Agricultural biodiversity

329:, which are the geographical areas where species were originally developed. For example, the Andean region of Peru is a centre of origin for certain tuber species, and over 1,483 varieties of these species can be found there. Genetic diversity is important as different genes give rise to important traits, such as nutrient composition, hardiness to different environments, resistance to pests, or ample harvests. Genetic diversity is decreasing due to agricultural modernization, changing land use and climate change, among other factors. (It is even possible that breeding narrowly for the pest- and disease-resistance necessary to deal with climate change will, itself, reduce agrobiodiversity.) Genetic diversity is not static but is constantly evolving in response to changes in the environment and according to human intervention, whether farmers or breeders. 898: 50:. It can be defined as "the variety and variability of animals, plants and micro-organisms at the genetic, species and ecosystem levels that sustain the ecosystem structures, functions and processes in and around production systems, and that provide food and non-food agricultural products.” It is managed by farmers, pastoralists, fishers and forest dwellers, agrobiodiversity provides stability, adaptability and resilience and constitutes a key element of the livelihood strategies of rural communities throughout the world. Agrobiodiversity is central to sustainable food systems and sustainable diets. The use of agricultural biodiversity can contribute to 333: 346:

Species diversity includes "the domesticated plants and animals that are part of crop, livestock, forest or aquaculture systems, harvested forest and aquatic species, the wild relatives of domesticated species, and other wild species harvested for food and other products. It also encompasses what is known as “associated biodiversity”, the vast range of organisms that live in and around food and agricultural production systems, sustaining them and contributing to their output." Agriculture is understood to include crop and livestock production, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture.

497: 766: 455: 303: 379: 441:' species) are rich in micronutrients and other healthful components. Also among different varieties of a species, there can be a wide variety of nutrient composition; for example some sweet potato varieties contain negligible levels of beta-carotene, which others can contain up to 23,100 mcg per 100g of raw, peeled sweet potatoes. Other provisioning services from agrobiodiversity are the provision of wood, fibre, fuel, water and medicinal resources. Sustainable 587:

have become more homogeneous globally. The differences between the foods eaten in different countries decreased by 68% between 1961 and 2009. The modern 'global standard' diet contains an increasingly large percentage of a relatively small number of major staple commodity crops, which have increased substantially in the share of the total food energy (calories), protein, fat, and food weight that they provide to the world's human population, including

540: 20: 557:' festival, celebrated in parts of India, Nepal and Mauritius. Home gardens are important as culturally constructed spaces where agrobiodiversity is conserved for a wide variety of social, aesthetic and cultural reasons. Genetic diversity is maintained by resource-poor farmers because of many non-monetary values, including culture and food. 467:

crops and species, so that it is available to maintain adaptability to new and changing climate and weather conditions. Genetic diversity is the basis of crop and livestock improvement programmes, which breed new varieties of crops and livestock in response to consumer demand and farmers' needs. An important source of genetic diversity are

82:(CBD) uses the term 'agricultural diversity'. The CBD more or less (but not entirely) excludes marine aquatic organisms and forestry in its usage because they have their own groups and international frameworks for discussion of international policies and actions. Decision V/5 of the CBD provides the framing description. 523:

local microbes. Farmers and breeders can use genetic diversity to breed varieties which are more tolerant to changing climate conditions, and which, combined with practices like conservation agriculture, can increase sequestration in soils and biomass, and reduce emissions by avoiding the degrading of farmlands. Using

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movement, which celebrates local food varieties in order to add value to them, raise awareness about them and ultimately conserve and use them. In addition, some traditional cultures use agrobiodiversity in cultural rituals, e.g. many populations of fruit species (pomelo and mango) are maintained in

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While similar, different definitions are used by different bodies to describe biodiversity in connection with food production. CGIAR tends to use agricultural biodiversity or agrobiodiversity, while the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) uses 'biodiversity for food and agriculture' and

846:. There, farmers continue to grow landraces and maintain traditional knowledge and seed management practices in a process known as de facto conservation. Home gardens too are repositories of high levels of species diversity, and traditional landraces contain wide genetic diversity. For forest trees, 828:

conservation means "the conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings and, in the case of domesticated or cultivated species, in the surroundings where they have developed their distinctive properties".

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conservation offers some advantages for seed-bearing crops: 1) Seed requires little space; 2) Ex situ conservation can be implemented anywhere; 3) There is easy access to what is conserved for distribution, further use, research and breeding; 4) Costs for maintaining genetic diversity that has

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Agrobiodiversity is threatened by changing patterns of land use (urbanization, deforestation), agricultural modernization (monocultures and abandoning of traditional, biodiversity-based practices); Westernization of diets and their supply chains. It has been estimated that biodiversity as a whole is

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75% of the 115 major crop species grown globally rely on pollinators. Agrobiodiversity contributes to the health of pollinators by: (a) providing habitat for them to live and breed; (b) providing non-chemical biological options for pest control (see below) so that insecticide use can be reduced, and

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are the services provided by well functioning ecosystems (agroecosystems and also wild ecosystems such as forests or grasslands) to human wellbeing. They are usually clustered into four broader categories: provisioning (direct provision of goods such as food and water), supporting (the services that

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which means that they are conserved in their natural or cultivated site. While these two approaches are sometimes pitted against each other as either/or, both have merits. Conservation practitioners recommend integrating both methods, according to the purpose of conservation, threats, uniqueness of

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Species diversity refers to the number and abundance of different species used for food and agriculture. The number of species considered to contribute to food alone ranges from 5,538 to 75,000 depending on definitions. A conservative estimate is that about 6,000 species are commonly used for food.

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Reduced agrobiodiversity influences, and is influenced by, changes in human diets. Since the mid-1900s, human diets across the world have become more diverse in the consumption of major commodity staple crops, with a corollary decline in consumption of local or regionally important crops, and thus

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Agrobiodiversity contributes to carbon capture if used as part of a package of agroecological practices, for example by providing cover crops which can be dug into the land as green manure; maintaining tree stands and hedgerows; and protecting the integrity of soils so that they continue to house

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Agrobiodiversity contributes to pest control by: (a) providing a habitat for pests' natural enemies to live and breed in; (b) providing wide genetic diversity which means it is more likely that genes contain resistance to any given pathogen or pest, and also that the plant can evolve as pests and

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Agrobiodiversity's contribution to supporting services is providing the biological or life support to production, emphasising conservation, sustainable use and enhancement of the biological resources that support sustainable production systems. The main service is to maintain genetic diversity of

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Having limited access to synthetic inputs, resource-poor farmers' fields are often organic by default. A meta-analysis of studies comparing biodiversity noted that, when compared to organic cropping systems, conventional systems had significantly lower species richness and abundance (30% greater

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conservation include: 1) it is costly to maintain seeds and germplasm healthily in perpetual storage, or in field collections; 2) Coverage of the diversity of neglected and underutilized crops or crop wild relatives is currently very limited. Genebanks have largely focused on the conservation of

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conservation is considered a relatively reliable way of maintaining genetic diversity, since it is usually preserved over the longer term and is less prone to change. The diversity of much of the world's major crops has been extensively collected and conserved in genebanks. Over 7 million

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Agrobiodiversity is central to cultural ecosystem services in the form of food biodiversity, which is central to local cuisines worldwide. Agrobiodiversity provides locally appreciated crops and species, and also unique varieties which have cultural significance. For example, ethnic traditional

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Interspecific crop diversity is, in part, responsible for offering variety in what we eat. Intraspecific diversity, the variety of alleles within a single species, also offers us a choice in our diets. If a crop fails in a monoculture, we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with

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farmers is important to the survival of both humans and the environment. Since aquatic organisms, including fish, provide much of our food supply as well as underpinning the income of coastal peoples, it is critical that fisherfolk and smallholder farmers have genetic reserves and sustainable

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or breeds. Genetic vulnerability occurs when there is little genetic diversity within a population of plants. This lack of diversity makes the population as a whole particularly vulnerable to disease, pests, or other factors. The problem of genetic vulnerability often arises with modern crop

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conservation is the conservation of genetic resources (species, varieties, cultivars, sub-species, landraces etc.) for food and agriculture outside their natural habitat, in a managed environment including: botanical gardens, seedbanks, pollenbanks, field genebanks, cryobank or herbaria.

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struck the US corn belt, destroying 15% of the harvest. A particular plant cell characteristic known as Texas male sterile cytoplasm conferred vulnerability to the blight - a subsequent study by the National Academy of Sciences found that 90% of American maize plants carried this trait.

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cultures influence the conservation of a wide diversity of rice varieties in China (e.g. red rice, sweet glutinous rices) developed by farmers over thousands of years and used in traditional cultures, rituals and customs. Another example are local food fairs, epitomized by the

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Singh, A.; Nath, V.; Singh, S.K.; Sthapit, B.; Reddy, B.M.C. (2016). "17. The role of a traditional festival, Chhath Puja, in the conservation and sustainable use of traditional fruits". In Sthapit, Bhuwon; Lamers, Hugo A.H.; Rao, V. Ramanatha; Bailey, Arwen (eds.).

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something new. If a wheat crop is destroyed by a pest we may plant a hardier variety of wheat the next year, relying on intraspecific diversity. We may forgo wheat production in that area and plant a different species altogether, relying on interspecific diversity.

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struck rice fields from Indonesia to India in the 1970s, 6,273 varieties were tested for resistance. Only one was resistant, an Indian variety and known to science only since 1966. This variety formed a hybrid with other varieties and is now widely

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within species, between species and provided by ecosystems." Historically at least 6,000 plant species and numerous animal species have been used as human food. This number is considered to be decreasing now, resulting in concerns about long-term

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has the benefit that species can continue to evolve in response to natural and human pressures. In the case of crops, a large amount of diversity is retained in developing countries by smallholder farmers, particularly for many crops in their

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samples are conserved in 1,750 genebanks worldwide. Collections are safety-duplicated as an insurance in case of damage to one genebank. In addition, most globally important collections of annual or seed-bearing crops have a backup in the

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Pimm, S. L.; Jenkins, C. N.; Abell, R.; Brooks, T. M.; Gittleman, J. L.; Joppa, L. N.; Raven, P. H.; Roberts, C. M.; Sexton, J. O. (2014-05-30). "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection".

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are needed for agriculture to be healthy, such as soil), regulating (regulating natural processes needed in agriculture such as pollination, carbon capture or pest control), or cultural (recreational, aesthetic and spiritual benefits).

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major staple crops while non-staple crops and crop wild relatives are poorly represented; 3) There are species with ‘recalcitrant’ seeds, which means they cannot be stored long term; 4) Specialized infrastructure and staff are needed.

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and predators. Agrobiodiversity can support wild biodiversity through the use of field margins, riparian corridors, hedgerows and clumps of trees, which provide and connect habitats. A further supporting service is maintaining healthy

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Zimmerer, Karl S.; de Haan, Stef; Jones, Andrew D.; Creed-Kanashiro, Hilary; Tello, Milka; Carrasco, Miluska; Meza, Krysty; Plasencia Amaya, Franklin; Cruz-Garcia, Gisella S.; Tubbeh, Ramzi; Jiménez Olivencia, Yolanda (2019).

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is linked to improving the conservation, sustainable use and enhancement of the diversity of all genetic resources for food and agriculture, especially plant and animal genetic resources, in all types of production systems.

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Jarvis, D.I.; Brown, A.H.D.; Imbruce, V.; Ochoa, J.; Sadiki, M.; Karamura, E.; Trutmann, P.; Finckh, M.R. (2007). "11. Managing crop disease in traditional agroecosystems". In Jarvis, D.I.; Padoch, C.; Cooper, H.D. (eds.).

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conservation is relatively low cost for high levels of biodiversity, particularly crop wild relatives, neglected and underutilized species, landraces, trees, fish and livestock. However, species and varieties conserved

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insect pollinators not damaged; (c) providing a symbiotic relationship of constant flower production, with crops flowering at different times, so that the pollinators have constant access to nectar-producing flowers.

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refers to the variety and variability of different components in a given geographical area (e.g. landscape, country). In the context of agrobiodiversity ecosystem diversity refers to the diversity within and between

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institutional mechanisms to coordinate initiatives to achieve production, conservation and livelihood objectives at landscape, farm and community scales, by exploiting synergies and managing trade-offs among

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Ecosystem level conservation looks at landscape level, with landscapes managed by the group of stakeholders working together to achieve biodiversity, production and livelihood goals. Land use mosaics combine

325:, or commercially bred varieties of a crop (e.g. different apple varieties: Fuji, Golden Delicious, Golden Pippin, etc.). There is considerable genetic diversity within all food crop species, particularly in 207:

and within-breed level. Known are currently 8,800 different breeds of birds and mammals within 38 species used for food and agriculture. The main animal species used for food and agriculture production are

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Mijatović, Dunja; Van Oudenhoven, Frederik; Eyzaguirre, Pablo; Hodgkin, Toby (2013). "The role of agricultural biodiversity in strengthening resilience to climate change: towards an analytical framework".

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Agrobiodiversity makes several contributions to regulating services, which control the natural processes needed for a healthy agroecosystem. Pollination, pest control and carbon capture are examples.

915:, which are conserved and maintained as unique systems of agriculture, in order to sustainably provide multiple goods and services, food and livelihood security for millions of small-scale farmers. 471:, wild plant species that are genetically related to cultivated crops. A second supporting service is to maintain the habitat of wild biodiversity, particularly associated biodiversity, for example 660:

of 1846 was a major factor in the deaths of one million people and the emigration of about two million. It was the result of planting only two potato varieties, both vulnerable to the blight,

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Attempts to conserve or safeguard agrobiodiversity usually focus on species or genetic level of agrobiodiversity. Conservation of genetic diversity and species diversity can be carried out

2779:. Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2010. 2248:

Butchart, S. H. M.; Walpole, M.; Collen, B.; van Strien, A.; Scharlemann, J. P. W.; Almond, R. E. A.; Baillie, J. E. M.; Bomhard, B.; Brown, C.; Bruno, J.; Carpenter, K. E. (2010-05-28).

619:, wheat has become a staple in over 97% of countries, with the other global staples showing similar dominance worldwide. Other crops have declined sharply over the same period, including 573:, the loss of genetic diversity, including the loss of individual genes, and the loss of particular combinations of genes (or gene complexes) such as those manifested in locally adapted 317:

refers to the variety and variability within and between species. It can refer to the naturally occurring genetic variability within and between populations of a species, for example

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Facilitating Mechanism for the Implementation of the Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (GPA)

394:: e.g. pastures, ponds and rivers, planted fields, hedges, trees and so on. Landscape-level biodiversity has received less research attention than the other levels of biodiversity. 2980:

Jarvis, D. I.; Brown, A. H. D.; Cuong, P. H.; Collado-Panduro, L.; Latournerie-Moreno, L.; Gyawali, S.; Tanto, T.; Sawadogo, M.; Mar, I.; Sadiki, M.; Hue, N. T.-N. (2008-04-08).

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diseases evolve. Genetic diversity also means that some crops grow earlier or later, or in wetter or drier conditions, so the crop might avoid attacks from the pest or pathogen.

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characteristics. It is a subset of a specific element of agricultural biodiversity. Over the past 50 years, there has been a major decline in two components of crop diversity;

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being lost at 100–1000 times the natural background rate. This extends also to agricultural biodiversity and loss of genetic diversity from farmers' fields and the wild.

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It is not clear when exactly the term agrobiodiversity was coined nor by whom. The 1990 annual report of the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR, now

1252: 961: 74:) is one of the earliest references to biodiversity in the context of agriculture. Most references to agricultural biodiversity date from the late 1990s onwards. 1928:

Wang, Yanjie; Wang, Yanli; Sun, Xiaodong; Caiji, Zhuoma; Yang, Jingbiao; Cui, Di; Cao, Guilan; Ma, Xiaoding; Han, Bing; Xue, Dayuan; Han, Longzhi (2016-10-27).

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Burlingame, B.; Charrondiere, R.; Mouille, B. (2009). "Food composition is fundamental to the cross-cutting initiative on biodiversity for food and nutrition".

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richness and 50% greater abundance in organic systems, on average), though 16% of studies did find a greater level of species richness in conventional systems.

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species (cauliflowers, different broccolis, cabbages, Brussels sprouts, etc.). Many species which have been overlooked by mainstream research ('orphan' or '

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Sthapit, Bhuwon; Rana, Ram; Eyzaguirre, Pablo; Jarvis, Devra (2008). "The value of plant genetic diversity to resource-poor farmers in Nepal and Vietnam".

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Klein, Alexandra-Maria; Vaissière, Bernard E; Cane, James H; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf; Cunningham, Saul A; Kremen, Claire; Tscharntke, Teja (2007-02-07).

133:, as the world's human population depends on a diminishing number of varieties of a diminishing number of crop species. Crops are increasingly grown in 2576: 1749:. Potts, Simon G.,, Imperatriz-Fonseca, Vera Lúcia.,, Ngo, Hien T.,, Biesmeijer, Jacobus C.,, Breeze, Thomas D.,, Dicks, Lynn V. Bonn, Germany. 2016. 935: 167: 160: 951: 912: 901: 2734: 2525:

Wahl, GM; Robert de Saint Vincent B; Derose, ML (1984). "Effect of chromosomal position on amplification of transfected genes in animal cells".

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Gurr, Geoff M.; Wratten, Stephen D.; Luna, John Michael (2003). "Multi-function agricultural biodiversity: pest management and other benefits".

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Galluzzi, Gea; Eyzaguirre, Pablo; Negri, Valeria (2010-12-01). "Home gardens: neglected hotspots of agro-biodiversity and cultural diversity".

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Kloppenburg, Jack Ralph Jr. "First the Seed: The political economy of plant biotechnology, 2nd edition" University of Wisconsin Press 2004. 163

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was a contributing factor to several agricultural disasters, including the European wine industry collapse in the late 19th century and the US

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Conservation of genetic resources: Costs and implications for a sustainable utilization of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture

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Hajjar, Reem; Jarvis, Devra I.; Gemmill-Herren, Barbara (2008). "The utility of crop genetic diversity in maintaining ecosystem services".

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in the wild, and conservation of landraces and neglected and underutilized species on farm in farmers' fields. Conserving agrobiodiversity

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Thormann, Imke; Engels, Johannes M. M. (2015), Ahuja, M. R.; Jain, S. Mohan (eds.), "Genetic Diversity and Erosion—A Global Perspective",

1009: 2013:

Galluzzi, Gea; Eyzaguirre, Pablo; Negri, Valeria (2010). "Home gardens: neglected hotspots of agro-biodiversity and cultural diversity".

1173:"Decision V/5 Agricultural biological diversity: review of phase I of the programme of work and adoption of a multi-year work programme" 2499: 186:

species, which are used for food and agriculture purposes. AnGR is a subset of and a specific element of agricultural biodiversity.

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Contributions from agrobiodiversity to food and agriculture are usually categorized by their contribution to ecosystem services.

1930:"Influence of ethnic traditional cultures on genetic diversity of rice landraces under on-farm conservation in southwest China" 1648:"Importance of Genetic Diversity Assessment in Crop Plants and Its Recent Advances: An Overview of Its Analytical Perspectives" 2335: 2964: 2784: 2478: 2161: 1997: 1890: 1754: 1537: 1484: 1459: 1328: 1248:"The biodiversity of food and agriculture (Agrobiodiversity) in the anthropocene: Research advances and conceptual framework" 1019: 897: 2982:"A global perspective of the richness and evenness of traditional crop-variety diversity maintained by farming communities" 1605: 731:

strategies as well as more labor-intensive strategies, but generally less dependent on capital, biotechnology, and energy.

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and Central America in 1970. A resistant variety was found in Ethiopia. The diseases are themselves a form of biodiversity.

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of Ireland, a single disease overcomes a variety's resistance, it may destroy an entire harvest, or as in the case of the '

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Fighting poverty, hunger and malnutrition with neglected and underutilized species: needs, challenges and the way forward

1606:"Linking agricultural biodiversity and food security: the valuable role of agrobiodiversity for sustainable agriculture" 1193: 228:. In the livestock world, these species are often referred to as "the big five". Some less-utilized species include the 2374: 1866: 1806: 79: 3262:- Scientific evidence, management practices and policy options to use and safeguard agricultural and tree biodiversity 578:

varieties, which are uniform by design. An example of the consequences of genetic vulnerability occurred in 1970 when

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farms, the approach is generally to suppress damaging associated diversity using a suite of biologically destructive

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the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Platform for Agrobiodiversity Research (2011).

956: 438: 3166:"Biodiversity conservation and agricultural sustainability: towards a new paradigm of 'ecoagriculture' landscapes" 1857:

Ortiz, R. (2011). "12. Agrobiodiversity management for climate change". In Lenné, Jillian M.; Wood, David (eds.).

854:, and because there are 60,000 tree species, each with multiple populations, so too many to identify and collect. 707:

The control of damaging associated biodiversity is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face. On

2824:"In situ conservation—harnessing natural and human-derived evolutionary forces to ensure future crop adaptation" 1321:

Mainstreaming Agrobiodiversity in Sustainable Food Systems: Scientific Foundations for an Agrobiodiversity Index

3265: 2148:, Sustainable Development and Biodiversity, vol. 7, Springer International Publishing, pp. 263–294, 716: 3249: 2580: 1479:. Geneva Switzerland: World Health Organization and Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. 321:, or to the variability created by humans, for example farmer-developed traditional crop varieties called 769:

ex situ conservation at a genebank at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Colombia

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is defined as the “conservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats.”

728: 3293: 1051:"Agricultural Biodiversity Is Essential for a Sustainable Improvement in Food and Nutrition Security" 695: 579: 420:

Agrobiodiversity's contribution to provisioning services is mainly for providing food and nutrition.

59: 55: 3309: 1506: 1449: 1387: 1345: 911:

There are limited initiatives that focus on conserving entire landscapes or agro-ecosystems. One is

433:. Food biodiversity also covers subspecies or varieties of crops, for example the many forms of the 332: 3366: 2603: 924: 615:(by +246%). Whereas nations used to consume greater proportions of locally or regionally important 527:, the inclusion of trees and shrubs as an integral part of a farming system, can also successfully 71: 2604:"Ex Situ and In Situ Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity: Major Advances and Research Needs" 850:

conservation is considered the most appropriate method since most tree seeds cannot be conserved

670: 2752: 1191:

The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.

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which means removing the materials from their growing site and looking after them elsewhere, or

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use of local aquatic ecosystems, ponds, rivers, and coastal commons by artisanal fisherfolk and

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The assessment report on pollinators, pollination and food production: summary for policymakers

662: 657: 382:

Rice terraces in Munduk. The mosaic of ecosystem components provides various ecosystem services

138: 3290:- Networking on conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources in Europe and Asia 2777:

The second report on the state of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture

3351: 3244: 2822:

Bellon, Mauricio R.; Dulloo, Ehsan; Sardos, Julie; Thormann, Imke; Burdon, Jeremy J. (2017).

2635: 2503: 3356: 3128: 3048: 2956: 2835: 2668: 2655:

Maxted, Nigel; Dulloo, Ehsan; Ford-Lloyd, Brian V.; Iriondo, Jose M.; Jarvis, Andy (2008).

2534: 2261: 2073: 2022: 1831: 1265: 1219: 1183: 1092: 820: 773: 760: 528: 350: 2406: 1883:

Carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry systems : opportunities and challenges

8: 386: 3132: 3091: 3052: 2887:

van de Wouw, Mark; van Hintum, Theo; Kik, Chris; van Treuren, Rob; Visser, Bert (2010).

2839: 2672: 2538: 2265: 2077: 2026: 1835: 1343: 1269: 1223: 1096: 3198: 3165: 3146: 3072: 3016: 2981: 2921: 2888: 2864: 2823: 2802: 2694: 2558: 2303: 2230: 2097: 2046: 1964: 1929: 1908: 1772: 1723: 1698: 1674: 1647: 1494: 1430: 1375: 1301: 1150: 1116: 1029: 971: 496: 468: 408: 318: 3336: 2445: 3203: 3185: 3141: 3116: 3064: 3021: 3003: 2960: 2926: 2908: 2869: 2851: 2790: 2780: 2728: 2713: 2686: 2681: 2656: 2623: 2550: 2474: 2449: 2370: 2307: 2295: 2287: 2234: 2222: 2214: 2157: 2101: 2089: 2038: 1993: 1969: 1951: 1896: 1886: 1862: 1802: 1760: 1750: 1728: 1679: 1628: 1533: 1480: 1455: 1418: 1408: 1324: 1305: 1293: 1120: 1108: 1015: 946: 616: 430: 425: 424:

is "the diversity of plants, animals and other organisms used for food, covering the

421: 314: 188:

AnGR could be embodied in live populations or in conserved genetic materials such as

171: 145:' banana, may cause the commercial extinction of an entire variety. With the help of 124: 3150: 3076: 2698: 2050: 3193: 3177: 3136: 3056: 3011: 2993: 2952: 2916: 2900: 2859: 2843: 2676: 2615: 2562: 2542: 2441: 2279: 2269: 2206: 2149: 2081: 2030: 1959: 1941: 1839: 1718: 1710: 1669: 1659: 1620: 1586: 1525: 1283: 1273: 1227: 1100: 1062: 843: 326: 189: 175: 170:(AnGR), also known as farm animal genetic resources or livestock biodiversity, are 3117:"The effects of organic agriculture on biodiversity and abundance: a metaanalysis" 1990:

Tropical Fruit Tree Diversity: Good practices for in situ and on-farm conservation

1553: 765: 3321: 3287: 3229: 2468: 2153: 1407:. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Program). Washington, DC: Island Press. 2005. 1278: 1247: 1197: 1104: 870: 624: 570: 241: 990: 3371: 2889:"Genetic diversity trends in twentieth century crop cultivars: a meta analysis" 1590: 1520:

Padulosi, S.; International, Bioversity; Thompson, J.; Rudebjer, P. G. (2013).

1231: 454: 237: 104: 97: 28: 3060: 2904: 2034: 1946: 1764: 1190: 349:

Aquatic diversity is an important component of agricultural biodiversity. The

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FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and Bioversity International (2017).

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Fischetti, Mark (2016). "Diets around the world are becoming more similar".

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conservation comprises both conservation of trees and crop wild relatives

378: 310:) near harvest, with quinoa farmer, in Cachilaya, Bolivia, Province La Paz 2619: 966: 724: 708: 691: 677: 363: 354: 142: 134: 112: 47: 3271:

International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

2750: 2657:"Gap analysis: a tool for complementary genetic conservation assessment" 1170: 1081: 3276:

European Crop Wild Relative Diversity Assessment and Conservation Forum

2185:. Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard Medical School. 2117:"Sixth mass extinction of wildlife also threatens global food supplies" 1529: 1288: 1135:"FAO, (2008). Climate Change and Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture" 472: 245: 3170:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2847: 2714:"Millenium Ecosystem Assessment - Responses: Chapter 5 - Biodiversity" 1067: 54:, nutrition security, and livelihood security, and it is critical for 2602:

Dulloo, Mohammad Ehsan; Hunter, Danny; Borelli, Teresa (2010-09-24).

2546: 1519: 712: 681: 612: 574: 549: 273: 229: 149:, international organizations are working to preserve crop diversity. 146: 120: 3337:

Implementing the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources

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Farmers' Bounty: Locating Crop Diversity in the Contemporary World

2711: 1699:"Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops" 1696: 1475:

Hunter, Danny; Burlingame, Barbara; Remans, Roseline (2015). "6".

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or crop biodiversity is the variety and variability of

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Celebrating Chhath puja with traditional fruit species

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and marine fisheries management continue to evolve.

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New York, USA: Columbia University Press. 930:International Centre for Underutilised Crops 3164:Scherr, Sara J; McNeely, Jeffrey A (2008). 2733:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2712:Ehsan Dulloo；with other 49 authors (2005). 703:Control of damaging associated biodiversity 560: 2466: 2114: 1777:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1034:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3197: 3140: 3114: 3015: 2997: 2920: 2863: 2680: 2431: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2336:"Genetic Resources and Genetic Diversity" 2273: 1963: 1945: 1934:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 1722: 1673: 1663: 1287: 1277: 1212:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 1066: 153: 3240:Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 3092:"World is home to '60,000 tree species'" 2176:Chivian, Eric; Bernstein, Aaron (2010). 2115:Carrington, Damian (26 September 2017). 1579:Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 896: 764: 538: 495: 453: 377: 331: 301: 18: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2333: 2146:Genetic Diversity and Erosion in Plants 977: 811: 751: 3344: 3225:Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change 3089: 2404: 2383: 2179:How our Health depends on Biodiversity 1603: 1366:Vitousek, P.M.; Benning, T.L. (1995). 869:can be vulnerable to climate changes, 844:centers of domestication and diversity 373: 137:, meaning that if, as in the historic 2946: 2942: 2940: 2746: 2744: 2425: 1856: 1399: 1397: 1012:Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture 129:Crop diversity loss threatens global 2957:10.12987/yale/9780300100495.001.0001 2487: 340: 297: 90: 3115:Bengtsoon, J.; et al. (2005). 904:：Noto's Satoyama and Satoumi, Japan 13: 2937: 2741: 1394: 1177:Convention on Biological Diversity 80:Convention on Biological Diversity 14: 3383: 3218: 2473:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2446:10.1038/scientificamerican0716-76 1319:Bioversity International (2017). 717:transgenic engineering techniques 517: 178:of actual or potential value) of 3305:Agricultural Biodiversity weblog 3142:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01005.x 2947:Brush, Stephen B. (2004-06-10). 2893:Theoretical and Applied Genetics 2682:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00512.x 957:Neglected and underutilized crop 159:This section is an excerpt from 96:This section is an excerpt from 3157: 3108: 3083: 3032: 2973: 2880: 2815: 2769: 2705: 2648: 2595: 2569: 2518: 2358: 2349: 2327: 2314: 2241: 2189: 2169: 2108: 2057: 2006: 1980: 1921: 1875: 1850: 1815: 1789: 1739: 1690: 1652:Genetics Research International 1639: 1597: 1570: 1546: 1513: 1468: 1454:. Rome, Italy: FAO. p. 2. 1443: 1359: 1337: 1312: 734: 680:attacked coffee plantations in 569:Agrobiodiversity loss leads to 508: 415: 402: 2367:International Security Studies 1203: 1164: 1144: 1127: 1075: 1042: 1003: 984: 491: 1: 3230:Agricultural Research Service 3041:Biodiversity and Conservation 2470:The Ecology of Agroecosystems 2015:Biodiversity and Conservation 889:agricultural production areas 483: 449: 2502:. Lumrix.net. Archived from 2467:Vandermeer, John H. (2011). 2154:10.1007/978-3-319-25637-5_10 1524:. Bioversity International. 1279:10.1016/j.ancene.2019.100192 1105:10.1080/14735903.2012.691221 877:Ecosystem level conservation 319:wild relatives of food crops 65: 7: 3090:Kinver, Mark (2017-04-05). 2661:Diversity and Distributions 2577:"Southern Corn Leaf Blight" 2405:Kinver, Mark (2014-03-03). 1370:. Springer. pp. 73–84. 918: 908:GIAHS登錄之日本「能登的里山里海」（輪島市梯田） 650: 534: 439:neglected and underutilized 362:ecosystems to draw upon as 10: 3388: 3266:Crops for the Future (CFF) 3121:Journal of Applied Ecology 1591:10.1016/j.jfca.2009.05.003 1477:Biodiversity and nutrition 1232:10.1016/j.agee.2007.08.003 1014:. Rome, Italy. p. 2. 993:"What is Agrobiodiversity" 818: 791:Svalbard global seed vault 758: 729:integrated pest management 158: 95: 3061:10.1007/s10531-010-9919-5 2951:. Yale University Press. 2905:10.1007/s00122-009-1252-6 2828:Evolutionary Applications 2753:"Article 2. Use of Terms" 2500:"Rice Grassy Stunt Virus" 2035:10.1007/s10531-010-9919-5 1947:10.1186/s13002-016-0120-0 1824:Basic and Applied Ecology 696:southern corn leaf blight 292: 36:Agricultural biodiversity 3260:Bioversity International 925:Bioversity International 561:Loss of agrobiodiversity 85: 72:Bioversity International 3362:Sustainable agriculture 2999:10.1073/pnas.0800607105 2622:(inactive 2024-09-12). 2275:10.1126/science.1187512 2211:10.1126/science.1246752 1844:10.1078/1439-1791-00122 1625:10.1111/1468-2346.00133 715:, mechanized tools and 671:rice grassy stunt virus 666:, which arrived in 1845 42:is a subset of general 3182:10.1098/rstb.2007.2165 2807:: CS1 maint: others ( 2086:10.3763/ijas.2007.0291 1913:: CS1 maint: others ( 1715:10.1098/rspb.2006.3721 1604:Thrupp, L. A. (2000). 1435:: CS1 maint: others ( 905: 770: 663:Phytophthora infestans 544: 501: 463: 383: 337: 311: 154:Livestock biodiversity 32: 2365:Neari Rivers (2021). 1781:) CS1 maint: others ( 1613:International Affairs 900: 768: 542: 499: 458:Wild onion blossoms ( 457: 381: 335: 306:Diversity of quinoa ( 305: 22: 2620:10.15835/nbha3824878 1200:Section A, p 5. Rome 978:Notes and references 821:In-situ conservation 761:Ex situ conservation 16:Agricultural concept 3133:2005JApEc..42..261B 3053:2010BiCon..19.3635G 2840:2017EvApp..10..965B 2673:2008DivDi..14.1018M 2539:1984Natur.307..516W 2434:Scientific American 2324:Springer, 1999. p22 2266:2010Sci...328.1164B 2260:(5982): 1164–1168. 2078:2008IJAgS...6..148S 2027:2010BiCon..19.3635G 1836:2003BApEc...4..107G 1665:10.1155/2015/431487 1270:2019Anthr..2500192Z 1224:2008AgEE..123..261H 1154:IBPGR Annual Report 1097:2013IJAgS..11...95M 972:crop wild relatives 873:and market demand. 658:Irish potato blight 469:crop wild relatives 387:Ecosystem diversity 374:Ecosystem diversity 23:Unusual strains of 3320:2013-08-21 at the 3286:2013-08-23 at the 1196:2018-09-18 at the 906: 771: 545: 502: 464: 409:Ecosystem services 384: 338: 312: 308:Chenopodium quinoa 115:, including their 60:climate mitigation 56:climate adaptation 33: 3176:(1491): 477–494. 3047:(13): 3635–3654. 2992:(14): 5326–5331. 2966:978-0-300-10049-5 2848:10.1111/eva.12521 2786:978-92-5-106534-1 2583:on 14 August 2011 2533:(5951): 516–520. 2480:978-0-7637-7153-9 2320:Virchow, Detlef. 2205:(6187): 1246752. 2163:978-3-319-25635-1 2021:(13): 3635–3654. 1999:978-1-315-75845-9 1892:978-94-007-1630-8 1756:978-92-807-3568-0 1709:(1608): 303–313. 1539:978-92-9043-941-7 1486:978-92-4-150853-7 1461:978-92-5-109598-0 1330:978-92-9255-070-7 1068:10.3390/su3010238 1021:978-92-5-106748-2 947:Natural landscape 748:diversity, etc. 698:epidemic of 1970. 617:food biodiversity 435:Brassica oleracea 426:genetic resources 422:Food biodiversity 341:Species diversity 327:centres of origin 315:Genetic diversity 298:Genetic diversity 172:genetic resources 125:genetic diversity 111:, plants used in 91:Crop biodiversity 3379: 3212: 3211: 3201: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3144: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3019: 3001: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2944: 2935: 2934: 2924: 2899:(6): 1241–1252. 2884: 2878: 2877: 2867: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2806: 2798: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2732: 2724: 2722: 2721: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2684: 2667:(6): 1018–1030. 2652: 2646: 2645: 2639: 2631: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2579:. 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Although some 611:(by +173%), and 529:sequester carbon 176:genetic material 40:agrobiodiversity 27:are examples of 3387: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3367:Organic farming 3342: 3341: 3322:Wayback Machine 3288:Wayback Machine 3221: 3216: 3215: 3162: 3158: 3113: 3109: 3100: 3098: 3088: 3084: 3037: 3033: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2945: 2938: 2885: 2881: 2834:(10): 965–977. 2820: 2816: 2800: 2799: 2787: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2761: 2759: 2749: 2742: 2726: 2725: 2719: 2717: 2710: 2706: 2653: 2649: 2633: 2632: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2523: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2506:on 23 July 2011 2498: 2497: 2488: 2481: 2465: 2461: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2403: 2384: 2377: 2369:. p. 163. 2363: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2332: 2328: 2319: 2315: 2246: 2242: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2164: 2142: 2135: 2125: 2123: 2113: 2109: 2062: 2058: 2011: 2007: 2000: 1985: 1981: 1926: 1922: 1906: 1905: 1893: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1869: 1855: 1851: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1794: 1790: 1770: 1769: 1757: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1695: 1691: 1644: 1640: 1608: 1602: 1598: 1575: 1571: 1562: 1560: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1540: 1518: 1514: 1502: 1501: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1473: 1469: 1462: 1448: 1444: 1428: 1427: 1415: 1403: 1402: 1395: 1383: 1382: 1373: 1372: 1364: 1360: 1350: 1348: 1342: 1338: 1331: 1317: 1313: 1243: 1239: 1208: 1204: 1198:Wayback Machine 1188: 1184: 1169: 1165: 1157: 1149: 1145: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1080: 1076: 1047: 1043: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1008: 1004: 989: 985: 980: 936:SAVE Foundation 921: 886:‘natural’ areas 879: 823: 817: 763: 757: 737: 705: 653: 571:genetic erosion 563: 537: 520: 511: 494: 486: 452: 418: 405: 400: 376: 343: 300: 295: 290: 289: 164: 156: 151: 150: 101: 93: 88: 68: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3385: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3291: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3219:External links 3217: 3214: 3213: 3156: 3127:(2): 261–269. 3107: 3082: 3031: 2972: 2965: 2936: 2879: 2814: 2785: 2768: 2740: 2716:. 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