304:. This isolation of sub-populations allowed the simultaneous increase in diversification between these sub-populations and increase in uniformity within them. Human intervention through artificial selection of animals with desirable characteristics further increased the differentiation among and uniformity within breeds. Examples of traits that have been deliberately selected by humans include growth rate, milk or egg production, coat color, meat quality, and age of maturity, among many others. The process of artificial selection has been the main reason for gains in output from commercial breeds, whereas the adaptation of indigenous livestock to diverse and challenging environments (natural selection) has been the main factor for their continued survival and production value. Overall, selection, whether it be natural or artificial,
1033:(SNPs) with associations in economically important traits. SNPs are important in marker-assisted breeding for the identification of traits such as meat or milk quality. At the same time, patenting activity involving transgenic livestock also increased. However, work on patents and characterization of AnGR declined sharply from 2001, caused by a combination of factors including an increasingly restrictive approach to the patentability of DNA sequences by patent offices and a lack of markets for food products from transgenic animals. Trends in activity arising from genome sequencing projects merit careful attention with regard to their implications (positive or negative) for animal genetic resources management.
413:
787:
425:
184:
972:(CGRFA), which is a body of FAO. In May 1997, The CGRFA established an Intergovernmental Technical Working Group on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITWG-AnGR). The ITWG-AnGR's objectives are to review the situation and issues related to agrobiodiversity of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. With this knowledge it can make recommendations and advise the Commission on these matters, and consider progress resulting from proposed interventions. This group worked with many partners and countries to produce the First Report on the State of Animal Genetic Resources, which served as the basis for creating the
264:
have been successfully domesticated. The proportion of domesticated birds used for food and agriculture is even lower- 10 out of 10,000. The reason these numbers are so low is because it is rare to find species with all of the behavioral and physiological traits necessary for domestication. These traits include lack of aggression towards humans, a strong gregarious instinct, a "follow the leader" dominance hierarchy, a tendency not to panic when disturbed, a diet that can be easily supplied by humans (herbivores), a rapid growth rate, relatively short intervals between births, and large litter size.
389:
899:
172:
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739:. These techniques allow us to map genomes and then analyze their implications through bioinformatics and statistical analysis. Molecular genetic studies, especially genome-wide association studies and whole-genome sequencing allow adaptive traits to be linked to genomic regions, genes, or even mutations. For example, horn size, meat quality, gait, and prenatal growth in cattle all have single genes found to be responsible for these phenotypic traits.
1000:"By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed."
196:
220:
401:
377:
991:. The Nagoya Protocol entered into force on 12 October 2014 and aims to provide a legal framework for the fair and equitable distribution of benefits arising from the utilization of all genetic resources, including animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. This protocol may have both positive and negative impacts on the exchange of animal genetic resources between signatory countries.
668:
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321:. Before the end of the 19th century, several breeds had been absorbed by other populations. In the 19th century, railways and steamships increased the long-distance transportation of livestock. After the Second World War, artificial insemination became common in cattle and pig breeding. As a result of these developments, a limited number of
976:(GPA). In 2007, the GPA was adopted by 109 countries as the first agreed international framework for the management of livestock biodiversity. The implementation of the GPA is overseen, monitored and evaluated by the CGRFA. The funding for this program arrives from a wide range of actors, under the guidelines of the
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disadvantages to each. While it is more difficult and costly to find land for livestock in peri-urban settings, incorporating livestock to small-scale farms can greatly increase the local food supply, reduce garden waste, and provide manure. Peri-urban environments can also provide excellent foraging for
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have contributed to the diversification of animal genetic resources and increased the variety of environments and production systems that livestock keeping takes place. Relatively few species have been domesticated; out of the world's 148 non-carnivorous species weighing more than 45 kg, only 15
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systems involves livestock keeping integrated with other agricultural activities. These systems are similar to small-scale systems, but tend to be in a more rural setting, given the need for larger tracts of land for crop production. As with small-scale livestock production, access to formal markets
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that can be devastating to a colony. Conversely, rural small-scale livestock production is traditionally more common, and allows for larger-scale operations (although much smaller than industrial systems). However, access to formal markets, both to acquire inputs and to sell outputs, is critical for
773:
Some general conclusions from recent molecular studies show that individual breeds within species show variation at only about 1% of the genome, whereas the variation of genetic material between species is about 80%. Additionally, breeds with well-defined and appreciated traits tend to be inbred and
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follow an irregular pattern of movement. Current issues that pastoralists face include conflict over land rights, access to water, limited food resources, integration into global markets, and animal diseases. Climate change has been believed to harm pastoralists, but evidence suggests that the root
708:
Some general conclusions from recent molecular studies show that individual breeds only differ by typically 40% in total genetic molecular composition; species differ by about 80% of their genetic material. Additionally, breeds with well-defined and appreciated traits tend to be inbred and have low
450:
Local breeds that were developed by a given community often have a huge cultural significance for that community. Livestock are often a source of wealth and are critical for its maintenance. They appear frequently in art and often play key roles in traditional customs, such as religious ceremonies,
451:
sporting events and weddings. Cultural ecosystem services also create significant economic opportunities in fields such as tourism (including, in the context of food and agriculture, farm holidays and visits to areas with historical or scenic farming or forest landscapes) and recreational hunting.
435:
Diversity also allows the flexibility to change breeding goals if needed and emphasize alternative traits in response to changes in markets or other conditions. For example, the
Holstein Friesian Cow, which is widely used for its whole milk production. Changes in cereal feed availability or demand
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involving the freezing of genetic materials. In many instances, both of these approached are used in a complementary manner. In order to establish and strengthen these programs, more research on methods and technologies must be undertaken, especially for less common livestock species, and greater
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Small-scale livestock production entails less intensive production cycles, access to outdoors or pasture, typically judicious use of antibiotics, and a connection to local niche markets. This type of livestock production can be maintained in peri-urban and rural settings. There are advantages and
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employs large-scale, principally landless systems. The animals are separated from the land where their feed is produced, and their environment is highly controlled by management interventions. Since a vast majority of consumers demand low-cost products, industrial livestock production has become
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and 58% are of unknown risk status, meaning that the problem may be underestimated. The world's pool of animal genetic resources is also currently shrinking, with rapid and uncontrolled loss of breeds and conjointly their often uncharacterized genes. Nearly 100 livestock breeds have gone extinct
316:
and performance recording and applying specific breeding objectives. This led to the fixation of breed-specific traits and an increase in productivity. Some breeds were interbred as distinct, isolated populations, while many breeds continued to interact with each other as a result of intentional
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Increasingly complex issues are emerging that require balancing the interests of many stakeholders. In a time of rapid and unregulated change, livestock and their products should be used sustainably, developed and ultimately conserved. National planning should integrate "consumer affairs, human
605:
One of the greatest threats to livestock diversity is pressure from large-scale commercial production systems to maintain only high-output breeds. Recent molecular studies have revealed that the diversity of today's indigenous livestock populations greatly exceeds that found in their commercial
267:
Besides their initial domestication, dispersion and migration of these domesticated species has had an equally important impact on shaping the composition of livestock diversity. The process of migration likely varied between regions, but certainly involved the movement of human populations and
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and the environment. In order to protect these unique traits, and the diversity they allow, collaborative global efforts towards the characterization and management of these genetic resources must be made. Unlike plants, which can be easily conserved in seed banks, a large portion of livestock
782:
There are many forms of livestock-keeping, that all have their own pros and cons in terms of maintaining genetic diversity. Systems range from completely human-controlled to wild. They differ in terms of animal management, animal treatment, environmental impact, and market infrastructure.
705:. Exploration of the past is essential to understand trends and to better characterize the current state of animal genetic resources. In 2009, six years after the completion of the human genome project, cattle became one of the first livestock species to have a fully mapped genome.
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plays an important role in livestock management and food security, since pastoralists can produce food where no crops can grow. This system usually relies entirely on publicly owned grasslands. Pastoralists move their livestock herds based on the season, which is also known as
493:
to diseases and pests, or ability to thrive on poor feed and cope with dry or hot climates can help humans be more resilient to changes in climate. Within breeds, greater genetic diversity allows for continued selection for improving a given trait, such as disease resistance.
722:
Characterization of animal genetic resources is a prerequisite for its management. Advances in molecular genetics have provided us with tools to better understand livestock origin and diversity. There are many technologies capable of determining genetic profiles, including
333:, have become very widespread and nowadays increasingly dominate livestock production globally. Thus, understanding the origins and the history of distribution of livestock are central to maintaining their current utilization and long-term conservation as resources.
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Although policies can have some negative consequences, they are nonetheless important. Lack of adequate policies can lead to the insufficient capacity to manage AnGRs, further a loss of genetic diversity and marginalization of relevant stakeholders, such as
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causes of land disputes are historical and political, rather than climate-related. Land rights are an issue for pastoralists, as many governments and organizations, including conservation efforts may restrict their access to valuable resources and land.
609:
Climate change and its impact on livestock is being studied. Changes in climate will affect livestock and food production in many ways. In Africa, different regions are predicted to experience different changes in weather patterns. For example, parts of
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and services for the benefit of humankind. The diversity of animal genetic resources allows livestock to be raised successfully in a diverse range of different environments and underpins the supply of a range of different products and services: from
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are used to detect geographic regions of domestication, reconstructing migration routes and the number of female founders. Drawing such inferences is possible because mitochondrial DNA sequences are transferred only through egg cells of the female.
509:
Indirect use value – results from the provision of support or protection to other activities that produce benefits, such as through the provision of regulating and supporting ecosystem services (e.g. cycling of soil nutrients, seed dispersal, fire
674:
Although many diverse species and breeds of animals are currently available for food and agricultural production, there is more work to be done on classifying their risk of extinction: in 2014, 17% of the world's farm animal breeds are at risk of
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For some breeds, opportunities for sustainable use are limited. For such breeds, to ensure that their critical genetic diversity is not lost, conservation programs are required. Several approaches for conservation can be applied, including
300:. Interbreeding within these sub-populations between individuals that thrived in the local prevailing environmental conditions (and were thus better able to reproduce) contributed to the formation of distinct groups of animals, known as
311:
Over the past 250 years the greatest changes in livestock diversity and creation of formal breeds have occurred mainly due to changes that began in
England in the late 18th century. These changes have included development of systematic
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that are not linked to specific traits are now more commonly used as markers for genetic diversity studies. Different levels of genetic diversity information can be obtained from different kinds of genetic markers. For example,
973:
295:
selection have also played a role in shaping the diversity of livestock populations. As animal populations migrated away from their original sites of domestication, sub-populations were formed through geographic and
1760:
Thornton, P.K.; van de Steeg, J.; Notenbaert, A.; Herrero, M. (2009). "The impacts of climate change on livestock and livestock systems in developing countries: A review of what we know and what we need to know".
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and molecular studies are being used to characterize livestock diversity and to reconstruct the events that have shaped the present diversity patterns, including ancestry, prehistoric and historical migrations,
513:
Option value – results from the potential benefits of having a given resource available for the future; for example, having genetic variability available that can be used to respond to market and environmental
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time period changed our human evolution and lifestyles. This ability to control food production led to major demographic, technological, political and military changes. Consecutively, thousands of years of
84:
and within-breed level. Known are currently 8,800 different breeds of birds and mammals within 38 species used for food and agriculture. The main animal species used for food and agriculture production are
653:
1368:. Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2010. pp. 76–77.
1241:. Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2010. pp. 10–15.
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Many countries are currently operating conservation programs for their animal genetic resources, at least for some species and breeds. In situ conservation programs are the most commonly used approach.
1682:. Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2010. p. 110.
1601:. Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2010. p. 122.
1555:. Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2010. p. 512.
1130:. Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2010. p. 5.
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Liebig, M. A.; Gross, J. R.; Kronberg, S. L.; Phillips, R. L. (1 May 2010). "Grazing
Management Contributions to Net Global Warming Potential: A Long-term Evaluation in the Northern Great Plains".
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between 2000 and 2014. With the loss of these breeds comes the loss of their unique adaptive traits, which are often under the control of many different genes and complex interactions between the
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The wide number of livestock breeds and the genetic diversity within them mean that animal genetic resources have a substantial value to society. The different breeds provide a wide range of
2011:
Naderi, Saeid; Rezaei, Hamid-Reza; Pompanon, François; Blum, Michael G. B.; Negrini, Riccardo; Naghash, Hamid-Reza; Balkız, Özge; Mashkour, Marjan; Gaggiotti, Oscar E. (18 November 2008).
485:. Having access to a range of diverse livestock traits may allow for greater ability to cope with harsh climates and emerging diseases. Animals with unique adaptive abilities, such as
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health matters, and the management of new biotechnologies, as well as physical and spatial planning of animal production in the context of urban expansion and protected areas."
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There are many online databases for policies, national laws, treaties and regulations on food, agriculture and renewable natural resources, including animal genetic resources.
649:
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Nardone, A.; Ronchi, B.; Lacetera, N.; Ranieri, M.S.; Bernabucci, U. (2010). "Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems".
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are only one example of many at risk of extinction. Despite the importance of animal genetic resources, their diversity has been continually decreasing over time.
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Increasing the direct use value will contribute to the economic sustainability of a breed and therefore to the potential for successful conservation activities."
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economic sustainability. Close rural-urban linkages are important to overcome constraints of feed scarcity and to better utilize the advantages of each system.
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Ecosystem
Services Provided By Livestock Species And Breeds, With Special Consideration To The Contributions Of Small-Scale Livestock Keepers And Pastoralists
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458:, such as landscape management, vegetation control, and promotion of biodiversity, that are critical for maintaining those landscapes. For example, the
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Drucker, Adam G; Gomez, Veronica; Anderson, Simon (2001). "The economic valuation of farm animal genetic resources: a survey of available methods".
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are predicted to have a drier than average rainy season, while just north in parts of central Africa, a wetter
December–January season is expected.
526:– results only from the satisfaction of knowing that a given animal genetic resource exists, even if no other type of value can be derived from it.
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livestock feed on. In general, the livestock keeper has a fixed home and animals move around the property as needed to obtain freshly grown grass.
520:– results from benefits that might be obtained from the knowledge that others may derive benefits from the animal genetic resource in the future.
502:"From a formal economic perspective, AnGR can have various different types of value for conservation. These values can be categorized as follows
1538:
2166:
Tor A. Benjaminsen. Sept. 2016. International
Institute for Environment and Development. "Does climate change cause conflicts in the Sahel?"
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FAO. 2007. The State of the World's Animal
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, pg 18. edited by B. Rischkowsky & D. Pilling. Rome
1007:"2.5.1: Number of plant and animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium or long term conservation facilities.
952:
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Direct use value – results from benefits obtained from the utilization of animal genetic resources, such as the production of milk or meat.
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Breeds that have been developed primarily through natural selection have effectively evolved with their environments and usually provide
1509:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome. p. 65.
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Progress is being made in the characterization and management of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. Recent advances in
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Groeneveld, L. F.; Lenstra, J. A.; Eding, H.; Toro, M. A.; Scherf, B.; Pilling, D.; Negrini, R.; Finlay, E. K.; Jianlin, H. (2010).
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746:, include genes affecting observable traits and thus have statistically detectable associations with those traits. However, DNA
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To help regulate the ownership of genetic resources and control their utilization is one example where policies are necessary.
17:
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is one approach that has been applied. Patenting of animal genetic resources reached its apex in the late 1990s, focusing on
817:. Living in densely packed cages or small spaces makes animals more prone to disease transmission from one animal to another.
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Bollongino, Ruth; Burger, Joachim; Powell, Adam; Mashkour, Marjan; Vigne, Jean-Denis; Thomas, Mark G. (1 September 2012).
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Margo Hale, Linda Coff ey, Terrell
Spencer, and Andy Pressman, NCAT Agriculture Specialists Published Sept. 2011 © NCAT
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105:. In the livestock world, these species are often referred to as "the big five". Some less-utilized species include the
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2013:"The goat domestication process inferred from large-scale mitochondrial DNA analysis of wild and domestic individuals"
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2.5.2: Proportion of local breeds, classified as being at risk, not at risk or unknown level of risk of extinction."
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cultural exchanges between populations. In order to look back and determine where livestock domestication occurred,
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have low genetic diversity, while non-descript local populations tend to have high molecular genetic diversity.
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2272:"SDG 2. Zero hunger | Sustainable Development Goals | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
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Statutes of the
Intergovernmental Technical Working Group on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
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common. However, there are several issues with industrial livestock production systems including disease,
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58:
species, which are used for food and agriculture purposes. AnGR is a subset of and a specific element of
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Felius, M.; Theunissen, B.; Lenstra, J.A. (2015). "On the conservation of cattle – the role of breeds".
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genetic diversity, while non-descript local populations tend to have high molecular genetic diversity.
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by removing plant material and encouraging regrowth and thus the movement of carbon from the air into
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The management of issues regarding animal genetic resources on the global level is addressed by the
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Greater livestock diversity allows humans to be better prepared to meet future challenges, such as
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Funding
Strategy for the Implementation of the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources
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462:, which were near extinction in the 1980s, today help to preserve centuries-old grassland in the
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The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
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are used for population diversity estimates, estimation of genetic relationships and population
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The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
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The second report on the state of the world's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture
1979:
The second report on the state of the world's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture
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The second report on the state of the world's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture
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The second report on the state of the world's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture
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The second report on the state of the world's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture
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The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
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The second report on the state of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
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The second report on the state of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
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The second report on the state of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
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The second report on the state of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
1239:
The second report on the state of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
1128:
The second report on the state of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
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Larson, Greger; Burger, Joachim (2013). "A population genetics view of animal domestication".
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1977:
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The access and benefit sharing of animal genetic resources are currently regulated by the
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genetic diversity relies on live populations and their interactions with the environment.
8:
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Intensification of production or decline of traditional production systems or small farms
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2012:
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These systems revolve around access to privately owned or rented grasslands, which the
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for clothing, carpets and furniture and are often the basis for traditional garments.
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The Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources and the Interlaken Declaration
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2101:
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1993:
1983:
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The history of animal genetic resources begins about 12,000 to 14,000 years ago. The
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AnGR could be embodied in live populations or in conserved genetic materials such as
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1804:
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1942:
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1471:
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have provided data on the history and current status of animal genetic resources.
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for low-solid-content milk may decrease the advantage of breeding Holstein cows.
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118:
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1782:
1650:. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. p. 122.
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482:
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195:
114:
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1982:. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. p. 14.
1857:. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. p. 13.
1822:. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. p. 41.
1315:
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1997:
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2072:"Modern Taurine Cattle Descended from Small Number of Near-Eastern Founders"
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1962:
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1803:
Monitoring for Environment and Security in Africa. accessed October, 2016.
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The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
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The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
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Lack of infrastructure or support for production, processing or marketing
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Loss/lack of grazing land or other elements of the production environment
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1175:"Evolution, consequences and future of plant and animal domestication"
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for Sustainable Development, AnGR are addressed under the target 2.5:
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Implementing the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources
2247:"Hunger and food security - United Nations Sustainable Development"
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280:
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http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/genetics/angrvent.html
2123:. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
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Some major disease threats that livestock currently face include,
76:. The diversity of animal genetic resources includes diversity at
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on Access and Benefit sharing, which is an agreement to the 1992
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732:
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Lack of/weak AnGR management policies, programmes or institutions
444:
146:
98:
77:
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1018:, who are valuable players in maintaining livestock diversity.
717:
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55:
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Domestic Animal Genetic Resources Information System (DAGRIS)
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http://www.iied.org/does-climate-change-cause-conflicts-sahel
1505:
Nations, Food Agriculture Organization of the United (2013).
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Number of local and transboundary breeds at global level 2018
601:
Aging farmers or lack of interest among the young generation"
301:
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information from archaeological sites, and ancient livestock
138:
126:
90:
81:
69:
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Nagoya Protocol from the Convention on Biological Diversity
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FAO Animal Production and Health website. accessed Nov 2016
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is one of the largest online databases, and is run by FAO.
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The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
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Migration from countryside/uptake of alternative employment
463:
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359:
351:
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336:
142:
94:
51:
1928:
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Inbreeding or other problems in the management of breeding
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Breeds not profitable/competitive or have poor performance
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134:
102:
2348:
Monitoring for Environment and Security in Africa (MESA)
2321:
Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
2010:
970:
Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
2119:
Scherf, Beate D.; Pilling, Dafydd, eds. (6 June 2018).
1976:
Scherf, Beate D.; Pilling, Dafydd, eds. (6 June 2018).
1851:
Scherf, Beate D.; Pilling, Dafydd, eds. (6 June 2018).
1816:
Scherf, Beate D.; Pilling, Dafydd, eds. (6 June 2018).
1644:
Scherf, Beate D.; Pilling, Dafydd, eds. (6 June 2018).
1301:
641:
2357:
2325:
963:
233:
637:
Current state of the world's animal genetic resources
497:
1461:
2353:Foodtank: Protecting Disappearing Livestock Breeds
1336:
1330:
1292:, edited by B. Rischkowsky & D. Pilling. Rome.
974:Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources
1805:http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1250e/a1250e00.htm
533:
242:of major crop and livestock species in the early
28:Animal genetic resources for food and agriculture
2768:
1879:
1507:In vivo conservation of animal genetic resources
1004:Which is monitored by the following indicators:
2017:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1340:; From, Tatiana; Boerma, David (October 2014).
586:Value of locally adopted breeds not appreciated
2221:Funding Strategy for the Global Plan of Action
1931:"Genetic diversity in farm animals - a review"
1284:
1282:
1280:
595:Globalization, trade liberalization or imports
2398:
2118:
1975:
1850:
1815:
1643:
652:(FAO) has taken initiative and published two
2326:Domestic Animal Diversity Information System
2145:
1083:
1059:
1057:
718:Characterization of animal genetic resources
654:global assessments of livestock biodiversity
633:(PPR), also known as sheep and goat plague.
1277:
778:Sustainable use of animal genetic resources
580:Changes to consumer/retailer demand/ habits
556:Introduction/increased use of exotic breeds
2405:
2391:
2378:International Livestock Research Institute
1537:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2087:
2046:
2036:
1198:
1054:
2297:"World Intellectual Property Indicators"
938:Conservation of animal genetic resources
897:
785:
640:
337:Benefits and uses of livestock diversity
2738:List of genetics research organizations
1504:
1172:
549:"Factors as causes of genetic erosion:
14:
2769:
2251:United Nations Sustainable Development
2202:
2200:
1897:"Scientists Unravel Genome of the Cow"
713:Management of animal genetic resources
308:results in reduced genetic variation.
2386:
2373:Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity
1894:
1901:The Washington Post and Times-Herald
1354:from the original on 17 August 2021.
470:shrubs. Grazing livestock also help
2197:
964:Policy for animal genetic resources
804:Industrial livestock production or
589:Unspecified economic/market factors
234:History of animal genetic resources
24:
2363:The American Livestock Conservancy
989:Convention on Biological Diversity
956:financial investment is required.
947:with live animal populations, and
666:
498:Values of animal genetic resources
439:Different breeds produce specific
25:
2813:
2797:Food and Agriculture Organization
2314:
742:Specific regions of DNA, such as
50:of actual or potential value) of
2751:
2750:
2358:Global Databank for AnGR- DAD-IS
2154:Small-Scale Livestock Production
1947:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02038.x
1413:Journal of Environmental Quality
1173:Diamond, Jared (8 August 2002).
831:Small-scale livestock production
553:(Indiscriminante) cross-breeding
423:
411:
399:
387:
375:
218:
206:
194:
182:
170:
2289:
2264:
2239:
2226:
2213:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2112:
2076:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2063:
2004:
1969:
1922:
1888:
1844:
1809:
1797:
1753:
1718:
1672:
1637:
1591:
1545:
1498:
1455:
1404:
1304:Journal of Agricultural Science
1031:single nucleotide polymorphisms
800:Industrial livestock production
325:commercial breeds, such as the
2787:Animals by conservation status
1895:Brown, David (24 April 2009).
1358:
1295:
1231:
1166:
1120:
1077:
1023:Patenting of genetic resources
534:Threats to livestock diversity
13:
1:
1476:10.1016/s0921-8009(00)00242-1
1047:
744:quantitative trait loci (QTL)
317:cross-breeding or unintended
36:farm animal genetic resources
2697:Missing heritability problem
2412:
1739:10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.011
840:, with less exposure to the
7:
10:
2818:
1783:10.1016/j.agsy.2009.05.002
631:Peste des petits ruminants
568:Disease/disease management
276:studies are useful tools.
2746:
2725:
2624:
2575:
2519:
2458:
2420:
1316:10.1017/s0021859614000124
1098:10.1016/j.tig.2013.01.003
882:or grass-based production
790:Intensive Chicken Farming
60:agricultural biodiversity
2234:https://www.cbd.int/abs/
815:ethical animal treatment
806:intensive animal farming
2038:10.1073/pnas.0804782105
1027:expressed sequence tags
737:DNA microarray analysis
725:whole genome sequencing
418:Dung used as fertilizer
2777:Biodiversity databases
1710:: CS1 maint: others (
1629:: CS1 maint: others (
1583:: CS1 maint: others (
1396:: CS1 maint: others (
1269:: CS1 maint: others (
1158:: CS1 maint: others (
903:
791:
671:
646:
627:foot and mouth disease
279:Other factors such as
40:livestock biodiversity
18:Livestock biodiversity
2792:Agricultural research
2733:List of genetic codes
2089:10.1093/molbev/mss092
901:
789:
670:
644:
251:and human selection,
2632:Behavioural genetics
1763:Agricultural Systems
1464:Ecological Economics
1433:10.2134/jeq2009.0272
1074:Section A, p 5. Rome
949:ex situ conservation
945:in situ conservation
926:Nomadic pastoralists
2782:Information systems
2712:Population genomics
2702:Molecular evolution
2662:Genetic engineering
2029:2008PNAS..10517659N
2023:(46): 17659–17664.
1775:2009AgSys.101..113T
1425:2010JEnvQ..39..799L
1200:10.1038/nature01019
1191:2002Natur.418..700D
476:soil organic matter
2672:Genetic monitoring
2341:2018-09-18 at the
2236:accessed Oct. 2016
1086:Trends in Genetics
1070:2018-09-18 at the
904:
792:
729:shotgun sequencing
690:molecular genetics
672:
647:
456:ecosystem services
2802:Agrarian politics
2764:
2763:
2687:He Jiankui affair
2677:Genetic genealogy
2667:Genetic diversity
2596:the British Isles
2501:Genetic variation
1727:Livestock Science
1185:(6898): 700–707.
764:mitochondrial DNA
760:genetic admixture
703:genetic isolation
540:Pantaneiro cattle
298:genetic isolation
44:genetic resources
34:), also known as
16:(Redirected from
2809:
2754:
2753:
2717:Reverse genetics
2692:Medical genetics
2407:
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2082:(9): 2101–2104.
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2008:
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1347:(Report). Rome.
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953:cryoconservation
472:sequester carbon
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48:genetic material
21:
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2611:the Middle East
2577:Archaeogenetics
2571:
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2343:Wayback Machine
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2068:
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2009:
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1990:
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1970:
1935:Animal Genetics
1927:
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1344:
1338:Hoffmann, Irene
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1072:Wayback Machine
1062:
1055:
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985:Nagoya Protocol
966:
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780:
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694:Genetic markers
639:
536:
524:Existence value
500:
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343:animal products
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331:Large White pig
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2707:Plant genetics
2704:
2699:
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2649:
2647:Genome editing
2644:
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2625:Related topics
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2547:Immunogenetics
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2459:Key components
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2315:External links
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2306:. 6 June 2018.
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756:polymorphisms
754:
749:
748:polymorphisms
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
710:
706:
704:
700:
695:
691:
686:
683:
678:
669:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
643:
634:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
607:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
583:Mechanization
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
551:
550:
547:
545:
541:
531:
525:
522:
519:
518:Bequest value
516:
512:
508:
505:
504:
503:
495:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
448:
446:
442:
437:
430:Draught Power
426:
421:
414:
409:
402:
397:
394:Meat and eggs
390:
385:
378:
373:
372:
371:
369:
368:draught power
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
334:
332:
328:
324:
323:transboundary
320:
319:introgression
315:
309:
307:
303:
299:
294:
290:
286:
285:genetic drift
282:
277:
275:
271:
265:
262:
261:crossbreeding
258:
254:
253:genetic drift
250:
245:
241:
240:domestication
231:
221:
216:
209:
204:
197:
192:
185:
180:
173:
168:
167:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
67:cryoconserved
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
2657:Genetic code
2591:the Americas
2567:Quantitative
2537:Cytogenetics
2532:Conservation
2425:Introduction
2304:www.wipo.int
2303:
2291:
2279:. Retrieved
2275:
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2250:
2241:
2228:
2215:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2152:
2147:
2120:
2114:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2020:
2016:
2006:
1978:
1971:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1900:
1890:
1881:
1853:
1846:
1818:
1811:
1799:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1679:
1674:
1646:
1639:
1598:
1593:
1552:
1547:
1506:
1500:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1365:
1360:
1332:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1238:
1233:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1127:
1122:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1039:
1035:
1020:
1016:pastoralists
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
999:
993:
982:
977:
967:
958:
941:
922:transhumance
911:
878:
865:is critical.
856:
830:
799:
781:
772:
741:
721:
707:
687:
673:
661:
657:
648:
620:
608:
604:
548:
537:
529:
501:
480:
453:
449:
443:, hairs and
438:
434:
340:
327:Holstein cow
310:
305:
278:
266:
237:
229:
64:
39:
35:
31:
27:
26:
2637:Epigenetics
2276:www.fao.org
2206:FAO. 2007.
2190:FAO, 2016.
1470:(1): 1–18.
1310:: 152–162.
1288:FAO. 2007.
1063:FAO. 2015.
1029:(ESTs) and
996:Agenda 2030
994:Within the
917:Pastoralism
912:Pastoralism
902:Pastoralism
848:, and even
660:(2007) and
270:osteometric
2771:Categories
2642:Geneticist
2616:South Asia
2562:Population
2542:Ecological
2511:Amino acid
2491:Nucleotide
2466:Chromosome
2219:FAO, 2010.
1048:References
850:pesticides
762:, whereas
677:extinction
623:rinderpest
616:Mozambique
612:Madagascar
487:resistance
466:by eating
293:artificial
257:inbreeding
123:guinea pig
2557:Molecular
2552:Microbial
2527:Classical
2139:939710260
2098:0737-4038
1998:939710260
1955:0268-9146
1909:0190-8286
1873:939710260
1838:939710260
1791:0308-521X
1747:1871-1413
1706:cite book
1698:676726229
1666:939710260
1625:cite book
1617:676726229
1579:cite book
1571:676726229
1533:cite book
1525:878605883
1484:0921-8009
1441:1537-2537
1392:cite book
1384:676726229
1265:cite book
1257:676726229
1225:205209520
1209:0028-0836
1154:cite book
1146:676726229
1106:0168-9525
753:autosomal
699:admixture
510:control).
491:tolerance
406:Dyed wool
306:generally
281:mutations
244:neolithic
151:partridge
107:dromedary
56:mammalian
2756:Category
2682:Heredity
2652:Genomics
2496:Mutation
2486:Heredity
2450:Glossary
2440:Timeline
2414:Genetics
2339:Archived
2106:22422765
2057:19004765
1963:20500753
1941:: 6–31.
1492:42725290
1449:20400576
1349:Archived
1324:85854023
1217:12167878
1114:23415592
1068:Archived
888:ruminant
880:Ranching
846:diseases
682:genotype
664:(2015).
514:changes.
468:invasive
314:pedigree
155:pheasant
99:chickens
2435:History
2430:Outline
2210:. Rome.
2048:2584717
2025:Bibcode
1771:Bibcode
1421:Bibcode
1187:Bibcode
445:leather
289:natural
249:natural
189:Chicken
147:ostrich
119:buffalo
78:species
74:embryos
46:(i.e.,
2601:Europe
2586:Africa
2520:Fields
2506:Allele
2481:Genome
2281:28 May
2256:28 May
2137:
2127:
2104:
2096:
2055:
2045:
1996:
1986:
1961:
1953:
1914:28 May
1907:
1871:
1861:
1836:
1826:
1789:
1745:
1696:
1686:
1664:
1654:
1615:
1605:
1569:
1559:
1523:
1513:
1490:
1482:
1447:
1439:
1382:
1372:
1322:
1255:
1245:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1179:Nature
1144:
1134:
1112:
1104:
1042:FAOLEX
701:, and
629:, and
544:Brazil
364:manure
302:breeds
259:, and
177:Cattle
163:turkey
161:, and
159:pigeon
131:rabbit
111:donkey
87:cattle
42:, are
2726:Lists
2606:Italy
2445:Index
2300:(PDF)
2223:Rome.
2194:Rome.
1488:S2CID
1352:(PDF)
1345:(PDF)
1320:S2CID
1221:S2CID
842:pests
201:Sheep
139:goose
127:horse
95:goats
91:sheep
82:breed
70:semen
52:avian
2283:2018
2258:2018
2135:OCLC
2125:ISBN
2102:PMID
2094:ISSN
2053:PMID
1994:OCLC
1984:ISBN
1959:PMID
1951:ISSN
1916:2018
1905:ISSN
1869:OCLC
1859:ISBN
1834:OCLC
1824:ISBN
1787:ISSN
1743:ISSN
1712:link
1694:OCLC
1684:ISBN
1662:OCLC
1652:ISBN
1631:link
1613:OCLC
1603:ISBN
1585:link
1567:OCLC
1557:ISBN
1539:link
1521:OCLC
1511:ISBN
1480:ISSN
1445:PMID
1437:ISSN
1398:link
1380:OCLC
1370:ISBN
1271:link
1253:OCLC
1243:ISBN
1213:PMID
1205:ISSN
1160:link
1142:OCLC
1132:ISBN
1110:PMID
1102:ISSN
838:bees
813:and
735:and
614:and
538:The
464:Alps
441:wool
382:Milk
366:and
360:fuel
356:eggs
354:and
352:milk
348:meat
329:and
291:and
287:and
225:Goat
143:duck
103:pigs
101:and
54:and
32:AnGR
2476:RNA
2471:DNA
2084:doi
2043:PMC
2033:doi
2021:105
1943:doi
1779:doi
1767:101
1735:doi
1731:130
1472:doi
1429:doi
1312:doi
1308:153
1195:doi
1183:418
1094:doi
951:or
542:of
489:or
358:to
274:DNA
213:Pig
135:yak
72:or
38:or
2773::
2579:of
2302:.
2274:.
2249:.
2199:^
2133:.
2100:.
2092:.
2080:29
2078:.
2074:.
2051:.
2041:.
2031:.
2019:.
2015:.
1992:.
1957:.
1949:.
1939:41
1937:.
1933:.
1903:.
1899:.
1867:.
1832:.
1785:.
1777:.
1765:.
1741:.
1729:.
1708:}}
1704:{{
1692:.
1660:.
1627:}}
1623:{{
1611:.
1581:}}
1577:{{
1565:.
1535:}}
1531:{{
1519:.
1486:.
1478:.
1468:36
1466:.
1443:.
1435:.
1427:.
1417:39
1415:.
1394:}}
1390:{{
1378:.
1318:.
1306:.
1279:^
1267:}}
1263:{{
1251:.
1219:.
1211:.
1203:.
1193:.
1181:.
1177:.
1156:}}
1152:{{
1140:.
1108:.
1100:.
1090:29
1088:.
1056:^
980:.
924:.
844:,
731:,
727:,
656::
625:,
478:.
370:.
362:,
350:,
283:,
255:,
165:.
157:,
153:,
149:,
145:,
141:,
137:,
133:,
129:,
125:,
121:,
117:,
113:,
109:,
97:,
93:,
89:,
80:,
62:.
2406:e
2399:t
2392:v
2285:.
2260:.
2157:.
2141:.
2108:.
2086::
2059:.
2035::
2027::
2000:.
1965:.
1945::
1918:.
1875:.
1840:.
1793:.
1781::
1773::
1749:.
1737::
1714:)
1700:.
1668:.
1633:)
1619:.
1587:)
1573:.
1541:)
1527:.
1494:.
1474::
1451:.
1431::
1423::
1400:)
1386:.
1326:.
1314::
1273:)
1259:.
1227:.
1197::
1189::
1162:)
1148:.
1116:.
1096::
30:(
20:)
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