mountain, and Mono Craters: several contiguous but discrete systems".
1184:
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639:
568:
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1032:
Hill, D.P.; Bailey, R.A.; Ryall, A.S. (1985). "Active
Tectonic and Magmatic Processes Beneath Long Valley Caldera, Eastern California: An Overview".
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198:, measuring about 20 mi (32 km) long (east-west), 11 mi (18 km) wide (north-south), and up to 3,000 ft (910 m) deep.
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In April 2006, three members of the
Mammoth Mountain Ski Area ski patrol died while on duty. All three died from suffocation by
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was a VEI-5 eruption releasing 1.2 km (0.29 cu mi).) About half of this material was ejected in a series of
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Holohan, Eoghan P.; Troll, Valentin R.; Vries, Benjamin van Wyk de; Walsh, John J.; Walter, Thomas R. (2008-04-01).
535:
486:, glaciers filled the canyons leading to Long Valley, but the valley floor was clear of ice. Excellent examples of
730:. There are also campgrounds scattered throughout the caldera, and in the mountains near the edge of the caldera.
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1185:"Unzipping Long Valley: An explanation for vent migration patterns during an elliptical ring fracture eruption"
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volcanoes formed in the area. All told, about 1,500 sq mi (3,900 km) were covered by lava.
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followed by high-silica rhyolite from 2.1 to 0.8 million years ago. After some time, a cluster of mostly
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that covered the surrounding area hundreds of feet deep. One lobe of this material moved south into
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is mined; the kaolinite is exposed on the resurgent dome and appears as a brilliant white band.
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Gorge, formed during the Pleistocene when the caldera filled with water and overtopped its rim.
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from Storage Reservoirs: Identification of Features, Events, and Processes and Lessons Learned"
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that burned and buried thousands of square miles. Ash from this eruption blanketed much of the
1019:"Geologic History of Long Valley Caldera and the Mono–Inyo Craters volcanic chain, California"
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growth rates are faster in the warm water than in ambient stream temperatures in Long Valley.
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in the area increased. The area has a number of other hot springs, some of which are open to
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547:(steam vents), and mineral deposits. Hot springs exist primarily in the eastern half of the
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Bibliography of Literature Pertaining to Long Valley Caldera and Associated Volcanic Fields
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tourist attraction was closed to swimming in 2006 due to increased geothermal activity.
944:(revised ed.). Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 277.
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The Long Valley Caldera hosts an active hydrothermal system that includes hot springs,
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Hydrothermal activity has altered many rocks in the caldera, transforming them into
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under the area to the point of collapse. The second phase of the eruption released
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Johnson, B. F. (June 2010). "Supervolcano's different lavas hint at its decline".
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Geologic guidebook to the Long Valley—Mono Craters region of eastern California
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driving is available throughout the caldera, and in the glacial valleys of the
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The Long Valley volcano is unusual in that it has produced eruptions of both
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complex west of the structural rim of the caldera, consisting of about 12
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sources. In Long Valley Caldera, the system is recharged primarily from
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List of large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province
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1469:(3rd ed.). Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company.
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Lewicki, Jennifer L.; Jens Birkholzer; Chin-Fu Tsang (February 2006).
833:"Long Valley Caldera and Mono-Inyo Craters Volcanic Field, California"
452:
163:
857:; Wilson, CJN (May 2007). "Compositional Zoning of the Bishop Tuff".
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of a very hot (1,500 °F (820 °C)) mixture of noxious gas,
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Geologic depression near Mammoth Mountain, California, United States
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1021:. Menlo Park, California: United States Geological Survey. 1999.
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on the slopes of the mountain while attempting to fence it off.
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890:"Long Valley Caldera Lake and Reincision of Owens River Gorge"
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developed in the area, and the resurgent dome has uplifted.
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Hot springs discharge primarily in Hot Creek Gorge, along
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In May 1980, a strong earthquake swarm that included four
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Ewert, John W; Harpel, Christopher J; Brooks, Suzanna K.
1450:. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company.
1162:. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company.
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eruption released hot ash that later cooled to form the
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The nearest hotel accommodations to the caldera are in
251:. The southeastern slope from the caldera down towards
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The largest tourist attraction in the caldera is the
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All but one of these volcanoes, 1–2 million year old
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that is common to the area. The eruption emptied the
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Roadside Geology of Northern and Central California
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967:"Natural and Industrial Analogues for Release of CO
1160:Geology Underfoot in Death Valley and Owens Valley
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883:
539:Hot Creek Fish Hatchery at base of Resurgent Dome
349:such as that which produces the volcanism of the
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654:For the history and ecology of the caldera, see
412:. Another lobe moved west over the crest of the
201:Long Valley was formed 760,000 years ago when a
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1416:Covarrubias, Amanda; Doug Smith (2006-06-07).
1233:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
982:Office of Scientific and Technical Information
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904:. Scientific Investigations Report 2016-5120.
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560:, and other locations in the south and east
471:. A human-made dam in the gorge has created
1158:Sharp, Robert P.; Allen F. Glazner (1997).
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599:In hydrothermal systems the circulation of
194:. The valley is one of the Earth's largest
1565:Volcanic fields of the Great Basin section
490:can be seen at Long Valley. Laurel Creek,
303:at the base of the resurgent dome hosts a
1398:Hydrologic Studies in Long Valley Caldera
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1106:"New Activity at Hot Creek Geologic Site"
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1491:USGS website for the Long Valley Caldera
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810:United States Department of the Interior
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53:6,500–8,500 ft (2,000–2,600 m)
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1286:. University of California. p. 27.
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1418:"3 Die in Mammoth Ski Patrol Accident"
778:- a geothermal power plant in the area
584:has increased fish production because
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1550:Volcanoes of Mono County, California
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1446:Alt, David; Donald Hyndman (2000).
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801:Geographic Names Information System
459:lava in the same geological place.
24:
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1110:Inyo National Forest Press Release
978:United States Department of Energy
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44:View from northeast rim of caldera
25:
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443:Cross-section through Long Valley
175:Early winter in Long Valley, 2017
1390: This article incorporates
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1370:from the original on 2007-07-15.
1344: This article incorporates
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1314: This article incorporates
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1254:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.05.019
1135:"Hot Springs in Long Valley, CA"
894:Scientific Investigations Report
384:), were destroyed by the major (
77:up to 3,000 ft (900 m)
38:
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1403:United States Geological Survey
1361:United States Geological Survey
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1327:United States Geological Survey
1322:Long Valley Caldera at a Glance
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1098:
1087:from the original on 2008-02-21
999:from the original on 2012-10-07
806:United States Geological Survey
516:United States Geological Survey
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920:California Volcano Observatory
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603:is driven by a combination of
498:each have prominent moraines.
390:1980 Mount St. Helens eruption
292:from the Long Valley Caldera.
61:20 mi (32 km) EW
13:
1:
1570:Volcanic fields of California
782:
733:
416:and into the drainage of the
295:The caldera has an extensive
243:Near the center of the bowl,
1071:"Boiling Water at Hot Creek"
942:Geology of the Sierra Nevada
766:Map of Long Valley-Mono area
434:
228:
7:
1465:Harris, Stephen L. (2005).
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337:, such as those which fuel
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1467:Fire Mountains of the West
776:Mammoth Geothermal Complex
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386:volcanic explosivity index
345:; nor is it the result of
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323:
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167:Map of Long Valley Caldera
1590:Hot springs of California
1585:Pleistocene North America
1078:Our Volcanic Public Lands
728:Mammoth Lakes, California
671:Mammoth Mountain Ski Area
642:white chalky clay called
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1502:Global Volcanism Program
1040:(B13): 11, 111–11, 120.
871:10.1093/petrology/egm007
1507:Smithsonian Institution
1282:Lipshie, S. R. (1976).
1054:10.1029/JB090iB13p11111
595:Hot Creek in the summer
578:Hot Creek Fish Hatchery
520:Volcano Hazards Program
301:Casa Diablo Hot Springs
114:Mono County, California
69:11 mi (18 km)
1580:Pleistocene California
1560:Calderas of California
1392:public domain material
1346:public domain material
1316:public domain material
742:when they fell into a
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305:geothermal power plant
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145:37.71667°N 118.88417°W
1545:Valleys of California
796:"Long Valley Caldera"
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1575:Inyo National Forest
1540:Pleistocene calderas
859:Journal of Petrology
685:in the summer. The
410:Big Pine, California
341:or the volcanoes of
247:uplift has formed a
190:that is adjacent to
150:37.71667; -118.88417
1246:2004JVGR..136..169H
1201:2008Geo....36..323H
1046:1985JGR....9011111H
940:Hill, Mary (2006).
902:10.3133/sir20165120
843:on 14 January 2008.
681:in the winter, and
531:Hydrothermal system
408:, past present-day
339:Yellowstone Caldera
314:geothermal activity
221:of what is now the
180:Long Valley Caldera
141: /
33:Long Valley Caldera
18:Long Valley caldera
1520:2023 Caltech study
916:"Mammoth Mountain"
673:: the area offers
667:
665:Hilltop Hot Spring
650:Tourism and hiking
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525:ground deformation
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253:Bishop, California
188:eastern California
177:
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1535:Complex volcanoes
1476:978-0-87842-511-2
1457:978-0-87842-409-2
1423:Los Angeles Times
1209:10.1130/G24329A.1
1169:978-0-87842-362-0
1080:. USGS and USFS.
951:978-0-520-23696-7
771:Mono–Inyo Craters
640:Huntley clay mine
508:Richter magnitude
488:terminal moraines
469:Owens River Gorge
418:San Joaquin River
394:pyroclastic flows
289:Mono–Inyo Craters
215:pyroclastic flows
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16:(Redirected from
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697:off-road vehicle
569:Little Hot Creek
564:of the caldera.
554:Little Hot Creek
482:During the last
270:Mammoth Mountain
192:Mammoth Mountain
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558:Hot Creek Gorge
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502:Recent activity
462:Water from the
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1510:. Retrieved
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886:Fierstein, J
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841:the original
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721:Crowley Lake
717:Laurel Lakes
713:Lake Dorothy
709:Convict Lake
691:
679:snowboarding
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656:Owens Valley
629:
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617:Crowley Lake
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573:Alkali Lakes
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473:Lake Crowley
467:created the
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402:volcanic ash
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297:hydrothermal
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219:western part
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855:Hildreth, W
601:groundwater
496:McGee Creek
477:hot springs
464:Owens River
261:Owens River
257:Bishop Tuff
207:Bishop tuff
148: /
136:118°53′03″W
123:Coordinates
100:760,000 yrs
1529:Categories
1512:2021-06-28
1429:2013-01-08
1144:2024-04-16
1120:2007-05-05
1091:2007-09-16
926:2017-10-11
783:References
734:Fatalities
632:travertine
605:topography
518:under the
367:rhyodacite
347:subduction
278:rhyodacite
233:See also:
203:very large
184:depression
133:37°43′00″N
1217:0091-7613
1003:18 August
687:Hot Creek
644:kaolinite
638:. At the
556:springs,
545:fumaroles
435:Eruptions
380:(made of
371:rhyolitic
309:Hot Creek
274:lava dome
229:Geography
105:Geography
1365:Archived
1271:: 22–23.
1082:Archived
994:Archived
888:(2016).
750:See also
744:fumarole
625:hot tubs
582:hatchery
453:basaltic
422:Nebraska
382:obsidian
351:Cascades
299:system.
245:magmatic
196:calderas
110:Location
1242:Bibcode
1197:Bibcode
1189:Geology
1042:Bibcode
549:caldera
484:ice age
457:silicic
335:hotspot
329:Caldera
324:Geology
318:bathers
157:
91:Caldera
82:Geology
1473:
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948:
922:. USGS
715:, and
693:Hiking
675:skiing
494:, and
426:Kansas
400:, and
398:pumice
343:Hawaii
282:dacite
58:Length
1394:from
1368:(PDF)
1357:(PDF)
1348:from
1318:from
1085:(PDF)
1074:(PDF)
997:(PDF)
974:(PDF)
586:trout
562:moats
272:is a
182:is a
74:Depth
66:Width
1471:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1213:ISSN
1164:ISBN
1005:2008
946:ISBN
695:and
677:and
636:clay
634:and
613:snow
609:heat
607:and
455:and
424:and
287:The
280:and
87:Type
1250:doi
1238:136
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186:in
97:Age
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20:)
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