552:– sufficient to provide a lethal dose in a single 2.5 g mussel. By contrast, the highest measured level of saxitoxin in the Pacific littleneck clam was 580 μg / 100 g according to this 1996 report. Littleneck clams are "typically less toxic and retain their toxins for a shorter amount of time than the other species" such as "butter clams and blue mussels tend to accumulate the highest levels of PSP toxins ... geoducks and scallops tend to be toxic for longer periods of time" but this does not mean that these clams "are always safe to eat you can get PSP from littleneck clams." The reason for the difference is likely that the littleneck clam has an
51:
64:
430:
442:
416:
point towards the anterior end of the shell. The hinge has three cardinal teeth in each valve, and a row of small teeth along the ventral margins of the valves. There are numerous concentric ridges, more clearly demarcked at the anterior end, but the radial ridges are often more clearly sculpted. The foot is large and there is a clearcut pallial sinus.
539:
for different lengths of time. It is clear that PSP-causing toxin levels are typically much higher in the summer months though this does not mean the seafood is necessarily safe at other times. Risks also vary based on species but seafood available for retail sale is required to meet the FDA standards.
538:
of PSP-causing toxins per 100 g of tissue of the seafood. PSP is caused by a mixture of at least 21 different chemical species, some of which undergo chemical transformations within the dinoflagellates or within the animals that acquire the saxitoxins, and which are retained by different animals
415:
being anterior to the midline of the shell, but closer to the midline than to the anterior end of the shell. The two equal-sized valves are oval or heart-shaped. The width of the shell is greater than a quarter of its length, and the shell seldom exceeds 6 cm (2.4 in) in length. The umbones
477:
from the mid and lower shore down to depths of about 10 m (33 ft), usually buried less than 8 cm (3 in) beneath the surface of the sediment. Occasionally it is in more exposed locations, in gravel-filled cracks in rocks or in empty burrows of other clams.
640:
Huber, Markus (2018). Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter
Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.).
566:(in which levels of saxitoxin as high as 7,750 μg / 100 g have been reported). This transformation to decarbomyl derivative has been reported in some other clam species and significantly reduces the toxicity of saxitoxins present.
526:(PSP) when the clams are eaten. Despite this fact, the clam was eaten by Native Americans and is still used as a food for humans. According to a 1996 report from the Marine Advisory Program at the
809:
620:
when they are extended to feed. This clam spawns during the summer in the north of its range. It is a slow-growing species and may live for up to sixteen years.
1009:
978:
1183:
1209:
1309:
125:
1299:
531:
1157:
691:
1294:
733:
1222:
789:
1003:
Sullivan, John J.; Iwaoka, Wayne T.; Liston, John (1983). "Enzymatic transformation of PSP toxins in the littleneck clam (
1304:
50:
817:
1261:
1214:
654:
17:
982:
725:
617:
844:
523:
546:, saxitoxin levels as high as 19,600 μg / 100 g were measured in the Alaska blue mussel
1044:
Deeds, Jonathan R.; Landsberg, Jan H.; Etheridge, Stacey M.; Pitcher, Grant C.; Longan, Sara Watt (2008).
1136:
1131:
1266:
642:
461:
is native to the eastern
Pacific Ocean. Its range extends along the coasts of North America from the
63:
613:
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1099:
703:
779:
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573:
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527:
429:
8:
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441:
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in the south. It usually occurs in protected areas on sand, hard mud and clayey-gravel
392:
194:
58:
1144:
1079:
1026:
1022:
826:
785:
756:
32:"Littleneck clam" redirects here. For the Atlantic littleneck or small quahogs, see
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808:
Clark, R. F.; Williams, S. R.; Nordt, S. P.; Manoguerra, A. S. (1999).
535:
507:
1175:
1064:
411:
Like other members of
Veneridae, this species has a chalky shell, the
609:
569:
511:
396:
380:
135:
75:
33:
1093:
560:, a capability not shared by the blue mussel nor by the butter clam
1116:
925:"Epidemiology of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Outbreaks in Alaska"
519:
115:
105:
95:
400:
373:
370:
145:
1227:
534:(FDA) considers seafood unsafe if it contains more than 80
553:
499:
466:
399:
approximately 1,000 years ago, and the distinctive shells form
85:
1043:
979:"Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning in Alaska Facts and Discussion"
807:
777:
1046:"Non-Traditional Vectors for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning"
491:
383:. This species of mollusc was exploited by early humans in
781:
California
Indians and Their Environment: An Introduction
542:
In PSP poisonings that occurred in the summer of 1993 in
976:
1002:
1010:
867:"Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: The Alaska Problem"
754:
981:. College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences at the
1281:
899:"How Toxic Are Alaska's Most Common Shellfish?"
784:. University of California Press. p. 271.
702:. Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory (a campus of
833:. Archived from the original on June 17, 2012.
639:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
977:Alaska Sea Grant Program (13 August 2015).
803:
801:
453:
423:Right and left valve of the same specimen:
532:United States Food and Drug Administration
49:
1073:
1063:
810:"A review of selected seafood poisonings"
668:
798:
947:
945:
922:
864:
778:Lightfoot, Kent; Parrish, Otis (2009).
635:
633:
14:
1282:
893:
891:
889:
887:
860:
858:
856:
854:
734:Washington State University Tri-Cities
689:
1098:
1097:
942:
630:
1310:Taxa named by Timothy Abbott Conrad
916:
884:
851:
24:
1300:Seafood in Native American cuisine
818:Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine
25:
1321:
865:RaLonde, Raymond (October 1996).
726:"Family: Veneridae (Venus Clams)"
655:World Register of Marine Species
440:
428:
62:
1037:
996:
970:
966:. October 1996. pp. 14–15.
912:. October 1996. pp. 10–11.
730:Gladys Archerd Shell Collection
700:Invertebrates of the Salish Sea
506:. Some dinoflagellates produce
983:University of Alaska Fairbanks
923:Gessner, Brad (October 1996).
771:
748:
718:
406:
228:Paphia staminea var. sulculosa
13:
1:
1295:Molluscs of the Pacific Ocean
962:. Marine Advisory Board, the
934:. Marine Advisory Board, the
908:. Marine Advisory Board, the
876:. Marine Advisory Board, the
623:
572:include such molluscs as the
556:that converts saxitoxin into
524:paralytic shellfish poisoning
421:
1023:10.1016/0006-291X(83)90803-3
953:"Truths and Myths about PSP"
755:Burnham, C. Michael (2008).
7:
960:Alaska's Maritime Resources
932:Alaska's Maritime Resources
906:Alaska's Maritime Resources
874:Alaska's Maritime Resources
10:
1326:
1305:Bivalves described in 1837
481:
31:
1106:
843:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
490:and consumes microscopic
395:harvested these clams in
200:
193:
174:
167:
59:Scientific classification
57:
48:
43:
614:Pacific staghorn sculpin
514:and its derivates, that
454:Distribution and habitat
403:near their settlements.
341:, commonly known as the
759:. The Megalithic Portal
616:sometimes nips off the
518:in the clams and other
343:Pacific littleneck clam
220:Paphia staminea orbella
736:Natural History Museum
704:Walla Walla University
263:G. B. Sowerby II, 1852
255:G. B. Sowerby II, 1852
1236:Paleobiology Database
938:. pp. 16–17, 19.
690:Cowles, Dave (2007).
606:Enteroctopus dofleini
602:giant Pacific octopus
591:Metacarcinus magister
574:leafy hornmouth snail
236:Protothaca grewingkii
964:University of Alaska
936:University of Alaska
910:University of Alaska
878:University of Alaska
578:Ceratostoma foliatum
558:decarbamoylsaxitoxin
528:University of Alaska
308:Venus pectunculoides
1005:Protothaca staminea
757:"Los Osos Back Bay"
612:. Fish such as the
387:; for example, the
367:ribbed carpet shell
244:Protothaca staminea
582:Lewis's moon snail
563:Saxidomus gigantea
393:Central California
369:, is a species of
359:Tomales Bay cockle
311:Valenciennes, 1846
27:Species of bivalve
1277:
1276:
1100:Taxon identifiers
1065:10.3390/md6020308
791:978-0-520-94228-8
334:
333:
328:
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16:(Redirected from
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1179:
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1139:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1108:Leukoma staminea
1095:
1094:
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1067:
1041:
1035:
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694:Leukoma staminea
687:
666:
665:
663:
661:
645:Leukoma staminea
637:
597:Cancer productus
586:Neverita lewisii
520:bivalve mollusks
469:in the north to
463:Aleutian Islands
459:Leukoma staminea
444:
432:
338:Leukoma staminea
326:
318:
310:
302:
294:
286:
278:
276:Venerupis petiti
270:
262:
254:
246:
238:
230:
222:
214:
206:
180:
178:Leukoma staminea
160:L. staminea
67:
66:
53:
44:Littleneck clam
41:
40:
21:
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1234:
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1092:
1091:
1042:
1038:
1001:
997:
987:
985:
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955:
951:
950:
943:
927:
921:
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897:
896:
885:
880:. pp. 1–7.
869:
863:
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776:
772:
762:
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753:
749:
739:
737:
724:
723:
719:
709:
707:
696:(Conrad, 1857)"
688:
669:
659:
657:
647:(Conrad, 1837)"
638:
631:
626:
496:dinoflagellates
486:This clam is a
484:
471:Baja California
456:
451:
448:
445:
436:
433:
419:
409:
389:Chumash peoples
347:littleneck clam
287:Carpenter, 1857
271:Carpenter, 1857
223:Carpenter, 1864
212:Paphia staminea
204:Chione ruderata
189:
182:
176:
163:
61:
37:
28:
23:
22:
18:Littleneck clam
15:
12:
11:
5:
1323:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1275:
1274:
1272:
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1245:
1232:
1219:
1206:
1193:
1180:
1167:
1154:
1141:
1128:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1090:
1089:
1058:(2): 308–348.
1036:
1017:(2): 465–472.
995:
969:
941:
915:
883:
850:
825:(3): 175–184.
797:
790:
770:
747:
717:
667:
628:
627:
625:
622:
549:Mytilus edulis
544:Kodiak, Alaska
522:and can cause
483:
480:
455:
452:
450:
449:
446:
439:
437:
434:
427:
408:
405:
355:hardshell clam
332:
331:
330:
329:
324:Venus staminea
321:
313:
305:
300:Venus mundulus
297:
289:
284:Venus ampliata
281:
279:Deshayes, 1839
273:
265:
257:
249:
247:(Conrad, 1837)
241:
233:
225:
217:
215:(Conrad, 1837)
209:
207:Deshayes, 1853
198:
197:
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706:, Washington)
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588:), the crabs
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555:
551:
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545:
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537:
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525:
521:
517:
516:bioaccumulate
513:
509:
505:
504:cyanobacteria
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:filter feeder
479:
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468:
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438:
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386:
385:North America
382:
379:
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356:
352:
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344:
340:
339:
325:
322:
317:
314:
309:
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301:
298:
293:
292:Venus conradi
290:
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277:
274:
269:
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261:
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253:
252:Tapes diversa
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218:
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173:
170:
169:Binomial name
166:
162:
161:
156:
153:
152:
149:
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144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
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130:
127:
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122:Superfamily:
121:
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107:
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100:
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52:
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30:
19:
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1051:Marine Drugs
1049:
1039:
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1008:
1004:
998:
986:. Retrieved
972:
959:
931:
918:
905:
873:
839:cite journal
822:
816:
780:
773:
761:. Retrieved
750:
738:. Retrieved
729:
720:
708:. Retrieved
699:
693:
658:. Retrieved
651:MolluscaBase
650:
644:
605:
595:
589:
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568:
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541:
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458:
457:
422:
418:
410:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
336:
335:
327:Conrad, 1837
323:
316:Venus rigida
315:
307:
299:
291:
283:
275:
268:Tapes tumida
267:
260:Tapes tumida
259:
251:
243:
235:
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211:
203:
177:
175:
159:
158:
146:
38:
29:
1249:SeaLifeBase
1197:NatureServe
1171:iNaturalist
763:29 December
740:29 December
710:29 December
660:29 December
508:neurotoxins
435:Right valve
407:Description
351:rock cockle
319:Gould, 1850
303:Reeve, 1863
295:Römer, 1867
1284:Categories
988:22 January
624:References
608:) and the
510:, such as
475:substrates
447:Left valve
239:Dall, 1904
231:Dall, 1902
126:Veneroidea
1290:Veneridae
610:sea otter
570:Predators
512:saxitoxin
397:Morro Bay
381:Veneridae
363:rock clam
154:Species:
136:Veneridae
82:Kingdom:
76:Eukaryota
34:hard clam
1202:2.972169
1189:11769744
1123:Q3014651
1117:Wikidata
1084:18728730
831:10485519
494:such as
195:Synonyms
132:Family:
116:Venerida
106:Bivalvia
96:Mollusca
92:Phylum:
86:Animalia
72:Domain:
1163:5855840
1075:2525492
1031:6882435
618:siphons
500:diatoms
482:Ecology
401:middens
376:in the
374:mollusc
371:bivalve
365:or the
188:, 1837)
147:Leukoma
142:Genus:
112:Order:
102:Class:
1267:507737
1241:249453
1228:507737
1215:462889
1176:333608
1137:484121
1082:
1072:
1029:
829:
788:
600:, the
580:) and
554:enzyme
530:, the
502:, and
467:Alaska
378:family
361:, the
357:, the
353:, the
349:, the
345:, the
186:Conrad
1262:WoRMS
1254:48833
1184:IRMNG
1150:6PVBQ
956:(PDF)
928:(PDF)
902:(PDF)
870:(PDF)
813:(PDF)
492:algae
1223:OBIS
1210:NCBI
1158:GBIF
1132:BOLD
1080:PMID
1027:PMID
1007:)".
990:2019
845:link
827:PMID
786:ISBN
765:2018
742:2018
712:2018
662:2018
594:and
465:and
413:umbo
1145:CoL
1070:PMC
1060:doi
1019:doi
1015:114
391:of
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1134::
1119::
1078:.
1068:.
1054:.
1048:.
1025:.
1013:.
958:.
944:^
930:.
904:.
886:^
872:.
853:^
841:}}
837:{{
823:26
821:.
815:.
800:^
732:.
728:.
698:.
670:^
653:.
649:.
632:^
536:μg
498:,
1086:.
1062::
1056:6
1033:.
1021::
992:.
847:)
794:.
767:.
744:.
714:.
692:"
664:.
643:"
604:(
584:(
576:(
184:(
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
