29:
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The index is often misinterpreted in the media, with incorrect suggestions that it shows we have lost 69% of all animals or species since 1970. This widespread misinterpretation has led to several articles being published which detail what the LPI does and doesn't show, and how to correctly interpret
124:
In 2005, WWF authors identified that the population data was potentially unrepresentative. As of 2009, the database was found to contain too much bird data and gaps in the population coverage of tropical species, although it showed "little evidence of bias toward threatened species". The 2016 report
75:
at a rate unprecedented in human history The extent of declines varies with geographic region, with monitored vertebrate populations in Latin
America and the Caribbean experiencing average declines of 94%. One of the key drivers of declines has been identified as land-use change and the associated
157:
focused on calculation method, found that calculation of the Living Planet Index is biased by several mathematical issues, leading to overestimation of vertebrate population declines. When those mathematical issues are fixed, the majority of studied vertebrate populations shows balanced decline and
149:
showed that the overall estimated trend of a decline by 60% since 1970 was driven by less than 3% of the studied populations; when some outliers of extreme decline are removed, the decline still exists but is considerably less catastrophic, and when more outliers (roughly amounting to 2.4% of the
150:
populations) are removed, the trend shifts to that of a decline between the 1980s and 2000s, but a roughly positive trend after 2000. This extreme sensitivity to outliers indicates that the present approach of the Living Planet Index may be flawed.
533:
Loh, J., Green, R.E., Ricketts, T., Lamoreux, J., Jenkins, M., Kapos, V., and
Randers, J., 2005. The Living Planet Index: using species population time series to track trends in biodiversity. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 360:
96:) has been available online since 2013, and has been maintained by ZSL since 2016. The LPD contains more than 30,000 population trends for more than 5,200 species of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
133:, he criticised the attempt to combine data from different regions and ecosystems into a single figure, arguing that such reports are likely motivated by a desire to grab attention and raise money.
787:
63:
As of 2022, the index is statistically created from journal studies, online databases and government reports for 31,821 populations of 5,230 species of mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian and fish.
102:
A generalized additive modelling framework is used to determine the underlying trend in each population time-series. Average rates of change are calculated and aggregated to the species level.
243:
Informing the CBD 2020 strategic plan, the
Indicators and Assessments Unit at ZSL is concerned with ensuring the most rigorous and robust methods are implemented for the measurement of
121:
The fact that "all decreases in population size, regardless of whether they bring a population close to extinction, are equally accounted for" has been noted as a limitation.
113:
realm. This is done to counteract the uneven spatial and taxonomic distribution of data in the LPD. The three system indices are then averaged to produce the global LPI.
99:
The global LPI is calculated using these population time-series, which are gathered from a variety of sources such as journals, online databases and government reports.
200:
and the UN Global
Biodiversity Outlook. National and regional reports are now being produced to focus on relevant issues at a smaller scale. The latest edition of the
232:
The LPI played a pivotal role in measuring progress towards the CBD's 2010 target. It has also been adopted by the CBD as an indicator of progress towards its
247:, expanding the coverage of the LPI to more broadly represent biodiversity, and disaggregating the index in meaningful ways (such as assessing the changes in
463:
1381:
791:
483:
Collen, B.; Loh, J.; Whitmee, S.; McRae, L.; Amin, R.; Baillie, J. E. (2009). "Monitoring Change in
Vertebrate Abundance: the Living Planet Index".
142:
found higher declines than had been estimated, and indications that in areas where less data is available, species might be declining more quickly.
678:
341:
1832:
1165:
UNEP (2006) Report on the eighth meeting of the
Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity In: CBD, editor. pp. 374.
997:
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According to the 2022 report, monitored wildlife populations show an average decline of 69% between 1970 and 2018, suggesting that natural
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Butchart, S. H. M., Walpole, M. et al. (2010) "Global
Biodiversity: Indicators of Recent Declines." Science 328(5982): 1164-1168.
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Each species trend is aggregated to produce an index for the terrestrial, marine and freshwater systems. This process uses a
1414:
883:"Mathematical biases in the calculation of the Living Planet Index lead to overestimation of vertebrate population decline"
225:(CBD), 188 nations committed themselves to actions to: "… achieve, by 2010, a significant reduction of the current rate of
179:
175:
32:
The World
Wildlife Fund’s Living Planet Report 2022 found that wildlife populations declined by an average 69% since 1970.
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Leung, Brian; Hargreaves, Anna L.; Greenberg, Dan A.; McGill, Brian; Dornelas, Maria; Freeman, Robin (18 November 2020).
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572:"The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator"
20:
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Data source: Living Planet Report (2022). World
Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Zoological Society of London. -
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57:
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72:
338:"6 charts that show the state of biodiversity and nature loss - and how we can go 'nature positive'"
290:". Almond, R.E.A., Grooten, M., Juffe Bignoli, D. & Petersen, T. (Eds). WWF, Gland, Switzerland.
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1078:"There's a frightening new report about wildlife declines. But many are getting the story wrong"
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699:"The Living Planet Index: using species population time series to track trends in biodiversity"
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and degradation, often linked to unsustainable agriculture, logging, or other development.
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Westveer, J, Freeman, R., McRae, L., Marconi, V., Almond, R.E.A, and
Grooten, M. (2022) "
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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1133:"Report of the Eighth Meeting of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity"
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Westveer, J.; Freeman, R.; McRae, L.; Marconi, V.; Almond, R.E.A; Grooten, M. (2022).
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method which places most weight on the largest (most species-rich) groups within a
1053:"Researchers Report a Staggering Decline in Wildlife. Here's How to Understand It"
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WWF (2022). Almond, R.E.A.; Grooten, M.; Juffe Bignoli, D.; Peterson, T. (eds.).
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for over-representing western Europe, where more data were available. Talking to
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178:(UNEP-WCMC), the biodiversity assessment and policy implementation arm of the
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A 2017 investigation of the index by members of the ZSL team published in
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1108:"Living Planet Index: what does an average decline of 69% really mean?"
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Data source: World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Zoological Society of London
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McRae, Louise; Deinet, Stefanie; Freeman, Robin (3 January 2017).
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Living Planet Report 2022 - Building a nature-positive society
288:
Living Planet Report 2022 – Building a nature-positive society
1392:
881:
Toszogyova, Anna; SmyÄŤka, Jan; Storch, David (21 June 2024).
747:"WWF report: Mass wildlife loss caused by human consumption"
295:
A Deep Dive into the Living Planet Index: A Technical Report
385:
815:"Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines"
1290:
182:. WWF first published the index in 1998. Since 2006, the
998:"Wait, Have We Really Wiped Out 60 Percent of Animals?"
628:
880:
631:"Towards the global monitoring of biodiversity change"
388:
A Deep Dive into the Living Planet: A Technical Report
1929:
308:
216:
16:
Indicator of the state of global biological diversity
788:"World to Lose Two-Thirds of Wild Animals by 2020?"
785:
357:"How does the Living Planet Index vary by region?"
170:The index was originally developed in 1997 by the
158:growth (the only exception are the populations of
52:populations of species from around the world. The
947:"Living Planet Index: Partners and Collaborators"
348:
186:(ZSL) manages the index in cooperation with WWF.
1977:
1281:
756:
56:(ZSL) manages the index in cooperation with the
329:
145:In 2020, a re-analysis of the baseline data by
1833:International Union for Conservation of Nature
229:at the global, regional and national levels…"
1408:
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939:
790:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
696:
692:
690:
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549:, Zoological Society of London, 28 April 2023
427:Report 2016: Risk and resilience in a new era
1098:
1025:"Humans wipe out 70% of animals in 50 years"
677:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
236:2011-2020 targets 5, 6, and 12 (part of the
762:"World wildlife 'falls by 58% in 40 years'"
1890:The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History
1415:
1401:
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162:, where the numbers show steady decline).
922:
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221:In April 2002, and again in 2006, at the
44:) is an indicator of the state of global
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565:
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363:from the original on 20 September 2023.
189:Results are presented biennially in the
27:
1050:
344:from the original on 25 September 2023.
335:
1978:
949:. Zoological Society of London and WWF
786:Brian Clark Howard (27 October 2016).
405:. Gland, Switzerland: WWF. p. 4.
390:. Gland, Switzerland: WWF. p. 24.
359:. Our World in Data. 13 October 2022.
318:. Our World in Data. 13 October 2022.
1396:
1255:
969:"About the Living Planet Report 2022"
560:
473:
322:from the original on 8 October 2023.
1914:
986:
381:
379:
377:
375:
373:
180:United Nations Environment Programme
176:World Conservation Monitoring Centre
1848:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
1597:Extinction risk from climate change
1051:Einhorn, Catrin (12 October 2022).
697:Loh, Jonathan; et al. (2005).
400:
13:
280:
223:Convention on Biological Diversity
217:Convention on Biological Diversity
14:
2007:
1216:
1198:"Indicators and Assessments Unit"
638:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
370:
336:Whiting, Kate (17 October 2022).
125:was criticized by a professor at
1963:
1951:
1939:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1869:Decline in amphibian populations
1838:IUCN Species Survival Commission
1491:
1370:
629:Pereira, HM, Cooper, HD (2006).
505:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01117.x
196:and in publications such as the
174:(WWF) in collaboration with the
1544:Human impact on the environment
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198:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
1524:Climate variability and change
1422:
1200:. Zoological Society of London
537:
527:
419:
394:
204:was released in October 2022.
165:
83:
21:Living Planet (disambiguation)
1:
1874:Decline in insect populations
1817:IUCN Red List extinct species
1230:(ZSL) and WWF. Archived from
301:
275:Sustainable Development Goals
1283:Zoological Society of London
1228:Zoological Society of London
1176:"Aichi Biodiversity Targets"
597:10.1371/journal.pone.0169156
316:"Living Planet Index, World"
265:Millennium Development Goals
184:Zoological Society of London
116:
54:Zoological Society of London
7:
1342:EDGE of Existence programme
297:". WWF, Gland, Switzerland.
258:
207:
10:
2012:
1438:Background extinction rate
907:10.1038/s41467-024-49070-x
650:10.1016/j.tree.2005.10.015
238:Aichi Biodiversity Targets
172:World Wide Fund for Nature
66:
58:World Wide Fund for Nature
18:
1899:
1856:
1825:
1802:
1760:End-Jurassic or Tithonian
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1500:
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1365:
1322:
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842:10.1038/s41586-020-2920-6
1812:Lists of extinct species
466:13 December 2016 at the
340:. World Economic Forum.
73:ecosystems are degrading
270:Sustainable development
107:weighted geometric mean
1617:Latent extinction risk
973:livingplanet.panda.org
715:10.1098/rstb.2004.1584
90:Living Planet Database
33:
1991:Environmental indices
1574:Paradox of enrichment
1463:Functional extinction
1453:Ecological extinction
1224:"Living Planet Index"
887:Nature Communications
48:, based on trends in
31:
1843:Extinction Rebellion
1785:Pliocene–Pleistocene
1667:Cretaceous–Paleogene
1612:Hypothetical species
1602:Extinction threshold
1559:Overabundant species
1332:Institute of Zoology
1234:on 16 September 2011
1138:. UNEP. 15 June 2006
1106:(27 February 2024).
485:Conservation Biology
202:Living Planet Report
193:Living Planet Report
46:biological diversity
19:For other uses, see
1770:Cenomanian-Turonian
1715:Cambrian–Ordovician
1647:Ordovician–Silurian
1554:Mutational meltdown
1539:Habitat destruction
1458:Extinct in the wild
1357:Living Planet Index
996:(31 October 2018).
899:2024NatCo..15.5295T
834:2020Natur.588..267L
760:(27 October 2016).
588:2017PLoSO..1269156M
546:rlpi package (beta)
497:2009ConBi..23..317C
438:World Wildlife Fund
354:Regional data from
131:National Geographic
38:Living Planet Index
1996:Ecological metrics
1377:Animals portal
1337:Journal of Zoology
1057:The New York Times
794:on 28 October 2016
753:. 30 October 2018.
440:. pp. 1–148.
155:Charles University
34:
1927:
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1879:Extinction symbol
1798:
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1662:Triassic–Jurassic
1632:Extinction events
1508:Extinction vortex
1468:Genetic pollution
1390:
1389:
1178:. CBD Secretariat
1112:Our World in Data
1080:. 12 October 2022
828:(7837): 267–271.
447:978-2-940529-40-7
412:978-2-88085-316-7
245:population trends
227:biodiversity loss
147:McGill University
2003:
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1884:Human extinction
1775:Eocene–Oligocene
1657:Permian–Triassic
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1607:Field of Bullets
1564:Overexploitation
1549:Muller's ratchet
1534:Invasive species
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1478:Local extinction
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1700:End-Ediacaran
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1247:LPI at GitHub
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111:biogeographic
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26:
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1986:Biodiversity
1888:
1864:Anthropocene
1705:End-Botomian
1585:and concepts
1443:Coextinction
1356:
1346:EDGE Species
1238:22 September
1236:. Retrieved
1232:the original
1202:. Retrieved
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1170:
1161:
1152:
1140:. Retrieved
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1111:
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1072:
1060:. Retrieved
1056:
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1028:
1019:
1007:. Retrieved
1003:The Atlantic
1001:
988:
976:. Retrieved
972:
963:
951:. Retrieved
941:
890:
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821:
808:
796:. Retrieved
792:the original
781:
769:. Retrieved
765:
750:
741:
706:
702:
673:cite journal
661:. Retrieved
641:
637:
624:
579:
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286:WWF (2022) "
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78:habitat loss
70:
62:
41:
37:
35:
25:
1946:Environment
1710:Dresbachian
1305:(Cancelled)
893:(1): 5295.
851:10023/23213
213:the trend.
166:Publication
84:Calculation
1980:Categories
1790:Quaternary
1424:Extinction
1309:London Zoo
1204:2 November
1182:2 November
1142:31 October
1104:Roser, Max
1084:13 October
1062:13 October
1036:13 October
1009:2 November
978:13 October
953:1 November
798:2 November
771:31 October
663:3 November
453:29 October
432:(Report).
302:References
160:amphibians
50:vertebrate
1569:Overshoot
1431:Phenomena
1030:The Times
915:2041-1723
868:227065128
249:exploited
117:Criticism
1909:Category
1857:See also
1755:Toarcian
1720:Ireviken
1677:Timeline
1672:Holocene
1583:Theories
1324:Research
1117:26 March
994:Yong, Ed
933:38906876
924:11192898
860:33208939
766:BBC News
751:BBC News
733:15814346
658:16701487
616:28045977
576:PLOS ONE
534:289–295.
513:19040654
464:Archived
361:Archived
342:Archived
320:Archived
259:See also
208:Coverage
139:PLOS One
1970:Biology
1958:Ecology
1932:Portals
1919:Commons
1740:Olson's
1295:aquaria
895:Bibcode
830:Bibcode
724:1569448
607:5207715
584:Bibcode
553:13 June
521:8423870
493:Bibcode
461:Summary
67:Results
60:(WWF).
1765:Aptian
1517:Causes
1501:Models
1303:Biota!
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822:Nature
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656:
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409:
1725:Mulde
1688:Other
1640:Major
1136:(PDF)
864:S2CID
818:(PDF)
634:(PDF)
517:S2CID
430:(PDF)
1293:and
1291:Zoos
1240:2014
1206:2018
1184:2018
1144:2018
1119:2024
1086:2022
1064:2022
1038:2022
1011:2018
980:2022
955:2018
929:PMID
911:ISSN
856:PMID
800:2018
773:2018
755:and
729:PMID
679:link
665:2018
654:PMID
612:PMID
555:2023
509:PMID
455:2016
442:ISBN
407:ISBN
191:WWF
88:The
36:The
1730:Lau
919:PMC
903:doi
846:hdl
838:doi
826:588
719:PMC
711:doi
707:360
646:doi
602:PMC
592:doi
501:doi
255:).
251:or
240:).
94:LPD
42:LPI
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