Comet - Knowledge

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the Kuiper Belt. The Oort cloud consists of viable materials necessary for the creation of celestial bodies. The Solar System's planets exist only because of the planetesimals (chunks of leftover space that assisted in the creation of planets) that were condensed and formed by the gravity of the Sun. The eccentric made from these trapped planetesimals is why the Oort Cloud even exists. Some estimates place the outer edge at between 100,000 and 200,000 AU (1.58 and 3.16 ly). The region can be subdivided into a spherical outer Oort cloud of 20,000–50,000 AU (0.32–0.79 ly), and a doughnut-shaped inner cloud, the Hills cloud, of 2,000–20,000 AU (0.03–0.32 ly). The outer cloud is only weakly bound to the Sun and supplies the long-period (and possibly Halley-type) comets that fall to inside the orbit of

3228: 293: 3193: 3085: 2135: 15863: 2454:(1787–1877) and followed by Giuseppe Lorenzoni (1843–1914), this observatory was devoted to classical astronomy, mainly to the new comets and planets orbit calculation, with the goal of compiling a catalog of almost ten thousand stars. Situated in the Northern portion of Italy, observations from this observatory were key in establishing important geodetic, geographic, and astronomical calculations, such as the difference of longitude between Milan and Padua as well as Padua to Fiume. Correspondence within the observatory, particularly between Santini and another astronomer Giuseppe Toaldo, mentioned the importance of comet and planetary orbital observations. 10857: 2352:, and he demonstrated how to fit a comet's path through the sky to a parabolic orbit, using the comet of 1680 as an example. He describes comets as compact and durable solid bodies moving in oblique orbit and their tails as thin streams of vapor emitted by their nuclei, ignited or heated by the Sun. He suspected that comets were the origin of the life-supporting component of air. He pointed out that comets usually appear near the Sun, and therefore most likely orbit it. On their luminosity, he stated, "The comets shine by the Sun's light, which they reflect," with their tails illuminated by "the Sun's light reflected by a smoke arising from ". 911: 1006: 3100: 2033: 1648: 1729: 2799: 2116: 1989: 3177: 9306:(translated from French): " ... it seems to me that the expected comet must pass its perihelion towards the middle of next April." On p. 40, Clairaut states that his prediction might be slightly incorrect due to the presence of unknown planets beyond Saturn: "A body which passes into regions so remote, and which escapes our eyes during such long intervals, might be subjected to totally unknown forces; such as the action of other comets, or even of some planet always too far from the sun to ever be perceived." 3116: 3154: 3135: 1329:

may throw one of these bodies into an elliptical orbit that takes it inwards toward the Sun to form a visible comet. Unlike the return of periodic comets, whose orbits have been established by previous observations, the appearance of new comets by this mechanism is unpredictable. When flung into the orbit of the sun, and being continuously dragged towards it, tons of matter are stripped from the comets which greatly influence their lifetime; the more stripped, the shorter they live and vice versa.

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curve from TESS. Since TESS has taken over, astronomers have since been able to better distinguish exocomets with the spectroscopic method. New planets are detected by the white light curve method which is viewed as a symmetrical dip in the charts readings when a planet overshadows its parent star. However, after further evaluation of these light curves, it has been discovered that the asymmetrical patterns of the dips presented are caused by the tail of a comet or of hundreds of comets.

2061: 3271: 1199: 9345:, pp. 523–529. From p. 526 (translated from French): " ... I received a letter from Heidelberg on the first of April in the evening, in which it is written to me that there had been published at Leipzig on the 24th of January of this year a German memoir in which it is said that this comet had been seen in Saxony by a peasant, named Palisch, on the 25th and 26th of December of last year; I can hardly conceive how this peasant could have discovered it, this comet ... " 49: 3212: 2638:

System is thought to have redistributed material throughout the proto-planetary disk. As a result, comets contain crystalline grains that formed in the early, hot inner Solar System. This is seen in comet spectra as well as in sample return missions. More recent still, the materials retrieved demonstrate that the "comet dust resembles asteroid materials". These new results have forced scientists to rethink the nature of comets and their distinction from asteroids.

1801:. The speed at which the comets entered the atmosphere, combined with the magnitude of energy created after initial contact, allowed smaller molecules to condense into the larger macro-molecules that served as the foundation for life. In 2015, scientists found significant amounts of molecular oxygen in the outgassings of comet 67P, suggesting that the molecule may occur more often than had been thought, and thus less an indicator of life as has been supposed. 13432: 10851: 2005: 428: 6780: 6595: 1036:. The X-rays are generated by the interaction between comets and the solar wind: when highly charged solar wind ions fly through a cometary atmosphere, they collide with cometary atoms and molecules, "stealing" one or more electrons from the atom in a process called "charge exchange". This exchange or transfer of an electron to the solar wind ion is followed by its de-excitation into the ground state of the ion by the emission of X-rays and 16344: 16412: 118: 16429: 16395: 3067: 2356: 16378: 16292: 441: 1096: 930: 1131: 2021: 106: 16316: 15839: 16361: 643: 16268: 15851: 2188:

there is no reason to confine their orbits to the zodiac. In criticizing Apollonius of Myndus, Seneca argues, "A comet cuts through the upper regions of the universe and then finally becomes visible when it reaches the lowest point of its orbit." While Seneca did not author a substantial theory of his own, his arguments would spark much debate among Aristotle's critics in the 16th and 17th centuries.

3303: 16304: 1392:. By definition long-period comets remain gravitationally bound to the Sun; those comets that are ejected from the Solar System due to close passes by major planets are no longer properly considered as having "periods". The orbits of long-period comets take them far beyond the outer planets at aphelia, and the plane of their orbits need not lie near the ecliptic. Long-period comets such as 1917:

only 1% of them survive more than 2,000 passages. Eventually most of the volatile material contained in a comet nucleus evaporates, and the comet becomes a small, dark, inert lump of rock or rubble that can resemble an asteroid. Some asteroids in elliptical orbits are now identified as extinct comets. Roughly six percent of the near-Earth asteroids are thought to be extinct comet nuclei.

1678:, who proposed its existence in 1981. Models predict that the inner cloud should have tens or hundreds of times as many cometary nuclei as the outer halo; it is seen as a possible source of new comets that resupply the relatively tenuous outer cloud as the latter's numbers are gradually depleted. The Hills cloud explains the continued existence of the Oort cloud after billions of years. 16280: 2764:, which all originate from one giant comet that broke up into many smaller comets during its first passage through the inner Solar System. The remainder contains some sporadic sungrazers, but four other related groups of comets have been identified among them: the Kracht, Kracht 2a, Marsden, and Meyer groups. The Marsden and Kracht groups both appear to be related to 3247: 3308: 3304: 3321: 3305: 2591:. It was found that the surface of comet Borrelly is hot and dry, with a temperature of between 26 and 71 °C (79 and 160 °F), and extremely dark, suggesting that the ice has been removed by solar heating and maturation, or is hidden by the soot-like material that covers Borrelly. In July 2005, the 2695:

Approximately once a decade, a comet becomes bright enough to be noticed by a casual observer, leading such comets to be designated as great comets. Predicting whether a comet will become a great comet is notoriously difficult, as many factors may cause a comet's brightness to depart drastically from

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questioned Aristotle's logic concerning comets. Because of their regular movement and imperviousness to wind, they cannot be atmospheric, and are more permanent than suggested by their brief flashes across the sky. He pointed out that only the tails are transparent and thus cloudlike, and argued that

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Some comets meet a more spectacular end – either falling into the Sun or smashing into a planet or other body. Collisions between comets and planets or moons were common in the early Solar System: some of the many craters on the Moon, for example, may have been caused by comets. A recent collision of

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in light curves recorded by the Kepler Space Telescope. After Kepler Space Telescope retired in October 2018, a new telescope called TESS Telescope has taken over Kepler's mission. Since the launch of TESS, astronomers have discovered the transits of comets around the star Beta Pictoris using a light

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The observation of antitails contributed significantly to the discovery of solar wind. The ion tail is formed as a result of the ionization by solar ultra-violet radiation of particles in the coma. Once the particles have been ionized, they attain a net positive electrical charge, which in turn gives

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is probably only 100–200 meters (330–660 ft) in diameter. A lack of smaller comets being detected despite the increased sensitivity of instruments has led some to suggest that there is a real lack of comets smaller than 100 meters (330 ft) across. Known comets have been estimated to have an

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Seneca is quoted as stating, "Why ... are we surprised that comets, such a rare spectacle in the universe, are not yet grasped by fixed laws and that their beginning and end are not known, when their return is at vast intervals? ... The time will come when diligent research over very long periods of

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The Oort cloud is thought to occupy a vast space starting from between 2,000 and 5,000 AU (0.03 and 0.08 ly) to as far as 50,000 AU (0.79 ly) from the Sun. This cloud encases the celestial bodies that start at the middle of the Solar System—the Sun, all the way to outer limits of

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around 1.5 astronomical units (220,000,000 km; 140,000,000 mi) from the Sun. At this distance the solar wind becomes strong enough to blow the gas and dust away from the coma, and in doing so enlarging the tail. Ion tails have been observed to extend one astronomical unit (150 million

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After Edmond Halley demonstrated that the comets of 1531, 1607, and 1682 were the same body and successfully predicted its return in 1759 by calculating its orbit, that comet became known as Halley's Comet. Similarly, the second and third known periodic comets, Encke's Comet and Biela's Comet, were

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had an orbital period of roughly 7.1 million years before the 1982 perihelion passage, but a 1980 encounter with Jupiter accelerated the comet giving it the largest eccentricity (1.057) of any known solar comet with a reasonable observation arc. Comets not expected to return to the inner Solar

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The streams of dust and gas each form their own distinct tail, pointing in slightly different directions. The tail of dust is left behind in the comet's orbit in such a manner that it often forms a curved tail called the type II or dust tail. At the same time, the ion or type I tail, made of gases,

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The names given to comets have followed several different conventions over the past two centuries. Prior to the early 20th century, most comets were referred to by the year when they appeared, sometimes with additional adjectives for particularly bright comets; thus, the "Great Comet of 1680", the

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appear to be fragments of a parent comet. Numerical integrations have shown that both comets had a rather close approach to Jupiter in January 1850, and that, before 1850, the two orbits were nearly identical. Another group of comets that is the result of fragmentation episodes is the Liller comet

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Jupiter-family comets and long-period comets appear to follow very different fading laws. The JFCs are active over a lifetime of about 10,000 years or ~1,000 orbits whereas long-period comets fade much faster. Only 10% of the long-period comets survive more than 50 passages to small perihelion and

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who hypothesized its existence). Vast swarms of comet-like bodies are thought to orbit the Sun in these distant regions in roughly circular orbits. Occasionally the gravitational influence of the outer planets (in the case of Kuiper belt objects) or nearby stars (in the case of Oort cloud objects)

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show that materials retrieved from the tail of Wild 2 were crystalline and could only have been "born in fire", at extremely high temperatures of over 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). Although comets formed in the outer Solar System, radial mixing of material during the early formation of the Solar

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Some authorities use the term "periodic comet" to refer to any comet with a periodic orbit (that is, all short-period comets plus all long-period comets), whereas others use it to mean exclusively short-period comets. Similarly, although the literal meaning of "non-periodic comet" is the same as

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form as a result of the interaction between the solar wind and the cometary ionosphere, which is created by the ionization of gases in the coma. As the comet approaches the Sun, increasing outgassing rates cause the coma to expand, and the sunlight ionizes gases in the coma. When the solar wind

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is firmly rooted in the long Western tradition of seeing comets as harbingers of doom and as omens of world-altering change. Halley's Comet alone has caused a slew of sensationalist publications of all sorts at each of its reappearances. It was especially noted that the birth and death of some

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often have their orbits strongly influenced by the gravity of giant planets as a result of a close encounter. Jupiter is the source of the greatest perturbations, being more than twice as massive as all the other planets combined. These perturbations can deflect long-period comets into shorter

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and vary in brightness over the course of a few days. Aristotle's cometary theory arose from his observations and cosmological theory that everything in the cosmos is arranged in a distinct configuration. Part of this configuration was a clear separation between the celestial and terrestrial,

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is formed upstream of the comet in the flow direction of the solar wind. In this bow shock, large concentrations of cometary ions (called "pick-up ions") congregate and act to "load" the solar magnetic field with plasma, such that the field lines "drape" around the comet forming the ion tail.

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at an early stage of bow shock development when the outgassing increased during the comet's journey toward the Sun. This young bow shock was called the "infant bow shock". The infant bow shock is asymmetric and, relative to the distance to the nucleus, wider than fully developed bow shocks.

2514:. The finding is unexpected because comets, not asteroids, are typically considered to "sprout jets and plumes". According to one of the scientists, "The lines are becoming more and more blurred between comets and asteroids." On 11 August 2014, astronomers released studies, using the 3307: 2980:

In times past, bright comets often inspired panic and hysteria in the general population, being thought of as bad omens. More recently, during the passage of Halley's Comet in 1910, Earth passed through the comet's tail, and erroneous newspaper reports inspired a fear that

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comets were studied for their astrological significance in medical disciplines. Many healers of this time considered medicine and astronomy to be inter-disciplinary and employed their knowledge of comets and other astrological signs for diagnosing and treating patients.

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as Earth passes through. Denser trails of debris produce quick but intense meteor showers and less dense trails create longer but less intense showers. Typically, the density of the debris trail is related to how long ago the parent comet released the material. The

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believed that comets were connected with political unrest and death. Pliny observed comets as "human like", often describing their tails with "long hair" or "long beard". His system for classifying comets according to their color and shape was used for centuries.

2167:(384–322 BC) was the first known scientist to use various theories and observational facts to employ a consistent, structured cosmological theory of comets. He believed that comets were atmospheric phenomena, due to the fact that they could appear outside of the 2084:

named after the astronomers who calculated their orbits rather than their original discoverers. Later, periodic comets were usually named after their discoverers, but comets that had appeared only once continued to be referred to by the year of their appearance.

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Although the solid nucleus of comets is generally less than 60 kilometers (37 mi) across, the coma may be thousands or millions of kilometers across, sometimes becoming larger than the Sun. For example, about a month after an outburst in October 2007, comet

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always points directly away from the Sun because this gas is more strongly affected by the solar wind than is dust, following magnetic field lines rather than an orbital trajectory. On occasions—such as when Earth passes through a comet's orbital plane, the

9590:; Zakharov, Vladimir; Lee, Seungwon; von Allmen, Paul; Carry, Benoît; Teyssier, David; Marston, Anthony; Müller, Thomas; Crovisier, Jacques; Barucci, M. Antonietta; Moreno, Raphael (2014). "Localized sources of water vapour on the dwarf planet (1) Ceres". 2438:

that comets were condensed from "primitive matter" beyond the known planets, which is "feebly moved" by gravity, then orbit at arbitrary inclinations, and are partially vaporized by the Sun's heat as they near perihelion. In 1836, the German mathematician

1021:, but a few each decade become bright enough to be visible to the naked eye. Occasionally a comet may experience a huge and sudden outburst of gas and dust, during which the size of the coma greatly increases for a period of time. This happened in 2007 to 2218:

There is a claim that an Arab scholar in 1258 noted several recurrent appearances of a comet (or a type of comet), and though it's not clear if he considered it to be a single periodic comet, it might have been a comet with a period of around 63 years.

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In the early 20th century, the convention of naming comets after their discoverers became common, and this remains so today. A comet can be named after its discoverers or an instrument or program that helped to find it. For example, in 2019, astronomer

2930:. Their orbits were never known well enough to predict future appearances or the comets have disintegrated. However, occasionally a "new" comet is discovered, and calculation of its orbit shows it to be an old "lost" comet. An example is Comet 2461:

proposed that rather than being rocky objects containing some ice, comets were icy objects containing some dust and rock. This "dirty snowball" model soon became accepted and appeared to be supported by the observations of an armada of

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Uneven heating can cause newly generated gases to break out of a weak spot on the surface of comet's nucleus, like a geyser. These streams of gas and dust can cause the nucleus to spin, and even split apart. In 2010 it was revealed

2385:. Confident that these three apparitions had been three appearances of the same comet, he predicted that it would appear again in 1758–59. Halley's predicted return date was later refined by a team of three French mathematicians: 2240:

Astrological interpretations of comets proceeded to take precedence clear into the 15th century, despite the presence of modern scientific astronomy beginning to take root. Comets continued to forewarn of disaster, as seen in the

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According to material the group posted on its Internet site, the timing of the suicides were probably related to the arrival of the Hale–Bopp comet, which members seemed to regard as a cosmic emissary beckoning them to another

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predictions. Broadly speaking, if a comet has a large and active nucleus, will pass close to the Sun, and is not obscured by the Sun as seen from Earth when at its brightest, it has a chance of becoming a great comet. However,

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range from a few hundred meters to tens of kilometers across and are composed of loose collections of ice, dust, and small rocky particles. The coma may be up to 15 times Earth's diameter, while the tail may stretch beyond one

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ices and dust and may come to resemble small asteroids. Asteroids are thought to have a different origin from comets, having formed inside the orbit of Jupiter rather than in the outer Solar System. However, the discovery of

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to study its interior. The mission yielded results suggesting that the majority of a comet's water ice is below the surface and that these reservoirs feed the jets of vaporized water that form the coma of Tempel 1. Renamed

1968:. Biela's Comet was one significant example when it broke into two pieces during its passage through the perihelion in 1846. These two comets were seen separately in 1852, but never again afterward. Instead, spectacular 2744:

A sungrazing comet is a comet that passes extremely close to the Sun at perihelion, generally within a few million kilometers. Although small sungrazers can be completely evaporated during such a close approach to the

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As of November 2021, there are 4,584 known comets. However, this represents a very small fraction of the total potential comet population, as the reservoir of comet-like bodies in the outer Solar System (in the

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orbits and periods ranging from 200 years to thousands or even millions of years. An eccentricity greater than 1 when near perihelion does not necessarily mean that a comet will leave the Solar System. For example,

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The surface of the nucleus is generally dry, dusty or rocky, suggesting that the ices are hidden beneath a surface crust several metres thick. The nuclei contains a variety of organic compounds, which may include

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In 1705, Edmond Halley (1656–1742) applied Newton's method to 23 cometary apparitions that had occurred between 1337 and 1698. He noted that three of these, the comets of 1531, 1607, and 1682, had very similar

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If a comet is traveling fast enough, it may leave the Solar System. Such comets follow the open path of a hyperbola, and as such, they are called hyperbolic comets. Solar comets are only known to be ejected by

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was near. He listed ten pages of comet-related disasters, including "earthquakes, floods, changes in river courses, hail storms, hot and dry weather, poor harvests, epidemics, war and treason and high prices".

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Cordiner, M. A.; et al. (11 August 2014). "Mapping the Release of Volatiles in the Inner Comae of Comets C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) and C/2012 S1 (ISON) Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array".

3246: 1868:, by pouring water on Earth. His announcement revived for another century fear of comets, now as direct threats to the world instead of signs of disasters. Spectroscopic analysis in 1910 found the toxic gas 1451:—indicate that it is probably a comet. On the other hand, 2I/Borisov, with an estimated eccentricity of about 3.36, has been observed to have the coma feature of comets, and is considered the first detected 6262:"The Mysterious Comets That Hide in the Asteroid Belt - Comets normally fly in from the far reaches of space. Yet astronomers have found them seemingly misplaced in the asteroid belt. Why are they there?" 1424:

maximum boundary of 230,000 AU (1.1 pc; 3.6 ly). Only a few hundred comets have been seen to reach a hyperbolic orbit (e > 1) when near perihelion that using a heliocentric unperturbed

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trajectories when near perihelion in the inner Solar System. However, gravitational perturbations from giant planets cause their orbits to change. Single-apparition comets have a hyperbolic or parabolic

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was responsible for searching for planets and other forms outside of the solar system. The first transiting exocomets were found in February 2018 by a group consisting of professional astronomers and

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believing comets to be strictly associated with the latter. According to Aristotle, comets must be within the sphere of the moon and clearly separated from the heavens. Also in the 4th century BC,

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Pigatto, L. (1988): Santini e gli strumenti della Specola, in Giovanni Santini astronomo, "Atti e Memorie dell'Accademia Patavina di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti", (Padova), XCIX (1986–1987), 187–198.

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that take them close to the Sun for a part of their orbit and then out into the further reaches of the Solar System for the remainder. Comets are often classified according to the length of their

3896: 2912:. SOHO's 2000th comet was discovered by Polish amateur astronomer Michał Kusiak on 26 December 2010 and both discoverers of Hale–Bopp used amateur equipment (although Hale was not an amateur). 1531:) and have notably hyperbolic trajectories. A rough calculation shows that there might be four hyperbolic comets per century within Jupiter's orbit, give or take one and perhaps two orders of 1271:. Comets whose aphelia are near a major planet's orbit are called its "family". Such families are thought to arise from the planet capturing formerly long-period comets into shorter orbits. 1214:(frozen carbon dioxide) can power jets of material flowing out of a comet nucleus. Infrared imaging of Hartley 2 shows such jets exiting and carrying with it dust grains into the coma. 4601: 1789:

may have brought the precursors of life—or even life itself—to Earth. In 2013 it was suggested that impacts between rocky and icy surfaces, such as comets, had the potential to create the

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are moving with velocities of the same order as the relative velocities of stars near the Sun (a few tens of km per second). When such objects enter the Solar System, they have a positive

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Both the coma and tail are illuminated by the Sun and may become visible when a comet passes through the inner Solar System, the dust reflects sunlight directly while the gases glow from

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of evaporating material could be great enough to significantly alter a comet's orbit, and he argued that the non-gravitational movements of Encke's Comet resulted from this phenomenon.

5811: 1063:. It was then found that the bow shocks at comets are wider and more gradual than the sharp planetary bow shocks seen at, for example, Earth. These observations were all made near 1894:, which was shifted from an orbit of 7.1 million years around the Sun, to a hyperbolic trajectory, after a 1980 close pass by the planet Jupiter. Interstellar comets such as 1107:, comets remain frozen and inactive and are extremely difficult or impossible to detect from Earth due to their small size. Statistical detections of inactive comet nuclei in the 1491:

Early observations have revealed a few genuinely hyperbolic (i.e. non-periodic) trajectories, but no more than could be accounted for by perturbations from Jupiter. Comets from

1324:—a disk of objects in the trans-Neptunian region—whereas the source of long-period comets is thought to be the far more distant spherical Oort cloud (after the Dutch astronomer 13361: 12553: 15766: 15340: 3323: 1488:"single-apparition comet", some use it to mean all comets that are not "periodic" in the second sense (that is, to include all comets with a period greater than 200 years). 1163:

occurs. This leads to a "tail disconnection event". This has been observed on a number of occasions, one notable event being recorded on 20 April 2007, when the ion tail of

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recorded the longitudes and latitudes of comets that he observed, and suggested that cometary orbits may be parabolic. Despite being a skilled astronomer, in his 1623 book

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rejected Brahe's theories on the parallax of comets and claimed that they may be a mere optical illusion, despite little personal observation. In 1625, Maestlin's student

2203:, by the 6th century AD astronomers believed that comets were apparitions that re-appeared periodically. This was the view expressed in the 6th century by the astronomers 1777:

Many comets and asteroids collided with Earth in its early stages. Many scientists think that comets bombarding the young Earth about 4 billion years ago brought the

6515: 6297: 3270: 2624:(McNaught) which was discovered in 2006. Ulysses was launched in 1990 and the intended mission was for Ulysses to orbit around the Sun for further study at all latitudes. 15736: 9496:

Pigatto, Luisa (December 2009). "The correspondence of Giovanni Santini and Giuseppe Lorenzoni, directors of the Astronomical Observatory of Padua in the 19th Century".

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Rappaport, S.; Vanderburg, A.; Jacobs, T.; LaCourse, D.; Jenkins, J.; Kraus, A.; Rizzuto, A.; Latham, D. W.; Bieryla, A.; Lazarevic, M.; Schmitt, A. (21 February 2018).

2302:. Within the precision of the measurements, this implied the comet must be at least four times more distant than from Earth to the Moon. Based on observations in 1664, 2809:

Of the thousands of known comets, some exhibit unusual properties. Comet Encke (2P/Encke) orbits from outside the asteroid belt to just inside the orbit of the planet

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reported that a comet split apart as far back as the winter of 372–373 BC. Comets are suspected of splitting due to thermal stress, internal gas pressure, or impact.

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at 200 km in diameter that comes to perihelion every 50 years just inside of Saturn's orbit at 8 AU. The largest known Oort cloud comet is suspected of being

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The streams of dust and gas thus released form a huge and extremely thin atmosphere around the comet called the "coma". The force exerted on the coma by the Sun's

2397:, who predicted the date of the comet's 1759 perihelion to within one month's accuracy. When the comet returned as predicted, it became known as Halley's Comet. 209:, a spherical cloud of icy bodies extending from outside the Kuiper belt to halfway to the nearest star. Long-period comets are set in motion towards the Sun by 248:. In the early 21st century, the discovery of some minor bodies with long-period comet orbits, but characteristics of inner solar system asteroids, were called 7595: 3099: 1752:

and the solar wind. If Earth's orbit sends it through that trail of debris, which is composed mostly of fine grains of rocky material, there is likely to be a

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The nucleus of some comets may be fragile, a conclusion supported by the observation of comets splitting apart. A significant cometary disruption was that of

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Zieba, S.; Zwintz, K.; Kenworthy, M. A.; Kennedy, G. M. (1 May 2019). "Transiting exocomets detected in broadband light by TESS in the β Pictoris system".

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On 1758 November 14, Alexis Clairaut announced to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris his prediction of the date at which Halley's comet would return:

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that now fill Earth's oceans, or at least a significant portion of it. Others have cast doubt on this idea. The detection of organic molecules, including

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Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1993: Proceedings of the 160th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, Held in Belgirate, Italy, June 14–18, 1993

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had a coma roughly the diameter of the Sun. Even though the coma can become quite large, its size can decrease about the time it crosses the orbit of

10301: 9908: 9276: 1282:(JFCs). Those like Halley, with orbital periods of between 20 and 200 years and inclinations extending from zero to more than 90 degrees, are called 7963:

McFadden, L. A. (1994). "The Comet-Asteroid Transition: Recent Telescopic Observations". In Milani, Andrea; Di Martino, Michel; Cellino, A. (eds.).

6111: 3084: 15773: 7666: 4826: 4089: 10998: 2934:, discovered in 1869 but unobservable after 1908 because of perturbations by Jupiter. It was not found again until accidentally rediscovered by 981:. Larger dust particles are left along the comet's orbital path whereas smaller particles are pushed away from the Sun into the comet's tail by 10381: 7361: 5369:

Neubauer, F. M.; et al. (February 1993). "First results from the Giotto magnetometer experiment during the P/Grigg-Skjellerup encounter".

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If the ion tail loading is sufficient, the magnetic field lines are squeezed together to the point where, at some distance along the ion tail,

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Comet nuclei with radii of up to 30 kilometers (19 mi) have been observed, but ascertaining their exact size is difficult. The nucleus of

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Cochran, Anita L.; et al. (1998). "The Calibration of the Hubble Space Telescope Kuiper Belt Object Search:Setting the Record Straight".

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was discovered without a coma but later became active, and was then classified as both a comet and an asteroid (174P/Echeclus). One plan for

2381:, and he was further able to account for the slight differences in their orbits in terms of gravitational perturbation caused by Jupiter and 1400:

can have aphelion distances of nearly 70,000 AU (0.34 pc; 1.1 ly) with orbital periods estimated around 6 million years.

1278:. Short-period comets with orbital periods less than 20 years and low inclinations (up to 30 degrees) to the ecliptic are called traditional 9679: 3870: 2571:

describes the collection of spacecraft missions that visited and/or made observations of Halley's Comet 1980s perihelion. The space shuttle

2161:

of deaths of kings or noble men, or coming catastrophes, or even interpreted as attacks by heavenly beings against terrestrial inhabitants.

1255:

or short-period comets are generally defined as those having orbital periods of less than 200 years. They usually orbit more-or-less in the

604:

reflects seven percent. The dark surface material of the nucleus may consist of complex organic compounds. Solar heating drives off lighter

498:

collision with an "impactor" probe sent by NASA Deep Impact mission in July 2005. Research conducted in 2014 suggests that comets are like "

8724: 7107: 5434: 3743: 2215:

listed the names and estimated periods of certain comets, but it is not known how these figures were calculated or how accurate they were.

1872:

in the tail of Halley's Comet, causing panicked buying of gas masks and quack "anti-comet pills" and "anti-comet umbrellas" by the public.

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may pass once through the inner Solar System before being flung to interstellar space. The appearance of a comet is called an apparition.

174:

an arc of up to 30° (60 Moons) across the sky. Comets have been observed and recorded since ancient times by many cultures and religions.

15470: 13117: 3367: 11494: 9760: 11177: 7644: 7020: 4567: 4434: 4262: 2718:

The late 20th century saw a lengthy gap without the appearance of any great comets, followed by the arrival of two in quick succession—

14291: 7459: 3115: 292: 15236: 8307: 3070: 2157:, it is known that comets have been noticed by humans for millennia. Until the sixteenth century, comets were usually considered bad 10010: 4304: 2176:

supported the idea that comets moved like the planets. Aristotelian theory on comets continued to be widely accepted throughout the

13339: 10399: 9363:(translated from French): " ... but it must be admitted that this immense series of details would have seemed frightening to me if 2726:, which reached maximum brightness in 1997 having been discovered two years earlier. The first great comet of the 21st century was 8094: 7133:

Beust, H.; et al. (1990). "The Beta Pictoris circumstellar disk. X – Numerical simulations of infalling evaporating bodies".

494:'s model. Comets with a higher dust content have been called "icy dirtballs". The term "icy dirtballs" arose after observation of 15994: 10930: 10751: 10563: 7905: 4517:"Measurements of the near-nucleus coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko with the Alice far-ultraviolet spectrograph on Rosetta" 3211: 2287:. His predictions were not very accurate, but they were conducted in the hopes of estimating the distance of a comet from Earth. 6407:

Oort, J. H. (1950). "The structure of the cloud of comets surrounding the Solar System and a hypothesis concerning its origin".

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a group of people are stranded on a comet orbiting the Sun, while a large crewed space expedition visits Halley's Comet in Sir

1274:

At the shorter orbital period extreme, Encke's Comet has an orbit that does not reach the orbit of Jupiter, and is known as an

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Van Boekel, R.; et al. (2004). "The building blocks of planets within the 'terrestrial' region of protoplanetary disks".

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Martins, Zita; et al. (2013). "Shock synthesis of amino acids from impacting cometary and icy planet surface analogues".

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Cochran, Anita L.; et al. (1995). "The Discovery of Halley-sized Kuiper Belt Objects Using the Hubble Space Telescope".

5162: 4977: 4930: 4180: 3692: 3665: 3465: 2488:) that flew through the coma of Halley's Comet in 1986, photographed the nucleus, and observed jets of evaporating material. 2255:

bishop Andreas Celichius defined comets as "the thick smoke of human sins ... kindled by the hot and fiery anger of the

252:. They are still classified as comets, such as C/2014 S3 (PANSTARRS). Twenty-seven Manx comets were found from 2013 to 2017. 9236:"Astronomiae Cometicae Synopsis, Autore Edmundo Halleio apud Oxonienses. Geometriae Professore Saviliano, & Reg. Soc. S" 4623: 2134: 15761: 15698: 15352: 15073: 15011: 15006: 14302: 14152: 14101: 13468: 13090: 12062: 11554: 11041: 6060: 5095: 2951: 2557: 14300: 14297: 14293: 14289: 9653: 8817: 7986:

McFadden, L. A.; et al. (February 1993). "The enigmatic object 2201 Oljato: Is it an asteroid or an evolved comet?".

6381: 2870:

Centaurs typically behave with characteristics of both asteroids and comets. Centaurs can be classified as comets such as

2450:

In the 19th century, the Astronomical Observatory of Padova was an epicenter in the observational study of comets. Led by

16332: 15915: 15016: 13542: 12976: 12486: 12122: 8971:

Olson, Roberta J.M. (1984). "... And They Saw Stars: Renaissance Representations of Comets and Pretelescopic Astronomy".

8041: 7844: 3218: 3153: 1389: 14307: 14299: 8215:"Pairs and Groups of Genetically Related Long-period Comets and Proposed Identity of the Mysterious Lick Object of 1921" 7840: 7827: 4995: 1980:

a comet with a planet occurred in July 1994 when Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 broke up into pieces and collided with Jupiter.

1119:

causes the volatile materials within the comet to vaporize and stream out of the nucleus, carrying dust away with them.

15987: 14296: 9331:

De l'Isle subsequently admitted that the comet's return had first been seen by a German amateur astronomer and farmer,

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in the tail might poison millions, whereas the appearance of Comet Hale–Bopp in 1997 triggered the mass suicide of the

2909: 2757: 2712: 2428:

As early as the 18th century, some scientists had made correct hypotheses as to comets' physical composition. In 1755,

14314: 14310: 10988: 7171: 7082: 1384:

drops below 1 as it moves farther from the Sun. The future orbit of a long-period comet is properly obtained when the

16118: 15164: 15137: 14305: 14169: 13378: 12570: 11649: 11072: 10168:"On the Association among Periodic Comet 96P/Machholz, Arietids, the Marsden Comet Group, and the Kracht Comet Group" 9206: 8785: 6996: 5828: 5747: 4731: 3481: 2658:

successfully landed on the comet's surface, the first time a spacecraft has ever landed on such an object in history.

1259:

plane in the same direction as the planets. Their orbits typically take them out to the region of the outer planets (

17: 10747: 9359:

Lalande acknowledged the contributions of Madame Lepaute to predicting the return of Halley's comet on p. 110. From

6717: 5291:

Jones, D. E.; et al. (March 1986). "The Bow wave of Comet Giacobini-Zinner – ICE magnetic field observations".

1804:

It is suspected that comet impacts have, over long timescales, delivered significant quantities of water to Earth's

15552: 14315: 14174: 10788: 8939:"Comet Observations in Arab Heritage Books: Did the Arabs Discover the Periodicity of Comets Before Edmund Halley?" 8850: 8610: 6980:

Planetary Sciences: American and Soviet Research, Proceedings from the U.S.–U.S.S.R. Workshop on Planetary Sciences

2715:. Observations of this comet led to several significant findings regarding cometary science, especially for Brahe. 16474: 13366: 13028: 12590: 12558: 12032: 11324: 10983: 6618: 5326:

Gringauz, K. I.; et al. (15 May 1986). "First in situ plasma and neutral gas measurements at comet Halley".

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at ≈150 km that will not come to perihelion until January 2031 just outside of Saturn's orbit at 11 AU. The

2415: 2105: 1782: 462:

The solid, core structure of a comet is known as the nucleus. Cometary nuclei are composed of an amalgamation of

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to discover a sungrazing comet online by downloading images accumulated by some satellite observatories such as

2730:(McNaught), which became visible to naked eye observers in January 2007. It was the brightest in over 40 years. 16479: 16050: 15731: 15147: 14981: 13309: 12909: 12595: 12476: 12052: 12002: 11539: 10993: 8657:

Barker, Peter & Goldstein, Bernard R. (September 1988). "The role of comets in the Copernican revolution".

7724:

Cometa orientalis: Kurtze vnd eygentliche Beschreibung deß newen Cometen, so im November deß abgelauffenen 1618

2515: 1902:

never orbited the Sun and therefore do not require a 3rd-body interaction to be ejected from the Solar System.

1300:

Because their elliptical orbits frequently take them close to the giant planets, comets are subject to further

7698: 3537:

Ishii, H. A.; et al. (2008). "Comparison of Comet 81P/Wild 2 Dust with Interplanetary Dust from Comets".

3507: 16464: 16209: 15256: 15152: 13388: 12516: 12296: 12281: 11604: 10920: 9960: 9360: 9356: 9077: 8186:

Pittichova, Jand; et al. (2003). "Are Comets 42P/Neujmin 3 and 53P/Van Biesbroeck Parts of one Comet?".

7858: 7621: 7437: 2878:. 166P/NEAT was discovered while it exhibited a coma, and so is classified as a comet despite its orbit, and 2856:

is estimated to have been ≈100 km in diameter and came to perihelion inside of Jupiter's orbit at 4 AU.

2849: 2708: 2651: 1342: 1077: 876: 686: 214: 15669: 9073: 6261: 5876: 2237:

would go unmatched in accuracy until the 19th century and be bested only with the invention of photography.

1190:

streams outwards in a manner similar to the ion tail seen streaming from a comet under similar conditions."

15756: 15311: 15291: 15186: 13595: 13314: 13198: 12605: 12451: 11634: 11424: 11414: 5666: 3897:"Evidence from ESA's Rosetta Spacecraft Suggests that Comets are more "Icy Dirtball" than "Dirty Snowball"" 3431: 2814: 2011: 1934: 631:

average density of 0.6 g/cm (0.35 oz/cu in). Because of their low mass, comet nuclei do not

15674: 14312: 9912: 9587: 9235: 5248:

Lisse, C. M.; et al. (2001). "Charge Exchange-Induced X-Ray Emission from Comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)".

4830: 4118:

Weaver, H. A.; et al. (1997). "The Activity and Size of the Nucleus of Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1)".

3825: 2704:, which appeared three years later, had much lower expectations but became an extremely impressive comet. 689:

has no magnetic field, which suggests that magnetism may not have played a role in the early formation of

170:. If sufficiently close and bright, a comet may be seen from Earth without the aid of a telescope and can 16035: 15831: 15357: 15286: 15251: 14290: 14284: 14157: 13981: 12461: 11005: 10915: 10595: 10139: 9339: 9321: 7135: 6644: 6115: 5407: 5371: 4852: 4524: 3843: 2077: 15271: 9303: 9296: 7399: 5559:"An Analysis of the Statistics of the \ITAL Hubble Space Telescope\/ITAL] Kuiper Belt Object Search" 3396:"I do not think that a comet is just a sudden fire, but that it is among the eternal works of nature." ( 1711:

caused by the large clouds of gas emitted by comets when passing close to their star. For ten years the

16418: 16258: 16199: 16189: 15746: 15547: 15430: 15413: 15379: 14311: 14253: 14106: 14096: 13885: 13880: 13581: 13324: 13188: 12631: 12491: 12153: 12127: 12087: 12082: 11928: 11772: 11737: 11727: 11036: 10903: 10893: 10888: 10706: 10683: 10613: 7670: 5598:

Jewitt, David; et al. (1996). "The Mauna Kea-Cerro-Tololo (MKCT) Kuiper Belt and Centaur Survey".

2561: 2511: 2419: 1995: 1926: 1500: 1436: 1338: 1247: 910: 694: 210: 10850: 9786: 7771: 4093: 2443:, after observing streams of vapor during the appearance of Halley's Comet in 1835, proposed that the 1308:'s semi-major axis, with the JFCs being the largest group. It is clear that comets coming in from the 1005: 16194: 15589: 15564: 15374: 14164: 13590: 13518: 13302: 13297: 13292: 12796: 12741: 12117: 11639: 11549: 11444: 10925: 9707: 8219: 6814: 6806: 5942: 4380:

Whitman, K.; et al. (2006). "The size–frequency distribution of dormant Jupiter family comets".

3772: 2263:

stated that "If comets were caused by the sins of mortals, they would never be absent from the sky."

1704: 1346: 1223: 349: 16350: 14308: 10856: 10374: 9835: 16030: 15880: 15485: 13818: 13586: 13577: 13567: 13461: 13058: 12245: 12233: 12072: 11629: 11529: 11504: 11399: 11374: 11242: 11087: 6940: 6897: 3278: 2593: 2440: 2303: 2298:

demonstrated that comets must exist outside of Earth's atmosphere by measuring the parallax of the

2092:

observed a comet that appeared to have originated outside of the solar system; the comet was named

1960:

Some comets have been observed to break up during their perihelion passage, including great comets

1887: 1778: 1506: 1301: 1060: 1056: 449: 270: 14126: 13875: 9302:, pp. 38–45. On p. 44, Clairaut predicts that Halley's comet would return in mid April 1759. From 3602:

Stephens, Haynes; et al. (October 2017). "Chasing Manxes: Long-Period Comets Without Tails".

16214: 16098: 16010: 15569: 15396: 15043: 14947: 14860: 14560: 14410: 14301: 14292: 13498: 13260: 12831: 11877: 11782: 11664: 11574: 11559: 11484: 11384: 11255: 11172: 11015: 10878: 10873: 9935: 9198: 9153:

Lanuza Navarro, Tayra M. C. (2006). "Medical astrology in Spain during the seventeenth century".

6689: 3874: 3777: 2826: 2032: 1865: 1852:

By 1700 most scholars concluded that such events occurred whether a comet was seen or not. Using

1761:, for example, occurs every year between 9 and 13 August, when Earth passes through the orbit of 1708: 1496: 1416:

which allows them to permanently exit the Solar System after a single pass of the Sun. The Sun's

1388:

is computed at an epoch after leaving the planetary region and is calculated with respect to the

1252: 1243: 952: 134: 109: 8900:"Periodic Nature of Cometary Motions as Known to Indian Astronomers Before Eleventh Century A.D" 8333: 7111: 6838: 5927: 5399: 2817:

currently travels in a nearly circular orbit entirely between the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn.

2575:

was intended to do a study of Halley's Comet in 1986, but exploded shortly after being launched.

1647: 16135: 15574: 15512: 15460: 15450: 15435: 15386: 15246: 15176: 14598: 14286: 13612: 13329: 13287: 13225: 12914: 12811: 12806: 12626: 12528: 12501: 12077: 11747: 11669: 11459: 9332: 9310: 7703: 6978: 6319: 3202: 3008: 2974: 2865: 2700:

in 1973 fulfilled all the criteria and was expected to become spectacular but failed to do so.

2507: 1976:, occurs annually in November, and it is caused when Earth crosses the orbit of Biela's Comet. 1972:

were seen in 1872 and 1885 when the comet should have been visible. A minor meteor shower, the

1953:

family made of C/1988 A1 (Liller), C/1996 Q1 (Tabur), C/2015 F3 (SWAN), C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS), and

1762: 1728: 1712: 1655:

thought to surround the Solar System. Showed with Kuiper Belt and Asteroid Belt for comparison.

1317: 1112: 914: 632: 605: 241: 232: 31: 16435: 15495: 14306: 14298: 14295: 9560: 8844: 7534: 6435: 6354: 6006: 5634: 5129: 3682: 3655: 1316:

Based on their orbital characteristics, short-period comets are thought to originate from the

16454: 16040: 15940: 15867: 15741: 15594: 15557: 15445: 15440: 14246: 14064: 14034: 13841: 13836: 13755: 13255: 13220: 12949: 12891: 12841: 12821: 12701: 12179: 12057: 11934: 11852: 11787: 11589: 11544: 11359: 11191: 11152: 11082: 11057: 10730: 10507: 10084: 9764: 9446: 9419: 9324:(Letter from Mr. de l'Isle ... containing the discovery of the return of the comet of 1682), 8775: 6542: 4920: 4196:

Fernández, Yanga R. (2000). "The Nucleus of Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1): Size and Activity".

4170: 3785: 3351: 2970: 2631: 2492: 2467: 2458: 2228: 1408: 1403:

Single-apparition or non-periodic comets are similar to long-period comets because they have

1397: 1168: 1160: 1055:

The first observations were made in the 1980s and 1990s as several spacecraft flew by comets

619:. The low reflectivity of cometary surfaces causes them to absorb the heat that drives their 543: 335: 298: 264:, though many of those are faint and unspectacular. Particularly bright examples are called " 15609: 10152: 9388: 8604: 7322: 7148: 7053: 5926: 5420: 5384: 5030: 4547: 4516: 4209: 4005: 3856: 2707:

The Great Comet of 1577 is a well-known example of a great comet. It passed near Earth as a

1032:. This greatly surprised astronomers because X-ray emission is usually associated with very 16367: 16108: 15502: 15455: 15112: 14570: 14535: 14530: 14424: 14375: 14348: 14304: 14283: 14074: 13971: 13953: 13707: 13181: 13023: 12964: 12934: 12756: 12746: 12661: 12548: 12416: 11777: 11514: 11304: 10898: 10781: 10320: 10182: 10148: 10119: 9866: 9726: 9599: 9533: 9250: 9119: 8950: 8854: 8666: 8279: 8238: 8195: 8153: 7995: 7968: 7935: 7897: 7805: 7569: 7463: 7318: 7219: 7144: 7037: 6949: 6906: 6752: 6577: 6416: 6234: 6198: 6151: 6086: 6041: 5977: 5779: 5701: 5607: 5570: 5523: 5470: 5416: 5380: 5335: 5300: 5257: 5214: 5026: 4961: 4762: 4660: 4543: 4399: 4319: 4205: 4127: 4042: 4001: 3852: 3717: 3611: 3546: 2798: 2646: 2621: 2617: 2503: 2394: 2173: 1965: 1836:

and signs of impending doom was highest in Europe from AD 1200 to 1650. The year after the

1404: 1381: 1368: 1360: 1071: 1033: 674: 280: 178: 14287: 14285: 13661: 8311: 4922:

A Complete Manual of Amateur Astronomy: Tools and Techniques for Astronomical Observations

4753:

Sagdeev, R. Z.; et al. (1988). "Is the nucleus of Comet Halley a low density body?".

2039: 1707:, in 1987. A total of 11 such exocomet systems have been identified as of 2013, using the 8: 16320: 15954: 15843: 15681: 15654: 15604: 15408: 14872: 14565: 14417: 13976: 13688: 13648: 13454: 13400: 13154: 13144: 13139: 13100: 13080: 13048: 13043: 13038: 12991: 12959: 12881: 12871: 12851: 12836: 12826: 12816: 12771: 12726: 12671: 12646: 12636: 12456: 12446: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12366: 12350: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12007: 11564: 11329: 11186: 11162: 11157: 11137: 11092: 10962: 9322:"Lettre de M. de l'Isle ... contenant la découverte du retour de la Comète de 1682, ... " 8510: 7863: 7432: 7404: 5851: 4327: 3122: 3040: 3014: 2884: 2689: 2679: 2523: 2328: 2299: 2284: 2212: 2147: 2073: 1954: 1861: 1837: 1452: 1115:

but these detections have been questioned. As a comet approaches the inner Solar System,

994: 959:(450,000,000 to 600,000,000 km; 280,000,000 to 370,000,000 mi) of the Sun. The 680: 655: 582: 399: 14768: 14647: 13552: 11469: 10403: 10324: 10186: 10137:

Hahn, M. E.; et al. (1992). "Origin of sungrazers: a frequent cometary end-state".

10123: 9870: 9809: 9730: 9603: 9537: 9367:, long applied successfully to astronomical calculations, had not shared in the work." 9254: 9123: 8954: 8938: 8858: 8670: 8379:"Release 14-060: NASA's Hubble Telescope Witnesses Asteroid's Mysterious Disintegration" 8283: 8242: 8199: 8157: 7999: 7972: 7939: 7901: 7809: 7573: 7223: 7041: 6983:. Trivers, Kathleen Kearney and Abramson, David M. National Academy Press. p. 251. 6953: 6910: 6809:. In McFadden, Lucy-Ann Adams; Johnson, Torrence V. & Weissman, Paul Robert (eds.). 6756: 6581: 6420: 6202: 6155: 6045: 5981: 5783: 5705: 5611: 5574: 5527: 5474: 5339: 5304: 5261: 5218: 4965: 4766: 4664: 4403: 4323: 4131: 4046: 3721: 3615: 3550: 2926:

A number of periodic comets discovered in earlier decades or previous centuries are now

16308: 16296: 15934: 15804: 15751: 15629: 15599: 15507: 15320: 14457: 14288: 14069: 13921: 13666: 13171: 13105: 13095: 13073: 13068: 13063: 12986: 12944: 12919: 12861: 12781: 12761: 12676: 12666: 12600: 12585: 11892: 11792: 11534: 11167: 11142: 11132: 11122: 11102: 11062: 10568: 10338: 10310: 9890: 9742: 9716: 9631: 9268: 9135: 9055: 8988: 8228: 7747: 7718: 7342: 7308: 7250: 7209: 7197: 6266: 6216: 6167: 5803: 5717: 5539: 5513: 5486: 5460: 5351: 5230: 5042: 5017:

Lallement, Rosine; et al. (2002). "The Shadow of Comet Hale–Bopp in Lyman-Alpha".

4786: 4559: 4533: 4471: 4415: 4389: 4221: 4151: 4065: 4030: 4014: 3989: 3588: 3570: 3020: 3002: 3000:

has been depicted as a threat overcome by technology and heroism (as in the 1998 films

2961:

notable persons coincided with separate appearances of the comet, such as with writers

2905: 2541: 2320:

upheld that Brahe's view of cometary parallax was correct. Additionally, mathematician

2248: 2243: 2184: 2123: 2115: 1949: 1841: 1749: 1532: 1492: 982: 941: 732:

lander found at least sixteen organic compounds at the comet's surface, four of which (

153:

of gas and dust gas blown out from the coma. These phenomena are due to the effects of

14741: 14704: 13277: 12711: 10425: 8268:"Second-generation Fragments of a Comet Split in the Making: The Liller Family Comets" 7886: 6568:

Chebotarev, G. A. (1964). "Gravitational Spheres of the Major Planets, Moon and Sun".

4721:

of 5.5x4.0x3.3 km * a density of 0.6 g/cm yields a mass of 2.28E+13 kg.

2825:, was originally classified as an asteroid until a faint coma was noticed. Similarly, 1890:

with another object in the Solar System, such as Jupiter. An example of this is Comet

16384: 16093: 16045: 15794: 15364: 15306: 15097: 14986: 14912: 14853: 14582: 14227: 14195: 13868: 13828: 13535: 13395: 13193: 13016: 13011: 12866: 12751: 12543: 12533: 12506: 12481: 12315: 12239: 12169: 11812: 11797: 11274: 11214: 11117: 11112: 11067: 10760: 10710: 10687: 10657: 10513: 10333: 10296: 10090: 9989: 9882: 9738: 9623: 9615: 9566: 9452: 9425: 9382: 9272: 9202: 9170: 9162: 9139: 9047: 8919: 8880: 8870: 8823: 8791: 8781: 8780:. Columbia University Studies in the Social Sciences No. 510. AMS Press. p. 36. 8730: 8678: 8624: 8614: 7728: 7615: 7540: 7334: 7255: 7237: 7152: 6992: 6868: 6818: 6548: 6441: 6360: 6220: 6171: 6012: 5743: 5721: 5640: 5490: 5355: 5273: 5234: 5158: 5046: 4926: 4778: 4678: 4651: 4563: 4490: 4475: 4225: 4176: 4143: 4070: 3918: 3688: 3661: 3562: 3461: 2947: 2234: 2119: 2064: 1380:

in January 2007 but is bound to the Sun with roughly a 92,600-year orbit because the

1377: 1286:(HTCs). As of 2023, 70 Encke-type comets, 100 HTCs, and 755 JFCs have been reported. 970: 956: 788: 741: 608: 589: 167: 14824: 11429: 10342: 9746: 9348:

The story behind the rediscovery of Halley's comet was given by Joseph Lalande in:

9059: 8251: 8214: 7346: 6712: 6492: 5903: 5807: 5543: 5203:"Discovery of X-ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Emission from Comet C/Hyakutake 1996 B2" 4419: 4155: 3574: 16272: 16219: 15855: 15659: 15649: 15542: 15517: 14927: 14897: 14748: 14622: 14462: 14327: 13853: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13334: 13208: 13203: 13085: 12876: 12776: 12716: 12696: 12686: 12651: 12621: 12148: 11284: 11209: 11097: 10978: 10946: 10942: 10328: 10190: 10167: 9894: 9874: 9734: 9635: 9607: 9541: 9258: 9127: 9039: 8980: 8911: 8862: 8674: 8287: 8246: 8161: 8003: 7943: 7577: 7326: 7245: 7227: 7172:"Astronomers have detected comets outside our solar system for the first time ever" 7045: 7028: 6984: 6957: 6914: 6760: 6206: 6159: 5985: 5795: 5787: 5709: 5615: 5578: 5531: 5478: 5424: 5343: 5308: 5265: 5222: 5034: 4969: 4790: 4770: 4668: 4551: 4463: 4458: 4407: 4213: 4135: 4060: 4050: 4009: 3725: 3554: 3126: 3073:. in which all the celestial bodies argue over the comet's appearance and purpose. 3035: 2810: 2761: 2739: 2519: 2451: 2295: 2280: 2200: 2089: 2055: 1988: 1539: 1469: 1426: 1413: 1385: 1376:

had a heliocentric osculating eccentricity of 1.000019 near its perihelion passage

1325: 1290: 1227: 1164: 977:, with the solar wind playing a minor role in the destruction of water compared to 667: 515: 503: 222: 9110:

Boschiero, Luciano (February 2009). "Giovanni Borelli and the Comets of 1664–65".

8355: 8142: 8022: 7722: 7330: 5429: 5269: 4950: 4555: 4139: 2904:. However, even without access to optical equipment, it is still possible for the 2180:, despite several discoveries from various individuals challenging aspects of it. 721:

from the Sun as thought earlier, are responsible for the degradation of water and

16459: 16140: 16083: 16068: 15726: 15624: 15532: 15423: 15401: 15198: 15142: 15132: 14922: 14902: 14877: 14865: 14819: 14807: 14711: 14694: 14654: 14632: 14627: 14089: 13910: 13863: 13800: 13730: 13435: 13405: 13001: 12886: 12641: 11579: 11569: 11238: 11077: 10908: 10820: 10774: 10651: 9983: 9314: 8487: 5692:

Biermann, L. (1963). "The plasma tails of comets and the interplanetary plasma".

5226: 5152: 5063: 4897: 4411: 3966: 3766: 3372: 3159: 3061: 3053: 2993: 2957: 2719: 2537: 2386: 2378: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2226:

was the first person to accurately and anatomically portray a comet. In his work

2192: 2127: 1857: 1845: 1798: 1716: 1116: 1037: 974: 951:

The coma is generally made of water and dust, with water making up to 90% of the

905: 745: 710: 499: 479: 237: 171: 154: 146: 11742: 10756: 10537: 7634:

Oregonian (29 Oct 2015), "Comet's oxygen shakes theories on solar system", p. A5

6865:

Dark matter and the dinosaurs: The astounding interconnectedness of the universe

6064: 5103: 4240: 3458:

Dark Matter and the Dinosaurs: The Astounding Interconnectedness of the Universe

2204: 581:, making them among the least reflective objects found in the Solar System. The 16155: 16123: 16088: 15710: 15490: 15480: 15418: 15281: 15208: 15169: 15090: 15063: 14917: 14787: 14758: 14736: 14726: 14716: 14669: 13899: 13808: 13725: 13547: 13530: 13503: 13250: 13176: 13166: 13053: 12721: 12706: 12575: 12269: 12112: 11997: 11977: 11955: 11907: 11897: 11862: 11817: 11524: 11389: 11299: 11219: 9131: 9043: 8566: 8407: 8292: 8267: 8071: 7508: 6684: 6385: 6008:

Our Cosmic Origins: From the Big Bang to the Emergence of Life and Intelligence

5179: 5067: 3944: 3357: 3183: 3030: 2879: 2871: 2697: 2506:, the largest object in the asteroid belt. The detection was made by using the 2472: 2390: 2260: 2208: 1969: 1356: 1321: 1231: 978: 722: 475: 463: 245: 228: 194: 182: 117: 10036: 9313:

announced to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris that he and his assistant

8915: 8866: 8488:"Comet Names and Designations; Comet Naming and Nomenclature; Names of Comets" 8049: 7948: 7923: 6163: 5791: 5038: 4467: 4456:

Schiermeier, Quirin (14 April 2015). "Rosetta's comet has no magnetic field".

4217: 4031:"Carbonaceous meteorites contain a wide range of extraterrestrial nucleobases" 2749:, larger sungrazers can survive many perihelion passages. However, the strong 2004: 1267:; for example, the aphelion of Halley's Comet is a little beyond the orbit of 105: 16448: 16179: 16078: 16073: 15809: 15789: 15369: 15102: 15085: 14906: 14829: 14792: 14763: 14753: 14721: 14699: 14679: 14642: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14215: 14121: 14111: 13943: 13926: 13773: 13446: 13272: 13215: 13134: 12996: 12929: 12565: 12538: 12523: 12361: 12132: 12092: 12047: 11982: 11961: 11857: 11762: 11404: 11107: 10952: 10840: 10815: 9680:"Release 14-038: NASA's 3-D Study of Comets Reveals Chemical Factory at Work" 9619: 9166: 9051: 8923: 8884: 7338: 7241: 7156: 6462: 6142:

Duncan, Martin J. (2008). "Dynamical Origin of Comets and Their Reservoirs".

4782: 3090: 2853: 2802: 2769: 2723: 2568: 2429: 2349: 2276: 1911: 1853: 1753: 1700: 1675: 1429: 1294: 1148: 1127:, pointing in the opposite direction to the ion and dust tails, may be seen. 706: 659: 457: 339: 218: 15979: 10448: 10270: 10244: 10218: 10195: 9524:

Whipple, F. L. (1950). "A comet model. I. The acceleration of Comet Encke".

8540: 8459: 8433: 8165: 7362:"NASA's New Planet Hunter Has Detected an 'Exocomet' Orbiting an Alien Star" 7232: 5312: 4973: 4673: 4646: 4055: 3558: 1785:, in significant quantities in comets has led to speculation that comets or 1351: 16469: 16284: 16245: 16018: 15887: 15873: 15664: 15619: 15276: 15159: 15053: 14993: 14976: 14802: 14780: 14731: 14689: 14674: 14659: 14525: 14484: 14449: 14269: 14205: 13961: 13848: 13813: 13681: 13623: 13523: 13122: 12681: 12411: 12275: 12251: 12199: 12184: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12042: 11972: 11807: 11767: 11752: 11732: 11722: 11654: 11644: 11499: 11489: 11419: 11369: 11364: 11354: 9886: 9627: 9263: 9188: 9174: 8266:

de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (27 November 2023).

7259: 7049: 5661: 5277: 4804: 4682: 4394: 4074: 3729: 3566: 3141: 2997: 2966: 2765: 2607: 2588: 2583: 2527: 2500: 2364: 2335: 1895: 1305: 1304:. Short-period comets have a tendency for their aphelia to coincide with a 1203: 1104: 933: 832: 690: 663: 597: 593: 592:(1P/Halley) reflects about four percent of the light that falls on it, and 519: 491: 445: 231:

that have passed close to the Sun many times have lost nearly all of their

162: 13230: 12846: 9585: 9353:

Tables astronomiques de M. Halley, ... Et l'Histoire de la Comete de 1759.

6187:"From Kuiper Belt Object to Cometary Nucleus: The Missing Ultrared Matter" 6032:

Wilson, H. C. (1909). "The Comet Families of Saturn, Uranus and Neptune".

4353: 4147: 3945:"1997 Apparition of Comet Hale–Bopp: What We Can Learn from Bright Comets" 2888:

involved sending it to a centaur, but NASA decided to destroy it instead.

1748:

of its icy components releases solid debris too large to be swept away by

1440: 1198: 611:, leaving behind larger organic compounds that tend to be very dark, like 16235: 16184: 16145: 15928: 15922: 15705: 15693: 15688: 15639: 15614: 15584: 15579: 15527: 15522: 15347: 15261: 15220: 15181: 15058: 14889: 14812: 14775: 14664: 14133: 14029: 14013: 14008: 13715: 13676: 13671: 13557: 13481: 13282: 13161: 13006: 12969: 12736: 12209: 12204: 12189: 11992: 11950: 11940: 11922: 11917: 11887: 11882: 11842: 11837: 11822: 11717: 11694: 11684: 11679: 11659: 11609: 11599: 11509: 11479: 11449: 11409: 11394: 11279: 10937: 10533: 10315: 9911:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. 24 January 2008. Archived from 8562: 8403: 6893:"Comet showers and the steady-state infall of comets from the Oort Cloud" 5518: 5465: 4951:"Gas dynamics and kinetics in the cometary coma: Theory and observations" 4715:

of 8x4x4km * a density of 0.3 g/cm yields a mass of 2.0E+13 kg.

4700: 3708:

Licht, A. (1999). "The Rate of Naked-Eye Comets from 101 BC to 1970 AD".

3336: 3025: 2965:(who correctly speculated that he'd "go out with the comet" in 1910) and 2818: 2793: 2773: 2750: 2673: 2496: 2308: 2291: 2177: 2154: 2139: 2060: 1973: 1945: 1664: 1417: 1108: 585: 531: 502:", in that their surfaces are formed of dense crystalline ice mixed with 311: 265: 190: 121: 48: 10596:"The View From Halley's Comet – 2061: Odyssey Three by Arthur C. Clarke" 9878: 9611: 8119: 7021:"The Formation of the Oort Cloud and the Primitive Galactic Environment" 6089:. Department of Terrestrial Magnetism Carnegie Institution of Washington 4718: 4712: 4706: 4696: 3830:. Vol. 26. The Encyclopedia Americana Corp. 1920. pp. 162–163. 2348:

by an inverse square law must trace out an orbit shaped like one of the

16204: 16150: 15947: 15894: 15634: 15213: 14797: 14048: 13720: 13698: 13373: 13235: 13033: 12939: 12856: 12791: 12580: 12174: 12067: 12037: 12017: 11987: 11712: 11689: 11619: 11614: 11464: 11454: 11434: 11349: 11344: 11334: 11319: 11294: 11127: 11010: 10883: 10835: 10825: 10647: 10643: 7275:"TESS spots its first exocomet around one of the sky's brightest stars" 6063:. Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin. Archived from 5713: 3261: 3240:'s first four years of collecting data (December 2013 to December 2017) 2962: 2927: 2921: 2901: 2845: 2711:

and was seen by many, including well-known astronomers Tycho Brahe and

2701: 2545: 2463: 2143: 2093: 1961: 1899: 1833: 1821: 1790: 1745: 1660: 1652: 1448: 1444: 1309: 1183: 1139: 1090: 1064: 1022: 990: 945: 922: 918: 620: 535: 467: 427: 257: 249: 206: 185:, ranging from several years to potentially several millions of years. 158: 150: 142: 13575: 10474: 9373:

Broughton, Peter (1985) "The first predicted return of comet Halley",

8992: 8265: 8007: 5799: 260:) is about one trillion. Roughly one comet per year is visible to the 16240: 16130: 15908: 15901: 15330: 15296: 15127: 15048: 14971: 14966: 14937: 14684: 14637: 14506: 14489: 14222: 14084: 14053: 13966: 13788: 13778: 13745: 13735: 13604: 13513: 13489: 13477: 13265: 13245: 13240: 13149: 13127: 13110: 12981: 12954: 12924: 12801: 12786: 12766: 12731: 12691: 12496: 12471: 12466: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12406: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12356: 12345: 12320: 11967: 11945: 11872: 11867: 11847: 11832: 11827: 11802: 11757: 11624: 11519: 11379: 11309: 11147: 7581: 7485: 7132: 5347: 4774: 3257: 3198: 3145: 3106: 2897: 2875: 2727: 2444: 2275:

measurement of Halley's Comet were made in 1456, but were erroneous.

2164: 1891: 1813: 1809: 1786: 1696: 1674:. The inner Oort cloud is also known as the Hills cloud, named after 1481: 1477: 1473: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1393: 1373: 1152: 1048: 1018: 733: 627: 616: 551: 395:) 'the hair of the head' and was used to mean 'the tail of a comet'. 390: 378: 261: 54: 14932: 5202: 3800: 1695:

beyond the Solar System have been detected and may be common in the

650:

exhibits jets on light side and dark side, stark relief, and is dry.

16060: 15961: 15799: 15266: 15122: 15107: 14848: 14555: 14403: 14190: 13858: 13740: 12263: 12257: 12194: 11674: 11594: 11584: 11439: 11339: 11314: 11020: 10957: 10830: 9654:"Herschel Telescope Detects Water on Dwarf Planet – Release 14-021" 9545: 9421:

The Greatest Comets in History: Broom Stars and Celestial Scimitars

8984: 8846:

Exploring Ancient Skies: A Survey of Ancient and Cultural Astronomy

8726:

A History of Physical Theories of Comets, From Aristotle to Whipple

8606:

A History of Physical Theories of Comets, From Aristotle to Whipple

8233: 7859:"If comets melt, why do they seem to last for long periods of time" 7313: 7214: 6962: 6935: 6919: 6892: 6765: 6740: 6211: 6186: 6114:. British Astronomical Association. 6 November 2012. Archived from 5990: 5965: 5619: 5583: 5558: 5535: 5482: 4703:

density of 0.6 g/cm yields a mass (m=d*v) of 3.02E+14 kg.

4538: 3515: 3286: 3057: 2982: 2777: 2598: 2360: 2355: 2272: 2252: 1930: 1869: 1766: 1758: 1733: 1692: 1687: 1421: 1293:

form a distinct class, orbiting in more circular orbits within the

1264: 1256: 1135: 1124: 854: 810: 777: 725: 714: 702: 647: 571: 511: 495: 490:. As such, they are popularly described as "dirty snowballs" after 275: 145:. This produces an extended, gravitationally unbound atmosphere or 30:

This article is about the astronomical object. For other uses, see

16401: 10736: 10297:"Simulations of the Population of Centaurs I: The Bulk Statistics" 9787:"NASA's 'Deep Impact' Team Reports First Evidence of Cometary Ice" 9721: 9394:(Paris, France: Michel Lambert, 1760); see especially the preface. 8628: 6988: 6781:"JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine: e > 1 (sorted by name)" 6671:"2nd interstellar visitor to our solar system confirmed and named" 4647:"Philae's First Days on the Comet – Introduction to Special Issue" 3066: 2581:. Debate continues about how much ice is in a comet. In 2001, the 728:

released from the comet nucleus into its coma. Instruments on the

440: 284:, which became the first to land a robotic spacecraft on a comet. 15203: 15191: 15117: 14516: 14494: 14369: 14354: 14003: 13783: 13768: 13763: 11289: 10011:"New 'Sun-Skirting' Comet Could Provide Dazzling Display in 2013" 8795: 7743:"Yerkes Observatory Finds Cyanogen in Spectrum of Halley's Comet" 7195: 6463:"What is A Short Period Comet – Less than 200 Year Orbital Cycle" 5397: 3629: 3314:

NASA is developing a comet harpoon for returning samples to Earth

3237: 3233: 2345: 1938: 1817: 1794: 1671: 1268: 1260: 1211: 929: 737: 636: 601: 567: 563: 539: 523: 487: 483: 403: 198: 137:

that warms and begins to release gases when passing close to the

6936:"The Origin of Halley-Type Comets: Probing the Inner Oort Cloud" 314: 15644: 14841: 14836: 14550: 14545: 14511: 14499: 14444: 14396: 14389: 14364: 14359: 14238: 14210: 13508: 12351:

C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet)

10110:

Opik, E. J. (1966). "Sun-Grazing Comets and Tidal Disruption".

9678:

Zubritsky, Elizabeth & Neal-Jones, Nancy (11 August 2014).

8185: 7985: 7645:"Water Discovered in Apollo Moon Rocks Likely Came from Comets" 6540: 5400:"The infant bow shock: a new frontier at a weak activity comet" 5368: 4709:* a density of 0.62 g/cm yields a mass of 7.9E+13 kg. 4117: 3657:

Asteroids, Comets, and Meteorites: Cosmic Invaders of the Earth

3332: 3253: 2935: 2822: 2484: 2478: 2382: 2223: 2168: 2020: 1172: 1095: 1017:. Most comets are too faint to be visible without the aid of a 993:

briefly had a tenuous dust atmosphere larger than the Sun. The

718: 642: 578: 527: 10400:"Getting Started – SOHO Comet Hunting Techniques/Instructions" 4514: 2938:

in 2001. There are at least 18 comets that fit this category.

2896:

A comet may be discovered photographically using a wide-field

1130: 1099:

Typical direction of tails during a comet's orbit near the Sun

955:

that outflow from the nucleus when the comet is within 3 to 4

268:". Comets have been visited by uncrewed probes such as NASA's 16326: 14540: 14472: 14467: 14382: 14337: 14332: 9836:"NASA's Stardust Comet Samples Contain Minerals Born in Fire" 9465: 8999: 8743: 8704: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8688: 7828:"Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/1980 E1" 7602:. 18 October 2019. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021 4491:"NASA Instrument on Rosetta Makes Comet Atmosphere Discovery" 3680: 3460:. New York: Ecco/HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 104–105. 3167: 3163: 2603: 2587:

spacecraft obtained high-resolution images of the surface of

2344:

of 1687, proved that an object moving under the influence of

1187: 1029: 961: 948:

cause an enormous "tail" to form pointing away from the Sun.

419:, consisting of a small disc with three hairlike extensions. 384: 372: 366: 360: 354: 342: 320: 10743:

Catalogue of the Solar System Small Bodies Orbital Evolution

10742: 6516:"Influence of giant planets on the orbit of comet C/2010 X1" 5325: 5200: 5068:"The Splintering of Comet 17P/Holmes During a Mega-Outburst" 4644: 4594:"Philae probe finds evidence that comets can be cosmic labs" 4090:"NASA Researchers: DNA Building Blocks Can Be Made in Space" 3967:"Stardust Findings Suggest Comets More Complex Than Thought" 3827:

The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge

14593: 14477: 14342: 12367:

C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux)

9683: 9657: 8382: 7298: 5671: 5016: 4494: 4028: 3990:"Cometary glycine detected in samples returned by Stardust" 3922: 2158: 1864:

had a periodicity of 574 years and was responsible for the

1816:

impacts are thought to be responsible for the existence of

1805: 998: 768: 547: 16279: 10680:

Comets, Popular Culture, and the Birth of Modern Cosmology

9856: 9399: 9011: 8685: 8635: 7559: 6409:

Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands

5503: 5247: 2495:

reported the detection, for the first definitive time, of

1435:

As of 2022, only two objects have been discovered with an

14322: 10766: 9317:

had observed the return of Halley's comet, as predicted:

9243:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

8259: 5762: 5450: 5290: 4305:"Small Body Density and Porosity: New Data, New Insights" 2746: 2256: 2233:

Giotto's depiction of Halley's Comet in the place of the

1880: 1844:

published a pamphlet stating that it was a sign that the

1179: 1014: 612: 570:, and related organic molecules) may have been formed on 559: 555: 471: 383:) 'to wear the hair long', which was itself derived from 138: 10614:"NASA's Hubble Sees Asteroid Spout Six Comet-like Tails" 10165: 9579: 9030:

Barker, Peter (1 June 2002). "Constructing Copernicus".

8777:

The Comet of 1577: Its Place in the History of Astronomy

7924:"Are the IRAS-detected Apollo asteroids extinct comets?" 7885:

Bottke, William F. Jr. & Levison, Harold F. (2002).

4379: 3601: 1363:

of its orbit and its rapid motion when close to the Sun.

1234:: The longer the period the more elongated the ellipse. 1167:

was completely severed while the comet passed through a

530:, and perhaps more complex molecules such as long-chain 6645:"Astronomers have spotted a second interstellar object" 4302: 4263:"SOHO's new catch: its first officially periodic comet" 3589:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser C/2014 S3 (PANSTARRS)" 2026:

Ghost tail of C/2015 D1 (SOHO) after passage at the Sun

278:

to study its interior, and the European Space Agency's

4705:

Tempel 1: Using a spherical diameter of 6.25 km;

3410:

time will bring to light things which now lie hidden."

2518:

for the first time, that detailed the distribution of

577:

The outer surfaces of cometary nuclei have a very low

16256: 10564:"Families Learning of 39 Cultists Who Died Willingly" 10373:

Pappalardo, Bob & Spiker, Linda (15 March 2009).

8816:

Brandt, John C.; Chapman, Robert D. (11 March 2004).

6619:"Interstellar Visitor 'Oumuamua Is a Comet After All" 5765:"The Heliospheric Imagers Onboard the STEREO Mission" 5182:. Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii 4752: 3841:

Greenberg, J. Mayo (1998). "Making a comet nucleus".

3684:

The Planets: The Definitive Guide to Our Solar System

3660:. The Living Earth. New York: Infobase. p. 123. 3604:

AAA/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts

3482:"What is the difference between asteroids and comets" 1744:

As a comet is heated during close passes to the Sun,

1509: 1052:

passes through this ion coma, the bow shock appears.

1009:

C/2006 W3 (Chistensen) emitting carbon gas (IR image)

542:

had been found in the comet dust recovered by NASA's

8377:

Harrington, J.D. & Villard, Ray (6 March 2014).

6739:

McGlynn, Thomas A. & Chapman, Robert D. (1989).

6382:"Comets – Relics from the birth of the Solar System" 5556: 4898:"Hubble's Last Look at Comet ISON Before Perihelion" 748:) have been detected for the first time on a comet. 9677: 8659:

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A

8272:

Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society

5963: 3987: 2753:they experience often lead to their fragmentation. 2516:

Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA)

600:'s surface reflects less than 3.0%; by comparison, 506:, while the interior ice is colder and less dense. 10375:"Cassini Proposed Extended-Extended Mission (XXM)" 9909:"Stardust comet dust resembles asteroid materials" 9761:"NASA Spacecraft Finds Comet Has Hot, Dry Surface" 7102: 7100: 6933: 5919:"Comet Hartley 2 Is Spewing Ice, NASA Photos Show" 4488: 4312:37th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 3765: 3744:"Touchdown! Rosetta's Philae Probe Lands on Comet" 3536: 2620:unexpectedly passed through the tail of the comet 1523: 1067:when the bow shocks already were fully developed. 365:already meant 'long-haired star, comet' in Greek. 10701:Brandt, John C. & Chapman, Robert D. (2004). 10505: 10302:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 10294: 10175:Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 9988:. Newspaper Enterprise Association. p. 274. 9647: 9645: 8843:Kelley, David H. & Milone, Eugene F. (2011). 8376: 7928:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 7202:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 6596:"JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine: e > 1" 6239:Solar System Dynamics - Jet Propulsion Laboratory 6137: 6135: 6133: 2110: 1520: 181:elliptical orbits, and they have a wide range of 16446: 10501: 10499: 10497: 10495: 10372: 10136: 10062:"Great Moments in Comet History: Comet McNaught" 8511:"Naming of new interstellar visitor: 2I/Borisov" 8502: 7198:"Likely transiting exocomets detected by Kepler" 6359:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 246. 5660:Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (29 June 2013). 4948: 4918: 3912: 3910: 2410:To light up worlds, and feed th' ethereal fire. 1699:. The first exocomet system detected was around 1138:, the dust tail, and the ion gas tail formed by 662:that no longer experience outgassing, including 538:. In 2009, it was confirmed that the amino acid 14282: 8656: 8356:"Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 Collision with Jupiter" 8213:Sekanina, Zdenek; Kracht, Rainer (1 May 2016). 7847:. Select Ephemeris Type:Elements and Center:@0) 7798:Journal of the British Astronomical Association 7419: 7097: 6561: 5659: 4919:Clay Sherrod, P. & Koed, Thomas L. (2003). 4035:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3764: 2805:showing the types of bodies in the Solar System 1739: 969:parent molecule is destroyed primarily through 13476: 9671: 9642: 9152: 8539:. Cambridge University Library. Archived from 8370: 8212: 8206: 8095:"Spitzer Telescope Sees Trail of Comet Crumbs" 7796:Hughes, D. W. (1991). "On hyperbolic comets". 7391: 6805:Levison, Harold F. & Donnes, Luke (2007). 6738: 6130: 5843: 5058: 5056: 4449: 4435:"Rosetta and Philae Find Comet Not Magnetised" 4243:. Department of Earth and Space Sciences, UCLA 3285:s impactor in its last moments before hitting 3109:(McNaught) taken from Victoria, Australia 2007 2402:From his huge vapouring train perhaps to shake 1359:(red) and Earth (blue), illustrating the high 16009: 15995: 14443: 14254: 13462: 10782: 10700: 10509:Science in Popular Culture: A Reference Guide 10492: 10349: 9697: 9562:Magic Universe:A Grand Tour of Modern Science 8936: 8822:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–11. 8815: 8188:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 7884: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7596:"Did comet impacts jump-start life on Earth?" 6886: 6884: 6804: 6677: 6547:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 21. 5737: 5597: 4515:Feldman, Paul D.; et al. (2 June 2015). 4482: 3907: 2821:, whose unstable orbit is between Saturn and 1642: 161:plasma acting upon the nucleus of the comet. 10865: 10288: 8842: 8086: 7707:. Vol. 26, no. 1. pp. 96–105. 7509:"Earth's water brewed at home, not in space" 7108:"'Exocomets' Common Across Milky Way Galaxy" 6970: 6927: 6253: 6106: 6104: 5821: 5127: 4944: 4942: 4732:"What Have We Learned About Halley's Comet?" 4645:Bibring, J.-P.; et al. (31 July 2015). 4638: 4585: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 2406:Thro' which his long ellipsis winds; perhaps 2359:The orbit of the comet of 1680, fitted to a 1772: 1111:have been reported from observations by the 302:that allegedly made an appearance in 729 AD. 10642: 10355:Y-J. Choi, P.R. Weissman, and D. Polishook 9483: 9471: 9405: 9221: 9194:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica 9097: 9066: 9017: 9005: 8904:International Astronomical Union Colloquium 8761: 8749: 8722: 8710: 8698: 8641: 8602: 8590: 8482: 8480: 8451: 8425: 7822: 7816: 7731:: Sigismund Latomus – via Gallica.fr. 7385: 7110:. Space.com. 7 January 2013. Archived from 6340: 6241:. NASA - California Institute of Technology 6011:. Cambridge University Press. p. 117. 5738:Carroll, B. W. & Ostlie, D. A. (1996). 5639:. Cambridge University Press. p. 422. 5497: 5444: 5171: 5053: 4734:. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 1986 4616: 4508: 4455: 4426: 4283: 4087: 4081: 3687:. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 222. 3647: 3397: 3368:List of possible impact structures on Earth 3339:momentarily losing its tail, April 20, 2007 1432:suggests they may escape the Solar System. 1076:spacecraft observed the bow shock at comet 705:(within 1 km (0.62 mi) above the 452:. The nucleus is about 2 km in length. 422: 329: 323: 16002: 15988: 14261: 14247: 13469: 13455: 11237: 10789: 10775: 10366: 9981: 9961:"Rosetta Ready To Explore A Comet's Realm" 9936:"Dust samples prompt rethink about comets" 9651: 9074:"A Brief History of Comets I (until 1950)" 8140: 8020: 7685: 7126: 7083:"Exocomets may be as common as exoplanets" 7012: 6881: 6867:. 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Starryskies. Archived from 3512:Near Earth Object Program FAQ 3378: 3236:– Comets appear in yellow in 2850:Comet Bernardinelli-Bernstein 2768:, which is the parent of two 2476:probe and the Soviet Union's 2222:In 1301, the Italian painter 1905: 1524:{\displaystyle v_{\infty }\!} 1343:List of near-parabolic comets 1182:scientists reported that the 973:and to a much smaller extent 347:'wearing long hair', and the 296:A comet was mentioned in the 12632:C/1993 Y1 (McNaught–Russell) 12554:C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka) 12154:D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy 9) 12063:57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte 11555:57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte 10453:Gary W. Kronk's Cometography 10275:Gary W. Kronk's Cometography 10249:Gary W. Kronk's Cometography 10223:Gary W. Kronk's Cometography 10219:"29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 1" 10140:Astronomy & Astrophysics 10041:Gary W. Kronk's Cometography 9191:(1687). 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(24 March 1997). 3805:Online Etymology Dictionary 3344: 2956:The depiction of comets in 2859: 2652:Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko 2078:Great January Comet of 1910 1302:gravitational perturbations 654:Roughly six percent of the 402:for comets (represented in 211:gravitational perturbations 177:Comets usually have highly 10: 16496: 15548:Extraterrestrial materials 14107:extraterrestrial materials 12512:C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard) 12492:C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet) 12432:X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet) 12417:C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher) 11037:List of missions to comets 10796: 10707:Cambridge University Press 10684:Princeton University Press 10656:. New York: Random House. 10112:Irish Astronomical Journal 10086:Hunting and Imaging Comets 10083:Mobberley, Martin (2010). 9739:10.1088/2041-8205/792/1/L2 9588:Bockelée-Morvan, Dominique 9132:10.1177/002182860904000103 9044:10.1162/106361402321147531 6544:Astronomy and Astrophysics 5945:. University of St Andrews 5896:"Dry ice fuels comet jets" 3871:"Dirty Snowballs in Space" 3076: 2945: 2919: 2863: 2839: 2787: 2737: 2677: 2671: 2562:List of missions to comets 2555: 2512:Herschel Space Observatory 2103: 2053: 1909: 1685: 1658: 1643:Oort cloud and Hills cloud 1339:List of long-period comets 1336: 1248:List of Halley-type comets 1241: 1088: 903: 875: 853: 831: 809: 787: 752:Properties of some comets 588:found that the nucleus of 455: 435: 385: 373: 367: 361: 355: 343: 29: 16228: 16170: 16107: 16059: 16026: 16017: 16011:Small Solar System bodies 15868:Earth sciences portal 15827: 15782: 15719: 15590:Interplanetary dust cloud 15469: 15305: 15235: 14946: 14888: 14581: 14434: 14276: 14183: 14142: 14047: 14022: 13996: 13952: 13898: 13827: 13799: 13754: 13706: 13697: 13603: 13566: 13488: 13426: 12900: 12797:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) 12742:C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring) 12614: 12442:C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt) 12357:C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702) 12316:C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet) 12308: 12295: 12282:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 12222: 12162: 12141: 12025: 12016: 11906: 11703: 11650:76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura 11605:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 11265: 11254: 11250: 11232: 11200: 11182:(Bernardinelli–Bernstein) 11050: 11029: 10971: 10864: 10847: 10808: 10804: 10449:"11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR" 9708:The Astrophysical Journal 9526:The Astrophysical Journal 8916:10.1017/S0252921100105925 8867:10.1007/978-1-4419-7624-6 8252:10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/2 8220:The Astrophysical Journal 8120:"Great Comets in History" 7620:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7539:. 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University of Leicester 4468:10.1038/nature.2015.17327 3773:Oxford English Dictionary 3335:solar observatory filmed 3256:solar observatory filmed 3060:on 15 July 1825 inspired 2435:Universal Natural History 2126:, and is depicted in the 1773:Comets and impact on life 1705:A-type main-sequence star 1347:List of hyperbolic comets 1224:small Solar System bodies 1078:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 877:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 773: 764: 759: 756: 687:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 350:Oxford English Dictionary 115: 103: 98: 90: 82: 74: 66: 61: 46: 41: 15881:Local Interstellar Cloud 14599:other near-Earth objects 12502:C/1956 R1 (Arend–Roland) 12437:C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia) 12412:C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati) 11635:73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 11425:31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 11415:29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 11088:C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard) 10428:. NASA. 28 December 2010 10089:. Springer. p. 34. 9424:. Springer. p. 35. 9418:Wong, Yau-Chuen (2008). 9383:Astrophysics Data System 9338:de l'Isle (August 1759) 9295:Clairaut (January 1759) 9155:Cronos (Valencia, Spain) 8293:10.3847/2515-5172/ad0f27 7701:. For Your Information. 6941:The Astronomical Journal 6898:The Astronomical Journal 6191:The Astronomical Journal 5600:The Astronomical Journal 5019:Earth, Moon, and Planets 4853:"Comet vital statistics" 4711:19P/Borrelly: Using the 4198:Earth, Moon, and Planets 4175:. Springer. p. 91. 3969:. NASA. 14 December 2006 2815:29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 2441:Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel 2138:Page from a treatise by 2014:within three days (1995) 2012:73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 1935:73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 1779:vast quantities of water 1499:resulting in a positive 1084: 660:extinct nuclei of comets 423:Physical characteristics 15844:Solar System portal 15570:Giant-impact hypothesis 15177:Trans-Neptunian objects 13886:Meteorites on Mars list 13881:Martian meteorites list 12977:de Kock–Paraskevopoulos 12832:C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS) 12033:11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR 11325:11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR 11173:C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS) 11016:Small Solar System body 10620:. NASA. 7 November 2013 10271:"137P/Shoemaker–Levy 2" 10153:1992A&A...257..315B 9484:Sagan & Druyan 1997 9472:Sagan & Druyan 1997 9406:Sagan & Druyan 1997 9222:Sagan & Druyan 1997 9199:Royal Society of London 9098:Sagan & Druyan 1997 9032:Perspectives on Science 9018:Sagan & Druyan 1997 9006:Sagan & Druyan 1997 8762:Sagan & Druyan 1997 8750:Sagan & Druyan 1997 8711:Sagan & Druyan 1997 8699:Sagan & Druyan 1997 8642:Sagan & Druyan 1997 8591:Sagan & Druyan 1997 8166:10.2307/j.ctv1v7zdq5.25 8141:Boehnhardt, H. (2004). 7949:10.1093/mnras/221.1.19P 7845:barycentric coordinates 7386:Sagan & Druyan 1997 7323:2019A&A...625L..13Z 7149:1990A&A...236..202B 6891:Hills, Jack G. (1981). 6839:"In Depth | Oort Cloud" 6690:JPL Small-Body Database 6493:"Small Bodies: Profile" 6353:Koupelis, Theo (2010). 6341:Sagan & Druyan 1997 5421:2018A&A...619L...2G 5385:1993A&A...268L...5N 5313:10.1029/GL013i003p00243 5039:10.1023/A:1021512317744 5031:2002EM&P...90...67L 4974:10.2307/j.ctv1v7zdq5.34 4878:. European Space Agency 4674:10.1126/science.aac5116 4548:2015A&A...583A...8F 4437:. European Space Agency 4284:Sagan & Druyan 1997 4265:. European Space Agency 4218:10.1023/A:1021545031431 4210:2002EM&P...89....3F 4056:10.1073/pnas.1106493108 4006:2009M&PS...44.1323E 3857:1998A&A...330..375G 3778:Oxford University Press 3559:10.1126/science.1150683 3488:. European Space Agency 3398:Sagan & Druyan 1997 3091:Comet C/2020 F3 NEOWISE 2932:11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR 2915: 2191:In the 1st century AD, 2183:In the 1st century AD, 1860:in 1711 wrote that the 1497:specific orbital energy 1244:List of numbered comets 1218:Orbital characteristics 1193: 1034:high-temperature bodies 899: 315: 135:small Solar System body 70:Small solar system body 16475:Extraterrestrial water 16136:Trans-Neptunian object 15732:Possible dwarf planets 15575:Gravitational collapse 15513:Circumstellar envelope 14318: 12812:C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden) 12807:C/2013 US10 (Catalina) 12652:C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse) 12549:C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki) 12529:C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines) 12128:271P/van Houten–Lemmon 12088:107P/Wilson–Harrington 12083:97P/Metcalf–Brewington 12053:54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT 11929:4015 Wilson–Harrington 11773:147P/Kushida–Muramatsu 11738:107P/Wilson–Harrington 11728:97P/Metcalf–Brewington 11540:54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT 10703:Introduction to Comets 10475:"Lost periodic comets" 9343:Le Journal des Sçavans 9326:Le Journal des Sçavans 9320:de l'Isle (June 1759) 9311:Joseph-Nicolas Delisle 9300:Le Journal des Sçavans 9264:10.1098/rstl.1704.0064 9249:(289–304): 1882–1899. 8898:Sharma, S. D. (1987). 8819:Introduction to Comets 8537:"Chinese Oracle Bones" 8408:"Halley and his Comet" 7704:Galaxy Science Fiction 7460:"Major Meteor Showers" 7050:10.1006/icar.1997.5754 6863:Randall, Lisa (2015). 5943:"The Orbit of a Comet" 5070:. University of Hawaii 4719:volume of an ellipsoid 4713:volume of an ellipsoid 4699:of 15×8×8 km * a 4697:volume of an ellipsoid 4241:"The Cometary Nucleus" 4092:. NASA. Archived from 3901:Times Higher Education 3730:10.1006/icar.1998.6048 3654:Erickson, Jon (2003). 3514:. NASA. Archived from 3456:Randall, Lisa (2015). 2975:Halley Came to Jackson 2866:Centaur (minor planet) 2827:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 2 2806: 2692: 2536:, and dust inside the 2508:far-infrared abilities 2412: 2373: 2257:Supreme Heavenly Judge 2150: 2131: 2068: 1996:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 1927:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 1921:Breakup and collisions 1736: 1713:Kepler space telescope 1656: 1525: 1364: 1206: 1143: 1113:Hubble Space Telescope 1100: 1010: 937: 926: 713:of water molecules by 658:are thought to be the 651: 453: 432: 334:. That, in turn, is a 330: 324: 303: 32:Comet (disambiguation) 16480:Concepts in astronomy 15941:Laniakea Supercluster 15558:Sample-return mission 14317: 14035:Nonmagmatic meteorite 13330:Spacewatch–Rabinowitz 12892:C/2023 P1 (Nishimura) 12842:C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS) 12822:C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS) 12787:C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS) 12767:C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS) 12712:C/2006 A1 (Pojmański) 12702:C/2004 F4 (Bradfield) 12682:C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS) 12647:C/1997 L1 (Zhu–Balam) 12642:C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) 12637:C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp) 12472:C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky) 12118:206P/Barnard–Boattini 11640:74P/Smirnova–Chernykh 11550:56P/Slaughter–Burnham 11445:35P/Herschel–Rigollet 11192:C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS) 11153:C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS) 11083:C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS) 11058:C/2023 P1 (Nishimura) 10739:by Harvard University 10398:Farmer, Steve E. Jr. 10196:10.1093/pasj/55.1.321 8943:ASP Conference Series 8278:(11): 249 (3 pages). 7600:Astrobiology Magazine 7233:10.1093/mnras/stx2735 6693:(1986-12-02 last obs) 6144:Space Science Reviews 5694:Space Science Reviews 2971:Mary Chapin Carpenter 2801: 2794:Swastika § Comet 2790:§ Fate of comets 2722:in 1996, followed by 2687: 2606:, it made a flyby of 2468:European Space Agency 2459:Fred Lawrence Whipple 2400: 2358: 2341:Principia Mathematica 2290:In the 16th century, 2229:Adoration of the Magi 2137: 2118: 2063: 1759:Perseid meteor shower 1731: 1650: 1526: 1398:C/2017 T2 (PANSTARRS) 1354: 1280:Jupiter-family comets 1202:Gas and snow jets of 1201: 1169:coronal mass ejection 1161:magnetic reconnection 1133: 1098: 1008: 932: 913: 645: 443: 430: 353:notes that the term ( 299:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 295: 157:and the outstreaming 86:~10 km wide (nucleus) 16465:Astronomical objects 16109:Distant minor planet 15856:Astronomy portal 15757:Solar System objects 15503:Circumplanetary disk 14102:Ca–Al-rich inclusion 13310:Skjellerup–Maristany 12847:1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua 12757:C/2009 R1 (McNaught) 12747:C/2007 W1 (Boattini) 12722:C/2006 P1 (McNaught) 12707:C/2004 Q2 (Machholz) 12662:C/1999 F1 (Catalina) 12576:C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek) 12246:26P/Grigg–Skjellerup 12234:21P/Giacobini–Zinner 12073:72P/Denning–Fujikawa 11630:72P/Denning–Fujikawa 11530:52P/Harrington–Abell 11505:47P/Ashbrook–Jackson 11400:26P/Grigg–Skjellerup 11375:21P/Giacobini–Zinner 10538:"Awaiting the Comet" 9498:Annals of Geophysics 9234:Halleio, E. (1704). 8490:. Harvard University 7114:on 16 September 2014 6685:"C/1980 E1 (Bowell)" 5906:on 17 December 2013. 4717:81P/Wild: Using the 3140:Austrian astronomer 3018:, 1979) or zombies ( 2973:dedicated the song " 2491:On 22 January 2014, 2432:hypothesized in his 2395:Nicole-Reine Lepaute 2271:Crude attempts at a 2174:Apollonius of Myndus 1507: 1501:velocity at infinity 1320:and the Kuiper belt/ 1289:Recently discovered 1147:rise to an "induced 1061:26P/Grigg–Skjellerup 1057:21P/Giacobini–Zinner 656:near-Earth asteroids 500:deep fried ice cream 431:Structure of a comet 15955:Observable universe 15752:Solar System models 15682:Protoplanetary disk 15605:Interstellar medium 15565:Frost/Ice/Snow line 13379:White–Ortiz–Bolelli 12882:C/2021 A1 (Leonard) 12872:C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) 12852:C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto) 12837:C/2015 V2 (Johnson) 12827:C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) 12817:C/2014 E2 (Jacques) 12802:C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy) 12772:C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy) 12752:C/2009 F6 (Yi–SWAN) 12727:C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy) 12672:C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR) 12566:C/1969 Y1 (Bennett) 12539:C/1963 R1 (Pereyra) 12524:C/1961 R1 (Humason) 12497:C/1948 V1 (Eclipse) 12008:(300163) 2006 VW139 11878:332P/Ikeya–Murakami 11783:156P/Russell–LINEAR 11665:79P/du Toit–Hartley 11575:61P/Shajn–Schaldach 11560:58P/Jackson–Neujmin 11485:43P/Wolf–Harrington 11385:23P/Brorsen–Metcalf 11187:C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) 11163:C/2015 V2 (Johnson) 11158:C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE) 11138:C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto) 11108:C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) 11093:C/2021 A1 (Leonard) 10325:2004MNRAS.354..798H 10187:2003PASJ...55..321O 10124:1966IrAJ....7..141O 9879:10.1038/nature03088 9871:2004Natur.432..479V 9731:2014ApJ...792L...2C 9612:10.1038/nature12918 9604:2014Natur.505..525K 9538:1950ApJ...111..375W 9255:1704RSPT...24.1882H 9124:2009JHA....40...11B 8955:2019ASPC..520...83K 8859:2011eas..book.....K 8671:1988SHPSA..19..299B 8284:2023RNAAS...7..249D 8243:2016ApJ...823....2S 8227:(1): 2 (26 pages). 8200:2003DPS....35.4705P 8158:2004come.book..301B 8000:1993JGR....98.3031M 7973:1994IAUS..160...95M 7940:1986MNRAS.221P..19D 7902:2002aste.book..669W 7864:Scientific American 7810:1991JBAA..101..119H 7574:2013NatGe...6.1045M 7433:National Geographic 7405:Scientific American 7224:2018MNRAS.474.1453R 7042:1997Icar..129..106F 6954:2001AJ....121.2253L 6911:1981AJ.....86.1730H 6757:1989ApJ...346L.105M 6582:1964SvA.....7..618C 6421:1950BAN....11...91O 6203:2002AJ....123.1039J 6156:2008SSRv..138..109D 6046:1909PA.....17..629W 5982:1988ApJ...328L..69D 5883:. 12 November 2013. 5784:2009SoPh..254..387E 5706:1963SSRv....1..553B 5612:1996AJ....112.1225J 5575:1997ApJ...490L.119B 5528:1998ApJ...503L..89C 5475:1995ApJ...455..342C 5340:1986Natur.321..282G 5305:1986GeoRL..13..243J 5262:2001Sci...292.1343L 5219:1996Sci...274..205L 4998:. Michael Gallagher 4996:"Comet Definitions" 4994:Morris, Charles S. 4966:2004come.book..523C 4767:1988Natur.331..240S 4665:2015Sci...349..493B 4604:on 23 December 2018 4598:The Washington Post 4404:2006Icar..183..101W 4333:on 17 December 2008 4324:2006LPI....37.2214B 4132:1997Sci...275.1900W 4126:(5308): 1900–1904. 4047:2011PNAS..10813995C 3776:(Online ed.). 3722:1999Icar..137..355L 3634:Minor Planet Center 3630:"Comets Discovered" 3616:2017DPS....4942002S 3551:2008Sci...319..447I 3432:"Ask an Astronomer" 3260:moving against the 3199:Comet Siding Spring 3146:Great Comet of 1861 3125:is a member of the 3123:Great Comet of 1882 3041:2061: Odyssey Three 2760:are members of the 2690:Great Comet of 1577 2680:Great Comet of 1577 2610:on 4 November 2010. 2552:Spacecraft missions 2329:early modern period 2300:Great Comet of 1577 2285:Great Comet of 1472 2267:Scientific approach 2148:Great Comet of 1577 2074:Great Comet of 1882 1955:C/2023 V5 (Leonard) 1862:Great Comet of 1680 1838:Great Comet of 1618 1709:absorption spectrum 1543: 995:Great Comet of 1811 753: 448:as imaged during a 400:astronomical symbol 187:Short-period comets 141:, a process called 15935:Virgo Supercluster 15916:Milky Way subgroup 15747:Natural satellites 15630:Nebular hypothesis 15610:Interstellar space 15600:Interstellar cloud 15508:Circumstellar disc 15098:Near-Earth objects 14982:names and meanings 14319: 13315:Skorichenko–George 12910:Aarseth-Brewington 12862:C/2019 U6 (Lemmon) 12782:C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) 12762:C/2010 X1 (Elenin) 12732:C/2007 F1 (LONEOS) 12692:C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) 12677:C/2001 A2 (LINEAR) 12667:C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) 12601:C/1989 X1 (Austin) 12586:C/1980 E1 (Bowell) 12467:C/1911 O1 (Brooks) 12170:D/1770 L1 (Lexell) 12078:80P/Peters–Hartley 11793:162P/Siding Spring 11670:80P/Peters–Hartley 11535:53P/Van Biesbroeck 11460:38P/Stephan–Oterma 11168:C/2015 G2 (MASTER) 11143:C/2018 C2 (Lemmon) 11133:P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS) 11123:C/2019 U6 (Lemmon) 11103:C/2020 F5 (MASTER) 11063:C/2023 H2 (Lemmon) 10569:The New York Times 10473:Meyer, M. (2013). 10357:(60558) 2000 EC_98 10037:"C/1975 V1 (West)" 9767:on 12 October 2012 9224:, pp. 306–307 8314:on 22 January 2013 7748:The New York Times 7729:Franckfurt-am-Mayn 7719:Arthusius, Gothard 6388:on 19 January 2013 6343:, pp. 102–104 6267:The New York Times 5931:on 1 January 2022. 5923:The New York Times 5714:10.1007/BF00225271 5096:"The Comet Primer" 4827:"Comet 81P/Wild 2" 4707:volume of a sphere 4695:Halley: Using the 4395:astro-ph/0603106v2 3903:. 21 October 2005. 3877:on 29 January 2013 3186:with several tails 3182:"Active asteroid" 3021:Night of the Comet 2942:In popular culture 2906:amateur astronomer 2813:whereas the Comet 2807: 2766:Comet 96P/Machholz 2709:non-periodic comet 2693: 2542:C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) 2374: 2259:". The next year, 2251:. In 1578, German 2249:Pope Callixtus III 2244:Luzerner Schilling 2185:Seneca the Younger 2151: 2132: 2124:Battle of Hastings 2069: 2038:Disintegration of 1950:53P/Van Biesbroeck 1842:Gotthard Arthusius 1832:Fear of comets as 1763:Comet Swift–Tuttle 1750:radiation pressure 1737: 1717:citizen scientists 1657: 1538: 1521: 1493:interstellar space 1453:interstellar comet 1365: 1284:Halley-type comets 1207: 1173:STEREO space probe 1144: 1101: 1011: 957:astronomical units 942:radiation pressure 938: 927: 751: 695:ALICE spectrograph 652: 454: 433: 304: 203:Long-period comets 193:or its associated 94:0.6 g/cm (average) 16254: 16253: 16166: 16165: 16051:Meanings of names 15977: 15976: 15822: 15821: 15818: 15817: 15795:Lagrangian points 15767:by discovery date 15365:Human spaceflight 15336:historical models 15229: 15228: 14854:S/2015 (136472) 1 14236: 14235: 14228:Near-Earth object 14196:Atmospheric entry 14043: 14042: 13992: 13991: 13894: 13893: 13444: 13443: 13422: 13421: 13418: 13417: 13414: 13413: 13029:IRAS–Araki–Alcock 12867:C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) 12737:C/2007 N3 (Lulin) 12544:C/1964 N1 (Ikeya) 12534:C/1963 A1 (Ikeya) 12507:C/1957 P1 (Mrkos) 12482:C/1931 P1 (Ryves) 12291: 12290: 12218: 12217: 12180:18D/Perrine–Mrkos 12058:55P/Tempel–Tuttle 11935:7968 Elst–Pizarro 11853:273P/Pons–Gambart 11798:168P/Hergenrother 11788:161P/Hartley–IRAS 11748:109P/Swift–Tuttle 11590:64P/Swift–Gehrels 11545:55P/Tempel–Tuttle 11360:18D/Perrine–Mrkos 11228: 11227: 11215:Comets in fiction 11118:C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS) 11113:C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) 11068:C/2023 E1 (ATLAS) 10994:Comet discoverers 10761:Paris Observatory 10716:978-0-521-80863-7 10693:978-0-691-01150-9 10663:978-0-3078-0105-0 10600:Los Angeles Times 10519:978-0-313-31822-1 10096:978-1-4419-6905-7 9995:978-0-88687-780-4 9598:(7484): 525–527. 9572:978-0-19-162235-9 9474:, pp. 84–87. 9458:978-0-8166-5950-0 9431:978-0-387-09513-4 9008:, pp. 32–33. 8876:978-1-4419-7624-6 8829:978-0-521-00466-4 8752:, pp. 37–38. 8736:978-1-4020-8323-5 8713:, pp. 26–27. 8620:978-1-4020-8323-5 8543:on 5 October 2013 8308:"The Andromedids" 8008:10.1029/92JE01895 7994:(E2): 3031–3041. 7751:. 8 February 1910 7568:(12): 1045–1049. 7562:Nature Geoscience 7546:978-1-4020-3495-4 6874:978-0-06-232847-2 6824:978-0-12-088589-3 6554:978-0-7637-7786-9 6447:978-3-540-76945-3 6366:978-0-7637-9477-4 6034:Popular Astronomy 6018:978-0-521-79480-0 5877:"Comets and Jets" 5646:978-1-139-49417-5 5164:978-0-395-93432-6 4932:978-0-486-15216-5 4833:on 6 January 2009 4182:978-3-540-76945-3 3799:Harper, Douglas. 3784:(Subscription or 3694:978-1-4654-3573-6 3667:978-0-8160-4873-1 3467:978-0-06-232847-2 3326: 3309: 3071:The Comet of 1825 3064:'s humorous poem 2948:Comets in fiction 2900:or visually with 2734:Sungrazing comets 2283:by observing the 2235:Star of Bethlehem 1724:Effects of comets 1640: 1639: 1313:orbital periods. 1228:elliptical orbits 1059:, 1P/Halley, and 971:photodissociation 897: 896: 742:methyl isocyanate 673:Results from the 504:organic compounds 496:Comet 9P/Tempel 1 371:was derived from 310:derives from the 223:Hyperbolic comets 189:originate in the 168:astronomical unit 127: 126: 18:Long-period comet 16:(Redirected from 16487: 16440: 16432: 16431: 16430: 16423: 16415: 16414: 16413: 16406: 16398: 16397: 16396: 16389: 16381: 16380: 16379: 16372: 16364: 16363: 16362: 16355: 16347: 16346: 16345: 16335: 16319: 16318: 16317: 16307: 16306: 16305: 16295: 16294: 16293: 16283: 16282: 16271: 16270: 16269: 16262: 16024: 16023: 16004: 15997: 15990: 15981: 15980: 15971: 15969: 15960: 15953: 15946: 15939: 15933: 15927: 15921: 15914: 15907: 15900: 15893: 15886: 15879: 15866: 15865: 15864: 15854: 15853: 15852: 15842: 15841: 15840: 15543:Exozodiacal dust 15233: 15232: 15199:Detached objects 14441: 14440: 14437: 14436: 14281: 14263: 14256: 14249: 14240: 14239: 14061:Characteristics 13837:Basaltic Breccia 13704: 13703: 13601: 13600: 13573: 13572: 13471: 13464: 13457: 13448: 13447: 13434: 13433: 13392: 13370: 13362:Tago-Sato-Kosaka 13189:McNaught–Russell 12877:C/2020 F8 (SWAN) 12792:C/2012 S1 (ISON) 12777:C/2012 E2 (SWAN) 12717:C/2006 M4 (SWAN) 12697:C/2002 V1 (NEAT) 12687:C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) 12657:C/1998 J1 (SOHO) 12622:C/1990 K1 (Levy) 12581:C/1975 V1 (West) 12562: 12520: 12306: 12305: 12023: 12022: 11778:153P/Ikeya–Zhang 11515:49P/Arend–Rigaux 11305:7P/Pons–Winnecke 11263: 11262: 11252: 11251: 11234: 11233: 11210:Antimatter comet 11098:C/2020 F8 (SWAN) 10979:Naming of comets 10859: 10853: 10806: 10805: 10791: 10784: 10777: 10768: 10767: 10759:, exhibition on 10720: 10705:(2nd ed.). 10697: 10667: 10630: 10629: 10627: 10625: 10610: 10604: 10603: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10578: 10576: 10559: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10548: 10530: 10524: 10523: 10503: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10485: 10470: 10464: 10463: 10461: 10459: 10444: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10433: 10422: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10411: 10395: 10389: 10388: 10386: 10379: 10370: 10364: 10353: 10347: 10346: 10336: 10318: 10316:astro-ph/0407400 10292: 10286: 10285: 10283: 10281: 10266: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10255: 10240: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10229: 10214: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10198: 10172: 10163: 10157: 10156: 10134: 10128: 10127: 10107: 10101: 10100: 10080: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10069: 10058: 10052: 10051: 10049: 10047: 10032: 10026: 10025: 10023: 10021: 10006: 10000: 9999: 9979: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9968: 9957: 9951: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9931: 9925: 9924: 9922: 9920: 9905: 9899: 9898: 9865:(7016): 479–82. 9854: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9843: 9831: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9805: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9794: 9783: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9772: 9757: 9751: 9750: 9724: 9701: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9690: 9675: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9649: 9640: 9639: 9583: 9577: 9576: 9556: 9550: 9549: 9521: 9515: 9512: 9506: 9505: 9493: 9487: 9481: 9475: 9469: 9463: 9462: 9442: 9436: 9435: 9415: 9409: 9403: 9397: 9290: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9266: 9240: 9231: 9225: 9219: 9213: 9212: 9185: 9179: 9178: 9150: 9144: 9143: 9107: 9101: 9095: 9089: 9088: 9086: 9084: 9070: 9064: 9063: 9027: 9021: 9015: 9009: 9003: 8997: 8996: 8968: 8959: 8958: 8934: 8928: 8927: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8849:(2nd ed.). 8840: 8834: 8833: 8813: 8800: 8799: 8771: 8765: 8764:, pp. 27–28 8759: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8740: 8720: 8714: 8708: 8702: 8696: 8683: 8682: 8654: 8645: 8639: 8633: 8632: 8600: 8594: 8588: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8559: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8533: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8506: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8484: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8429: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8400: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8389: 8374: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8352: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8330: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8304: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8263: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8236: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8147: 8138: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8115: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8048:. Archived from 8037: 8031: 8030: 8018: 8012: 8011: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7891: 7882: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7854: 7848: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7694: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7641: 7635: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7619: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7592: 7586: 7585: 7582:10.1038/ngeo1930 7557: 7551: 7550: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7456: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7436:. Archived from 7423: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7395: 7389: 7383: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7316: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7253: 7235: 7217: 7208:(2): 1453–1468. 7193: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7104: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7078: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7058: 7052:. Archived from 7025: 7016: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6948:(4): 2253–2267. 6931: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6888: 6879: 6878: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6802: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6570:Soviet Astronomy 6565: 6559: 6558: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6522:on 19 March 2012 6518:. Archived from 6511: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6489: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6296:. Archived from 6285: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6214: 6197:(2): 1039–1049. 6182: 6176: 6175: 6150:(1–4): 109–126. 6139: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6118:on 5 August 2013 6108: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5925:. Archived from 5914: 5908: 5907: 5902:. Archived from 5891: 5885: 5884: 5873: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5769: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5735: 5726: 5725: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5569:(1): L119–L122. 5554: 5548: 5547: 5521: 5519:astro-ph/9806210 5501: 5495: 5494: 5468: 5466:astro-ph/9509100 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5432: 5404: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5348:10.1038/321282a0 5323: 5317: 5316: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5256:(5520): 1343–8. 5245: 5239: 5238: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5125: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5102:. Archived from 5091: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5060: 5051: 5050: 5014: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4955: 4946: 4937: 4936: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4775:10.1038/331240a0 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4728: 4722: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4676: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4572: 4541: 4521: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4397: 4377: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4332: 4326:. Archived from 4309: 4300: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4115: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4096:on 26 April 2020 4085: 4079: 4078: 4068: 4058: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3914: 3905: 3904: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3781: 3769: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3545:(5862): 447–50. 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3428: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3394: 3328: 3327: 3311: 3310: 3284: 3273: 3249: 3230: 3214: 3205:; 11 March 2014) 3195: 3179: 3156: 3137: 3118: 3102: 3087: 3069: 3036:Arthur C. Clarke 3015:Lucifer's Hammer 2998:impact of comets 2969:, to whose life 2835: 2740:Sungrazing comet 2630:. Data from the 2546:C/2012 S1 (ISON) 2534: 2452:Giovanni Santini 2424: 2379:orbital elements 2304:Giovanni Borelli 2296:Michael Maestlin 2281:diurnal parallax 2100:History of study 2090:Gennadiy Borisov 2056:Naming of comets 2035: 2023: 2010:The break up of 2007: 1991: 1544: 1540:Hyperbolic comet 1537: 1530: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1470:C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) 1414:osculating orbit 1386:osculating orbit 1326:Jan Hendrik Oort 1291:main-belt comets 1276:Encke-type comet 1222:Most comets are 968: 890: 881:4.1 × 3.3 × 1.8 868: 859:5.5 × 4.0 × 3.3 846: 824: 802: 754: 750: 709:) produced from 701:determined that 668:3552 Don Quixote 635:under their own 633:become spherical 596:discovered that 544:Stardust mission 516:hydrogen cyanide 450:spacecraft flyby 418: 415: 412: 410: 394: 388: 387: 382: 376: 375: 370: 369: 364: 363: 358: 357: 346: 345: 333: 327: 318: 238:main-belt comets 120: 108: 51: 39: 38: 21: 16495: 16494: 16490: 16489: 16488: 16486: 16485: 16484: 16445: 16444: 16443: 16433: 16428: 16426: 16422:from Wikisource 16416: 16411: 16409: 16399: 16394: 16392: 16382: 16377: 16375: 16365: 16360: 16358: 16354:from Wiktionary 16348: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16334:sister projects 16331:at Knowledge's 16325: 16315: 16313: 16303: 16301: 16291: 16289: 16277: 16267: 16265: 16257: 16255: 16250: 16224: 16162: 16103: 16055: 16013: 16008: 15978: 15973: 15967: 15965: 15964: 15958: 15951: 15944: 15937: 15931: 15925: 15919: 15912: 15905: 15898: 15891: 15884: 15877: 15862: 15860: 15850: 15848: 15838: 15836: 15823: 15814: 15778: 15715: 15699:vs. Hill sphere 15625:Molecular cloud 15553:Sample curation 15533:Detached object 15472: 15465: 15309: 15301: 15238: 15225: 15170:Neptune trojans 14953: 14951: 14949: 14942: 14884: 14577: 14448: 14430: 14316: 14279: 14272: 14267: 14237: 14232: 14179: 14138: 14051: 14039: 14018: 13988: 13948: 13890: 13864:Orthopyroxenite 13823: 13795: 13750: 13693: 13593: 13585: 13562: 13484: 13475: 13445: 13440: 13410: 13386: 13364: 12902: 12896: 12887:C/2022 E3 (ZTF) 12610: 12556: 12514: 12300: 12298: 12287: 12225: 12214: 12158: 12137: 12012: 11909: 11902: 11705: 11699: 11580:62P/Tsuchinshan 11570:60P/Tsuchinshan 11565:59P/Kearns–Kwee 11330:12P/Pons–Brooks 11267: 11257: 11246: 11239:Lists of comets 11224: 11202: 11196: 11181: 11078:C/2022 E3 (ZTF) 11046: 11025: 10967: 10860: 10854: 10845: 10800: 10795: 10763:digital library 10727: 10717: 10694: 10674: 10672:Further reading 10664: 10639: 10634: 10633: 10623: 10621: 10612: 10611: 10607: 10592: 10588: 10574: 10572: 10560: 10556: 10546: 10544: 10536:(3 July 2008). 10531: 10527: 10520: 10504: 10493: 10483: 10481: 10471: 10467: 10457: 10455: 10447:Kronk, Gary W. 10445: 10441: 10431: 10429: 10424: 10423: 10419: 10409: 10407: 10406:on 4 April 2013 10396: 10392: 10384: 10377: 10371: 10367: 10363:(Jan. 2006), 2. 10354: 10350: 10293: 10289: 10279: 10277: 10269:Kronk, Gary W. 10267: 10263: 10253: 10251: 10243:Kronk, Gary W. 10241: 10237: 10227: 10225: 10217:Kronk, Gary W. 10215: 10211: 10203: 10170: 10164: 10160: 10135: 10131: 10108: 10104: 10097: 10081: 10077: 10067: 10065: 10060: 10059: 10055: 10045: 10043: 10035:Kronk, Gary W. 10033: 10029: 10019: 10017: 10007: 10003: 9996: 9980: 9976: 9966: 9964: 9959: 9958: 9954: 9944: 9942: 9932: 9928: 9918: 9916: 9907: 9906: 9902: 9855: 9851: 9841: 9839: 9832: 9828: 9818: 9816: 9806: 9802: 9792: 9790: 9785: 9784: 9780: 9770: 9768: 9759: 9758: 9754: 9702: 9698: 9688: 9686: 9676: 9672: 9662: 9660: 9650: 9643: 9584: 9580: 9573: 9557: 9553: 9522: 9518: 9513: 9509: 9494: 9490: 9482: 9478: 9470: 9466: 9459: 9443: 9439: 9432: 9416: 9412: 9404: 9400: 9333:Georg Palitzsch 9315:Charles Messier 9291: 9287: 9279: 9238: 9232: 9228: 9220: 9216: 9209: 9186: 9182: 9151: 9147: 9108: 9104: 9096: 9092: 9082: 9080: 9072: 9071: 9067: 9028: 9024: 9016: 9012: 9004: 9000: 8969: 8962: 8935: 8931: 8896: 8892: 8877: 8853:. p. 293. 8841: 8837: 8830: 8814: 8803: 8788: 8772: 8768: 8760: 8756: 8748: 8744: 8737: 8721: 8717: 8709: 8705: 8697: 8686: 8655: 8648: 8640: 8636: 8621: 8601: 8597: 8589: 8585: 8575: 8573: 8565:(8 July 2008). 8560: 8556: 8546: 8544: 8535: 8534: 8530: 8520: 8518: 8517:(Press release) 8507: 8503: 8493: 8491: 8486: 8485: 8478: 8468: 8466: 8458:Kronk, Gary W. 8456: 8452: 8442: 8440: 8432:Kronk, Gary W. 8430: 8426: 8416: 8414: 8406:(3 July 2008). 8401: 8397: 8387: 8385: 8375: 8371: 8361: 8359: 8354: 8353: 8349: 8339: 8337: 8332: 8331: 8327: 8317: 8315: 8306: 8305: 8301: 8264: 8260: 8211: 8207: 8184: 8180: 8172: 8145: 8139: 8135: 8125: 8123: 8116: 8109: 8099: 8097: 8091: 8087: 8077: 8075: 8070: 8069: 8065: 8055: 8053: 8040:Kronk, Gary W. 8038: 8034: 8019: 8015: 7984: 7980: 7961: 7957: 7920: 7916: 7908: 7889: 7883: 7879: 7869: 7867: 7855: 7851: 7832: 7830: 7821: 7817: 7794: 7790: 7780: 7778: 7768: 7764: 7754: 7752: 7741: 7740: 7736: 7716: 7712: 7695: 7686: 7676: 7674: 7673:on 26 July 2008 7665: 7664: 7660: 7650: 7648: 7643: 7642: 7638: 7633: 7629: 7613: 7612: 7605: 7603: 7594: 7593: 7589: 7558: 7554: 7547: 7531: 7527: 7517: 7515: 7505: 7501: 7491: 7489: 7484: 7483: 7479: 7469: 7467: 7466:on 24 July 2013 7458: 7457: 7453: 7443: 7441: 7424: 7420: 7410: 7408: 7396: 7392: 7384: 7380: 7370: 7368: 7358: 7354: 7297: 7293: 7283: 7281: 7271: 7267: 7194: 7190: 7180: 7178: 7168: 7164: 7131: 7127: 7117: 7115: 7106: 7105: 7098: 7088: 7086: 7079: 7072: 7062: 7060: 7059:on 24 July 2012 7056: 7023: 7017: 7013: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6975: 6971: 6932: 6928: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6861: 6857: 6847: 6845: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6825: 6803: 6796: 6786: 6784: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6737: 6733: 6723: 6721: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6696: 6694: 6683: 6682: 6678: 6667: 6663: 6653: 6651: 6641: 6637: 6627: 6625: 6615: 6611: 6601: 6599: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6566: 6562: 6555: 6539: 6535: 6525: 6523: 6512: 6508: 6498: 6496: 6491: 6490: 6481: 6471: 6469: 6459: 6455: 6448: 6432: 6428: 6405: 6401: 6391: 6389: 6378: 6374: 6367: 6351: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6325: 6323: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6286: 6282: 6272: 6270: 6258: 6254: 6244: 6242: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6183: 6179: 6140: 6131: 6121: 6119: 6110: 6109: 6102: 6092: 6090: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6070: 6068: 6067:on 29 July 2013 6059:Dutch, Steven. 6057: 6053: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6003: 5999: 5962: 5958: 5948: 5946: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5915: 5911: 5892: 5888: 5875: 5874: 5867: 5857: 5855: 5848: 5844: 5834: 5832: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5814: 5767: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5736: 5729: 5690: 5686: 5676: 5674: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5631: 5627: 5596: 5592: 5555: 5551: 5502: 5498: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5402: 5396: 5392: 5367: 5363: 5324: 5320: 5289: 5285: 5246: 5242: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5183: 5178:Jewitt, David. 5176: 5172: 5165: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5109: 5107: 5094:Kronk, Gary W. 5092: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5061: 5054: 5015: 5011: 5001: 4999: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4953: 4947: 4940: 4933: 4917: 4913: 4903: 4901: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4810: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4694: 4690: 4643: 4639: 4629: 4627: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4590: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4519: 4513: 4509: 4499: 4497: 4487: 4483: 4454: 4450: 4440: 4438: 4431: 4427: 4378: 4369: 4359: 4357: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4307: 4301: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4244: 4237: 4233: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4167: 4163: 4116: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4086: 4082: 4041:(34): 13995–8. 4027: 4023: 3986: 3982: 3972: 3970: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3941: 3937: 3927: 3925: 3915: 3908: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3839: 3835: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3797: 3793: 3783: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3600: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3519: 3518:on 28 June 2004 3506: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3454: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3373:Lists of comets 3347: 3340: 3329: 3320: 3315: 3312: 3302: 3290: 3282: 3274: 3265: 3250: 3241: 3231: 3222: 3221:space telescope 3215: 3206: 3196: 3187: 3180: 3171: 3160:Comet Hyakutake 3157: 3148: 3138: 3129: 3119: 3110: 3103: 3094: 3088: 3079: 3062:Lydia Sigourney 3050: 2994:science fiction 2958:popular culture 2954: 2944: 2924: 2918: 2894: 2868: 2862: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2796: 2786: 2742: 2736: 2720:Comet Hyakutake 2688:Woodcut of the 2682: 2676: 2670: 2665: 2616:. In 2007, the 2608:Comet Hartley 2 2564: 2554: 2532: 2528: 2466:(including the 2426: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2387:Alexis Clairaut 2322:Jacob Bernoulli 2318:Johannes Kepler 2314:Galileo Galilei 2269: 2193:Pliny the Elder 2128:Bayeux Tapestry 2113: 2108: 2102: 2058: 2052: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2036: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2016: 2015: 2008: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1923: 1914: 1908: 1883: 1878: 1858:William Whiston 1846:Day of Judgment 1840:, for example, 1830: 1799:shock synthesis 1775: 1742: 1734:Perseid meteors 1726: 1703:, a very young 1690: 1684: 1667: 1659:Main articles: 1645: 1514: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1460:System include 1349: 1335: 1263:and beyond) at 1253:Periodic comets 1250: 1242:Main articles: 1240: 1232:orbital periods 1226:with elongated 1220: 1196: 1117:solar radiation 1093: 1087: 1046: 1038:far ultraviolet 975:photoionization 965: 960: 921:shortly before 908: 906:Coma (cometary) 902: 888: 866: 844: 822: 800: 775: 766: 761: 746:propionaldehyde 715:solar radiation 711:photoionization 693:. Further, the 480:carbon monoxide 460: 438: 425: 416: 413: 408: 407: 290: 183:orbital periods 155:solar radiation 62:Characteristics 57: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16493: 16483: 16482: 16477: 16472: 16467: 16462: 16457: 16442: 16441: 16439:from Wikibooks 16424: 16407: 16405:from Wikiquote 16390: 16373: 16356: 16327: 16324: 16323: 16311: 16299: 16287: 16275: 16252: 16251: 16249: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16232: 16230: 16226: 16225: 16223: 16222: 16217: 16212: 16210:Near-parabolic 16207: 16202: 16197: 16192: 16187: 16182: 16176: 16174: 16168: 16167: 16164: 16163: 16161: 16160: 16159: 16158: 16156:Scattered disc 16153: 16148: 16143: 16133: 16128: 16127: 16126: 16124:Neptune trojan 16121: 16113: 16111: 16105: 16104: 16102: 16101: 16099:Spectral types 16096: 16091: 16089:Jupiter trojan 16086: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16065: 16063: 16057: 16056: 16054: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16027: 16021: 16015: 16014: 16007: 16006: 15999: 15992: 15984: 15975: 15974: 15871: 15870: 15858: 15846: 15834: 15828: 15825: 15824: 15820: 15819: 15816: 15815: 15813: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15797: 15792: 15786: 15784: 15780: 15779: 15777: 15776: 15771: 15770: 15769: 15764: 15754: 15749: 15744: 15739: 15734: 15729: 15723: 15721: 15717: 15716: 15714: 15713: 15711:Scattered disc 15708: 15703: 15702: 15701: 15691: 15686: 15685: 15684: 15679: 15678: 15677: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15642: 15637: 15632: 15627: 15622: 15617: 15612: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15561: 15560: 15555: 15545: 15540: 15535: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15500: 15499: 15498: 15496:Excretion disk 15491:Accretion disk 15488: 15483: 15481:Star formation 15477: 15475: 15467: 15466: 15464: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15427: 15426: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15405: 15404: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15383: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15370:space stations 15362: 15361: 15360: 15355: 15345: 15344: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15323: 15317: 15315: 15303: 15302: 15300: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15243: 15241: 15230: 15227: 15226: 15224: 15223: 15218: 15217: 15216: 15211: 15209:Scattered disc 15206: 15201: 15196: 15195: 15194: 15189: 15174: 15173: 15172: 15167: 15157: 15156: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15094: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15077: 15076: 15071: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15041: 15040: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14996: 14991: 14990: 14989: 14984: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14958: 14956: 14944: 14943: 14941: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14900: 14894: 14892: 14886: 14885: 14883: 14882: 14881: 14880: 14870: 14869: 14868: 14858: 14857: 14856: 14846: 14845: 14844: 14834: 14833: 14832: 14827: 14817: 14816: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14785: 14784: 14783: 14773: 14772: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14746: 14745: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14709: 14708: 14707: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14652: 14651: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14620: 14619: 14618: 14613: 14603: 14602: 14601: 14596: 14587: 14585: 14579: 14578: 14576: 14575: 14574: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14523: 14522: 14521: 14520: 14519: 14514: 14504: 14503: 14502: 14497: 14482: 14481: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14454: 14452: 14435: 14432: 14431: 14429: 14428: 14421: 14414: 14407: 14400: 14393: 14386: 14379: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14277: 14274: 14273: 14266: 14265: 14258: 14251: 14243: 14234: 14233: 14231: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14219: 14218: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14184: 14181: 14180: 14178: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14161: 14160: 14155: 14149:Meteorites by 14146: 14144: 14140: 14139: 14137: 14136: 14131: 14130: 14129: 14124: 14116: 14115: 14114: 14109: 14104: 14094: 14093: 14092: 14087: 14079: 14078: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14058: 14056: 14045: 14044: 14041: 14040: 14038: 14037: 14032: 14026: 14024: 14023:Obsolete terms 14020: 14019: 14017: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14000: 13998: 13994: 13993: 13990: 13989: 13987: 13986: 13985: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13964: 13958: 13956: 13950: 13949: 13947: 13946: 13941: 13938: 13935: 13932: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13916: 13913: 13908: 13904: 13902: 13896: 13895: 13892: 13891: 13889: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13872: 13871: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13845: 13844: 13833: 13831: 13825: 13824: 13822: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13809:Impact breccia 13805: 13803: 13797: 13796: 13794: 13793: 13792: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13771: 13766: 13760: 13758: 13752: 13751: 13749: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13712: 13710: 13701: 13695: 13694: 13692: 13691: 13686: 13685: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13664: 13659: 13658: 13657: 13654: 13646: 13645: 13644: 13641: 13638: 13635: 13632: 13629: 13626: 13621: 13618: 13609: 13607: 13598: 13570: 13568:Classification 13564: 13563: 13561: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13548:Micrometeorite 13545: 13540: 13539: 13538: 13528: 13527: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13501: 13495: 13493: 13486: 13485: 13474: 13473: 13466: 13459: 13451: 13442: 13441: 13439: 13438: 13427: 13424: 13423: 13420: 13419: 13416: 13415: 13412: 13411: 13409: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13384:Wilson–Hubbard 13381: 13376: 13371: 13359: 13358: 13357: 13352: 13347: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13306: 13305: 13300: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13269: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13251:311P/PanSTARRS 13248: 13243: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13212: 13211: 13206: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13185: 13184: 13179: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13158: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13132: 13131: 13130: 13125: 13115: 13114: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13077: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13020: 13019: 13014: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12973: 12972: 12967: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12906: 12904: 12898: 12897: 12895: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12618: 12616: 12612: 12611: 12609: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12312: 12310: 12303: 12297:Near-Parabolic 12293: 12292: 12289: 12288: 12286: 12285: 12279: 12273: 12267: 12261: 12255: 12249: 12243: 12237: 12230: 12228: 12220: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12166: 12164: 12160: 12159: 12157: 12156: 12151: 12145: 12143: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12113:205P/Giacobini 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12029: 12027: 12020: 12014: 12013: 12011: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11998:358P/PANSTARRS 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11978:311P/PanSTARRS 11975: 11970: 11965: 11959: 11956:60558 Echeclus 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11932: 11926: 11920: 11914: 11912: 11904: 11903: 11901: 11900: 11898:460P/PanSTARRS 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11863:311P/PanSTARRS 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11818:205P/Giacobini 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11709: 11707: 11701: 11700: 11698: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11525:51P/Harrington 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11430:32P/Comas Solà 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11390:24P/Schaumasse 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11271: 11269: 11260: 11248: 11247: 11230: 11229: 11226: 11225: 11223: 11222: 11220:Comet vintages 11217: 11212: 11206: 11204: 11198: 11197: 11195: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11054: 11052: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11044: 11039: 11033: 11031: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 11002: 11001: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10975: 10973: 10969: 10968: 10966: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10940: 10935: 10934: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10921:Near-parabolic 10913: 10912: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10899:Jupiter-family 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10870: 10868: 10862: 10861: 10848: 10846: 10844: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10812: 10810: 10802: 10801: 10794: 10793: 10786: 10779: 10771: 10765: 10764: 10754: 10745: 10740: 10734: 10726: 10725:External links 10723: 10722: 10721: 10715: 10698: 10692: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10668: 10662: 10638: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10618:Hubblesite.org 10605: 10586: 10554: 10525: 10518: 10491: 10465: 10439: 10417: 10390: 10365: 10348: 10309:(3): 798–810. 10287: 10261: 10235: 10209: 10181:(1): 321–324. 10158: 10147:(1): 315–322. 10129: 10102: 10095: 10075: 10053: 10027: 10015:Universe Today 10001: 9994: 9974: 9952: 9926: 9915:on 28 May 2010 9900: 9849: 9826: 9800: 9778: 9752: 9696: 9670: 9641: 9578: 9571: 9551: 9546:10.1086/145272 9516: 9507: 9488: 9476: 9464: 9457: 9437: 9430: 9410: 9398: 9396: 9395: 9385: 9369: 9368: 9365:Madame LEPAUTE 9347: 9346: 9330: 9329: 9328:, pp. 356–364. 9308: 9307: 9285: 9226: 9214: 9207: 9180: 9145: 9102: 9090: 9065: 9038:(2): 208–227. 9022: 9010: 8998: 8985:10.2307/776821 8979:(3): 216–224. 8960: 8929: 8890: 8875: 8835: 8828: 8801: 8786: 8766: 8754: 8742: 8735: 8715: 8703: 8684: 8665:(3): 299–319. 8646: 8634: 8619: 8595: 8583: 8554: 8528: 8501: 8476: 8450: 8424: 8395: 8369: 8347: 8325: 8299: 8258: 8205: 8178: 8143:"Split comets" 8133: 8107: 8085: 8063: 8032: 8013: 7978: 7955: 7914: 7877: 7849: 7815: 7788: 7776:Universe Today 7762: 7734: 7710: 7684: 7658: 7636: 7627: 7587: 7552: 7545: 7525: 7499: 7477: 7451: 7418: 7390: 7378: 7352: 7291: 7265: 7188: 7162: 7125: 7096: 7070: 7036:(1): 106–119. 7011: 6997: 6969: 6963:10.1086/319943 6926: 6920:10.1086/113058 6880: 6873: 6855: 6830: 6823: 6794: 6772: 6766:10.1086/185590 6731: 6704: 6676: 6661: 6635: 6609: 6587: 6560: 6553: 6533: 6506: 6479: 6453: 6446: 6426: 6399: 6372: 6365: 6345: 6333: 6311: 6300:on 24 May 2014 6280: 6252: 6226: 6212:10.1086/338692 6177: 6129: 6100: 6078: 6051: 6024: 6017: 5997: 5991:10.1086/185162 5956: 5934: 5909: 5886: 5881:Hubblesite.org 5865: 5842: 5820: 5755: 5748: 5727: 5684: 5652: 5645: 5625: 5620:10.1086/118093 5590: 5584:10.1086/311009 5549: 5536:10.1086/311515 5496: 5483:10.1086/176581 5443: 5390: 5361: 5318: 5299:(3): 243–246. 5283: 5240: 5193: 5170: 5163: 5143: 5117: 5106:on 17 May 2011 5081: 5052: 5009: 4986: 4938: 4931: 4911: 4889: 4866: 4844: 4818: 4796: 4745: 4723: 4688: 4637: 4615: 4584: 4507: 4481: 4448: 4425: 4388:(1): 101–114. 4367: 4344: 4288: 4276: 4254: 4231: 4188: 4181: 4161: 4107: 4080: 4021: 3980: 3958: 3935: 3906: 3888: 3862: 3833: 3817: 3791: 3757: 3735: 3716:(2): 355–356. 3700: 3693: 3673: 3666: 3646: 3621: 3610:(49). 420.02. 3594: 3580: 3529: 3499: 3473: 3466: 3448: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3402: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3358:Comet vintages 3355: 3352:The Big Splash 3346: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3330: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3289:, July 4, 2005 3287:Comet Tempel 1 3275: 3268: 3266: 3251: 3244: 3242: 3232: 3225: 3223: 3216: 3209: 3207: 3197: 3190: 3188: 3184:311P/PANSTARRS 3181: 3174: 3172: 3158: 3151: 3149: 3139: 3132: 3130: 3120: 3113: 3111: 3104: 3097: 3095: 3089: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3049: 3046: 3031:Off on a Comet 2943: 2940: 2920:Main article: 2917: 2914: 2893: 2890: 2880:60558 Echeclus 2872:60558 Echeclus 2864:Main article: 2861: 2858: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2785: 2784:Unusual comets 2782: 2770:meteor streams 2738:Main article: 2735: 2732: 2698:Comet Kohoutek 2672:Main article: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2663:Classification 2661: 2660: 2659: 2650:probe orbited 2639: 2625: 2611: 2589:Comet Borrelly 2576: 2553: 2550: 2530: 2493:ESA scientists 2399: 2391:Joseph Lalande 2363:, as shown in 2350:conic sections 2268: 2265: 2261:Andreas Dudith 2142:depicting his 2120:Halley's Comet 2112: 2109: 2104:Main article: 2101: 2098: 2065:Halley's Comet 2054:Main article: 2051: 2048: 2037: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2018: 2017: 2009: 2002: 2001: 1993: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1970:meteor showers 1922: 1919: 1910:Main article: 1907: 1904: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1876:Fate of comets 1874: 1829: 1828:Fear of comets 1826: 1774: 1771: 1767:Orionid shower 1741: 1738: 1725: 1722: 1686:Main article: 1683: 1680: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1517: 1513: 1374:Comet McNaught 1357:Comet Kohoutek 1334: 1331: 1322:scattered disc 1239: 1236: 1219: 1216: 1195: 1192: 1186:of the planet 1089:Main article: 1086: 1083: 1045: 1042: 983:light pressure 979:photochemistry 963: 934:Comet Borrelly 904:Main article: 901: 898: 895: 894: 892: 885: 882: 879: 873: 872: 870: 863: 860: 857: 851: 850: 848: 841: 838: 835: 829: 828: 826: 819: 816: 813: 807: 806: 804: 797: 794: 791: 789:Halley's Comet 785: 784: 781: 772: 763: 758: 723:carbon dioxide 598:Comet Borrelly 590:Halley's Comet 476:carbon dioxide 456:Main article: 437: 434: 424: 421: 289: 286: 229:Extinct comets 195:scattered disc 125: 124: 113: 112: 110:Media category 101: 100: 99:External links 96: 95: 92: 88: 87: 84: 80: 79: 76: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 59: 58: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16492: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16463: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16452: 16450: 16438: 16437: 16425: 16421: 16420: 16408: 16404: 16403: 16391: 16388:from Wikinews 16387: 16386: 16374: 16370: 16369: 16357: 16353: 16352: 16340: 16339: 16336: 16330: 16322: 16312: 16310: 16300: 16298: 16288: 16286: 16281: 16276: 16274: 16264: 16263: 16260: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16233: 16231: 16227: 16221: 16218: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16193: 16191: 16188: 16186: 16183: 16181: 16178: 16177: 16175: 16173: 16169: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16138: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16116: 16115: 16114: 16112: 16110: 16106: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16079:Asteroid belt 16077: 16075: 16074:Aten asteroid 16072: 16070: 16067: 16066: 16064: 16062: 16058: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16028: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16019:Minor planets 16016: 16012: 16005: 16000: 15998: 15993: 15991: 15986: 15985: 15982: 15972: 15963: 15956: 15949: 15942: 15936: 15930: 15924: 15917: 15910: 15903: 15896: 15889: 15882: 15875: 15869: 15859: 15857: 15847: 15845: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15829: 15826: 15811: 15810:Tidal locking 15808: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15796: 15793: 15791: 15790:Double planet 15788: 15787: 15785: 15781: 15775: 15772: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15759: 15758: 15755: 15753: 15750: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15742:Minor planets 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15724: 15722: 15718: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15700: 15697: 15696: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15683: 15680: 15676: 15675:Merging stars 15673: 15672: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15647: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15550: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15536: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15497: 15494: 15493: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15478: 15476: 15474: 15468: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15425: 15422: 15421: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15403: 15400: 15399: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15367: 15366: 15363: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15350: 15349: 15346: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15328: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15308: 15304: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15277:Subsatellites 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15244: 15242: 15240: 15237:Hypothetical 15234: 15231: 15222: 15219: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15184: 15183: 15180: 15179: 15178: 15175: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15162: 15161: 15158: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15110: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15103:Asteroid belt 15101: 15099: 15096: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15066: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15046: 15045: 15042: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14999: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14979: 14978: 14977:Minor planets 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14959: 14957: 14955: 14945: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14908: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14895: 14893: 14891: 14887: 14879: 14876: 14875: 14874: 14871: 14867: 14864: 14863: 14862: 14859: 14855: 14852: 14851: 14850: 14847: 14843: 14840: 14839: 14838: 14835: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14822: 14821: 14818: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14790: 14789: 14786: 14782: 14779: 14778: 14777: 14774: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14751: 14750: 14747: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14714: 14713: 14710: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14657: 14656: 14653: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14625: 14624: 14621: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14608: 14607: 14604: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14591: 14589: 14588: 14586: 14584: 14580: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14528: 14527: 14524: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14509: 14508: 14505: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14492: 14491: 14488: 14487: 14486: 14483: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14460: 14459: 14456: 14455: 14453: 14451: 14446: 14442: 14439: 14438: 14433: 14427: 14426: 14422: 14420: 14419: 14415: 14413: 14412: 14408: 14406: 14405: 14401: 14399: 14398: 14394: 14392: 14391: 14387: 14385: 14384: 14380: 14378: 14377: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14350: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14320: 14275: 14271: 14264: 14259: 14257: 14252: 14250: 14245: 14244: 14241: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14217: 14214: 14213: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14186: 14185: 14182: 14176: 14175:Organizations 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14153:find location 14151: 14150: 14148: 14147: 14145: 14141: 14135: 14132: 14128: 14127:Widmanstätten 14125: 14123: 14122:Neumann lines 14120: 14119: 14117: 14113: 14112:meteoric iron 14110: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14099: 14098: 14095: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14082: 14080: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14062: 14060: 14059: 14057: 14055: 14050: 14046: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14027: 14025: 14021: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14001: 13999: 13995: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13977:Eagle Station 13975: 13973: 13970: 13969: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13959: 13957: 13955: 13951: 13945: 13942: 13939: 13936: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13906: 13905: 13903: 13901: 13897: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13870: 13867: 13866: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13843: 13840: 13839: 13838: 13835: 13834: 13832: 13830: 13826: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13806: 13804: 13802: 13798: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13776: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13761: 13759: 13757: 13753: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13713: 13711: 13709: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13696: 13690: 13687: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13669: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13655: 13652: 13651: 13650: 13647: 13642: 13639: 13636: 13633: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13619: 13616: 13615: 13614: 13611: 13610: 13608: 13606: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13592: 13588: 13583: 13579: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13565: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13537: 13534: 13533: 13532: 13529: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13506: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13487: 13483: 13479: 13472: 13467: 13465: 13460: 13458: 13453: 13452: 13449: 13437: 13429: 13428: 13425: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13390: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13368: 13363: 13360: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13342: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13295: 13294: 13293:Siding Spring 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13238: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13201: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13174: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13137: 13136: 13133: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13120: 13119: 13116: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13093: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13061: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13009: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12962: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12907: 12905: 12899: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12619: 12617: 12613: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12560: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12518: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12313: 12311: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12294: 12283: 12280: 12277: 12274: 12271: 12268: 12265: 12262: 12259: 12256: 12253: 12250: 12247: 12244: 12241: 12238: 12235: 12232: 12231: 12229: 12227: 12221: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12167: 12165: 12161: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12146: 12144: 12140: 12134: 12133:289P/Blanpain 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12093:113P/Spitaler 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12048:27P/Crommelin 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12030: 12028: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12015: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11983:324P/La Sagra 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11963: 11962:118401 LINEAR 11960: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11936: 11933: 11930: 11927: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11915: 11913: 11911: 11905: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11858:289P/Blanpain 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11813:178P/Hug–Bell 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11763:141P/Machholz 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11710: 11708: 11702: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11405:27P/Crommelin 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11253: 11249: 11244: 11240: 11235: 11231: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11207: 11205: 11199: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11055: 11053: 11049: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11028: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11000: 10997: 10996: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10976: 10974: 10970: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10948: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10932: 10931:Unknown-orbit 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10918: 10917: 10914: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10876: 10875: 10872: 10871: 10869: 10867: 10863: 10858: 10852: 10842: 10841:Meteor shower 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10807: 10803: 10799: 10792: 10787: 10785: 10780: 10778: 10773: 10772: 10769: 10762: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10738: 10735: 10732: 10729: 10728: 10718: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10699: 10695: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10676: 10675: 10665: 10659: 10655: 10654: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10640: 10619: 10615: 10609: 10601: 10597: 10590: 10583: 10571: 10570: 10565: 10558: 10543: 10539: 10535: 10529: 10521: 10515: 10511: 10510: 10502: 10500: 10498: 10496: 10480: 10476: 10469: 10454: 10450: 10443: 10427: 10421: 10405: 10401: 10394: 10383: 10376: 10369: 10362: 10359:, IAU Circ., 10358: 10352: 10344: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10303: 10298: 10291: 10276: 10272: 10265: 10250: 10246: 10239: 10224: 10220: 10213: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10169: 10162: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10141: 10133: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10106: 10098: 10092: 10088: 10087: 10079: 10063: 10057: 10042: 10038: 10031: 10016: 10012: 10005: 9997: 9991: 9987: 9986: 9978: 9962: 9956: 9941: 9937: 9930: 9914: 9910: 9904: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9853: 9837: 9830: 9815: 9811: 9804: 9788: 9782: 9766: 9762: 9756: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9709: 9700: 9685: 9681: 9674: 9659: 9655: 9648: 9646: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9582: 9574: 9568: 9564: 9563: 9555: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9520: 9511: 9503: 9499: 9492: 9486:, p. 126 9485: 9480: 9473: 9468: 9460: 9454: 9450: 9449: 9441: 9433: 9427: 9423: 9422: 9414: 9408:, p. 93. 9407: 9402: 9393: 9391: 9386: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9371: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9349: 9344: 9341: 9337: 9336: 9334: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9312: 9305: 9301: 9298: 9294: 9293: 9289: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9237: 9230: 9223: 9218: 9210: 9208:0-521-07647-1 9204: 9200: 9196: 9195: 9190: 9189:Newton, Isaac 9184: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9149: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9106: 9099: 9094: 9079: 9075: 9069: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9026: 9020:, p. 36. 9019: 9014: 9007: 9002: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8967: 8965: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8933: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8894: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8847: 8839: 8831: 8825: 8821: 8820: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8787:0-404-51510-X 8783: 8779: 8778: 8770: 8763: 8758: 8751: 8746: 8738: 8732: 8728: 8727: 8719: 8712: 8707: 8701:, p. 26. 8700: 8695: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8653: 8651: 8644:, p. 48. 8643: 8638: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8616: 8613:. p. 1. 8612: 8608: 8607: 8599: 8592: 8587: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8558: 8542: 8538: 8532: 8516: 8512: 8505: 8489: 8483: 8481: 8465: 8461: 8454: 8439: 8435: 8428: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8399: 8384: 8380: 8373: 8357: 8351: 8335: 8329: 8313: 8309: 8303: 8294: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8262: 8253: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8221: 8216: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8182: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8144: 8137: 8121: 8114: 8112: 8096: 8089: 8073: 8067: 8052:on 9 May 2008 8051: 8047: 8043: 8036: 8028: 8024: 8017: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7982: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7959: 7950: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7918: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7894:Asteroids III 7888: 7881: 7866: 7865: 7860: 7853: 7846: 7842: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7792: 7777: 7773: 7766: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7738: 7730: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7714: 7706: 7705: 7700: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7672: 7668: 7667:"Australites" 7662: 7646: 7640: 7631: 7623: 7617: 7601: 7597: 7591: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7556: 7548: 7542: 7538: 7537: 7529: 7514: 7513:New Scientist 7510: 7503: 7487: 7481: 7465: 7461: 7455: 7440:on 7 May 2019 7439: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7422: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7394: 7388:, p. 235 7387: 7382: 7367: 7363: 7356: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7295: 7280: 7279:Astronomy.com 7276: 7269: 7261: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7192: 7177: 7173: 7166: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7137: 7129: 7113: 7109: 7103: 7101: 7085:. UC Berkeley 7084: 7077: 7075: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7030: 7022: 7015: 7000: 6998:0-309-04333-6 6994: 6990: 6989:10.17226/1790 6986: 6982: 6981: 6973: 6964: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6930: 6921: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6905:: 1730–1740. 6904: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6887: 6885: 6876: 6870: 6866: 6859: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6826: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6801: 6799: 6782: 6776: 6767: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6708: 6692: 6691: 6686: 6680: 6672: 6665: 6650: 6646: 6639: 6624: 6620: 6613: 6597: 6591: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6564: 6556: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6537: 6521: 6517: 6510: 6494: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6468: 6464: 6457: 6449: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6387: 6383: 6376: 6368: 6362: 6358: 6357: 6349: 6342: 6337: 6321: 6315: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6284: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6256: 6240: 6236: 6230: 6222: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6105: 6088: 6082: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6028: 6020: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6001: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5944: 5938: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5905: 5901: 5900:Astronomy Now 5897: 5890: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5870: 5853: 5846: 5830: 5824: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5772:Solar Physics 5766: 5759: 5751: 5749:0-201-54730-9 5745: 5741: 5734: 5732: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5656: 5648: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5629: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5401: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5213:(5285): 205. 5212: 5208: 5204: 5197: 5181: 5174: 5166: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5147: 5131: 5124: 5122: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5069: 5065: 5064:Jewitt, David 5059: 5057: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5013: 4997: 4990: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4943: 4934: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4915: 4899: 4893: 4877: 4870: 4854: 4848: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4806: 4805:"9P/Tempel 1" 4800: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4761:(6153): 240. 4760: 4756: 4749: 4733: 4727: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4659:(6247): 493. 4658: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4641: 4625: 4619: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4518: 4511: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4452: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4355: 4348: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4286:, p. 137 4285: 4280: 4264: 4258: 4242: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4112: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3968: 3962: 3946: 3939: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3911: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3845: 3837: 3829: 3828: 3821: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3768: 3761: 3745: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3696: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3677: 3669: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3650: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3590: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3469: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3406: 3400:, p. 26) 3399: 3393: 3389: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3338: 3334: 3317: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3281: 3280: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3258:Comet Lovejoy 3255: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3144:sketched the 3143: 3136: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3081: 3080: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3048:In literature 3045: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2987:Heaven's Gate 2984: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2953: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2857: 2855: 2854:Comet of 1729 2851: 2847: 2837: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2803:Euler diagram 2800: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2675: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2634: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2618:Ulysses probe 2615: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2569:Halley Armada 2566: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2430:Immanuel Kant 2425: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2416:James Thomson 2411: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2277:Regiomontanus 2274: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2189: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2107: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2041: 2034: 2022: 2013: 2006: 1997: 1990: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1918: 1913: 1912:Extinct comet 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1854:Edmond Halley 1850: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1793:that make up 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1754:meteor shower 1751: 1747: 1735: 1730: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1701:Beta Pictoris 1698: 1694: 1689: 1679: 1677: 1676:Jack G. Hills 1673: 1666: 1662: 1654: 1649: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1511: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1295:asteroid belt 1292: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1215: 1213: 1205: 1200: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165:Encke's Comet 1162: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1149:magnetosphere 1141: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1103:In the outer 1097: 1092: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1050: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1007: 1003: 1002:km) or more. 1000: 996: 992: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 967: 958: 954: 949: 947: 943: 935: 931: 924: 920: 916: 912: 907: 893: 886: 883: 880: 878: 874: 871: 864: 861: 858: 856: 852: 849: 842: 839: 836: 834: 830: 827: 820: 817: 814: 812: 808: 805: 798: 795: 792: 790: 786: 782: 779: 770: 755: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 707:comet nucleus 704: 700: 696: 692: 691:planetesimals 688: 684: 683: 678: 677: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 649: 644: 640: 638: 634: 629: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 584: 580: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 474:, and frozen 473: 469: 465: 459: 458:Comet nucleus 451: 447: 442: 429: 420: 405: 401: 396: 393: 381: 352: 351: 341: 337: 332: 326: 322: 317: 313: 309: 301: 300: 294: 285: 283: 282: 277: 273: 272: 267: 263: 259: 253: 251: 247: 243: 239: 234: 230: 226: 224: 220: 219:galactic tide 216: 215:passing stars 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 175: 173: 169: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 123: 119: 114: 111: 107: 102: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 60: 56: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 16455:Solar System 16434: 16417: 16400: 16383: 16371:from Commons 16366: 16349: 16328: 16321:Solar System 16246:Space debris 16171: 15966:Each arrow ( 15888:Local Bubble 15874:Solar System 15872: 15665:Planetesimal 15620:Kuiper cliff 15348:Space probes 15321:Colonization 15160:Kirkwood gap 15081:Saturn Moons 14994:Planetesimal 14961: 14458:Terrestrials 14423: 14416: 14409: 14402: 14395: 14388: 14381: 14374: 14347: 14270:Solar System 14206:Impact event 14200: 14187: 13962:Mesosiderite 13876:Shergottites 13849:Chassignites 13814:Mare basalts 13613:Carbonaceous 13524:strewn field 13123:C/2001 OG108 12915:Arend–Roland 12276:103P/Hartley 12266:(2005, 2011) 12252:19P/Borrelly 12200:75D/Kohoutek 12185:20D/Westphal 12108:177P/Barnard 12103:157P/Tritton 12098:122P/de Vico 11973:259P/Garradd 11808:177P/Barnard 11768:144P/Kushida 11753:122P/de Vico 11743:108P/Ciffréo 11733:103P/Hartley 11723:96P/Machholz 11655:77P/Longmore 11645:75D/Kohoutek 11500:46P/Wirtanen 11490:44P/Reinmuth 11420:30P/Reinmuth 11370:20D/Westphal 11365:19P/Borrelly 10963:Interstellar 10916:Non-periodic 10797: 10702: 10679: 10652: 10637:Bibliography 10622:. 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Retrieved 5665: 5655: 5635: 5628: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5566: 5562: 5552: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5412: 5406: 5393: 5379:(2): L5–L8. 5376: 5370: 5364: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5210: 5206: 5196: 5184:. Retrieved 5173: 5153: 5146: 5134:. Retrieved 5108:. Retrieved 5104:the original 5099: 5072:. Retrieved 5025:(1): 67–76. 5022: 5018: 5012: 5000:. Retrieved 4989: 4957: 4921: 4914: 4902:. Retrieved 4892: 4880:. Retrieved 4869: 4857:. Retrieved 4847: 4835:. Retrieved 4831:the original 4821: 4809:. Retrieved 4799: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4736:. Retrieved 4726: 4691: 4656: 4650: 4640: 4628:. Retrieved 4618: 4606:. Retrieved 4602:the original 4597: 4587: 4575:. Retrieved 4529: 4523: 4510: 4498:. Retrieved 4484: 4457: 4451: 4439:. Retrieved 4428: 4385: 4381: 4358:. Retrieved 4347: 4335:. Retrieved 4328:the original 4315: 4311: 4279: 4267:. Retrieved 4257: 4245:. Retrieved 4234: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4171: 4164: 4123: 4119: 4098:. Retrieved 4094:the original 4083: 4038: 4034: 4024: 3997: 3993: 3983: 3971:. Retrieved 3961: 3949:. Retrieved 3938: 3926:. Retrieved 3900: 3891: 3879:. Retrieved 3875:the original 3865: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3826: 3820: 3808:. Retrieved 3804: 3801:"Comet (n.)" 3794: 3771: 3760: 3748:. Retrieved 3738: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3683: 3676: 3656: 3649: 3637:. Retrieved 3633: 3624: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3583: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3520:. Retrieved 3516:the original 3511: 3502: 3490:. Retrieved 3485: 3476: 3457: 3451: 3439:. Retrieved 3435: 3426: 3405: 3392: 3350: 3277: 3142:Edmund Weiss 3127:Kreutz group 3051: 3039: 3029: 3024:, 1984). In 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2991: 2979: 2967:Eudora Welty 2955: 2925: 2895: 2883: 2869: 2843: 2808: 2762:Kreutz group 2755: 2751:tidal forces 2743: 2717: 2706: 2694: 2668:Great comets 2655: 2645: 2641: 2632: 2627: 2613: 2592: 2584:Deep Space 1 2582: 2578: 2572: 2501:dwarf planet 2490: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2456: 2449: 2433: 2427: 2423:(1730; 1748) 2418: 2413: 2401: 2375: 2368: 2339: 2336:Isaac Newton 2334: 2326: 2307: 2289: 2270: 2242: 2239: 2227: 2221: 2217: 2205:Varāhamihira 2198: 2190: 2182: 2163: 2155:oracle bones 2152: 2146:view of the 2086: 2082: 2076:", and the " 2070: 2050:Nomenclature 1978: 1959: 1943: 1933:in 1846 and 1924: 1915: 1896:1I/ʻOumuamua 1884: 1851: 1831: 1812:. Comet and 1803: 1776: 1769:in October. 1743: 1691: 1668: 1542:discoveries 1490: 1486: 1441:1I/ʻOumuamua 1437:eccentricity 1434: 1407:or slightly 1402: 1382:eccentricity 1366: 1361:eccentricity 1315: 1306:giant planet 1299: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1273: 1251: 1238:Short period 1221: 1208: 1204:103P/Hartley 1177: 1158: 1145: 1121: 1105:Solar System 1102: 1072: 1069: 1054: 1047: 1027: 1023:Comet Holmes 1012: 987: 950: 939: 833:19P/Borrelly 729: 698: 681: 675: 672: 664:14827 Hypnos 653: 625: 594:Deep Space 1 576: 574:and comets. 562:components ( 532:hydrocarbons 520:formaldehyde 508: 492:Fred Whipple 461: 446:103P/Hartley 397: 348: 336:romanization 307: 305: 297: 279: 269: 266:great comets 254: 227: 176: 163:Comet nuclei 130: 128: 78:Star systems 36: 16351:Definitions 16309:Outer space 16297:Spaceflight 16236:Cosmic dust 16200:Long-period 16190:Halley-type 16146:Kuiper belt 16031:Designation 15929:Local Sheet 15923:Local Group 15706:Rubble pile 15694:Roche limit 15689:Ring system 15640:Outer space 15615:Kuiper belt 15585:Hill sphere 15580:Hills cloud 15528:Debris disk 15523:Cosmic dust 15307:Exploration 15262:Planet Nine 15247:Fifth giant 15221:Hills cloud 15182:Kuiper belt 15153:exceptional 15069:Trojan camp 14134:CI1 fossils 14030:Amphoterite 14014:Octahedrite 14009:Hexahedrite 13716:Acapulcoite 13643:C ungrouped 13558:Parent body 13482:meteoritics 13387: [ 13365: [ 13261:C/2015 ER61 12970:C/2013 US10 12557: [ 12515: [ 12210:85D/Boethin 12205:83D/Russell 12190:25D/Neujmin 11993:354P/LINEAR 11951:167P/CINEOS 11941:165P/LINEAR 11923:2060 Chiron 11918:596 Scheila 11888:354P/LINEAR 11883:333P/LINEAR 11843:252P/LINEAR 11838:249P/LINEAR 11823:209P/LINEAR 11718:92P/Sanguin 11695:85D/Boethin 11685:83D/Russell 11680:82P/Gehrels 11660:78P/Gehrels 11610:68P/Klemola 11600:66P/du Toit 11510:48P/Johnson 11480:42P/Neujmin 11470:40P/Väisälä 11450:36P/Whipple 11410:28P/Neujmin 11395:25D/Neujmin 11300:6P/d'Arrest 11203:speculation 11201:Culture and 11030:Exploration 10938:Great Comet 10894:Halley-type 10889:Long period 10648:Druyan, Ann 10644:Sagan, Carl 10624:21 November 10046:7 September 10020:7 September 9967:7 September 9945:7 September 9919:7 September 9842:7 September 9838:. Space.com 9819:7 September 9370:See also: 9351:Delalande, 8973:Art Journal 8910:: 109–112. 8494:7 September 7934:: 19P–23P. 7677:7 September 7651:7 September 7492:21 November 7444:21 November 7411:21 November 7284:25 November 7143:: 202–216. 6273:18 November 6040:: 629–633. 5976:: L69–L73. 5949:1 September 5854:. Space.com 5334:: 282–285. 4904:20 November 4837:20 November 4701:rubble pile 4204:(1): 3–25. 4000:(9): 1323. 3928:10 February 3750:11 December 3436:Cool Cosmos 3337:Comet Encke 3279:Deep Impact 3093:, July 2020 3026:Jules Verne 3003:Deep Impact 2928:lost comets 2892:Observation 2819:2060 Chiron 2774:Quadrantids 2713:Taqi ad-Din 2674:Great comet 2594:Deep Impact 2579:Deep Impact 2497:water vapor 2420:The Seasons 2327:During the 2309:The Assayer 2292:Tycho Brahe 2213:Bhaṭṭotpala 2178:Middle Ages 2140:Tycho Brahe 2096:after him. 1974:Andromedids 1946:42P/Neujmin 1888:interacting 1834:acts of God 1822:australites 1791:amino acids 1732:Diagram of 1665:Hills cloud 1418:Hill sphere 1333:Long period 1109:Kuiper belt 793:15 × 8 × 8 623:processes. 586:space probe 550:studies of 536:amino acids 444:Nucleus of 312:Old English 271:Deep Impact 250:Manx comets 240:and active 191:Kuiper belt 133:is an icy, 16449:Categories 16402:Quotations 16241:Meteoroids 16220:Sungrazing 16195:Hyperbolic 16151:Oort cloud 16094:Near-Earth 15948:Local Hole 15895:Gould Belt 15635:Oort cloud 15471:Formation, 15461:Deep space 15297:Vulcanoids 15214:Oort cloud 15138:first 1000 15074:Greek camp 14972:Meteoroids 14967:Damocloids 14913:Charikloan 14075:weathering 14049:Mineralogy 13997:Structural 13972:Main group 13954:Stony-iron 13756:Asteroidal 13721:Brachinite 13699:Achondrite 13519:statistics 13478:Meteorites 13335:Stonehouse 13288:Seki–Lines 13236:Pan-STARRS 13226:Oukaimeden 13101:C/2000 WM1 13024:Ikeya-Seki 12901:After 1910 12857:2I/Borisov 12615:After 1990 12309:Until 1990 12226:spacecraft 12224:Visited by 12175:5D/Brorsen 12068:69P/Taylor 12043:17P/Holmes 12038:15P/Finlay 11988:331P/Gibbs 11908:Comet-like 11713:88P/Howell 11704:After 1985 11690:84P/Giclas 11620:70P/Kojima 11615:69P/Taylor 11465:39P/Oterma 11455:37P/Forbes 11435:33P/Daniel 11355:17P/Holmes 11350:16P/Brooks 11345:15P/Finlay 11335:13P/Olbers 11320:10P/Tempel 11295:5D/Brorsen 11266:Until 1985 11128:2I/Borisov 11011:Oort cloud 10943:Sungrazing 10926:Hyperbolic 10904:Encke-type 10836:Comet dust 9663:22 January 9504:: 595–604. 9387:Clairaut, 9357:pp. 91 ff. 8629:2008924856 8460:"3D/Biela" 8434:"2P/Encke" 8234:1510.06445 7841:Barycenter 7606:1 December 7371:1 December 7314:1903.11071 7215:1708.06069 7181:1 December 6848:1 December 6787:7 December 6472:1 December 6245:1 February 5800:2268/15675 5778:(2): 387. 5700:(3): 553. 5512:(1): L89. 4859:24 January 4539:1506.01203 3788:required.) 3379:References 3276:View from 3262:solar wind 3170:satellite) 3009:Armageddon 2963:Mark Twain 2946:See also: 2922:Lost comet 2902:binoculars 2846:95P/Chiron 2788:See also: 2702:Comet West 2678:See also: 2573:Challenger 2556:See also: 2540:of comets 2464:spacecraft 2445:jet forces 2209:Bhadrabahu 2144:geocentric 2094:2I/Borisov 1998:on Jupiter 1966:Ikeya–Seki 1906:Extinction 1900:2I/Borisov 1787:meteorites 1746:outgassing 1661:Oort cloud 1653:Oort cloud 1484:(LONEOS). 1449:outgassing 1445:2I/Borisov 1409:hyperbolic 1355:Orbits of 1337:See also: 1310:Oort cloud 1184:ionosphere 1140:solar wind 1136:dust trail 1091:Comet tail 1065:perihelion 1049:Bow shocks 1015:ionisation 991:17P/Holmes 946:solar wind 923:perihelion 919:Comet ISON 837:8 × 4 × 4 815:7.6 × 4.9 760:Dimensions 717:, and not 621:outgassing 552:meteorites 258:Oort cloud 207:Oort cloud 159:solar wind 143:outgassing 83:Size range 16436:Textbooks 16273:Astronomy 16131:Damocloid 15909:Milky Way 15902:Orion Arm 15670:Formation 15655:Migration 15650:Disrupted 15518:Coatlicue 15486:Accretion 15473:evolution 15419:Asteroids 15331:astronomy 15326:Discovery 15187:Cubewanos 15108:Asteroids 14938:Quaoarian 14928:Neptunian 14918:Chironean 14903:Saturnian 14685:Enceladus 14223:Meteoroid 14188:See also: 14118:Patterns 14085:chondrule 14054:petrology 13967:Pallasite 13859:Nakhlites 13789:Howardite 13779:Diogenite 13746:Winonaite 13736:Lodranite 13708:Primitive 13662:Kakangari 13649:Enstatite 13605:Chondrite 13514:impactite 13490:Meteorite 13401:Zhu–Balam 13355:C/2020 F8 13350:C/2012 E2 13345:C/2006 M4 13303:C/2013 A1 13298:C/2007 Q3 13278:Pojmański 13266:C/2017 K2 13256:C/2014 Q1 13246:C/2012 K1 13241:C/2011 L4 13231:ʻOumuamua 13221:Nishimura 13209:C/2002 V1 13204:C/2001 Q4 13182:C/2009 R1 13177:C/2006 P1 13155:C/2014 Q2 13150:C/2013 R1 13145:C/2011 W3 13140:C/2007 E2 13128:C/2007 F1 13111:C/2002 T7 13106:C/2001 A2 13096:C/1999 S4 13074:C/2019 U6 13069:C/2018 C2 13064:C/2012 F6 13017:C/1964 N1 13012:C/1963 A1 13002:Hyakutake 12992:Hale-Bopp 12965:C/1999 F1 12950:Bradfield 12925:Beljawsky 12903:(by name) 12346:C/1652 Y1 12301:(notable) 12270:C/2006 P1 12264:9P/Tempel 12240:1P/Halley 12163:Not found 12142:Destroyed 12026:Recovered 11968:238P/Read 11946:166P/NEAT 11910:asteroids 11873:323P/SOHO 11868:322P/SOHO 11848:255P/Levy 11833:246P/NEAT 11828:238P/Read 11803:169P/NEAT 11758:126P/IRAS 11706:(notable) 11625:71P/Clark 11520:50P/Arend 11380:22P/Kopff 11315:9P/Tempel 11310:8P/Tuttle 11275:1P/Halley 11178:C/2014 UN 11148:C/2017 U7 10909:Main-belt 10575:20 August 10547:15 August 10432:25 August 10410:25 August 10068:15 August 9793:22 August 9771:22 August 9722:1408.2458 9715:(1): L2. 9689:12 August 9620:0028-0836 9273:186209887 9167:1139-711X 9161:: 59–84. 9140:118350308 9083:14 August 9052:1063-6145 8924:0252-9211 8885:710113366 8796:72-110569 8576:14 August 8547:14 August 8469:14 August 8443:14 August 8417:14 August 8362:30 August 8340:30 August 8150:Comets II 8126:16 August 8100:16 August 7870:13 August 7781:8 January 7755:8 January 7518:30 August 7339:0004-6361 7242:0035-8711 7157:0004-6361 7118:8 January 6724:13 August 6697:13 August 6623:Space.com 6602:13 August 6526:11 August 6499:11 August 6294:Astronomy 6221:122240711 6172:121848873 6122:11 August 6093:11 August 5858:30 August 5835:30 August 5722:120731934 5491:118159645 5356:117920356 5235:122700701 5110:30 August 5074:30 August 5047:118200399 5002:31 August 4958:Comets II 4882:21 August 4811:16 August 4783:0028-0836 4738:4 October 4564:119104807 4476:123964604 4360:15 August 4337:25 August 4269:16 August 4226:189899565 3881:15 August 3418:Citations 3384:Footnotes 3107:C/2006 P1 3038:'s novel 2898:telescope 2876:166P/NEAT 2728:C/2006 P1 2724:Hale–Bopp 2622:C/2006 P1 2457:In 1950, 2370:Principia 2338:, in his 2165:Aristotle 2040:P/2013 R3 1892:C/1980 E1 1814:meteoroid 1810:lunar ice 1697:Milky Way 1693:Exocomets 1682:Exocomets 1533:magnitude 1516:∞ 1482:C/2007 F1 1478:C/1956 R1 1474:C/2009 R1 1466:C/2000 U5 1462:C/1980 E1 1457:C/1980 E1 1405:parabolic 1394:C/1999 F1 1369:eccentric 1178:In 2013, 1153:bow shock 1044:Bow shock 1040:photons. 1019:telescope 953:volatiles 917:image of 734:acetamide 726:molecules 703:electrons 628:322P/SOHO 617:crude oil 609:compounds 572:asteroids 472:water ice 319:from the 306:The word 288:Etymology 262:naked eye 179:eccentric 55:Hale-Bopp 16215:Periodic 16141:Detached 16061:Asteroid 15962:Universe 15800:Moonlets 15380:programs 15353:timeline 15341:timeline 15272:Planet X 15267:Planet V 15204:Sednoids 15192:Plutinos 15165:Centaurs 15143:families 14878:Dysnomia 14866:Xiangliu 14861:Gonggong 14849:Makemake 14808:Kerberos 14695:Hyperion 14633:Callisto 14628:Ganymede 14561:Gonggong 14556:Makemake 14411:Gonggong 14404:Makemake 14191:Asteroid 14170:Journals 14097:Minerals 14090:presolar 13982:Pyroxene 13869:ALH84001 13842:NWA 7034 13741:Ureilite 13689:Rumuruti 13667:Ordinary 13596:grouplet 13499:Glossary 13436:Category 13325:Southern 13172:McNaught 13167:Machholz 13054:Kohoutek 12960:Catalina 12935:Boattini 12258:81P/Wild 12195:34D/Gale 12149:3D/Biela 11675:81P/Wild 11595:65P/Gunn 11585:63P/Wild 11440:34D/Gale 11340:14P/Wolf 11285:3D/Biela 11280:2P/Encke 11256:Periodic 11021:Asteroid 10958:Exocomet 10879:Numbered 10874:Periodic 10831:Antitail 10809:Features 10650:(1997). 10458:27 April 10382:Archived 10343:16002759 10280:27 April 10254:27 April 10201:Archived 9887:15565147 9814:BBC News 9747:26277035 9628:24451541 9277:Archived 9175:18543450 9060:57563317 8318:27 April 8194:: 1011. 8170:Archived 8056:27 April 8027:BBC News 7906:Archived 7826:output. 7824:Horizons 7721:(1619). 7616:cite web 7347:85529617 7260:29755143 7176:Newsweek 7063:18 March 7004:18 March 6751:. L105. 6326:8 August 6320:"Comets" 6061:"Comets" 5812:Archived 5808:54977854 5606:: 1225. 5544:18215327 5435:Archived 5278:11359004 5130:"Comets" 4978:Archived 4683:26228139 4568:Archived 4441:14 April 4420:14026673 4318:: 2214. 4156:25489175 4075:21836052 3951:30 April 3639:27 April 3575:24339399 3567:18218892 3441:11 March 3345:See also 3058:Florence 2983:cyanogen 2860:Centaurs 2778:Arietids 2776:and the 2633:Stardust 2628:Stardust 2599:Tempel 1 2361:parabola 2273:parallax 2253:Lutheran 1931:3D/Biela 1870:cyanogen 1818:tektites 1797:through 1795:proteins 1688:Exocomet 1455:. Comet 1430:best-fit 1427:two-body 1422:unstable 1318:centaurs 1265:aphelion 1257:ecliptic 1125:antitail 855:81P/Wild 811:Tempel 1 648:81P/Wild 606:volatile 512:methanol 414:☄ 276:Tempel 1 233:volatile 217:and the 16259:Portals 16180:Extinct 16119:Centaur 15783:Related 15762:by size 15451:Neptune 15436:Jupiter 15387:Mercury 15312:outline 15257:Phaeton 15252:Nemesis 15239:objects 15091:Neptune 15064:Jupiter 15044:Trojans 15037:Neptune 15022:Jupiter 15002:Mercury 14933:Haumean 14923:Uranian 14905: ( 14825:Hiʻiaka 14759:Proteus 14749:Neptune 14737:Miranda 14727:Umbriel 14717:Titania 14705:all 146 14670:Iapetus 14623:Jupiter 14517:Neptune 14495:Jupiter 14463:Mercury 14445:Planets 14370:Neptune 14355:Jupiter 14328:Mercury 14081:Grains 14004:Ataxite 13829:Martian 13784:Eucrite 13769:Aubrite 13764:Angrite 13553:Notable 13543:Largest 13536:hunting 13396:Yi–SWAN 13273:Pereyra 13216:NEOWISE 13135:Lovejoy 13081:Leonard 13049:Johnson 13044:Jacques 13039:Iwamoto 12997:Humason 12982:Eclipse 12940:Borisov 12930:Bennett 11290:4P/Faye 10989:Centaur 10972:Related 10953:Extinct 10816:Nucleus 10750:by the 10484:18 July 10321:Bibcode 10183:Bibcode 10149:Bibcode 10120:Bibcode 10118:: 141. 9940:Reuters 9895:4362887 9867:Bibcode 9727:Bibcode 9636:4448395 9600:Bibcode 9534:Bibcode 9532:: 375. 9251:Bibcode 9120:Bibcode 8951:Bibcode 8855:Bibcode 8667:Bibcode 8388:6 March 8280:Bibcode 8239:Bibcode 8196:Bibcode 8154:Bibcode 8152:: 301. 7996:Bibcode 7969:Bibcode 7936:Bibcode 7898:Bibcode 7896:: 669. 7833:9 March 7806:Bibcode 7804:: 119. 7570:Bibcode 7470:31 July 7319:Bibcode 7307:: L13. 7251:5943639 7220:Bibcode 7145:Bibcode 7089:30 July 7038:Bibcode 6950:Bibcode 6907:Bibcode 6815:575–588 6753:Bibcode 6713:"Comet" 6578:Bibcode 6576:: 618. 6417:Bibcode 6392:30 July 6304:31 July 6199:Bibcode 6152:Bibcode 6071:31 July 6042:Bibcode 5978:Bibcode 5780:Bibcode 5702:Bibcode 5677:31 July 5608:Bibcode 5571:Bibcode 5524:Bibcode 5471:Bibcode 5459:: 342. 5417:Bibcode 5381:Bibcode 5336:Bibcode 5301:Bibcode 5258:Bibcode 5250:Science 5215:Bibcode 5207:Science 5186:31 July 5136:31 July 5027:Bibcode 4962:Bibcode 4960:: 523. 4791:4335780 4763:Bibcode 4661:Bibcode 4652:Science 4630:30 July 4608:30 July 4544:Bibcode 4400:Bibcode 4320:Bibcode 4247:31 July 4206:Bibcode 4148:9072959 4128:Bibcode 4120:Science 4100:31 July 4066:3161613 4043:Bibcode 4002:Bibcode 3973:31 July 3853:Bibcode 3851:: 375. 3810:30 July 3767:"comet" 3718:Bibcode 3612:Bibcode 3547:Bibcode 3539:Science 3522:30 July 3492:30 July 3238:Neowise 3234:NEOWISE 3077:Gallery 2885:Cassini 2840:Largest 2831:1990 UL 2811:Mercury 2647:Rosetta 2642:Rosetta 2635:mission 2614:Ulysses 2510:of the 2499:on the 2346:gravity 2067:in 1910 1944:Comets 1939:Ephorus 1672:Neptune 1594:Number 1420:has an 1269:Neptune 1261:Jupiter 1212:dry ice 1073:Rosetta 765:Density 738:acetone 719:photons 699:Rosetta 676:Rosetta 637:gravity 602:asphalt 568:guanine 564:adenine 540:glycine 524:ethanol 488:ammonia 484:methane 436:Nucleus 404:Unicode 368:Κομήτης 362:κομήτης 344:κομήτης 338:of the 331:comētēs 281:Rosetta 242:centaur 199:Neptune 172:subtend 91:Density 16460:Comets 16172:Comets 16084:Family 16069:Active 16036:Groups 15957: 15950: 15943: 15918: 15911: 15904: 15897: 15890: 15883: 15876: 15805:Syzygy 15727:Comets 15660:System 15645:Planet 15538:EXCEDE 15446:Uranus 15441:Saturn 15431:Comets 15424:mining 15402:mining 15292:Vulcan 15133:active 15128:Hygiea 15123:Pallas 15086:Uranus 15032:Uranus 15027:Saturn 14962:Comets 14954:bodies 14952:System 14898:Jovian 14842:Weywot 14837:Quaoar 14830:Namaka 14820:Haumea 14793:Charon 14769:all 16 14764:Nereid 14754:Triton 14742:all 28 14722:Oberon 14712:Uranus 14700:Phoebe 14680:Tethys 14655:Saturn 14648:all 95 14643:Europa 14616:Deimos 14611:Phobos 14590:Earth 14551:Quaoar 14546:Haumea 14526:Dwarfs 14512:Uranus 14500:Saturn 14485:Giants 14450:dwarfs 14397:Quaoar 14390:Haumea 14365:Uranus 14360:Saturn 14216:shower 14211:Meteor 14165:Awards 13854:Kaidun 13509:bolide 13118:LONEOS 13091:LINEAR 13059:Lemmon 12987:Elenin 12955:Brooks 12945:Bowell 12920:Austin 12299:comets 12284:(2014) 12278:(2010) 12272:(2007) 12260:(2004) 12254:(2001) 12248:(1992) 12242:(1986) 12236:(1985) 11964:(176P) 11958:(174P) 11937:(133P) 11931:(107P) 11258:comets 11051:Latest 10999:LINEAR 10947:Kreutz 10798:Comets 10731:Comets 10713: 10690: 10660: 10646:& 10516: 10426:"SOHO" 10341: 10093: 9992: 9893: 9885: 9859:Nature 9745: 9634: 9626: 9618: 9592:Nature 9569: 9455: 9428: 9361:p. 110 9271: 9205: 9173: 9165: 9138: 9058: 9050: 8993:776821 8991: 8949:: 83. 8922: 8883: 8873: 8826: 8794: 8784: 8733: 8627: 8617: 7647:. NASA 7543: 7536:Comets 7345: 7337: 7258: 7248: 7240: 7155: 7029:Icarus 6995: 6871: 6821: 6673:. CNN. 6551: 6444: 6415:: 91. 6363: 6219: 6170: 6015: 5806: 5746: 5720: 5643: 5542: 5489: 5415:. L2. 5354: 5328:Nature 5276: 5233: 5161: 5045: 4929: 4789: 4781: 4755:Nature 4681: 4577:3 June 4562: 4532:: A8. 4500:2 June 4474: 4459:Nature 4418: 4382:Icarus 4356:. NASA 4224: 4179: 4154: 4146: 4073: 4063: 3710:Icarus 3691: 3664: 3573: 3565: 3464: 3333:STEREO 3295:Videos 3254:STEREO 3203:Hubble 3105:Comet 2996:, the 2989:cult. 2936:LINEAR 2874:, and 2823:Uranus 2792:, and 2772:, the 2656:Philae 2644:. 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