57:
175:
544:. In addition, activation of neutrophils in alcoholic liver disease contributes to the pathogenesis of hepatocellular damage by releasing reactive oxygen species (which can damage DNA). The level of oxidative stress and acetaldehyde-induced DNA adducts due to alcohol consumption does not appear sufficient to cause increased mutagenesis. However, as reviewed by Nishida et al., alcohol exposure, causing oxidative DNA damage (which is repairable), can result in epigenetic alterations at the sites of DNA repair. Alcohol-induced epigenetic alterations of gene expression appear to lead to liver injury and ultimately carcinoma.
163:
199:
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187:
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632:. According to Tilg, et al., gut microbiome could very well have an effect, be involved in the pathophysiology, on the various types of liver disease which an individual may encounter. Insight into the exact causes and mechanisms mediating pathophysiology of the liver is quickly progressing due to the introduction new technological approaches like
547:
Obesity is associated with a higher risk of primary liver cancer. As shown with mice, obese mice are prone to liver cancer, likely due to two factors. Obese mice have increased pro-inflammatory cytokines. Obese mice also have higher levels of deoxycholic acid, a product of bile acid alteration by
651:
Because particulate matter and carbon black are very diverse and each has different toxicodynamics, detailed mechanisms of translocation are not clear. Water-soluble fractions of particulate matter are the most important part of translocation to the liver, through extrapulmonary circulation. When
520:
reactive oxygen species is about 10,000-fold with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and 100,000-fold following hepatitis C virus infection. This increase in reactive oxygen species causes inflammation and more than 20 types of DNA damage. Oxidative DNA damage is mutagenic and also causes
627:
in the liver often occurs as the body attempts to heal and extensive scarring can lead to the development of cirrhosis in more advanced stages of the disease. Approximately 3–10% of individuals with cirrhosis develop a form of liver cancer known as
807:
647:
or carbon black are common pollutants. They have a direct toxic effect on the liver; cause inflammation of liver caused by and thereby impact lipid metabolism and fatty liver disease; and can translocate from the lungs to the liver.
2820:
529:, and thus contribute to liver disease. By the time accumulating epigenetic and mutational changes eventually cause hepatocellular carcinoma, epigenetic alterations appear to have an even larger role in
548:
certain gut microbes, and these microbes are increased with obesity. The excess deoxycholic acid causes DNA damage and inflammation in the liver, which, in turn, can lead to liver cancer.
2662:
357:) in the place of liver cells that have died due to a variety of causes, including viral hepatitis, alcohol overconsumption, and other forms of liver toxicity. Cirrhosis causes chronic
738:
are reduced as a diseased liver cannot productively synthesize them as it did when healthy. Nonetheless, there are two exceptions in this falling tendency: coagulation factor VIII and
384:
of the liver. (Many liver malignancies are secondary lesions that have metastasized from primary cancers in the gastrointestinal tract and other organs, such as the kidneys, lungs.)
1470:
537:, is mutated in more than 20% of liver cancers while 41 genes each have hypermethylated promoters (repressing gene expression) in more than 20% of liver cancers.
2120:
1754:
Yu HS, Oyama T, Isse T, Kitagawa K, Pham TT, Tanaka M, Kawamoto T (December 2010). "Formation of acetaldehyde-derived DNA adducts due to alcohol exposure".
540:
Alcohol consumption in excess causes a build-up of acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde and free radicals generated by metabolizing alcohol induce DNA damage and
333:, the liver produces a mutated transthyretin protein which has severe neurodegenerative or cardiopathic effects. Liver transplantation can be curative.
572:
publication, "about 85% of hepatitis B infections in newborns become chronic". In occult cases, Hepatitis B virus is present by hepatitis B virus
2692:
2670:
854:, a condition where copper builds up in the body, can be managed with drugs that bind copper, allowing it to be passed from the body in urine.
525:
alterations and mutations affect the cellular machinery that may cause the cell to replicate at a higher rate or result in the cell avoiding
198:
1838:
330:
2612:
174:
2719:
3209:
3550:
2639:"Phlebotomy Treatment | Treatment and Management | Training & Education | Hemochromatosis (Iron Storage Disease) | NCBDDD | CDC"
3149:
2135:"Hepatitis B and C: ways to promote and offer testing to people at increased risk of infection | Guidance and guidelines | NICE"
1709:
Ozen C, Yildiz G, Dagcan AT, Cevik D, Ors A, Keles U, Topel H, Ozturk M (May 2013). "Genetics and epigenetics of liver cancer".
162:
278:. Analogous terms such as "drug-induced" or "toxic" liver disease are also used to refer to disorders caused by various drugs.
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1962:
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56:
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2006:
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particulate matter gets into the bloodstream, it combines with immune cells and stimulates innate immune responses.
323:
3703:
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401:
319:
17:
857:
In cholestatic liver disease, (where the flow of bile is affected due to cystic fibrosis) a medication called
3555:
1061:
2896:
3199:
697:
1999:
1540:"Occurrence, Biological Consequences, and Human Health Relevance of Oxidative Stress-Induced DNA Damage"
1125:. In Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, Bean LJ, Bird TD, Dolan CR, Fong CT (eds.).
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712:
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958:
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1992:
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2835:
2266:"New advances in molecular mechanisms and emerging therapeutic targets in alcoholic liver diseases"
653:
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415:
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can be performed to examine liver tissue to distinguish between various conditions; tests such as
506:
3380:
3354:
933:
844:
Regularly removing a quantity of blood from a vein (venesection) in the iron overload condition,
708:
513:
263:
1587:
Dizdaroglu M (December 2012). "Oxidatively induced DNA damage: mechanisms, repair and disease".
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can be vertically transmitted during birth via contact with infected blood. According to a 2012
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813:
735:
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generally proceeds faster with acute liver failure and advanced stage liver disease, unlike
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116:
8:
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Tapper EB, Lok AS (August 2017). "Use of Liver
Imaging and Biopsy in Clinical Practice".
851:
585:
315:
253:
99:
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1767:
151:. Although the diseases differ in detail, liver diseases often have features in common.
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are available to test the proper function of the liver. These test for the presence of
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1968:
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1945:
Aleksandrova K, Stelmach-Mardas M, Schlesinger S (2016). "Obesity and Liver Cancer".
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747:
746:. Both inversely rise in the setting of hepatic insufficiency, thanks to the drop of
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234:
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There are more than a hundred different liver diseases. Some of the most common are:
111:
80:
73:
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837:. Other conditions may be managed by slowing down disease progression, for example:
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in blood that are normally most abundant in liver tissue, metabolites or products.
541:
451:
395:
89:
69:
1456:
1419:
Tripodi A, Mannucci PM (2011-07-14). "The
Coagulopathy of Chronic Liver Disease".
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3504:
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3344:
3041:
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2522:
2071:"Hepatitis B virus: where do we stand and what is the next step for eradication?"
2022:"Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus: systematic review and meta-analysis"
1954:
1600:
845:
770:
620:
512:
Viral infection by hepatitis B virus, or hepatitis C virus causes an increase of
381:
307:
245:
65:
2509:
Barton CA (2016). "Treatment of
Coagulopathy Related to Hepatic Insufficiency".
3545:
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2333:
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1085:
673:
616:
601:
530:
249:
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1722:
1471:"Chronic Liver Disease/Cirrhosis | Johns Hopkins Medicine Health Library"
1381:
1122:
3738:
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3417:
3412:
3274:
3214:
3117:
2530:
2427:
2087:
1799:"Interplay of genetic and epigenetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma"
1505:
1440:
1389:
895:
677:
517:
358:
267:
1797:
Lee SM, Kim-Ha J, Choi WY, Lee J, Kim D, Lee J, Choi E, Kim YJ (July 2016).
1679:
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1972:
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1824:
1783:
1740:
1687:
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Shibata T, Aburatani H (June 2014). "Exploration of liver cancer genomes".
1652:
1627:"Oxidative stress and epigenetic instability in human hepatocarcinogenesis"
1608:
1573:
1524:
1448:
1397:
1368:
Blonski W, Siropaides T, Reddy KR (2007). "Coagulopathy in liver disease".
1363:
1361:
1221:"Liver cancer – Hepatocellular carcinoma: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
1134:
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608:
597:
455:
423:
405:
377:
365:
289:
219:
30:
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1815:
1798:
1432:
1293:"Hepatic vein obstruction (Budd-Chiari): MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
982:
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1024:
1006:
916:
834:
589:
281:
271:
223:
1906:"Epigenetic effects of ethanol on the liver and gastrointestinal system"
1358:
489:, is shared by some of the major liver diseases, including infection by
3580:
3465:
3432:
3204:
3154:
3139:
3134:
3127:
3112:
3102:
2134:
2007:"Gut Bugs Could Explain Obesity-Cancer Link | Science | AAAS"
1731:
759:
612:
486:
462:
391:
204:
85:
2812:
1949:. Recent Results in Cancer Research. Vol. 208. pp. 177–198.
1944:
1643:
1626:
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A previously undiagnosed liver disease may become evident first after
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metabolism found in a small percent of the population, can cause mild
3653:
3395:
3390:
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3232:
3107:
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526:
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Some of the signs and symptoms of a liver disease are the following:
409:
350:
340:
285:
275:
241:
103:
2161:"Molecular mechanisms underlying occult hepatitis B virus infection"
3159:
2936:
2720:"Ursodeoxycholic acid for liver disease related to cystic fibrosis"
1839:"Drinking alcohol causes cancer by 'damaging DNA' - Independent.ie"
681:
624:
439:
354:
344:
228:
2020:
Benova L, Mohamoud YA, Calvert C, Abu-Raddad LJ (September 2014).
3638:
3098:
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Anti-viral medications are available to treat infections such as
766:
140:
1321:
National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
2824:
2019:
669:
2562:"Antiviral treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infections"
1245:"Primary biliary cirrhosis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
577:
144:
2517:(10). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 1927–1933.
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2355:
1487:
Iida-Ueno A, Enomoto M, Tamori A, Kawada N (21 April 2017).
1486:
1412:
2905:
2356:
Yu B, Mamedov R, Fuhler GM, Peppelenbosch MP (March 2021).
750:
and compensatory productions from other sites of the body.
569:
534:
311:
244:, inflammation of the liver, is caused by various viruses (
2559:
1269:"Sclerosing cholangitis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
2495:
715:
can be used to show the liver tissue and the bile ducts.
573:
2412:"The role of air pollutants in initiating liver disease"
2358:"Drug Discovery in Liver Disease Using Kinome Profiling"
2158:
2614:
Autoimmune
Hepatitis: A Guide for Practicing Clinicians
730:
is longer than usual. In addition, the amounts of both
477:
Liver diseases can develop through several mechanisms:
2560:
De Clercq E, FĂ©rir G, Kaptein S, Neyts J (June 2010).
1538:
Yu Y, Cui Y, Niedernhofer LJ, Wang Y (December 2016).
1367:
1708:
1537:
1489:"Hepatitis B virus infection and alcohol consumption"
841:
By using steroid-based drugs in autoimmune hepatitis.
584:
can lead to several forms of liver disease including
296:
is a spectrum of disease associated with obesity and
2802:
2690:
2610:
600:. In the earlier stages of alcoholic liver disease,
521:epigenetic alterations at the sites of DNA repair.
288:) is a reversible condition where large vacuoles of
2159:Samal J, Kandpal M, Vivekanandan P (January 2012).
1753:
1129:. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle.
723:may reduce the need for biopsy in some situations.
621:
liver inflammation from the excess fat in the liver
556:Several liver diseases are due to viral infection.
2410:Kim JW, Park S, Lim CW, Lee K, Kim B (June 2014).
2263:
1855:Wang HJ, Gao B, Zakhari S, Nagy LE (August 2012).
1854:
2264:Williams JA, Manley S, Ding WX (September 2014).
2119:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1668:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
1062:"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease – NHS Choices"
3736:
2691:Suchy FJ, Sokol RJ, Balistreri WF (2014-02-20).
1796:
1665:
1127:Glycogen Storage Disease Type II (Pompe Disease)
604:builds up in the liver's cells due to increased
2717:
2259:
2257:
2255:
1850:
1848:
1418:
412:, which is believed to be autoimmune in origin.
2776:
444:Confusion and altered consciousness caused by
2921:
2409:
2314:
1427:(2). Massachusetts Medical Society: 147–156.
1370:Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology
1197:"Cirrhosis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
318:. Liver damage is also a clinical feature of
222:, a parasitic infection of liver caused by a
2252:
1938:
1897:
1845:
1747:
1702:
1659:
1580:
1531:
1120:
656:are released and cause disease progression.
331:transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis
2611:Hirschfield GM, Heathcote EJ (2011-12-02).
2362:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2315:Tilg H, Cani PD, Mayer EA (December 2016).
2062:
1624:
3210:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
2928:
2914:
2208:Suk KT, Kim MY, Baik SK (September 2014).
2207:
2013:
1620:
1618:
1586:
1482:
1480:
55:
3551:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2743:
2617:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2587:
2577:
2458:
2435:
2383:
2373:
2332:
2291:
2281:
2235:
2225:
2184:
2096:
2086:
2045:
1921:
1903:
1880:
1857:"Inflammation in alcoholic liver disease"
1814:
1730:
1642:
1563:
1514:
1504:
619:. Progression of the disease can lead to
551:
824:
29:For Injuries associated with liver, see
2724:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2201:
2068:
1615:
1477:
306:that cause damage to the liver include
14:
3737:
2508:
2405:
2403:
890:
888:
2909:
2777:Friedman LS, Keeffe EB (2011-08-03).
911:
909:
430:
3689:
3450:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
2210:"Alcoholic liver disease: treatment"
1345:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
353:is the formation of fibrous tissue (
3699:
2718:Cheng K, Ashby D, Smyth RL (2017).
2461:The New England Journal of Medicine
2400:
2317:"Gut microbiome and liver diseases"
1790:
885:
465:, particularly taking place in the
24:
3586:Medical Scientist Training Program
2770:
1873:10.1146/annurev-nutr-072610-145138
906:
418:is the clinical picture caused by
25:
3761:
2798:
2270:World Journal of Gastroenterology
2214:World Journal of Gastroenterology
2075:World Journal of Gastroenterology
1493:World Journal of Gastroenterology
872:Model for end-stage liver disease
639:
580:is negative. High consumption of
485:One general mechanism, increased
294:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
209:non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
154:
3718:
3708:
3698:
3688:
3679:
3678:
2879:
1104:"Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency"
805:
793:
778:
533:than mutations. Only one gene,
324:glycogen storage disease type II
197:
185:
173:
161:
3719:
2711:
2684:
2655:
2631:
2604:
2553:
2452:
2349:
2308:
2152:
2127:
1756:Chemico-Biological Interactions
1544:Chemical Research in Toxicology
1421:New England Journal of Medicine
1333:
1309:
1285:
1261:
1237:
1213:
1189:
1165:
1141:
1114:
1096:
1078:
292:fat accumulate in liver cells.
147:. If long-lasting it is termed
3576:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3010:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2736:10.1002/14651858.CD000222.pub4
2697:. Cambridge University Press.
1556:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00265
1054:
1034:
1017:
999:
975:
951:
926:
402:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
320:alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
266:is a hepatic manifestation of
13:
1:
2165:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
959:"Liver disease – NHS Choices"
878:
590:alcoholic fatty liver disease
480:
472:
3556:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3323:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
2935:
2783:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
2523:10.1097/ccm.0000000000001998
2026:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1955:10.1007/978-3-319-42542-9_10
1601:10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.016
1121:Leslie N, Tinkle BT (1993).
820:
659:
310:, involving accumulation of
7:
1149:"Transthyretin amyloidosis"
865:
698:partial thromboplastin time
615:and a decreased ability to
368:most commonly manifests as
274:, alcoholic hepatitis, and
260:) or hereditary conditions.
10:
3766:
2334:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312729
1904:Shukla SD, Lim RW (2013).
1861:Annual Review of Nutrition
1625:Nishida N, Kudo M (2013).
758:in which concentration of
713:magnetic resonance imaging
654:Pro-inflammatory cytokines
126:Depends on type(See types)
28:
3750:Health effects of alcohol
3674:
3596:
3534:
3295:
3223:
3178:
3087:
2958:
2943:
2850:
2806:
2780:Handbook of Liver Disease
2694:Liver Disease in Children
2283:10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12908
2227:10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12934
1776:10.1016/j.cbi.2010.08.005
1723:10.1016/j.nbt.2013.01.007
1382:10.1007/s11938-007-0046-7
1341:"Alcoholic Liver Disease"
744:platelet adhesive protein
503:heavy alcohol consumption
388:Primary biliary cirrhosis
180:Primary biliary cirrhosis
122:
110:
95:
79:
63:
54:
46:
41:
3510:Transplantation medicine
3401:Clinical neurophysiology
3318:Obstetric anesthesiology
3238:Interventional radiology
2998:Digestive system surgery
2428:10.5487/TR.2014.30.2.065
2088:10.3748/wjg.v20.i27.8998
1506:10.3748/wjg.v23.i15.2651
1025:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
917:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
630:hepatocellular carcinoma
370:hepatocellular carcinoma
339:, a genetic disorder of
168:Ground glass hepatocytes
3381:Intensive care medicine
3355:Mass gathering medicine
3200:Maternal–fetal medicine
2091:(inactive 2024-09-12).
2069:Komatsu H (July 2014).
1680:10.1038/nrgastro.2014.6
1317:"Liver Disease | NIDDK"
1177:Genetics Home Reference
1153:Genetics Home Reference
1030:Alcoholic liver disease
736:anticoagulation factors
514:reactive oxygen species
268:alcohol overconsumption
264:Alcoholic liver disease
2973:Cardiothoracic surgery
2511:Critical Care Medicine
2416:Toxicological Research
830:
814:congestive hepatopathy
800:Macronodular cirrhosis
705:transient elastography
703:Imaging tests such as
690:aspartate transaminase
636:and kinome profiling
634:Single cell sequencing
617:break down fatty acids
552:Other relevant aspects
467:gastrointestinal tract
446:hepatic encephalopathy
376:; rarer forms include
3624:Personalized medicine
3483:Reproductive medicine
3408:Occupational medicine
3362:Evolutionary medicine
2473:10.1056/NEJMra1610570
1816:10.2217/epi-2016-0027
1433:10.1056/nejmra1011170
828:
756:chronic liver disease
740:von Willebrand factor
404:is a serious chronic
149:chronic liver disease
3644:Traditional medicine
3604:Alternative medicine
3471:Addiction psychiatry
3285:Transfusion medicine
3280:Medical microbiology
3195:Gynecologic oncology
3047:Reproductive surgery
2375:10.3390/ijms22052623
2177:10.1128/CMR.00018-11
922:Liver function tests
859:ursodeoxycholic acid
829:Ursodeoxycholic acid
686:alanine transaminase
666:liver function tests
416:Budd–Chiari syndrome
258:autoimmune hepatitis
192:Budd–Chiari syndrome
117:Liver function tests
3666:History of medicine
3649:Veterinary medicine
3456:Preventive medicine
3308:Adolescent medicine
3150:Infectious diseases
1768:2010CBI...188..367Y
1042:"Hepatic steatosis"
762:remains unchanged.
732:coagulation factors
586:alcoholic hepatitis
516:. The increase in
304:Hereditary diseases
282:Fatty liver disease
272:fatty liver disease
254:alcoholic hepatitis
100:Fatty liver disease
3614:Molecular oncology
3571:Doctor of Medicine
3561:Master of Medicine
3478:Radiation oncology
3350:Emergency medicine
3303:Addiction medicine
3270:Clinical chemistry
3265:Clinical pathology
3057:Transplant surgery
3015:Orthopedic surgery
2993:Colorectal surgery
2851:External resources
2141:. 12 December 2012
2038:10.1093/cid/ciu447
1947:Obesity and Cancer
1631:Digestive Diseases
1173:"Gilbert syndrome"
831:
812:Nutmeg texture of
726:In liver disease,
645:Particulate matter
576:, but testing for
431:Signs and symptoms
374:cholangiocarcinoma
337:Gilbert's syndrome
298:metabolic syndrome
106:(and several more)
3745:Diseases of liver
3732:
3731:
3566:Master of Surgery
3530:
3529:
3515:Tropical medicine
3461:Prison healthcare
3376:Hospital medicine
3340:Disaster medicine
3330:Aviation medicine
3145:Hospital medicine
3052:Surgical oncology
3037:Pediatric surgery
3031:
2978:Endocrine surgery
2874:
2873:
2790:978-1-4557-2316-4
2704:978-1-107-72909-4
2667:www.niddk.nih.gov
2624:978-1-60761-569-9
2327:(12): 2035–2044.
2081:(27): 8998–9016.
1964:978-3-319-42540-5
1841:. 5 January 2018.
1711:New Biotechnology
1644:10.1159/000355243
1550:(12): 2008–2039.
1499:(15): 2651–2659.
1086:"Hemochromatosis"
748:hepatic clearance
566:Hepatitis C virus
562:Hepatitis B virus
558:Viral hepatitides
498:hepatitis C virus
492:hepatitis B virus
463:bleeding symptoms
314:in the body, and
256:), autoimmunity (
235:Fasciola hepatica
139:, is any of many
130:
129:
112:Diagnostic method
74:pancreatic cancer
36:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3757:
3722:
3721:
3712:
3702:
3701:
3692:
3691:
3682:
3681:
3386:Medical genetics
3371:General practice
3248:Nuclear medicine
3123:Gastroenterology
3079:Vascular surgery
3029:
2956:
2955:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2883:
2882:
2804:
2803:
2794:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2747:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2669:. Archived from
2663:"Wilson Disease"
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2581:
2579:10.3390/v2061279
2557:
2551:
2550:
2506:
2493:
2492:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2377:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2336:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2285:
2276:(36): 12908–33.
2261:
2250:
2249:
2239:
2229:
2220:(36): 12934–44.
2205:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2110:
2100:
2090:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1910:Alcohol Research
1901:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1508:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1473:. 12 April 2022.
1467:
1461:
1460:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1038:
1032:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
983:"CDC – Fasciola"
979:
973:
972:
970:
969:
955:
949:
948:
946:
944:
930:
924:
913:
904:
903:
896:"Liver Diseases"
892:
852:Wilson's disease
809:
797:
782:
769:. Following are
728:prothrombin time
694:prothrombin time
542:oxidative stress
452:Thrombocytopenia
396:bile capillaries
316:Wilson's disease
201:
189:
177:
165:
90:gastroenterology
70:liver metastases
59:
39:
38:
21:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3670:
3659:Chief physician
3592:
3537:
3526:
3520:Travel medicine
3505:Sports medicine
3488:Sexual medicine
3428:Palliative care
3423:Pain management
3367:Family medicine
3345:Diving medicine
3291:
3219:
3181:
3174:
3090:
3083:
3042:Plastic surgery
2988:General surgery
2968:Cardiac surgery
2949:
2947:
2939:
2934:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2846:
2845:
2815:
2801:
2791:
2773:
2771:Further reading
2768:
2767:
2758:
2756:
2730:(9): CD000222.
2716:
2712:
2705:
2689:
2685:
2676:
2674:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2647:
2645:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2609:
2605:
2572:(6): 1279–305.
2558:
2554:
2507:
2496:
2457:
2453:
2408:
2401:
2354:
2350:
2313:
2309:
2262:
2253:
2206:
2202:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2142:
2139:www.nice.org.uk
2133:
2132:
2128:
2112:
2111:
2067:
2063:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1988:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1965:
1943:
1939:
1902:
1898:
1853:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1809:(7): 993–1005.
1795:
1791:
1752:
1748:
1707:
1703:
1664:
1660:
1637:(5–6): 447–53.
1623:
1616:
1585:
1581:
1536:
1532:
1485:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1417:
1413:
1366:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1297:www.nlm.nih.gov
1291:
1290:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1273:www.nlm.nih.gov
1267:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1249:www.nlm.nih.gov
1243:
1242:
1238:
1229:
1227:
1225:www.nlm.nih.gov
1219:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1201:www.nlm.nih.gov
1195:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1123:"Pompe Disease"
1119:
1115:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1022:
1018:
1005:
1004:
1000:
991:
989:
981:
980:
976:
967:
965:
957:
956:
952:
942:
940:
932:
931:
927:
914:
907:
894:
893:
886:
881:
868:
846:hemochromatosis
823:
816:
810:
801:
798:
789:
783:
771:gross pathology
662:
642:
554:
483:
475:
433:
408:disease of the
394:disease of the
382:hemangiosarcoma
308:hemochromatosis
248:) also by some
246:viral hepatitis
211:
202:
193:
190:
181:
178:
169:
166:
157:
137:hepatic disease
66:gross pathology
50:Hepatic disease
37:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3763:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3716:
3706:
3696:
3686:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3597:Related topics
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3546:Medical school
3542:
3540:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3500:Sleep medicine
3497:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3313:Anesthesiology
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3243:Neuroradiology
3240:
3229:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3180:Obstetrics and
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3062:Trauma surgery
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3025:Otolaryngology
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2953:
2951:subspecialties
2941:
2940:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2885:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2832:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:Classification
2800:
2799:External links
2797:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2710:
2703:
2683:
2654:
2630:
2623:
2603:
2552:
2494:
2467:(8): 756–768.
2451:
2399:
2348:
2307:
2251:
2200:
2151:
2126:
2061:
2012:
1998:
1989:|journal=
1963:
1937:
1896:
1844:
1830:
1789:
1746:
1701:
1658:
1614:
1595:(1–2): 26–47.
1589:Cancer Letters
1579:
1530:
1476:
1462:
1411:
1357:
1332:
1308:
1284:
1260:
1236:
1212:
1188:
1164:
1140:
1113:
1095:
1077:
1053:
1033:
1016:
998:
974:
950:
925:
905:
883:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
867:
864:
863:
862:
855:
849:
842:
822:
819:
818:
817:
811:
804:
802:
799:
792:
790:
784:
777:
682:serum globulin
674:serum proteins
661:
658:
641:
640:Air pollutants
638:
553:
550:
531:carcinogenesis
482:
479:
474:
471:
470:
469:
459:
449:
442:
432:
429:
428:
427:
413:
399:
385:
362:
348:
334:
327:
301:
279:
261:
239:
213:
212:
203:
196:
194:
191:
184:
182:
179:
172:
170:
167:
160:
156:
155:Liver diseases
153:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
114:
108:
107:
97:
93:
92:
83:
77:
76:
61:
60:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
35:
18:Liver problems
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3762:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3725:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3705:
3697:
3695:
3687:
3685:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3629:Public health
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3609:Allied health
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3533:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:Oral medicine
3416:
3414:
3413:Ophthalmology
3411:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:Cytopathology
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3215:Urogynecology
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:Endocrinology
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2897:Liver disease
2892:
2888:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2687:
2673:on 2015-06-21
2672:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:(1): 142–63.
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2122:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:(6): 765–73.
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2009:. 2013-06-26.
2008:
2002:
1994:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
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613:fatty acids
606:creation of
224:liver fluke
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3739:Categories
3466:Psychiatry
3452:(PM&R)
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