458:— the formation of corrugations across the surface at right angles to the direction of travel. Narrow-spaced washboarding can develop on gravel roads due to inconsistent moisture levels in the gravel, poor quality gravel, and vehicular stress to the road. Washboarding can also occur when graders exceed recommended speeds during the construction or maintenance phase causing the blade to bounce on the surface creating a pattern of widely-spaced corrugations. Corrugations from washboarding can become severe enough to cause vibration in vehicles so that bolts loosen or cracks form in components. Proper grading is needed to remove the corrugations, and reconstruction with careful choice of good quality gravel can help prevent them reforming. Additionally, installing a
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surface gravel layer can be performed to increase the mixing and adherence between layers. Construction of the road surface is done gradually through multiple applications of layers of gravel, with compaction prior to the addition of the following layer. During reparation of a damaged road, ensuring that any washboarding, rutting, potholes, and erosion is adequately removed will minimize future need for reparation.
407:, varies considerably in the proportion of stones (which are usually very small) to earth and sand. It ranges from a hard gravel to a softer earth embedded with small stones. Not all laterite and murram roads are therefore strictly gravel roads. Laterite and murram which contains a significant proportion of clay becomes very slippery when wet, and in the rainy season, it may be difficult even for
738:
is a tradeoff between construction costs and haul costs (which the road is designed to reduce). A road that serves only a few stands will be used by relatively few trucks over its lifetime and so it makes sense to save construction costs with a narrow, winding, unpaved road that adds to the time (and
510:
Dry application of this type of dust suppressant is begun by first preparing the road surface through grader passes, moving the top 5–8 cm of gravel creating windrows on the edges of the road. Calcium chloride is then applied to the road surface, and the road is then sprayed with water until the
506:
properties, allowing moisture to be drawn in and retained by the compound. Calcium chloride can be applied in either dry (pellet or flake) or wet (dissolved pre-prepared solution) form. Successful applications can be effective for up to three years, depending on the weather and traffic conditions for
435:
Gravel roads require much more frequent maintenance than paved roads, especially after wet periods and when accommodating increased traffic. Wheel motion shoves material to the outside (as well as in-between travelled lanes), leading to rutting, reduced water-runoff, and eventual road destruction if
326:
The surface layer is constructed atop the subgrade layer. The amount of precipitation is taken into consideration for the selection of gravel size distribution. The surface layer will follow the crown established by the subgrade layer. Scarification of the subgrade layer prior to application of the
601:
Ministry of
Forests, resource roads are typically "one- or two-lane gravel roads built for industrial purposes to access natural resources in remote areas". They may be used by industrial vehicles or the general public, and as a link to rural communities. Driving on resource roads can be hazardous
351:
particles smaller than .075 millimetres (0.0030 in), which can act as a binder. Crushed stone, also called road metal, is used because gravel with fractured faces will stay in place better than rounded river pebbles. A good gravel for a gravel road will have a higher percentage of fines than
322:
fabric may be laid to improve the stability of the subgrade layer. When geotextile fabric is used, a gravel layer with a minimum thickness of 6" (15 cm) is suggested to ensure the fabric remains unexposed. Road construction guidelines suggest that the crown in the road surface begins at the
523:
Although well-constructed and graded gravel roads are suitable for speeds of up to 100 km/h (60 mph), driving on them requires far more attention to variations of the surface, and it is easier to lose control than on a paved road. In addition to potholes, ruts and loose stony or sandy
317:
Construction of a gravel road begins with the base or subgrade layer. The expected road traffic volume and the average daily truck passage must be considered during the design process as they will influence the thickness of this layer, along with the balances of gravel and fines.
477:
Dust control is routine practice on gravel roads in order to reduce the need for frequent maintenance, mitigate health concerns, and to prevent dust-related damage to roadside vegetation. Some common dust-suppression techniques are the application of a chloride solution
514:
Wet application begins by spraying the road surface with a 30% concentration solution of calcium chloride. After the solution is applied, the top 5–8 cm of gravel is mixed through numerous passes of a grader. The road is then formed and compacted.
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haul costs) of the few trips. A main haul road serving a large area, however, will be used by many trucks each day, and each trip will be shorter (saving time and money) if the road is straighter and wider, with a smoother surface.
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compound is dissolved. A grader "blades" the surface in numerous passes to ensure a uniform distribution of the compound. Compaction and the forming of the road surface is then performed to finalize the process.
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298:, covered with one or more different layers of gravel. Graders are used to "blade" the road's surface (pass frequently to mix and distribute the gravel) to produce a more extreme
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sharper and larger stones cutting and puncturing tires, or being thrown up by the wheels and damaging the underside, especially puncturing the fuel tank of unmodified cars
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are generally given right of way. In areas that the practice is regulated, on non-highway roads with heavy logging traffic may be "radio-controlled", meaning that a
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are used to direct water off the road. As an alternative method, humps can be formed in the gravel along the road to impede water flow, thereby reducing rutting.
553:. These are most often found near intersections as stopping or braking causes them to form or otherwise if heavy farm or other equipment often uses these roads.
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In higher rainfall areas, the increased camber required to drain water, and open drainage ditches at the sides of the road, often cause vehicles with a high
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operations. They are commonly narrow, winding, and unpaved, but main haul roads can be widened, straightened or paved if traffic volume warrants it.
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for a paved road. This often causes problems if a gravel road is paved without adding sand and gravel sized stone to dilute the percentage of fines.
302:
compared to a paved road to aid drainage, to produce an A-shaped surface to the road called a "crown", as well as to construct drainage ditches and
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These roads rapidly fall into disrepair and quickly become impassable. Remnants of old roads can exist for decades. They are eventually erased by
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unchecked. As long as the process is interrupted early enough, simple re-grading is sufficient, with material being pushed back into shape.
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Caouette, Leo. 2013. APPLICATION METHODS CALCIUM CHLORIDE AS A DUST SUPPRESSANT. Nunavut: Nunavut
Municipal Training Organization.
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3347:
3292:
3000:‘GRAVEL ROAD MAINTENANCE MANUAL A Guide for Landowners on Camp and Other Gravel Roads’ (2016). Augusta, (April). Available at:
2944:, FHWA, Federal Highway Administration - South Dakota Local Transportation Assistance Program, pp. 39–49, archived from
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3177:
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A forest service road is a type of rudimentary access road, built by private companies, or government entities such as the
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Typically, a high-clearance four-wheel drive vehicle is required to travel effectively on a road, especially where large
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Pennsylvania State
Conservation Commission and Center for Dirt and Gravel Road Studies at Penn State University (2018)
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can be performed along the edges of roads in dry climates to allow easy access to gravel material for small repairs.
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roads. The inferior surface of gravel is not an issue if the road is covered by snow and ice for extended periods.
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roads into the drainage ditches at the side of the road. As it dries out, such laterite can become very hard, like
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225:. Gravel roads are common in less-developed nations, and also in the rural areas of developed nations such as
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Lost binder in the form of road dust, when mixed with rain, will wear away the painted surfaces of vehicles.
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ridges at the edges or in the middle of the road, problems associated with driving on gravel roads include:
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Gravel roads are often found in cold climates because they are less vulnerable to freeze / thaw damage than
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with no surface material added. If well constructed and maintained, a gravel road is an all-weather road.
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center point in the road, and does not exceed a 4% gradation from the center to the edge of the roadway.
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570:, such as trucks and off-road vehicles, to overturn if they do not keep close to the crown of the road.
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compound, or the incorporation of natural clay into the gravel mixture during the construction phase.
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3062:"Fatal landslide blamed on old logging road raises fears about hidden risks near Canada's highways"
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2883:. Washington: Department of Transportation (DOT), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). 2015.
614:. Disused resource roads can pose a danger to both drivers and passersby, due to the danger of
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as a result of ruts in the surface of the gravel. Often found on frequently traveled roads.
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241:. They may be referred to as "dirt roads" in common speech, but that term is used more for
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to access remote undeveloped areas. These roads are built mainly for the purposes of the
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3086:"Field Listing :: Roadways — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
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or slightly larger, thus requiring special attention when driving at higher speeds.
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270:-based surface, gravel roads are easy and cheap to build. However, compared to
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FSR. Roads are usually named after a regional district, and branches have an
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3127:, FHWA, South Dakota Local Transportation Assistance Program, archived from
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549:' corrugations cause loss of control or damage to vehicles due to excessive
274:, all-weather gravel highways are quite expensive to build, as they require
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https://www.nmto.ca/sites/default/files/application_of_calcium_chloride.pdf
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A gravel road is quite different from a 'gravel drive', popular as private
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Environmentally
Sensitive Maintenance Practices for Dirt and Gravel Roads
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https://www.maine.gov/dep/land/watershed/camp/road/gravel_road_manual.pdf
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367:. This uses clean gravel consisting of uniform, rounded stones and small
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2907:. British Columbia: British Columbia. Ministry of Transportation. 2007.
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easily as a result of flowing water. When grading or building the road,
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Excess dust permeates door-opening rubber moulding, breaking the seal.
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Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
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Resources/DSA/DSA_Handbook_2018_03.pdf (Accessed: 6 April 2019).
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on board any vehicle on the road is advised for safety reasons.
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are employed to make the road passable through steep terrain.
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https://www.dirtandgravel.psu.edu/sites/default/files/General
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will prevent the washboard-like corrugations from occurring.
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The gravel used consists of varying amount of crushed stone,
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4017:
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dust thrown up from a passing vehicle reducing visibility
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2972:. South Dakota Local Transportation Assistance Program.
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workers, although in some cases they are also used for
502:
Calcium chloride provides dust suppression through its
2905:
BC supplement to TAC geometric design guide. – 2007 ed
53:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
720:
are constructed to provide access to the forest for
118:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
871:
3040:Ministry of Forests, Province of British Columbia
2970:Gravel roads : maintenance and design manual
262:, which require large machinery to work and pour
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3030:
3028:
3026:
2881:Gravel Roads: Construction and Maintenance Guide
294:of compacted earth or other material, sometimes
3060:Brend, Yvette; Duncombe, Lyndsay (2022-10-27).
3118:Skorseth, Ken; Selim, Ali A. (November 2000),
2928:Skorseth, Ken; Selim, Ali A. (November 2000),
2267:Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha
655:Networks of tributary roads branch off from a
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3117:
3059:
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374:
2938:Gravel Roads: Maintenance and Design Manual
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3121:Gravel Roads Maintenance and Design Manual
217:that has been brought to the site from a
178:Learn how and when to remove this message
85:Type of unpaved road surfaced with gravel
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
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2861:Driving Surface Aggregate (DSA) Handbook
766:Gravel road at the Saviselkä village in
700:
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189:
49:Relevant discussion may be found on the
431:Maintenance of a gravel road in Denmark
14:
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828:A gravel road between the villages of
625:
498:Calcium chloride as a dust suppressant
4274:Median / Central reservation
3159:
883:
454:Another problem with gravel roads is
3012:
3010:
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602:for many reasons, including limited
539:when two vehicles pass at high speed
411:vehicles to avoid slipping off very
116:adding citations to reliable sources
87:
26:
310:systems can be used to prevent the
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4192:Risk compensation (road transport)
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1451:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
1267:Congo, Democratic Republic of the
248:
25:
4605:
3111:
3007:
2870:
2863:. University Park. Available at:
2299:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4558:Glossary of road transport terms
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1987:Micronesia, Federated States of
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775:
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237:countries, they may be known as
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1107:British Indian Ocean Territory
872:Unpaved roads length by country
848:A close-up of a gravel road in
696:
531:stones skipping up hitting the
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253:
103:needs additional citations for
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2961:
2897:
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2839:Online etymological dictionary
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2807:
422:
13:
1:
4540:Pavement performance modeling
4530:International roughness index
2930:"Section III: Surface Gravel"
2800:
4535:Present serviceability index
4329:Sidewalk / Pavement
3874:Diamond grinding of pavement
885:Length of unpaved roads (km)
638:United States Forest Service
439:Segments of gravel roads on
334:
233:. In New Zealand, and other
7:
4507:Underpass / Tunnel
4502:Overpass / Flyover
4256:High-occupancy vehicle lane
4146:Driving under the influence
3220:Freeway / Motorway
2736:
579:Many gravel roads are only
460:cellular confinement system
399:. However laterite, called
10:
4610:
3434:Highway systems by country
2814:Kiwi - Words & Phrases
2291:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
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556:skidding on mud after rain
518:
4553:
4545:Granular base equivalency
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4392:
4364:Traffic signal preemption
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4131:
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3772:Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
3701:
3678:Single-point urban (SPUI)
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3537:
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3205:
3196:
3004:(Accessed: 9 April 2019).
2579:Turks and Caicos Islands
2139:Northern Mariana Islands
1203:Central African Republic
375:Laterite and murram roads
4525:Pavement condition index
4251:High-occupancy toll lane
4246:Contraflow lane reversal
4221:Barrier transfer machine
2823:(from a private website)
1243:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
490:), the application of a
395:soils are used to build
3379:Express-collector setup
1275:Congo, Republic of the
1115:British Virgin Islands
1083:Bosnia and Herzegovina
789:use in northwest Oregon
343:, and fines. Fines are
266:or to lay and smooth a
4563:Road types by features
4458:Raised pavement marker
4425:Constant-slope barrier
4349:Traffic directionality
4339:Street running railway
3762:Protected intersection
2968:Skorseth, Ken (2005).
2323:Sao Tome and Principe
2275:Saint Kitts and Nevis
713:
610:, and the presence of
432:
199:
4420:Concrete step barrier
3757:Offset T-intersection
2841:. 2001 Douglas Harper
2611:United Arab Emirates
801:Gravel road south of
704:
691:ecological succession
618:forming on unstable,
430:
193:
4463:Road surface marking
4161:Single-vehicle crash
3884:Full depth recycling
3782:Seagull intersection
2547:Trinidad and Tobago
947:Antigua and Barbuda
850:Terre Haute, Indiana
308:Cellular confinement
306:in low-lying areas.
112:improve this article
42:factual accuracy is
4289:Pedestrian crossing
3852:Reinforced concrete
3688:Three-level diamond
3399:Two-lane expressway
3384:Farm-to-market road
3148:U.S. Forest Service
1371:Dominican Republic
816:Gravel road in Iran
652:recreation access.
626:Forest service road
4319:Runaway truck ramp
4141:Driver's education
3929:Rubberized asphalt
3864:Crocodile cracking
3787:Split intersection
3555:Hierarchy of roads
3516:Single carriageway
3096:on January 9, 2019
2819:2010-02-09 at the
1403:Equatorial Guinea
714:
705:Logging road near
484:magnesium chloride
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200:
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4379:Wide outside lane
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4204:
4182:Automotive safety
4063:Road slipperiness
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3658:Diverging diamond
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3521:Single-track road
3463:Bicycle boulevard
2914:978-0-7726-5800-5
2734:
2733:
2179:Papua New Guinea
1955:Marshall Islands
1491:French Polynesia
1235:Christmas Island
726:forest management
646:forest management
597:According to the
568:centre of gravity
352:gravel used as a
194:A gravel road in
188:
187:
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162:
83:
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16:(Redirected from
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4589:Stone (material)
4415:Cat's eye (road)
4236:Complete streets
4008:Dead Man's Curve
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3970:
3909:Pavement milling
3824:Asphalt concrete
3767:Quadrant roadway
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3582:Street hierarchy
3230:Elevated highway
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3092:. Archived from
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3036:"Resource roads"
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783:Logging railroad
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642:logging industry
599:British Columbia
480:calcium chloride
417:sun-dried bricks
409:four-wheel drive
243:unimproved roads
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4473:Traffic barrier
4433:F-Shape barrier
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4344:Traffic calming
4304:Reversible lane
4294:Pedestrian zone
4279:Motorcycle lane
4241:Contraflow lane
4213:time allocation
4212:
4201:
4197:Underride guard
4165:
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4013:Expansion joint
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3944:Stamped asphalt
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3737:Continuous flow
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3627:grade-separated
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3560:Private highway
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2821:Wayback Machine
2812:
2808:
2803:
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2739:
2675:Virgin Islands
2619:United Kingdom
2131:Norfolk Island
1443:European Union
1195:Cayman Islands
915:American Samoa
874:
867:
863:Gravel road in
861:
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837:
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488:sodium chloride
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249:Characteristics
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119:
109:
97:
86:
79:
68:
62:
59:
48:
40:This article's
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32:
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22:
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12:
11:
5:
4607:
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4584:Types of roads
4569:
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4465:
4460:
4455:
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4445:
4443:Jersey barrier
4440:
4435:
4430:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4374:Unused highway
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4354:Traffic island
4351:
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4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
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4306:
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4151:Drowsy driving
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4033:Level crossing
4030:
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3990:
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3764:
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3744:
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3732:Channelization
3729:
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3719:
3717:3-way junction
3713:
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3702:
3699:
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3611:Road junctions
3607:
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3600:
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3577:
3575:business route
3572:
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3539:
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3534:
3532:
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3526:
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3503:Primitive road
3500:
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3396:
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3376:
3374:County highway
3371:
3369:Collector road
3366:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3343:United Kingdom
3340:
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3330:
3325:
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3315:
3310:
3305:
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3278:Czech Republic
3275:
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3255:
3250:
3244:
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3207:Limited-access
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3112:External links
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2764:Forest railway
2761:
2759:Forest Highway
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2083:New Caledonia
2080:
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2016:
2015:
2012:
2008:
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1867:Liechtenstein
1864:
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1603:Guinea-Bissau
1600:
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1459:Faroe Islands
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1299:Cote d'Ivoire
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815:
808:
806:
800:
793:
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781:
774:
772:
765:
758:
754:
751:
743:Logging trucks
731:The choice of
698:
695:
630:Main article:
627:
624:
620:poorly-drained
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
577:
574:
571:
564:
557:
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471:
424:
421:
376:
373:
365:United Kingdom
336:
333:
255:
252:
250:
247:
213:surfaced with
186:
185:
100:
98:
91:
84:
81:
80:
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4606:
4595:
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4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
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4491:
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4485:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:Noise barrier
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4410:Cable barrier
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4359:Traffic lanes
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4299:Refuge island
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4264:Living street
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4231:Climbing lane
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4208:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4133:Human factors
4130:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4098:Traffic light
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4048:Oversize load
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4038:Manhole cover
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3952:
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3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3869:Crushed stone
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3752:Michigan left
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3704:Intersections
3700:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3653:Directional T
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:special route
3568:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
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3488:Frontage road
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3364:Arterial road
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3348:United States
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3199:
3198:Types of road
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3134:on 2017-01-31
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2951:on 2017-01-31
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2571:Turkmenistan
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2419:South Africa
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2379:Sint Maarten
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2363:Sierra Leone
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2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
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1989:
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1981:
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1797:
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1787:Korea, South
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1779:Korea, North
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1283:Cook Islands
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1139:Burkina Faso
1138:
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1129:
1125:
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997:
995:Bahamas, The
994:
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989:
986:
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824:
819:
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797:
792:
788:
787:logging truck
785:converted to
784:
778:
773:
769:
762:
757:
756:
753:Image gallery
750:
748:
744:
740:
737:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
712:
708:
703:
694:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
674:are present.
673:
669:
664:
663:designation.
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
633:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:road geometry
605:
600:
593:Resource road
588:Related types
582:
581:one lane wide
578:
575:
572:
569:
565:
562:
558:
555:
552:
548:
544:
541:
538:
534:
530:
527:
526:
525:
516:
512:
508:
507:the roadway.
505:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
470:
468:
463:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
437:
429:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:South America
386:
383:and parts of
382:
372:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
350:
346:
342:
332:
330:
324:
321:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:to provide a
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:front loaders
273:
269:
265:
261:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:United States
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
206:is a type of
205:
197:
192:
182:
179:
171:
160:
157:
153:
150:
146:
143:
139:
136:
132:
129: –
128:
127:"Gravel road"
124:
123:Find sources:
117:
113:
107:
106:
101:This article
99:
95:
90:
89:
77:
74:
66:
63:February 2022
56:
52:
46:
45:
38:
29:
28:
19:
18:Logging roads
4594:Gravel roads
4478:Traffic cone
4468:Rumble strip
4369:Truck bypass
4324:Shared space
4284:Passing lane
4269:Managed lane
4226:Bicycle lane
4108:Washboarding
4103:Traffic sign
4028:Hairpin turn
3893:
3797:Texas U-turn
3727:Box junction
3621:Interchanges
3565:Route number
3473:Country lane
3215:Bike freeway
3152:
3136:, retrieved
3129:the original
3120:
3098:. Retrieved
3094:the original
3089:
3080:
3069:. Retrieved
3065:
3055:
3044:. Retrieved
3042:. 2021-04-15
3039:
2996:
2969:
2963:
2953:, retrieved
2946:the original
2937:
2923:
2904:
2899:
2880:
2860:
2855:
2843:. Retrieved
2838:
2828:
2809:
2784:Road surface
2769:Forest track
2744:Country lane
2728:
2723:
2523:Timor-Leste
2475:Switzerland
2427:South Sudan
2283:Saint Lucia
2227:Puerto Rico
2203:Philippines
2091:New Zealand
2075:Netherlands
1699:Isle of Man
1507:Gambia, The
1395:El Salvador
891:Afghanistan
884:
879:
741:
730:
715:
697:Logging road
680:
665:
661:alphanumeric
654:
635:
596:
535:, lights or
522:
513:
509:
501:
476:
473:Dust control
464:
456:washboarding
453:
438:
434:
400:
378:
358:
338:
325:
316:
312:washboarding
260:sealed roads
258:Compared to
257:
254:Construction
235:Commonwealth
203:
201:
174:
165:
155:
148:
141:
134:
122:
110:Please help
105:verification
102:
69:
60:
41:
4516:Performance
4448:Kassel kerb
4405:Botts' dots
4393:Demarcation
4093:Storm drain
4058:Road debris
3983:Aquaplaning
3976:environment
3964:Road safety
3842:Cobblestone
3792:Superstreet
3597:Winter road
3545:Concurrency
3538:Other terms
3529:Sunken lane
3498:Main street
3443:Local roads
3090:www.cia.gov
2643:Uzbekistan
2499:Tajikistan
2355:Seychelles
2315:San Marino
2043:Mozambique
2027:Montserrat
2019:Montenegro
1963:Mauritania
1907:Madagascar
1883:Luxembourg
1811:Kyrgyzstan
1755:Kazakhstan
1515:Gaza Strip
1291:Costa Rica
1163:Cabo Verde
1011:Bangladesh
987:Azerbaijan
803:Coober Pedy
733:road design
676:Switchbacks
650:backcountry
561:fishtailing
537:windshields
504:hygroscopic
423:Maintenance
405:East Africa
304:embankments
296:macadamised
292:base course
288:roadrollers
280:dump trucks
239:metal roads
204:gravel road
4578:Categories
4518:indicators
4487:Structures
4438:Guard rail
4314:Road verge
4187:Seat belts
4123:Snowsquall
4088:Speed bump
4068:Road train
3889:Glassphalt
3829:Bioasphalt
3802:Turnaround
3777:Roundabout
3707:(at-grade)
3673:Roundabout
3638:Cloverleaf
3493:Green lane
3429:Trunk road
3357:Main roads
3240:By country
3138:2014-12-28
3100:2019-03-30
3071:2022-10-28
3046:2022-10-28
2979:2005410659
2955:2014-12-28
2845:29 January
2801:References
2729:11,705,250
2683:West Bank
2659:Venezuela
2630:2,281,895
2443:Sri Lanka
2371:Singapore
2099:Nicaragua
1971:Mauritius
1899:Macedonia
1875:Lithuania
1667:Indonesia
1635:Hong Kong
1587:Guatemala
1563:Greenland
1547:Gibraltar
1102:1,368,166
971:Australia
955:Argentina
724:and other
632:Fire trail
616:landslides
606:, unusual
604:visibility
397:dirt roads
329:Windrowing
320:Geotextile
272:dirt roads
223:stream bed
138:newspapers
4309:Road diet
4211:Space and
4156:Road rage
4043:Oil spill
4003:Crosswind
3993:Black ice
3988:Avalanche
3914:Permeable
3747:Jughandle
3742:Hook turn
3648:Free-flow
3592:Toll road
3511:Side road
3468:Boulevard
3424:Super two
3419:Ring road
3394:Link road
3293:Hong Kong
3248:Australia
3190:hierarchy
2789:Track bed
2749:Dirt road
2715:Zimbabwe
2515:Thailand
2507:Tanzania
2459:Suriname
2395:Slovenia
2387:Slovakia
2219:Portugal
2187:Paraguay
2163:Pakistan
2011:Mongolia
1931:Maldives
1923:Malaysia
1771:Kiribati
1627:Honduras
1435:Ethiopia
1427:Eswatini
1363:Dominica
1355:Djibouti
1251:Colombia
1179:Cameroon
1171:Cambodia
1131:Bulgaria
1091:Botswana
1019:Barbados
939:Anguilla
836:, Estonia
770:, Finland
768:Kärsämäki
736:standards
672:waterbars
551:vibration
547:washboard
449:waterbars
361:driveways
335:Materials
198:, Finland
51:talk page
4497:Causeway
4334:Shoulder
4170:Vehicles
4118:Whiteout
4078:Rockfall
4073:Roadkill
3998:Bleeding
3974:Road and
3934:Sealcoat
3859:Corduroy
3847:Concrete
3837:Chipseal
3816:Surfaces
3668:Raindrop
3483:Driveway
3478:Dead end
3458:Backroad
3409:2+2 road
3404:2+1 road
3328:Portugal
3318:Pakistan
3066:CBC News
2988:62208163
2817:Archived
2737:See also
2694:No data
2686:No data
2678:No data
2667:Vietnam
2662:No data
2651:Vanuatu
2635:Uruguay
2622:No data
2614:No data
2603:Ukraine
2590:No data
2555:Tunisia
2518:No data
2502:No data
2478:No data
2470:433,034
2438:No data
2430:No data
2422:588,062
2411:Somalia
2398:No data
2390:No data
2382:No data
2374:No data
2339:Senegal
2334:173,843
2318:No data
2254:355,666
2243:Romania
2238:No data
2230:No data
2214:129,000
2206:155,294
2198:No data
2142:No data
2126:No data
2118:164,220
2115:Nigeria
2086:No data
2078:No data
2051:Namibia
2035:Morocco
2030:No data
2006:No data
1995:Moldova
1982:240,116
1958:No data
1934:No data
1894:No data
1886:No data
1870:No data
1851:Liberia
1843:Lesotho
1838:No data
1835:Lebanon
1814:No data
1806:No data
1774:No data
1766:147,032
1750:No data
1742:No data
1734:225,937
1723:Jamaica
1718:No data
1710:No data
1702:No data
1694:No data
1691:Ireland
1686:No data
1670:213,505
1662:No data
1651:Iceland
1646:126,514
1643:Hungary
1638:No data
1582:No data
1571:Grenada
1566:No data
1550:No data
1534:No data
1531:Germany
1526:No data
1523:Georgia
1518:No data
1486:No data
1478:350,000
1475:Finland
1462:No data
1446:No data
1419:Estonia
1411:Eritrea
1406:No data
1379:Ecuador
1350:No data
1347:Denmark
1342:No data
1339:Czechia
1326:No data
1323:Curacao
1310:No data
1307:Croatia
1270:150,703
1259:Comoros
1254:No data
1230:531,000
1214:No data
1198:No data
1190:626,700
1155:Burundi
1150:No data
1142:No data
1118:No data
1110:No data
1094:No data
1075:Bolivia
1059:Bermuda
1035:Belgium
1027:Belarus
1022:No data
1003:Bahrain
982:No data
979:Austria
974:727,645
966:No data
963:Armenia
958:161,962
926:No data
923:Andorra
918:No data
907:Algeria
899:Albania
747:CB radio
716:Logging
711:Cameroon
668:potholes
622:ground.
612:wildlife
559:vehicle
533:car body
413:cambered
393:laterite
314:effect.
264:concrete
229:and the
196:Asikkala
168:May 2007
44:disputed
4400:Bollard
4384:Woonerf
4113:Washout
4053:Pothole
3966:factors
3954:Texture
3924:Plastic
3904:Macadam
3693:Trumpet
3643:Diamond
3414:Parkway
3389:Highway
3303:Ireland
3283:Germany
3273:Croatia
3253:Belgium
2835:"Metal"
2774:Logging
2754:Erosion
2718:78,786
2710:31,051
2707:Zambia
2702:65,100
2670:47,130
2646:10,985
2638:69,989
2598:16,287
2595:Uganda
2587:Tuvalu
2574:11,015
2566:33,486
2563:Turkey
2510:79,380
2491:Taiwan
2467:Sweden
2446:97,116
2414:19,492
2366:10,396
2350:16,248
2347:Serbia
2342:10,539
2259:Rwanda
2251:Russia
2246:34,312
2222:11,606
2211:Poland
2190:27,199
2171:Panama
2166:78,879
2158:30,545
2150:18,116
2147:Norway
2110:15,037
2102:20,551
2094:32,400
2070:16,100
2054:37,751
2046:23,718
2038:17,279
2014:44,449
2003:Monaco
1979:Mexico
1942:16,952
1926:28,234
1918:11,378
1915:Malawi
1910:31,373
1878:11,869
1862:42,810
1830:55,233
1827:Latvia
1822:34,171
1803:Kuwait
1795:Kosovo
1782:24,830
1758:10,278
1747:Jordan
1739:Jersey
1707:Israel
1678:38,500
1630:11,375
1611:Guyana
1598:40,006
1595:Guinea
1590:10,132
1558:75,603
1555:Greece
1542:95,728
1483:France
1438:96,060
1422:47,985
1390:10,688
1382:37,198
1331:Cyprus
1318:31,038
1302:75,494
1294:28,885
1278:15,788
1222:59,645
1206:18,893
1187:Canada
1182:47,242
1174:41,102
1158:10,822
1123:Brunei
1099:Brazil
1078:80,776
1067:Bhutan
1054:14,600
1043:Belize
1038:33,498
1030:11,741
1014:19,248
990:26,153
934:46,080
931:Angola
910:26,050
902:10,980
894:29,800
880:Country
865:Namibia
722:logging
687:erosion
683:washout
670:and/or
519:Driving
467:asphalt
369:pebbles
363:in the
354:subbase
284:graders
268:bitumen
208:unpaved
152:scholar
4493:Bridge
4177:Airbag
3949:Tarmac
3894:Gravel
3722:Bowtie
3663:Parclo
3587:Stroad
3550:Detour
3525:Street
3453:Avenue
3338:Taiwan
3323:Poland
3288:Greece
3263:Canada
3258:Brazil
2986:
2976:
2911:
2887:
2833:Anon.
2699:Yemen
2691:World
2606:3,599
2558:4,662
2550:4,068
2539:Tonga
2534:9,205
2526:3,440
2486:6,813
2483:Syria
2462:3,174
2454:7,580
2451:Sudan
2435:Spain
2406:1,356
2307:Samoa
2262:3,493
2235:Qatar
2182:6,349
2174:8,786
2107:Niger
2067:Nepal
2059:Nauru
1966:8,265
1947:Malta
1902:4,549
1891:Macau
1859:Libya
1854:9,943
1846:4,871
1790:7,633
1763:Kenya
1731:Japan
1726:5,973
1715:Italy
1659:India
1654:8,108
1622:3,498
1619:Haiti
1614:7,380
1606:2,490
1539:Ghana
1510:3,029
1502:8,073
1499:Gabon
1470:1,754
1430:2,516
1414:3,136
1398:2,565
1387:Egypt
1374:9,833
1358:1,686
1334:8,564
1227:China
1219:Chile
1147:Burma
1086:3,500
1070:7,603
1051:Benin
1046:2,382
998:1,080
834:Laguja
689:, and
441:grades
401:murram
381:Africa
300:camber
286:, and
227:Canada
219:quarry
215:gravel
154:
147:
140:
133:
125:
3919:Plank
3833:Brick
3683:Stack
3449:Alley
3333:Spain
3313:Nepal
3308:Italy
3298:India
3268:China
3132:(PDF)
3125:(PDF)
2949:(PDF)
2942:(PDF)
2933:(PDF)
2794:Trail
2779:Roads
2724:Total
2531:Togo
2195:Peru
2155:Oman
2123:Niue
1939:Mali
1819:Laos
1683:Iraq
1675:Iran
1579:Guam
1467:Fiji
1315:Cuba
1211:Chad
830:Tamsa
718:roads
707:Eséka
657:trunk
492:resin
443:also
159:JSTOR
145:books
4429:Curb
4260:Lane
4023:Ford
3939:Sett
3879:Dirt
3507:Road
3187:Road
2984:OCLC
2974:ISBN
2909:ISBN
2885:ISBN
2847:2010
2654:814
2542:496
2494:396
2326:102
2302:249
2286:363
2278:220
2022:621
1998:517
1990:204
1950:392
1574:225
1494:855
1454:390
1366:750
1286:287
1262:207
1238:110
1166:418
1134:277
1126:417
1062:447
1006:730
950:784
832:and
644:and
387:and
385:Asia
349:clay
345:silt
341:sand
211:road
131:news
4083:Rut
4018:Fog
3899:Ice
2582:97
2358:12
2310:95
2294:37
2270:30
2134:27
1974:49
1798:91
1246:12
942:93
709:in
445:rut
403:in
379:In
347:or
221:or
114:by
4580::
3088:.
3064:.
3038:.
3025:^
3009:^
2982:.
2935:,
2872:^
2837:.
2062:6
693:.
685:,
486:,
482:,
419:.
391:,
371:.
282:,
278:,
202:A
3629:)
3625:(
3179:e
3172:t
3165:v
3103:.
3074:.
3049:.
3020:.
2990:.
2917:.
2893:.
2849:.
545:'
478:(
181:)
175:(
170:)
166:(
156:·
149:·
142:·
135:·
108:.
76:)
70:(
65:)
61:(
57:.
47:.
20:)
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