570:: Systematic reviews comparing the treatment of pentoxifylline with corticosteroids show there is no benefit to treatment with pentoxifylline Potential for combined therapy: A large prospective study of over 1000 patients investigated whether prednisolone and pentoxifylline produced benefits when used alone or in combination. Pentoxifylline did not improve survival alone or in combination. Prednisolone gave a small reduction in mortality at 28 days but this did not reach significance, and there were no improvements in outcomes at 90 days or 1 year.
222:
443:
29:
4284:
451:
454:
453:
458:
457:
452:
459:
461:
460:
545:
Nutrition
Supplementation: Protein and calorie deficiencies are seen frequently in patients with alcoholic hepatitis, and it negatively affects their outcomes. Improved nutrition has been shown to improve liver function and reduce incidences encephalopathy and
1406:
Thursz MR, Richardson P, Allison M, Austin A, Bowers M, Day CP, Downs N, Gleeson D, MacGilchrist A, Grant A, Hood S, Masson S, McCune A, Mellor J, O'Grady J, Patch D, Ratcliffe I, Roderick P, Stanton L, Vergis N, Wright M, Ryder S, Forrest EH (2015).
456:
1356:
Louvet, Alexandre; Labreuche, Julien; Artru, Florent; Bouthors, Alexis; Rolland, Benjamin; Saffers, Pierre; Lollivier, Julien; Lemaître, Elise; Dharancy, Sébastien; Lassailly, Guillaume; Canva-Delcambre, Valérie (26 September 2017).
515:
is usually 2 or more. In most cases, the liver enzymes do not exceed 500. A liver biopsy is not required for the diagnosis, however it can help confirm alcoholic hepatitis as the cause of the hepatitis if the diagnosis is unclear.
202:. Alcoholic hepatitis by itself does not lead to cirrhosis, but cirrhosis is more common in patients with long term alcohol consumption. Some alcoholics develop acute hepatitis as an inflammatory reaction to the cells affected by
1532:
1517:
263:
which is directly damaging to liver cells. Chronic alcohol consumption may alter the gut microbiome and promote the production of these pathogenic bacteria. Many of these pathogenic bacteria also contain
1231:
Sorbi D, Boynton J, Lindor KD (1999). "The ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase: potential value in differentiating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis from alcoholic liver disease".
1028:
Barrio, E.; TomĂ©, S.; RodrĂguez, I.; Gude, F.; Sánchez-Leira, J.; PĂ©rez-Becerra, E.; González-Quintela, A. (January 2004). "Liver
Disease in Heavy Drinkers With and Without Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome".
238:
damage by alcohol and its metabolites in addition to increased intestinal permeability are thought to play a role. Heavy alcohol consumption increases intestinal permeability by causing direct damage to
268:(PAMPs), extracellular motifs that are recognized by the immune system as foreign material, which may lead to an exaggerated inflammatory response in the liver which further leads to hepatocyte damage.
175:
Alcoholic hepatitis is characterized by a number of symptoms, which may include feeling unwell, enlargement of the liver, development of fluid in the abdomen (ascites), and modest elevation of liver
979:
Tornai, David; Mitchell, Mack; McClain, Craig J.; Dasarathy, Srinivasan; McCullough, Arthur; Radaeva, Svetlana; Kroll-Desrosiers, Aimee; Lee, JungAe; Barton, Bruce; Szabo, Gyongyi (December 2023).
455:
396:; normally these proteins are exported into the bloodstream. Accompanied with ballooning, there is necrotic damage. The swelling is capable of blocking nearby biliary ducts, leading to diffuse
349:
synthesis, glucose metabolism and immune dysfunction. This impaired compensatory liver regenerative response further leads to a ductular reaction; a type of abnormal liver cell architecture.
4803:
120:. Symptoms may present acutely after a large amount of alcoholic intake in a short time period, or after years of excess alcohol intake. Signs and symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis include
341:
The chronic inflammation seen in alcoholic hepatitis also leads to impaired hepatocyte differentiation, impairments in hepatocyte regeneration and hepatocyte de-differentiation into
198:
Alcoholic hepatitis is distinct from cirrhosis caused by long-term alcohol consumption. Alcoholic hepatitis can occur in patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease and alcoholic
206:. This is not directly related to the dose of alcohol. Some people seem more prone to this reaction than others. This inflammatory reaction to the fatty change is called alcoholic
487:
Infection risk is elevated in patients with alcoholic hepatitis (12–26%). It increases even higher with use of corticosteroids (50%) when compared with the general population.
1182:
Louvet, Alexandre; Wartel, Faustine; Castel, Hélène; Dharancy, Sébastien; Hollebecque, Antoine; Canva–Delcambre, Valérie; Deltenre, Pierre; Mathurin, Philippe (August 2009).
2432:
599:
Females are more susceptible to alcohol-associated liver injury and are therefore at higher risk of alcohol-associated hepatitis. Certain genetic variations in the
3695:
360:, an acute systemic inflammatory state can develop after extensive alcohol intake that dominates the clinical landscape of acute severe alcoholic hepatitis.
191:, (a characteristic flapping movement when the wrist is extended indicative of hepatic encephalopathy). Severe cases are characterized by profound jaundice,
4771:
4320:
2948:
3619:
1610:
108:. Patients typically have a history of at least 10 years of heavy alcohol intake, typically 8–10 drinks per day. It is usually found in association with
538:. These scores are used to evaluate the severity of the liver disease based on several lab values. The greater the score, the more severe the disease.
1076:
3624:
3029:
195:(ranging from drowsiness to unconsciousness), and progressive critical illness; the mortality rate is 50% within 30 days of onset despite best care.
1307:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcohol-Associated Liver Diseases: 2019 Practice Guidance From the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases"
2114:
247:
that form a barrier between the enterocytes. This leads to increased intestinal permeability which then leads to pathogenic gut bacteria (such as
4006:
3568:
590:
require a period of alcohol abstinence (typically six months) prior to transplant, but the ethics and science behind this are controversial.
2910:
1709:
981:"A novel score of IL-13 and age predicts 90-day mortality in severe alcohol-associated hepatitis: A multicenter plasma biomarker analysis"
5000:
4870:
1306:
1077:"All-cause mortality in people with cirrhosis compared with the general population: a population-based cohort study: Cirrhosis mortality"
553:
153:
580:: When used in conjunction with corticosteroids, improves survival at 28 days by decreasing rates of infection and hepatorenal syndrome.
307:(DAMPs) which are molecules that lead to further activation of the immune system's inflammatory response and further hepatocyte damage.
4209:
3779:
1748:
3761:
3111:
611:
are thought to influence disease severity. Other factors in alcoholic hepatitis associated with a poor prognosis include concomitant
364:
has been shown to have the most robust increase among pro-inflammatory mediators in these patients. Furthermore, decreased levels of
4346:
4313:
3152:
661:
3749:
3268:
1603:
73:
Cirrhosis, Kidney failure, Confusion, drowsiness and slurred speech (hepatic encephalopathy), Ascites, Enlarged veins (varices).
5143:
3631:
4667:
3732:
1976:
357:
1888:
1628:
542:
Abstinence: Stopping further alcohol consumption is the number one factor for recovery in patients with alcoholic hepatitis.
314:, with fibrogenic cell type activation. This occurs via an increased extracellular matrix deposition around hepatocytes and
3245:
1184:"Infection in Patients With Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis Treated With Steroids: Early Response to Therapy Is the Key Factor"
4306:
3966:
3891:
353:
304:
318:
which causes a peri-cellular fibrosis known as "chickenwire fibrosis". This peri-cellular chickenwire fibrosis leads to
5202:
5174:
5021:
4470:
3864:
3690:
3302:
2964:
2189:
1596:
326:
that drain blood from the intestines to the liver. This causes many of the sequelae of chronic liver disease including
4723:
4249:
4229:
3989:
3672:
2861:
2708:
1139:
Schwartz, Jonathan M.; Reinus, John F. (November 2012). "Prevalence and
Natural History of Alcoholic Liver Disease".
885:
531:
157:
1359:"Main drivers of outcome differ between short term and long term in severe alcoholic hepatitis: A prospective study"
167:
with a response rate of about 60%. The condition often comes on suddenly and may progress in severity very rapidly.
4776:
3683:
3479:
2903:
2606:
1275:
Keating, Michelle; Lardo, Olivia; Hansell, Maggie (1 April 2022). "Alcoholic
Hepatitis: Diagnosis and Management".
484:
In total, 70% of those with alcoholic hepatitis will go on to develop alcoholic liver cirrhosis in their lifetimes.
187:(brain dysfunction due to liver failure) causing symptoms such as confusion, decreased levels of consciousness, or
4733:
4642:
4625:
3859:
3339:
3292:
2747:
2359:
2342:
1847:
1842:
1719:
507:(typically greater than 3.0) and aminotransferases, and onset of jaundice within the last 8 weeks. The ratio of
5127:
4782:
4376:
3504:
3322:
3126:
2601:
2557:
2451:
2273:
1872:
418:, although in the setting of inflammation they become overloaded, allowing other white cells to spill into the
372:
was found to be closely associated with short-term (90-day) mortality in severe alcoholic hepatitis patients.
345:
type cells. This leads to defects in the liver's many functions including impairments in bilirubin transport,
4954:
3024:
2812:
2658:
4636:
4601:
3945:
3912:
3700:
3174:
3116:
3034:
3019:
3009:
2567:
2086:
1694:
1115:
775:
Singal, Ashwani K.; Kodali, Sudha; Vucovich, Lee A.; Darley-Usmar, Victor; Schiano, Thomas D. (July 2016).
524:
234:
The pathological mechanisms in alcoholic hepatitis are incompletely understood but a combination of direct
586:: Early liver transplantation is ideal and helps to save lives. However, most transplant providers in the
5167:
5031:
4960:
4948:
4606:
4360:
4287:
3639:
2953:
2896:
1781:
4728:
4441:
4395:
4332:
4155:
4118:
3896:
3147:
3039:
2147:
2076:
1677:
508:
936:
Bataller, Ramon; Arab, Juan Pablo; Shah, Vijay H. (29 December 2022). "Alcohol-Associated
Hepatitis".
5037:
4831:
4054:
3720:
3609:
3162:
3071:
3014:
2420:
2376:
2329:
2135:
1753:
1460:
499:
The diagnosis is made in a patient with history of significant alcohol intake who develops worsening
4596:
4560:
4494:
4478:
4431:
4404:
4183:
2766:
2446:
2081:
2039:
1852:
1727:
1714:
1684:
1655:
1547:
512:
3585:
5016:
4648:
4502:
4234:
4039:
3976:
3874:
3849:
3121:
2691:
2468:
2209:
2001:
1660:
389:
284:
113:
68:
5212:
5102:
5063:
4894:
4792:
4672:
4612:
4591:
4550:
4539:
4483:
4386:
4351:
3807:
3754:
3710:
3595:
3563:
3354:
3327:
2771:
2495:
2478:
1862:
1738:
1689:
1650:
1620:
612:
280:
184:
152:. Severity in alcoholic hepatitis is determined several clinical prediction models such as the
137:
3996:
1576:
490:
Untreated alcoholic hepatitis mortality in one month of presentation may be as high as 40-50%.
4797:
4581:
4520:
3600:
3184:
3179:
3083:
3045:
2938:
2703:
2622:
2611:
2572:
2500:
1803:
583:
478:
10-20% of patients with alcoholic hepatitis progress to alcoholic liver cirrhosis every year.
248:
215:
5053:
4826:
4566:
4408:
4298:
4160:
4147:
4091:
3906:
3524:
3317:
3236:
3169:
3066:
2742:
2686:
2507:
2403:
1986:
1981:
1815:
1733:
1699:
500:
392:– hepatocytes in the setting of alcoholic change often swell up with excess fat, water and
180:
3869:
8:
5086:
4971:
4915:
4905:
4748:
4659:
4513:
4400:
4371:
4239:
4113:
3854:
3839:
3789:
3494:
3484:
3263:
3193:
2981:
2836:
2646:
2539:
2522:
2483:
2456:
2251:
2228:
2221:
2170:
2142:
2064:
2059:
2054:
1971:
1588:
1536:
616:
410:
invasion is triggered by the necrotic changes and presence of cellular debris within the
319:
1005:
980:
5207:
4900:
4842:
4631:
4071:
4014:
3930:
3829:
3822:
3784:
3744:
3550:
3451:
3366:
3344:
3198:
3157:
2919:
2848:
2713:
2696:
2681:
2668:
2651:
2517:
2152:
2044:
2016:
1950:
1776:
1672:
1637:
1438:
1257:
1164:
1107:
1042:
961:
801:
776:
746:
327:
292:
252:
221:
1541:
442:
4943:
4531:
4329:
4101:
3971:
3834:
3812:
3715:
3590:
3534:
3312:
3251:
3241:
3213:
3189:
2826:
2807:
2180:
1480:
1442:
1430:
1388:
1380:
1338:
1284:
1249:
1245:
1213:
1205:
1156:
1099:
1095:
1054:
1046:
1010:
965:
953:
881:
847:
806:
738:
56:
1261:
1168:
1111:
750:
5133:
4617:
4084:
4034:
3678:
3614:
3580:
3573:
3456:
3423:
3413:
2873:
2793:
2788:
2778:
2640:
2512:
2440:
2258:
2165:
2160:
2090:
2049:
1857:
1822:
1472:
1420:
1370:
1328:
1318:
1241:
1195:
1148:
1091:
1038:
1000:
992:
945:
837:
796:
788:
730:
535:
386:. This sign is not limited to alcoholic liver disease, but is often characteristic.
129:
61:
687:
4938:
4760:
4391:
4365:
4254:
3935:
3920:
3901:
3406:
3401:
3275:
2831:
2761:
2627:
2562:
2527:
2398:
2263:
2199:
2101:
2020:
2011:
1961:
1901:
1786:
1763:
1552:
1200:
1183:
1075:
Fleming, Kate M.; Aithal, Guruprasad P.; Card, Tim R.; West, Joe (January 2012).
996:
638:
346:
244:
207:
164:
109:
44:
556:
score > 32 or hepatic encephalopathy should be considered for treatment with
28:
5008:
4698:
4454:
4269:
4079:
4059:
4021:
3886:
3307:
3297:
3287:
3095:
3061:
2927:
2868:
2783:
2337:
2310:
2175:
2110:
2106:
1996:
1966:
1476:
608:
574:
567:
549:
365:
315:
105:
1526:
1152:
734:
481:
Patients with liver cirrhosis develop liver cancer at a rate of 1.5% per year.
5196:
4355:
4244:
4125:
4029:
3925:
3514:
3446:
3396:
3391:
3376:
3371:
3349:
3258:
3225:
3090:
2959:
2801:
2754:
2547:
2490:
2473:
2385:
2130:
1957:
1832:
1798:
1743:
1384:
1209:
1050:
628:
587:
415:
369:
361:
342:
145:
564:
can be used to monitor for improvement or to consider alternative treatment.
475:
Alcoholic hepatitis occurs in approximately 1/3 of chronic alcohol drinkers.
438:– a progressive and permanent type of fibrotic degeneration of liver tissue.
422:. These cells are particularly attracted to hepatocytes with Mallory bodies.
310:
The chronic inflammation seen in alcoholic hepatitis leads to a distinctive
271:
Alcohol is also directly damaging to liver cells. Alcohol is metabolized to
4854:
4204:
4194:
3984:
3280:
2676:
2588:
2461:
2364:
2315:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2204:
2029:
1945:
1837:
1827:
1793:
1484:
1434:
1392:
1342:
1288:
1253:
1217:
1160:
1103:
1058:
1014:
957:
851:
810:
742:
604:
557:
403:
379:
335:
296:
272:
259:
damage. In the case of enterococcus faecalis, the bacterium can release an
97:
48:
40:
1425:
1408:
1333:
949:
5094:
5045:
4135:
4130:
4001:
3881:
3771:
3664:
3436:
3381:
2986:
2856:
2618:
2596:
2427:
2347:
1991:
1892:
1645:
1571:
633:
561:
560:
40 mg daily for four weeks followed by a taper. Models such as the
397:
383:
323:
300:
192:
141:
101:
78:
1509:
291:(binding to DNA) leading to direct hepatocyte damage. This manifests as
5181:
4738:
4692:
4264:
4096:
4044:
3844:
3817:
3727:
3509:
3489:
3418:
3001:
2991:
2632:
2305:
2283:
1928:
1867:
792:
419:
407:
288:
256:
240:
235:
36:
1375:
1358:
1323:
842:
825:
148:). Mild cases are self-limiting, but severe cases have a high risk of
5075:
4199:
4106:
3940:
3739:
3705:
3558:
3529:
3499:
3431:
3386:
3359:
3207:
3142:
2976:
2971:
2888:
2582:
2552:
2415:
2393:
2246:
2097:
2071:
1933:
1923:
1810:
1771:
1704:
777:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcoholic Hepatitis: A Systematic Review"
504:
435:
203:
199:
188:
117:
93:
5148:
4989:
4984:
4883:
4865:
4712:
4571:
3799:
3463:
2216:
2194:
1906:
430:
393:
311:
303:(an endogenous antioxidant) depletion. Damaged hepatocytes release
260:
211:
121:
83:
Sex, Obesity, Genetic factors, Race and ethnicity, Binge drinking.
5114:
4815:
3961:
3519:
3078:
2268:
2034:
1938:
1910:
411:
331:
133:
125:
774:
375:
Some signs and pathological changes in liver histology include:
116:, and may contribute to the progression of fibrosis, leading to
4927:
2734:
2352:
2238:
1521:
600:
276:
176:
978:
4259:
4167:
3332:
2184:
1914:
1405:
265:
149:
4328:
1355:
688:"Alcoholic liver disease: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
1618:
1181:
721:
Im, Gene Y. (February 2019). "Acute
Alcoholic Hepatitis".
243:(intestinal absorptive cells) and causing disruptions of
3696:
Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States
1409:"Prednisolone or pentoxifylline for alcoholic hepatitis"
382:– a condition where pre-keratin filaments accumulate in
1027:
603:-encoding gene, which codes for an enzyme involved in
1074:
2949:
Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States
1499:
875:
3620:
List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita
1274:
210:and the inflammation probably predisposes to liver
1230:
826:"Hepatic encephalopathy: Diagnosis and management"
3625:Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States
3030:Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism
5194:
4866:Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip)
1031:Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research
935:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
552:: These guidelines suggest that patients with a
414:. Ordinarily the amount of debris is removed by
4007:Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility
1461:"Liver transplantation for alcoholic hepatitis"
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
255:, and travelling to the liver where they cause
1300:
1298:
1138:
781:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
4314:
2904:
1604:
656:
654:
47:finding associated with alcoholic hepatitis.
3569:International Women's Collaboration Brew Day
1710:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
1399:
1268:
1224:
894:
4871:Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
1295:
4321:
4307:
4210:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933
3780:List of countries with alcohol prohibition
2911:
2897:
1749:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
1611:
1597:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
651:
426:If chronic liver disease is also present:
27:
3112:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption
1458:
1424:
1374:
1332:
1322:
1199:
1004:
841:
800:
530:People should be risk stratified using a
1305:Crabb, DW; Im, Gene Young (2020-01-01).
554:modified Maddrey's discriminant function
449:
441:
220:
5001:Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)
3750:Legal drinking age in the United States
1304:
858:
5195:
5144:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
2918:
880:. Philadelphia: W.B Saunders Company.
823:
266:Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
4668:Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions
4302:
3733:List of dry communities by U.S. state
2892:
2733:
1977:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
1592:
1454:
1452:
1070:
1068:
330:(with associated variceal bleeding),
322:or an elevated blood pressure in the
170:
3246:List of methanol poisoning incidents
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
305:Danger associated molecular patterns
287:in the liver as well as acting as a
251:) or immunogenic fungi entering the
225:Depiction of a liver failure patient
3967:Alcohol consumption recommendations
3892:Temperance and Good Citizenship Day
878:Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease
446:Pathogenesis alcoholic liver injury
13:
5175:Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse
4804:Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder
3691:Alcohol packaging warning messages
3303:Alcohol use among college students
2965:Drunk driving in the United States
1459:Im, Gene; Cameron, Andrew (2019).
1449:
1349:
1175:
1132:
1065:
1043:10.1097/01.ALC.0000106301.39746.EB
720:
527:have recommended corticosteroids.
229:
124:(yellowing of the skin and eyes),
14:
5224:
4724:Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
4250:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
4230:Index of alcohol-related articles
3673:Administrative License Suspension
2862:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
2709:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
1495:
817:
757:
705:
163:Severe cases may be treated with
4777:Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
4283:
4282:
3684:Alcoholic beverage control state
3480:Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate
2607:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
1246:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01006.x
1096:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02517.x
4734:Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
4626:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
3293:Alcohol in association football
1848:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
1843:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
1720:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
938:New England Journal of Medicine
876:Cotran; Kumar, Collins (1998).
469:
154:Maddrey's Discriminant Function
5128:Sudden sniffing death syndrome
4783:Intravenous marijuana syndrome
4377:Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome
3505:List of deaths through alcohol
3323:Epidemiology of binge drinking
3127:Subjective response to alcohol
2602:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
2452:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
2274:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
1021:
972:
680:
368:, an antagonistic cytokine of
1:
4955:Opioid-induced endocrinopathy
3990:Sweat alcohol content monitor
3025:Alcoholism in rural Australia
2659:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
644:
519:
465:Alcohol related liver disease
275:in the liver via the enzymes
104:) due to excessive intake of
5168:Anabolic-androgenic steroids
4695:(alcohol use disorder (AUD))
4637:Positional alcohol nystagmus
4602:Alcohol-related brain damage
3913:Adult Children of Alcoholics
3701:Drunk driving law by country
3117:Long-term effects of alcohol
3035:Disease theory of alcoholism
3020:Alcoholism in family systems
3010:Alcohol and Native Americans
2568:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
2087:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
1695:Esophageal motility disorder
1201:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.04.062
997:10.1097/HC9.0000000000000296
594:
525:Clinical practice guidelines
494:
183:). It may also present with
7:
5032:Benzodiazepine use disorder
4961:Opioid-induced constipation
4949:Opioid-induced hyperalgesia
4643:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
4607:Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
4396:Substance-related disorders
4361:Substance-induced psychosis
4333:substance-related disorders
3640:International whisk(e)y day
2954:Driving under the influence
824:Amodio, Piero (June 2018).
622:
128:(fluid accumulation in the
10:
5229:
4729:Caffeine-induced psychosis
4660:Respiratory tract diseases
4645:(WKS, Korsakoff psychosis)
4442:Combined drug intoxication
4156:Christian views on alcohol
3762:List of alcohol laws of US
3040:High-functioning alcoholic
2553:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
2077:Functional colonic disease
1873:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
1477:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.11.007
509:aspartate aminotransferase
5203:Health effects of alcohol
5159:
5113:
5074:
5038:Benzodiazepine dependence
5022:Benzodiazepine withdrawal
4983:
4926:
4882:
4853:
4832:Prenatal cocaine exposure
4814:
4759:
4711:
4685:
4658:
4580:
4549:
4530:
4495:Gastrointestinal diseases
4493:
4469:
4462:
4453:
4419:
4339:
4278:
4222:
4176:
4146:
4070:
4055:Alcoholic spirits measure
4040:Low-alcoholic malt drinks
3954:
3798:
3770:
3721:Ignition interlock device
3663:
3654:
3610:Drunken monkey hypothesis
3543:
3472:
3443:Routes of administration
3224:
3135:
3104:
3072:Alcohol congener analysis
3054:
3015:Alcoholism in adolescence
3000:
2937:
2926:
2847:
2726:
2667:
2581:
2538:
2384:
2375:
2328:
2282:
2237:
2123:
2010:
1900:
1887:
1762:
1754:Acute esophageal necrosis
1636:
1627:
1562:
1503:
1277:American Family Physician
1153:10.1016/j.cld.2012.08.001
985:Hepatology Communications
735:10.1016/j.cld.2018.09.005
179:levels (as determined by
77:
67:
55:
35:
26:
21:
4597:Alcoholic polyneuropathy
4561:Alcohol-related dementia
4479:Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
4432:Polysubstance dependence
4405:Psychological dependence
1853:Gastric dumping syndrome
1728:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1715:Diffuse esophageal spasm
1141:Clinics in Liver Disease
723:Clinics in Liver Disease
513:alanine aminotransferase
5017:Benzodiazepine overdose
4649:Wernicke encephalopathy
4503:Alcoholic liver disease
4471:Cardiovascular diseases
4235:Alcohol and spaceflight
3977:Alcohol server training
3850:Managed alcohol program
3428:Binge drinking devices
3122:Pharmacology of ethanol
2469:Alcoholic liver disease
2002:Bile acid malabsorption
1946:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
390:Ballooning degeneration
285:reactive oxygen species
114:alcoholic liver disease
5103:Amphetamine dependence
5064:Barbiturate dependence
4895:Green Tobacco Sickness
4793:Amotivational syndrome
4673:Alcoholic lung disease
4613:Alcoholic hallucinosis
4592:Alcoholic hallucinosis
4540:Alcoholic ketoacidosis
4484:Alcohol flush reaction
4352:Substance intoxication
3840:Alcohol rehabilitation
3808:Alcohol detoxification
3711:Field sobriety testing
3596:Health effects of wine
3564:International Beer Day
3328:Holiday heart syndrome
2479:Hepatic encephalopathy
1863:Buried bumper syndrome
1794:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
1678:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
1621:human digestive system
613:hepatic encephalopathy
466:
447:
380:Mallory's hyaline body
352:Due to the release of
281:aldehyde dehydrogenase
226:
216:hepatic stellate cells
185:Hepatic encephalopathy
138:hepatic encephalopathy
4798:Cannabis use disorder
4521:Auto-brewery syndrome
4092:Disulfiram-like drugs
3632:Ritual use of alcohol
3601:Wine and food pairing
3586:Apéritif and digestif
3237:Adulterated moonshine
3084:Blood alcohol content
3046:Seeing pink elephants
2704:Pancreatic pseudocyst
2573:Porcelain gallbladder
1685:Zenker's diverticulum
1465:Journal of Hepatology
1426:10.1056/NEJMoa1412278
950:10.1056/NEJMra2207599
662:"Alcoholic hepatitis"
584:Liver Transplantation
503:, including elevated
464:
445:
283:. Acetaldehyde forms
249:enterococcus faecalis
224:
218:to produce collagen.
5054:Barbiturate overdose
4827:Cocaine intoxication
4567:Alcohol intoxication
4409:Substance dependence
4161:Alcohol in the Bible
4148:Religion and alcohol
4114:General anaesthetics
3907:Alcoholics Anonymous
3865:List of mixed drinks
3318:Alcohol intoxication
3233:Adulterated alcohol
2508:Hepatorenal syndrome
2447:Budd–Chiari syndrome
2404:Autoimmune hepatitis
2229:Intestinal adhesions
1987:Short bowel syndrome
1816:Functional dyspepsia
1734:Esophageal stricture
1700:Nutcracker esophagus
1234:Am. J. Gastroenterol
501:liver function tests
181:liver function tests
112:, an early stage of
5087:Stimulant psychosis
4972:Opioid use disorder
4916:Nicotine dependence
4906:Nicotine withdrawal
4749:Caffeine dependence
4509:Alcoholic hepatitis
4401:Physical dependence
4372:Neonatal withdrawal
4240:Gateway drug effect
4026:Low-alcohol drinks
3855:Non-alcoholic drink
3790:Temperance movement
3772:Alcohol prohibition
3495:Gilbert Paul Jordan
3485:Dionysian Mysteries
3269:on college campuses
3264:Alcohol advertising
2982:Public intoxication
2647:Choledocholithiasis
2518:Metabolic disorders
2484:Acute liver failure
2457:Portal hypertension
2409:Alcoholic hepatitis
2252:Radiation proctitis
2171:Mesenteric ischemia
2143:Gastroenterocolitis
1972:Blind loop syndrome
1782:Ménétrier's disease
1690:Barrett's esophagus
1084:Liver International
830:Liver International
617:acute kidney injury
320:portal hypertension
144:dysfunction due to
90:Alcoholic hepatitis
22:Alcoholic hepatitis
4901:Nicotine poisoning
4843:Cocaine dependence
4772:Cannabis arteritis
4632:Korsakoff syndrome
4532:Endocrine diseases
4072:Addiction medicine
4015:Get Your Sexy Back
3955:Alcohol limitation
3931:Sober living house
3897:Twelve-step groups
3830:Brief intervention
3823:Open-container law
3785:Neo-prohibitionism
3745:Legal drinking age
3551:Alcoholic beverage
3452:Alcohol inhalation
3367:Drinking in public
3345:Blackout Wednesday
3203:Beverage-specific
2920:Alcohol and health
2822:Undefined location
2813:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
2714:Pancreatic fistula
2697:Pancreatic abscess
2652:Biliary dyskinesia
2623:Mirizzi's syndrome
2124:Large and/or small
1804:Dieulafoy's lesion
1673:Boerhaave syndrome
1563:External resources
793:10.1111/acer.13108
467:
448:
328:esophageal varices
293:lipid peroxidation
253:portal circulation
227:
171:Signs and symptoms
5190:
5189:
4944:Opioid withdrawal
4707:
4706:
4681:
4680:
4296:
4295:
4218:
4217:
4168:Islam and alcohol
4102:Calcium carbimide
3972:Alcohol education
3860:List of cocktails
3835:Designated driver
3813:Alcohol-free zone
3716:Hip flask defence
3650:
3649:
3591:Hangover remedies
3535:Whiskey Rebellion
3525:Six o'clock swill
3313:Austrian syndrome
3252:Surrogate alcohol
3242:Denatured alcohol
3214:Red wine headache
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2722:
2721:
2324:
2323:
2181:Bowel obstruction
1883:
1882:
1586:
1585:
1376:10.1002/hep.29240
1324:10.1002/hep.30866
944:(26): 2436–2448.
843:10.1111/liv.13752
462:
312:fibrotic response
87:
86:
16:Medical condition
5220:
5134:Toluene toxicity
4618:Delirium tremens
4514:Zieve's syndrome
4467:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4300:
4299:
4286:
4285:
4085:Chlordiazepoxide
4035:Low-alcohol beer
3679:Alcohol monopoly
3661:
3660:
3581:Drinking culture
3574:Women in brewing
3457:Vodka eyeballing
3424:Passive drinking
2935:
2934:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2874:Pneumoperitoneum
2731:
2730:
2641:Common bile duct
2523:Wilson's disease
2513:Peliosis hepatis
2382:
2381:
2259:Proctalgia fugax
2166:Abdominal angina
2091:Ogilvie syndrome
2040:Pseudomembranous
1898:
1897:
1858:Gastric volvulus
1823:Pyloric stenosis
1634:
1633:
1619:Diseases of the
1613:
1606:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1501:
1500:
1489:
1488:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1428:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1378:
1369:(5): 1464–1473.
1353:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1326:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1203:
1188:Gastroenterology
1179:
1173:
1172:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1114:. Archived from
1081:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1008:
976:
970:
969:
933:
892:
891:
873:
856:
855:
845:
821:
815:
814:
804:
787:(7): 1390–1402.
772:
755:
754:
718:
703:
702:
700:
698:
684:
678:
677:
675:
673:
658:
536:Child-Pugh score
463:
316:sinusoidal cells
130:abdominal cavity
62:Gastroenterology
31:
19:
18:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5155:
5116:
5109:
5070:
4988:
4979:
4939:Opioid overdose
4922:
4878:
4849:
4810:
4755:
4703:
4677:
4654:
4583:
4576:
4553:system diseases
4552:
4545:
4526:
4489:
4449:
4421:
4415:
4392:Substance abuse
4335:
4327:
4297:
4292:
4274:
4255:Self-medication
4214:
4172:
4142:
4080:Benzodiazepines
4066:
3950:
3936:Sobering center
3921:Sober companion
3902:Al-Anon/Alateen
3794:
3766:
3656:
3646:
3539:
3468:
3408:In vino veritas
3402:Hair of the dog
3220:
3136:Adverse effects
3131:
3100:
3050:
2996:
2940:
2939:Alcohol-related
2930:
2922:
2917:
2887:
2878:
2843:
2832:Internal hernia
2718:
2663:
2628:Biliary fistula
2586:
2577:
2563:Adenomyomatosis
2558:Cholesterolosis
2534:
2528:Hemochromatosis
2399:Viral hepatitis
2371:
2320:
2278:
2264:Rectal prolapse
2233:
2200:Fecal impaction
2190:Intussusception
2153:Crohn's disease
2119:
2102:Toxic megacolon
2014:
2012:Large intestine
2006:
1951:Curling's ulcer
1904:
1902:Small intestine
1891:
1879:
1787:Gastroenteritis
1758:
1623:
1617:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1558:
1557:
1512:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1457:
1450:
1419:(17): 1619–28.
1413:N. Engl. J. Med
1404:
1400:
1354:
1350:
1303:
1296:
1273:
1269:
1229:
1225:
1180:
1176:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1026:
1022:
977:
973:
934:
895:
888:
874:
859:
822:
818:
773:
758:
719:
706:
696:
694:
692:medlineplus.gov
686:
685:
681:
671:
669:
660:
659:
652:
647:
639:Steatohepatitis
625:
597:
578:-acetylcysteine
550:Corticosteroids
522:
497:
472:
450:
347:clotting factor
245:tight junctions
232:
230:Pathophysiology
208:steatohepatitis
173:
165:glucocorticoids
45:histopathologic
17:
12:
11:
5:
5226:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5149:Inhalant abuse
5146:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5121:
5119:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5080:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5009:benzodiazepine
5005:
5004:
5003:
4994:
4992:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4941:
4932:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4888:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4868:
4859:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4829:
4820:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4795:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4765:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4717:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4699:Binge drinking
4696:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4615:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4557:
4555:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4536:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4499:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4464:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4425:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4398:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4374:
4363:
4358:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4326:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4270:French paradox
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4152:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4126:Sulfonic acids
4123:
4122:
4121:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4060:Standard drink
4057:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4024:
4022:Liquor license
4019:
4018:
4017:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3894:
3889:
3887:Temperance bar
3884:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3676:
3669:
3667:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3593:
3588:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3308:Binge drinking
3305:
3300:
3298:Alcohol powder
3295:
3290:
3288:Alcohol myopia
3285:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3239:
3230:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3201:
3196:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3096:Wine chemistry
3093:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3062:Beer chemistry
3058:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2932:
2924:
2923:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2869:Hemoperitoneum
2866:
2865:
2864:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2739:
2737:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2593:
2591:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2390:
2388:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2340:
2338:Blood in stool
2334:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2311:Anal dysplasia
2308:
2303:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2178:
2176:Angiodysplasia
2173:
2168:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2111:Diverticulosis
2107:Diverticulitis
2104:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2084:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1997:Milroy disease
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1967:Tropical sprue
1964:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1920:
1918:
1895:
1889:Lower GI tract
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1768:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1642:
1640:
1631:
1629:Upper GI tract
1625:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1544:
1529:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:Classification
1497:
1496:External links
1494:
1491:
1490:
1471:(2): 328–334.
1448:
1398:
1348:
1334:2027.42/153536
1317:(1): 306–333.
1294:
1283:(4): 412–420.
1267:
1240:(4): 1018–22.
1223:
1194:(2): 541–548.
1174:
1147:(4): 659–666.
1131:
1064:
1037:(1): 131–136.
1020:
971:
893:
886:
857:
836:(6): 966–975.
816:
756:
704:
679:
666:mayoclinic.org
649:
648:
646:
643:
642:
641:
636:
631:
624:
621:
609:adipose tissue
607:metabolism in
596:
593:
592:
591:
581:
571:
568:Pentoxifylline
565:
547:
543:
521:
518:
496:
493:
492:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
471:
468:
440:
439:
433:
424:
423:
401:
387:
231:
228:
214:by activating
172:
169:
85:
84:
81:
75:
74:
71:
65:
64:
59:
53:
52:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5225:
5214:
5213:Inflammations
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5112:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:substance use
4418:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4356:Drug overdose
4353:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4324:
4319:
4317:
4312:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4289:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4245:Mood disorder
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4119:Nitrous oxide
4117:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:Fermented tea
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:Sober curious
3924:
3922:
3919:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3653:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:Ladies' night
3613:
3611:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3515:Rum Rebellion
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3447:Alcohol enema
3445:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:Flaming drink
3395:
3393:
3392:Dutch courage
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:Drunk walking
3375:
3373:
3372:Drunk dialing
3370:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3350:Drinking game
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3259:Alcohol abuse
3257:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3226:Social issues
3223:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3163:breast cancer
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:Fusel alcohol
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2960:Drunk driving
2958:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2743:Diaphragmatic
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:Cholecystitis
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2491:Liver abscess
2489:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2474:Liver failure
2472:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:Enterocolitis
2129:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1958:Malabsorption
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:Gastroparesis
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:Cushing ulcer
1797:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1744:Megaesophagus
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
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1701:
1698:
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1688:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
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1538:
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1502:
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1432:
1427:
1422:
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1402:
1394:
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1377:
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1259:
1255:
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1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1227:
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1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1121:on 2018-07-19
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1060:
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1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
991:(12): e0296.
990:
986:
982:
975:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
930:
928:
926:
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922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
889:
887:0-7216-7335-X
883:
879:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
853:
849:
844:
839:
835:
831:
827:
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808:
803:
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790:
786:
782:
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771:
769:
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736:
732:
728:
724:
717:
715:
713:
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693:
689:
683:
668:. Mayo Clinic
667:
663:
657:
655:
650:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
629:AST/ALT ratio
627:
626:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
589:
588:United States
585:
582:
579:
577:
572:
569:
566:
563:
559:
555:
551:
548:
544:
541:
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517:
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489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
473:
444:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
421:
417:
416:Kupffer cells
413:
409:
405:
402:
399:
395:
391:
388:
385:
381:
378:
377:
376:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
343:cholangiocyte
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
297:mitochondrial
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
223:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
168:
166:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:liver failure
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
82:
80:
76:
72:
70:
69:Complications
66:
63:
60:
58:
54:
50:
49:H&E stain
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
5166:
5093:
5044:
5007:
4855:Hallucinogen
4582:Neurological
4508:
4330:Psychoactive
4205:Gin Act 1751
4195:Bratt System
4188:
4184:
4051:Measurement
3985:Breathalyzer
3755:Shoulder tap
3407:
3281:Beer goggles
2821:
2800:
2677:Pancreatitis
2639:
2589:biliary tree
2462:Nutmeg liver
2439:
2408:
2365:Hematochezia
2316:Pruritus ani
2301:Anal abscess
2296:Anal fistula
2292:Anal fissure
2205:Constipation
2159:
2030:Appendicitis
1838:Gastroptosis
1828:Achlorhydria
1667:
1656:Eosinophilic
1570:
1546:
1531:
1516:
1468:
1464:
1416:
1412:
1401:
1366:
1362:
1351:
1314:
1310:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1123:. Retrieved
1116:the original
1090:(1): 79–84.
1087:
1083:
1034:
1030:
1023:
988:
984:
974:
941:
937:
877:
833:
829:
819:
784:
780:
729:(1): 81–98.
726:
722:
695:. Retrieved
691:
682:
670:. Retrieved
665:
605:triglyceride
598:
575:
573:Intravenous
558:prednisolone
529:
523:
498:
470:Epidemiology
425:
408:neutrophilic
404:Inflammation
374:
351:
340:
336:splenomegaly
324:portal veins
309:
299:damage, and
273:acetaldehyde
270:
233:
204:fatty change
197:
174:
162:
98:inflammation
89:
88:
79:Risk factors
41:Mallory body
5095:amphetamine
5046:barbiturate
4185:Beer Street
4136:Homotaurine
4131:Acamprosate
4002:Dry January
3981:Monitoring
3882:Teetotalism
3875:Malt drinks
3665:Alcohol law
3437:Yard of ale
3382:Drunkorexia
3194:intolerance
2987:Rum-running
2857:Peritonitis
2619:Cholestasis
2597:Cholangitis
2540:Gallbladder
2428:Fatty liver
2348:Hematemesis
2330:GI bleeding
2136:Necrotizing
2065:Lymphocytic
2060:Collagenous
2055:Microscopic
1992:Steatorrhea
1893:Enteropathy
1739:Inlet patch
1661:Herpetiform
1646:Esophagitis
1572:MedlinePlus
634:Lille Model
562:Lille Model
546:infections.
398:cholestasis
384:hepatocytes
301:glutathione
241:enterocytes
193:obtundation
110:fatty liver
5197:Categories
5076:Stimulants
4739:Caffeinism
4693:Alcoholism
4366:Withdrawal
4265:Town drunk
4097:Disulfiram
4045:Small beer
4011:Campaigns
3845:Drunk tank
3818:Dry campus
3728:Dry county
3510:Rum ration
3490:Dipsomania
3419:Pantsdrunk
3212:Red wine:
3002:Alcoholism
2992:Wine fraud
2849:Peritoneal
2827:Incisional
2748:Congenital
2692:Hereditary
2669:Pancreatic
2633:Haemobilia
2306:Hemorrhoid
2284:Anal canal
2222:Infectious
2210:Functional
2045:Ulcerative
1929:Duodenitis
1868:Gastrinoma
1363:Hepatology
1311:Hepatology
1125:2020-03-15
645:References
532:MELD Score
520:Management
420:parenchyma
289:DNA adduct
257:hepatocyte
236:hepatocyte
158:MELD score
39:showing a
37:Micrograph
5208:Hepatitis
5182:Chocolate
4584:disorders
4200:Dry state
4107:Cyanamide
3941:Sobrietol
3740:Last call
3706:DWI court
3559:Beer mile
3530:Speakeasy
3500:Gin Craze
3432:Beer bong
3387:Dry drunk
3360:Pregaming
3208:Potomania
3190:Tolerance
3180:Pregnancy
3055:Chemistry
2977:Nip joint
2972:Moonshine
2837:Richter's
2794:Spigelian
2789:Obturator
2779:Umbilical
2612:Ascending
2583:Bile duct
2416:Cirrhosis
2394:Hepatitis
2377:Accessory
2247:Proctitis
2098:Megacolon
2072:Dysentery
1982:Whipple's
1934:Jejunitis
1924:Enteritis
1811:Dyspepsia
1772:Gastritis
1705:Achalasia
1638:Esophagus
1443:205097413
1385:0270-9139
1210:0016-5085
1051:0145-6008
966:255251817
697:2 January
595:Prognosis
505:bilirubin
495:Diagnosis
436:Cirrhosis
200:cirrhosis
189:asterixis
118:cirrhosis
94:hepatitis
57:Specialty
5115:Volatile
4990:hypnotic
4985:Sedative
4884:Nicotine
4761:Cannabis
4713:Caffeine
4572:Hangover
4420:Combined
4288:Category
4189:Gin Lane
3946:Quit lit
3870:Spritzer
3800:Sobriety
3655:Alcohol
3636:Whiskey
3464:Sconcing
3414:Nightcap
3340:Blackout
3170:Cortisol
3067:Congener
2767:Indirect
2762:Inguinal
2496:Pyogenic
2441:Vascular
2217:Diarrhea
2195:Volvulus
2161:Vascular
2100: /
2089: /
2050:Ischemic
2017:Appendix
1907:Duodenum
1777:Atrophic
1651:Candidal
1485:30658734
1435:25901427
1393:28459138
1343:31314133
1289:35426628
1262:23116073
1254:10201476
1218:19445945
1169:25687227
1161:23101975
1112:43829150
1104:21745279
1059:14745311
1015:37994498
1006:10666984
958:36577100
852:29624860
811:27254289
751:53873388
743:30454835
623:See also
431:Fibrosis
261:exotoxin
212:fibrosis
156:and the
122:jaundice
5160:Related
5117:solvent
4928:Opioids
4816:Cocaine
4609:(AWS):
4551:Nervous
4505:(ALD):
4455:Alcohol
4340:General
4223:Related
4177:History
3962:0-0-1-3
3657:control
3544:General
3520:Shebeen
3473:History
3143:Anxiety
3105:Effects
3079:Ethanol
2928:Alcohol
2808:Petit's
2784:Femoral
2687:Chronic
2501:Amoebic
2269:Anismus
2035:Colitis
1962:Coeliac
1939:Ileitis
1911:Jejunum
1764:Stomach
1668:Rupture
1553:D006519
802:4930399
672:June 5,
412:lobules
394:protein
332:ascites
134:fatigue
126:ascites
106:alcohol
100:of the
5171:: SUD
5130:(SSDS)
4873:(HPPD)
4628:(FASD)
4379:(PAWS)
3997:FRAMES
3206:Beer:
3199:Weight
3175:Memory
3158:Cancer
2941:crimes
2802:Lumbar
2772:Direct
2755:Hiatus
2735:Hernia
2587:Other
2353:Melena
2239:Rectum
1722:(GERD)
1577:000281
1483:
1441:
1433:
1391:
1383:
1341:
1287:
1260:
1252:
1216:
1208:
1167:
1159:
1110:
1102:
1057:
1049:
1013:
1003:
964:
956:
884:
850:
809:
799:
749:
741:
601:PNPLA3
277:CYP2E1
177:enzyme
5034:(BUD)
4974:(OUD)
4963:(OIC)
4957:(OIE)
4951:(OIH)
4897:(GTS)
4834:(PCE)
4800:(CUD)
4779:(CHS)
4639:(PAN)
4620:(DTs)
4563:(ARD)
4542:(AKA)
4523:(ABS)
4486:(AFR)
4444:(CDI)
4260:Spins
3915:(ACA)
3909:(AA):
3675:(ALS)
3555:Beer
3333:Zapoy
3185:Sleep
3153:Brain
3148:Aging
3042:(HFA)
2956:(DUI)
2727:Other
2682:Acute
2433:MASLD
2386:Liver
2360:Lower
2343:Upper
2185:Ileus
2021:Colon
1915:Ileum
1730:(LPR)
1542:571.1
1527:K70.1
1439:S2CID
1258:S2CID
1165:S2CID
1119:(PDF)
1108:S2CID
1080:(PDF)
962:S2CID
747:S2CID
366:IL-13
358:PAMPs
354:DAMPs
150:death
142:brain
102:liver
5140:SUD
5124:SID
5099:SUD
5083:SID
5060:SUD
5050:SID
5028:SUD
5013:SID
4997:SID
4968:SUD
4935:SID
4912:SUD
4891:SID
4862:SID
4839:SUD
4823:SID
4789:SUD
4768:SID
4745:SUD
4720:SID
4651:(WE)
4438:SID
4428:SUD
4187:and
3355:list
2115:SCAD
1548:MeSH
1537:9-CM
1481:PMID
1431:PMID
1389:PMID
1381:ISSN
1339:PMID
1285:PMID
1250:PMID
1214:PMID
1206:ISSN
1157:PMID
1100:PMID
1055:PMID
1047:ISSN
1011:PMID
954:PMID
882:ISBN
848:PMID
807:PMID
739:PMID
699:2017
674:2022
615:and
370:IL-6
362:IL-6
356:and
334:and
279:and
136:and
43:, a
4686:SUD
4463:SID
4387:SUD
4347:SID
3276:Sex
2931:use
2421:PBC
2148:IBD
2082:IBS
1533:ICD
1518:ICD
1473:doi
1421:doi
1417:372
1371:doi
1329:hdl
1319:doi
1281:105
1242:doi
1196:doi
1192:137
1149:doi
1092:doi
1039:doi
1001:PMC
993:doi
946:doi
942:387
838:doi
797:PMC
789:doi
731:doi
534:or
511:to
132:),
92:is
5199::
4407:/
4403:/
4394:/
4368::
4354:/
2585:/
2183::
2164::
1960::
1575::
1551::
1540::
1525::
1522:10
1479:.
1469:70
1467:.
1463:.
1451:^
1437:.
1429:.
1415:.
1411:.
1387:.
1379:.
1367:66
1365:.
1361:.
1337:.
1327:.
1315:71
1313:.
1309:.
1297:^
1279:.
1256:.
1248:.
1238:94
1236:.
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1204:.
1190:.
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1163:.
1155:.
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1106:.
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1086:.
1082:.
1067:^
1053:.
1045:.
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1009:.
999:.
987:.
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960:.
952:.
940:.
896:^
860:^
846:.
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805:.
795:.
785:40
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779:.
759:^
745:.
737:.
727:23
725:.
707:^
690:.
664:.
653:^
619:.
406:–
338:.
295:,
160:.
5097::
5048::
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2294:/
2113:/
2109:/
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2019:/
2015:(
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