91:
535:. The river is fed by snowmelt and rainfall, resulting in a peak discharge in the period February–May. Low water levels are recorded for the period July–October. The average discharge of the Little Zab is 197.8 cubic metres (6,990 cu ft) per second, whereas the maximum recorded discharge is 3,420 cubic metres (121,000 cu ft) per second. Average annual discharge is 7.2 cubic kilometres (1.7 cu mi). Because of its torrential nature, Medieval Arab geographers have described the Little Zab, and the
122:
503:. In its upper reaches, the course of the Little Zab is determined by the alignment of the major mountain chains that make up the Zagros. Thus, the river flows through valleys that are predominantly aligned along a northwest–southeast axis, parallel to the major mountain chains of the Zagros, only to change its direction abruptly where it cuts through these chains in narrow gorges. Along the way, it collects the waters coming down from the eastern face of the
927:
913:
2331:
727:
is not well known from an archaeological point of view, the available evidence nevertheless shows that the relatively favourable ecological conditions of the Iraqi part of the Zagros attracted human groups from early prehistory onwards. Lower
Palaeolithic archaeological sites have to date not been
522:
Different estimates have been given for the length of the Little Zab: 380 kilometres (240 mi), 400 kilometres (250 mi) and 456 kilometres (283 mi). For a short distance, the Little Zab forms the border between Iran and Iraq, and along its lower course it also constitutes the border
555:
has been constructed, it measures 11,700 square kilometres (4,500 sq mi). The larger part of the basin (74%) is located within Iraqi borders; the remainder is in Iran. On the north, it is bordered by the Great Zab basin while on the south it is adjoined by the basins of the
507:, which now form the border between Iran and Iraq. The Little Zab enters the Mesopotamian plain south of Dukan, where it first assumes a roughly westward course before turning to the southwest upstream from the town of Altun Kopru and uniting with the Tigris near the town of
598:
The Little Zab crosses very diverse climatic and ecological zones. Annual precipitation along the course of the river diminishes from over 1,000 millimetres (39 in) in the
Iranian Zagros to less than 200 millimetres (7.9 in) at the confluence with the Tigris near
653:
upstream from the town of Dukan. The dam's crest is 116 metres (381 ft) above the riverbed (516 metres (1,693 ft) amsl) and 360 metres (1,180 ft) long. Its functions are to regulate the flow of the Little Zab, to store water for irrigation in its
728:
found in the Iraqi part of the Zagros
Mountains, but they are known from the Iranian side where numerous cave sites have been found during archaeological surveys. Information on the early prehistory of the wider Little Zab region itself comes from the
658:(Lake Dukan) and to provide hydroelectric power. The maximum storage capacity of the dam's reservoir is 6.97 cubic kilometres (1.67 cu mi). Because the flooding of Lake Dukan would lead to the submersion of numerous archaeological sites, an
784:
periods. After the
Zarzian, the focus of human occupation shifted from cave-sites, which continue to be used as secondary or seasonal occupation sites up to today, to open-air sites and it was in this period that the trend toward
828:. From that time onward, the Little Zab basin became increasingly entangled in the affairs of the successive Mesopotamian empires that sought control over the Zagros Mountains. In the early second millennium BCE, king
1917:
Iraqi
Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works (2006a), "Volume I: Overview of Present Conditions and Current Use of the Water in the Marshlands Area/Book 1: Water resources",
603:. Average temperatures follow a similar gradient, with the mountain valleys generally experiencing colder winters than the foothill zone, while summers in the latter are hotter. In the high Zagros, three different
467:. The Little Zab is approximately 400 kilometres (250 mi) long and drains an area of about 22,000 square kilometres (8,500 sq mi). The river is fed by rainfall and snowmelt, resulting in a peak
611:
is at approximately 1,800 metres (5,900 ft); above which herbs and shrubs predominate. The dominant vegetation between 1,800 and 610 metres (5,910 and 2,000 ft) was an open oak forest (
805:. The early occupation of Tell Shemshara, in the Ranya Plain, can also be dated to this period. The archaeological fieldwork in the Ranya Plain showed that this area was occupied during the
840:
found at Tell
Shemshara (ancient Shusharra) shows that the local governor switched allegiance and became a vassal of Shamshi-Adad. During the 14th century BCE, the region was part of the
617:), but not much of this original vegetation remains. The river valleys are characterized by water-loving plants, and marshy areas were in the past – in the absence of drainage – prone to
1927:
Iraqi
Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works (2006b), "Annex III: Main Water Control Structures (Dams and Water Diversions) and Reservoirs",
2061:
511:. Most tributaries join the Little Zab upstream from Dukan, with the largest being the Baneh River and the Qala Chulan. A number of smaller streams joined the Little Zab in the
1323:
801:
village community that practiced agriculture and animal husbandry. Pottery occurs from the early occupation levels onward; in its later phases it resembles pottery from
694:
will support a 120 MW power station. Above the
Sardasht Dam, Iran is planning to construct the Shivahan and Garjhal Dams with the primary purpose of power generation.
2105:(1963), "Prehistory in Shanidar Valley, Northern Iraq: Fresh Insights into Near Eastern Prehistory from the Middle Paleolithic to the Proto-Neolithic are Obtained",
645:
Two dams have been constructed on the Little Zab in Iraq while Iran is currently constructing one with two others planned. The two in Iraq are the Dukan Dam and the
621:. Although the foothill zone, especially the plain of Erbil, is heavily cultivated, patches of natural vegetation remain, with herbs in the genus
1441:
678:
is located approximately 130 kilometres (81 mi) upstream from the confluence with the Tigris and was constructed between 1960 and 1965. The
1900:
1936:
Isaev, V.A.; Mikhailova, M.V. (2009), "The
Hydrology, Evolution, and Hydrological Regime of the Mouth Area of the Shatt al-Arab River",
1349:
856:
archives for this period. During the late second–early first millennia BCE, the lower Little Zab basin belonged to the heartland of the
471:
in the spring and low water in the summer and early fall. Two dams built on the Little Zab regulate the river flow, providing water for
836:, which was probably located along the lower course of the Little Zab, and installed garrisons in the conquered towns. The archive of
2551:
733:
1327:
740:
and south of the Little Zab. The earliest evidence for human occupation in this region comes from the Middle
Palaeolithic site of
2060:
Nováček, Karel; Chabr, Tomáš; Filipský, David; Janiček, Libor; Pavelka, Karel; Šída, Petr; Trefný, Martin; Vařeka, Pavel (2008),
748:
stone tools have been found. Archaeological research elsewhere in the Zagros confirms the importance of this area to early human
591:. The Ranya Plain is the largest valley in the Little Zab drainage basin, and the second-largest in the Iraqi Zagros behind the
1416:
813:
and Ninevite V periods – roughly from the middle 6th to the mid-3rd millennium BCE. Evidence for these periods comes from the
2561:
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2222:
2204:
2093:
1995:
1890:
276:
2232:
1667:
Al-Soof, Abu (1968), "Distribution of Uruk, Jamdat Nasr and Ninevite V Pottery as Revealed by Field Survey Work in Iraq",
1986:
Kolars, John (1994), "Problems of International River Management: The Case of the Euphrates", in Biswas, Asit K. (ed.),
2581:
2410:
2165:
1977:
1926:
1916:
1288:
1254:
1171:
991:
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of the Little Zab covers 21,475–22,250 square kilometres (8,292–8,591 sq mi); from the location where the
2284:
2136:(2005), "The Bekhme Dam Project in Kurdistan Iraq. A Threat to the Archaeology of the Upper Zagros River Valley",
2586:
789:
of plants and animals set in. Domestication of the goat probably occurred first in this area of the Zagros.
2546:
820:
The region enters history at the end of the 3rd millennium BCE, when Erbil is mentioned as Urbilum by king
1371:
2576:
2571:
659:
90:
2566:
2032:, Historisk-Filosofiske Skrifter, vol. 5, 2, Copenhagen: Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab,
765:
729:
499:
The Little Zab rises in the Mountains in Iraq at an elevation of circa 3,000 metres (9,800 ft)
1747:
1743:
682:
is 376 metres (1,234 ft) long and 23.75 metres (77.9 ft) wide and provides water for the
528:
1695:
Al-Soof, Behnam Abu (1970), "Mounds in the Rania Plain and Excavations at Tell Bazmusian (1956)",
2541:
2536:
2175:
895:
1778:, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, vol. 31, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
864:
empires. After the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, control of the Zagros shifted first to the
584:
2330:
772:, between the Little Zab and the Great Zab. Both open-air and cave sites are attested for the
1766:
468:
2277:
873:
500:
1289:
Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006b
1255:
Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006b
1172:
Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006a
992:
Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006a
491:. Human occupation of the Little Zab basin has been attested for every period since then.
487:, but the earliest archaeological site in the Little Zab basin, Barda Balka, dates to the
8:
2307:
2192:
881:
877:
861:
825:
718:
1715:
Biglari, Fereidoun; Shidrang, Sonia (2006), "The Lower Paleolithic Occupation of Iran",
857:
2313:
1842:
1825:
Eidem, Jesper (1985), "News from the Eastern Front: The Evidence from Tell Shemshāra",
1732:
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1435:
794:
663:
613:
532:
488:
258:
1929:
New Eden Master Plan for integrated water resources management in the marshlands areas
1920:
New Eden Master Plan for integrated water resources management in the marshlands areas
1811:
Kurds, Turks, and Arabs. Politics, Travel and Research in North-Eastern Iraq 1919-1925
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2005:
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1945:
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690:. Construction began in 2011 and when complete, the 116 m (381 ft) tall
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1302:"Construction of dams and hydroelectric power plant began operation Sardasht"
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757:
291:
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73:
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2248:
1853:
Fink, A.K.; Ostrizhnov, I.D. (1983), "Dokan Hydroelectric Station in Iraq",
1393:
1028:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
2469:
2430:
2233:"Animal Domestication in the Zagros: A Review of Past and Current Research"
2126:
2053:
1902:
Arbil, Iraq Discovery Could be Earliest Evidence of Humans in the Near East
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687:
561:
108:
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1783:
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in northern Iraq and after Alexander's death in 323, the area fell to his
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918:
853:
837:
810:
753:
741:
649:. The Dukan Dam was constructed between 1957 and 1961 as a multi-purpose
239:
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1736:
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761:
702:
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1988:
International Waters of the Middle East: From Euphrates-Tigris to Nile
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2500:
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1883:
Irrigation in the Middle East Region in Figures. AQUASTAT Survey 2008
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536:
135:
131:
104:
100:
2160:, vol. 4, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 171–175,
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were carried out in the endangered region – notably at the sites of
2197:
A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000–323 BC. Second Edition
892:
650:
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2375:
841:
802:
623:
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Irrigation Project. Currently under construction in Iran is the
2400:
2390:
2370:
2350:
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2217:, Bouquins (in French), Paris: Robert Laffont, pp. 68–69,
2158:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Ancient Near East
1212:
821:
737:
683:
600:
580:
557:
508:
456:
452:
254:
2213:
Villard, Pierre (2001), "Arbèles", in Joannès, Francis (ed.),
2062:"Research of the Arbil Citadel, Iraqi Kurdistan, First Season"
1002:
1000:
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rivers. The parallel mountain ranges of the Zagros consist of
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2360:
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2199:, Blackwell History of the Ancient World, Malden: Blackwell,
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769:
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2059:
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maps of Turkish Empire and Persian Kingdom it is listed as
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464:
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262:
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155:
151:
112:
2156:
Stein, Diana L. (1997), "Nuzi", in Meyers, Eric M. (ed.),
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Iran has diverted as much as 600,000,000 cubic metres (2.1
2395:
1248:
1165:
987:
985:
983:
571:
rising to elevations over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft).
2086:
Water Resources and Hydrometeorology of the Arab Region
1417:"After revival, Iran's great salt lake faces new peril"
701:
10 cu ft) of its water in efforts to restore
1282:
980:
764:
stone tools that were used by either Neanderthals or
2003:
1489:
1483:
1396:. Iran Water and Power Resources Development Company
1116:
1114:
1112:
908:
1965:
1746:(2010), "AL-Zāb", in Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.;
1552:
1448:
1109:
1097:
2528:
2004:Mohammadifar, Yaghoub; Motarjem, Abbass (2008),
1540:
1516:
2174:US Air Force Combat Climatology Center (2009),
1968:Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East
1935:
1714:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1103:
2215:Dictionnaire de la Civilisation Mésopotamienne
2191:
1852:
1650:
1638:
1120:
832:of Upper Mesopotamia waged war to the land of
2278:
1772:Prehistoric Investigations in Iraqi Kurdistan
1765:
1558:
1546:
1522:
1477:
1454:
1143:
1141:
579:zone south-west of the Zagros with layers of
417:
319:22,000 km (8,500 sq mi)approx.
1414:
1012:
1990:, Oxford University Press, pp. 44–94,
1440:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1196:US Air Force Combat Climatology Center 2009
1087:
1085:
705:. This competes with need for the water in
2285:
2271:
1885:, Water Reports, vol. 34, Rome: FAO,
1750:; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.),
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1632:
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351:3,420 m/s (121,000 cu ft/s)
120:
2027:
1570:
1277:
1271:
1200:
1177:
1153:
575:has filled the Little Zab valley and the
2138:International Journal of Kurdish Studies
1742:
1350:"Projects - Sardasht Dam and Powerhouse"
1326:. SEPASAD Engineering Co. Archived from
1126:
1082:
1018:
975:
515:Plain, which is now partly inundated by
341:197.8 m/s (6,990 cu ft/s)
2212:
2132:
2101:
1880:
1805:
1789:
1694:
1666:
1605:
1599:
1582:
1500:
1494:
1415:StoneApr. 29, Richard (29 April 2021).
1266:
1230:
1206:
1183:
1159:
1147:
1070:
1024:"Mongol Place-Names in Mukri Kurdistan"
958:
483:have been populated since at least the
2529:
2083:
1985:
1752:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1576:
1132:
1091:
630:
539:as well, as "demoniacally possessed".
2266:
2230:
2155:
1963:
1824:
1627:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1534:
1528:
1324:"Sardasht Dam and Powerhouse Project"
1076:
2044:Naval Intelligence Division (1944),
2006:"Settlement Continuity in Kurdistan"
1898:
1794:, Baghdad: Ministry of Agriculture,
1511:
1505:
1374:(in Persian). Farab Energy and Water
852:, south of the Little Zab, yielding
440:
61:
1813:, London: Oxford University Press,
428:
400:
230:3,000 m (9,800 ft)approx.
126:French map showing the Little Zab (
49:
37:
29:
13:
2030:Tell Shimshara. The Hassuna period
14:
2598:
1792:Soils and Soil Conditions in Iraq
103:on the Little Zab created by the
2329:
2048:, Geographical Handbook Series,
1855:Power Technology and Engineering
1490:Mohammadifar & Motarjem 2008
1372:"Hydroelectric Project Activity"
1243:Naval Intelligence Division 1944
1219:Naval Intelligence Division 1944
1065:Naval Intelligence Division 1944
1053:Naval Intelligence Division 1944
1007:Naval Intelligence Division 1944
925:
911:
768:have recently been excavated in
736:at archaeological sites east of
447:) is a river that originates in
412:
311:400 km (250 mi)approx.
89:
2552:Tributaries of the Tigris River
1660:
1408:
1386:
1364:
1342:
1316:
1294:
1260:
2292:
719:Iraqi Kurdistan § History
381:, Qala Chulan, Rubar-i-Basalam
270: • coordinates
1:
946:
941:Tigris–Euphrates river system
756:as evidenced by the finds in
192:Physical characteristics
2562:Geography of Iraqi Kurdistan
2557:International rivers of Asia
2119:10.1126/science.139.3551.179
951:
872:. The last Achaemenid ruler
542:
226: • elevation
7:
1467:Biglari & Shidrang 2006
1104:Isaev & Mikhailova 2009
904:
250: • location
210: • location
130:) and the locations of the
10:
2603:
2231:Zeder, Melinda A. (1999),
1972:, Milton Park: Routledge,
1121:Fink & Ostrizhnov 1983
766:anatomically modern humans
716:
712:
634:
607:can be distinguished. The
347: • maximum
337: • average
2478:
2409:
2338:
2327:
2300:
2046:Iraq and the Persian Gulf
2028:Mortensen, Peder (1970),
1950:10.1134/S0097807809040022
1559:Braidwood & Howe 1960
1547:Braidwood & Howe 1960
1523:Braidwood & Howe 1960
1478:Braidwood & Howe 1960
1455:Braidwood & Howe 1960
1304:(in Persian). Shasa. 2011
844:kingdom, with sites like
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372:
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147:
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119:
88:
21:
2582:Sulaymaniyah Governorate
2084:Shahin, Mamdouh (2007),
1754:, Leiden: Brill Online,
1717:Near Eastern Archaeology
1352:. SEPASAD Engineering Co
760:in the Great Zab basin.
529:Sulaymaniyah Governorate
2249:10.3406/paleo.1999.4684
2088:, Dordrecht: Springer,
1881:Frenken, Karen (2009),
896:Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
374: • left
1769:; Howe, Bruce (1960),
868:and in 550 BCE to the
797:east of Kirkuk, was a
776:, which straddles the
752:– including groups of
418:
30:Zêy Koya or Zêyê Biçûk
2066:Památky Archeologické
1964:Kliot, Nurit (1994),
717:Further information:
660:archaeological survey
292:35.23806°N 43.43639°E
2193:van de Mieroop, Marc
1790:Buringh, P. (1960),
1767:Braidwood, Robert J.
2547:Rivers of Kurdistan
1899:Hunt, Will (2010),
1651:van de Mieroop 2007
1639:van de Mieroop 2007
1594:Nováček et al. 2008
882:Battle of Gaugamela
878:Alexander the Great
732:carried out by the
631:River modifications
627:being very common.
533:Kirkuk Governorates
489:Middle Palaeolithic
360:Basin features
288: /
16:River in Iran, Iraq
2577:Kurdistan province
2572:Kirkuk Governorate
1867:10.1007/BF01425181
1221:, pp. 195–197
1020:Minorsky, Vladimir
734:Oriental Institute
664:rescue excavations
485:Lower Palaeolithic
297:35.23806; 43.43639
259:Kirkuk Governorate
2567:Erbil Governorate
2524:
2523:
2224:978-2-221-09207-1
2206:978-1-4051-4911-2
2134:Solecki, Ralph S.
2113:(3551): 179–193,
2103:Solecki, Ralph S.
2095:978-1-4020-5414-3
1997:978-0-19-854862-1
1892:978-92-5-106316-3
870:Achaemenid Empire
525:Erbil Governorate
385:
384:
176:Erbil Governorate
2594:
2587:Iran–Iraq border
2333:
2287:
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2152:
2144:(1/2): 161–224,
2129:
2098:
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2040:
2024:
2000:
1982:
1971:
1960:
1932:
1931:, New Eden Group
1923:
1922:, New Eden Group
1913:
1912:
1910:
1895:
1877:
1849:
1821:
1802:
1786:
1777:
1762:
1739:
1723:(3–4): 160–168,
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1619:
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1561:, pp. 43–44
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1457:, pp. 12–13
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973:
935:
933:Kurdistan portal
930:
929:
928:
921:
916:
915:
914:
876:was defeated by
815:Citadel of Erbil
750:hunter-gatherers
707:Kurdistan Region
700:
614:Quercus aegilops
531:, and Erbil and
505:Qandil Mountains
481:Zagros Mountains
477:hydroelectricity
461:Kurdistan region
442:
430:
421:
402:
375:
348:
338:
303:
302:
300:
299:
298:
293:
289:
286:
285:
284:
281:
227:
215:Zagros Mountains
211:
124:
93:
63:
51:
39:
31:
19:
18:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2474:
2405:
2334:
2325:
2296:
2291:
2225:
2207:
2183:
2181:
2177:Climate of Iraq
2168:
2096:
1998:
1980:
1938:Water Resources
1908:
1906:
1893:
1861:(10): 519–522,
1775:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1017:
1013:
1005:
998:
990:
981:
974:
959:
954:
949:
931:
926:
924:
917:
912:
910:
907:
858:Middle Assyrian
782:Epipalaeolithic
774:Zarzian culture
725:Iraqi Kurdistan
721:
715:
698:
643:
635:Main articles:
633:
545:
497:
475:and generating
405:al-Zāb al-Asfal
373:
346:
336:
296:
294:
290:
287:
282:
279:
277:
275:
274:
271:
251:
225:
209:
166:Iraqi Kurdistan
138:
115:
84:
74:Classical Greek
70:Byzantine Greek
42:al-Zāb al-Asfal
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2600:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2542:Rivers of Iraq
2539:
2537:Rivers of Iran
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2228:
2223:
2210:
2205:
2189:
2171:
2166:
2153:
2130:
2099:
2094:
2081:
2057:
2041:
2025:
2001:
1996:
1983:
1978:
1961:
1944:(4): 380–395,
1933:
1924:
1914:
1905:, Heritage Key
1896:
1891:
1878:
1850:
1822:
1803:
1787:
1763:
1748:Bosworth, C.E.
1744:Bosworth, C.E.
1740:
1712:
1692:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1620:
1609:
1598:
1586:
1575:
1571:Mortensen 1970
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1504:
1493:
1482:
1470:
1459:
1447:
1421:Science | AAAS
1407:
1385:
1363:
1341:
1330:on 15 May 2012
1315:
1293:
1281:
1278:Mortensen 1970
1270:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1137:
1125:
1108:
1096:
1081:
1069:
1057:
1045:
1011:
996:
979:
956:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
943:
937:
936:
922:
906:
903:
850:Tell al-Fakhar
826:Ur III dynasty
714:
711:
692:embankment dam
680:embankment dam
672:Tell Bazmusian
668:Tell Shemshara
632:
629:
549:drainage basin
544:
541:
496:
493:
455:just south of
451:and joins the
383:
382:
376:
370:
369:
366:
362:
361:
357:
356:
353:
352:
349:
343:
342:
339:
333:
332:
329:
325:
324:
321:
320:
317:
313:
312:
309:
305:
304:
272:
269:
266:
265:
252:
249:
246:
245:
242:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
222:
221:
212:
206:
205:
202:
198:
197:
194:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
149:
145:
144:
140:
139:
125:
117:
116:
94:
86:
85:
72:: μικρω Ζβαω,
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2599:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:Little Khabur
2448:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:0-19-506512-3
2163:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1979:0-415-09752-5
1975:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:Edmonds, C.J.
1804:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1653:, p. 300
1652:
1647:
1641:, p. 273
1640:
1635:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1602:
1596:, p. 276
1595:
1590:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1549:, p. 183
1548:
1543:
1536:
1531:
1525:, p. 180
1524:
1519:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1437:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1395:
1394:"IWPC Tender"
1389:
1373:
1367:
1351:
1345:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1303:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1245:, p. 194
1244:
1239:
1233:, p. 164
1232:
1227:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1150:, p. 203
1149:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1129:
1123:, p. 519
1122:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1106:, p. 386
1105:
1100:
1094:, p. 249
1093:
1088:
1086:
1079:, p. 101
1078:
1073:
1067:, p. 101
1066:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1009:, p. 100
1008:
1003:
1001:
993:
988:
986:
984:
977:
976:Bosworth 2010
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
957:
942:
939:
938:
934:
923:
920:
909:
902:
901:
900:Noue aque fl.
897:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:domestication
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:Shanidar Cave
755:
751:
747:
744:, where Late
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
720:
710:
708:
704:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
648:
642:
638:
628:
626:
625:
620:
616:
615:
610:
606:
602:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:Water erosion
570:
567:
563:
559:
554:
550:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
438:
434:
426:
422:
420:
414:
410:
406:
398:
394:
390:
380:
377:
371:
367:
363:
358:
354:
350:
344:
340:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
273:
267:
264:
260:
256:
253:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
223:
220:
216:
213:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
187:
184:
180:
177:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
157:
153:
150:
146:
141:
137:
133:
129:
123:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
92:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
59:
55:
47:
43:
35:
27:
20:
2459:
2243:(2): 11–25,
2240:
2236:
2214:
2196:
2182:, retrieved
2176:
2157:
2141:
2137:
2110:
2106:
2085:
2069:
2065:
2045:
2029:
2013:
2009:
1987:
1967:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1907:, retrieved
1901:
1882:
1858:
1854:
1830:
1826:
1810:
1791:
1771:
1751:
1720:
1716:
1700:
1696:
1675:(1): 74–86,
1672:
1668:
1661:Bibliography
1646:
1634:
1623:
1612:
1606:Villard 2001
1601:
1589:
1583:Al-Soof 1968
1578:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1537:, p. 22
1530:
1518:
1507:
1501:Solecki 1963
1496:
1485:
1480:, p. 61
1473:
1462:
1450:
1424:. Retrieved
1420:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1328:the original
1318:
1306:. Retrieved
1296:
1291:, p. 17
1284:
1273:
1267:Al-Soof 1970
1262:
1250:
1238:
1231:Solecki 2005
1226:
1214:
1209:, p. 20
1207:Edmonds 1957
1202:
1191:
1186:, p. 43
1184:Buringh 1960
1179:
1167:
1162:, p. 37
1160:Buringh 1960
1155:
1148:Frenken 2009
1135:, p. 87
1128:
1099:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1031:
1027:
1014:
994:, p. 64
899:
890:
888:successors.
862:Neo-Assyrian
838:clay tablets
830:Shamshi-Adad
819:
754:Neanderthals
722:
696:
688:Sardasht Dam
644:
622:
612:
597:
585:conglomerate
546:
521:
498:
445:Zāba Taḥtāya
444:
433:Zâb-e Kuchak
432:
416:
404:
401:الزاب الاسفل
392:
388:
386:
182:Municipality
127:
109:Suleymaniyah
81:
66:Zāba taḥtāya
65:
54:Zâb-e Kuchak
53:
41:
38:الزاب الاسفل
2411:Tributaries
2072:: 259–302,
1573:, p. 2
1133:Kolars 1994
1092:Shahin 2007
919:Iraq portal
854:clay tablet
742:Barda Balka
730:excavations
365:Tributaries
295: /
82:Zabū šupalū
2531:Categories
2460:Little Zab
2346:Diyarbakır
2322:(1,377 km)
2294:The Tigris
2237:Paléorient
1833:: 83–107,
1703:: 65–104,
1628:Stein 1997
1617:Eidem 1985
1535:Zeder 1999
1077:Kliot 1994
1038:16 October
1034:(1): 58–81
947:References
874:Darius III
762:Mousterian
703:Lake Urmia
517:Lake Dukan
473:irrigation
419:Zêyê Biçûk
389:Little Zab
316:Basin size
283:43°26′11″E
280:35°14′17″N
97:Lake Dukan
76:: Κάπρος,
22:Little Zab
2455:Great Zab
2381:Kadhimiya
2356:Hasankeyf
2301:Countries
2257:1957-701X
2150:1073-6697
2078:0031-0506
2038:562453801
2022:0003-598X
2010:Antiquity
1958:0097-8078
1875:1570-1468
1839:0021-0889
1800:630122693
1760:624382576
1729:1094-2076
1709:0081-9271
1681:0021-0889
1512:Hunt 2010
1436:cite news
1400:2 January
1378:2 January
1356:2 January
1334:2 January
1308:2 January
952:Citations
842:Mitannian
817:as well.
799:Neolithic
746:Acheulean
723:Although
709:in Iraq.
676:Dibis Dam
656:reservoir
647:Dibis Dam
641:Dibis Dam
637:Dukan Dam
609:tree line
593:Shahrazor
589:sandstone
566:limestone
553:Dukan Dam
543:Watershed
537:Great Zab
469:discharge
441:ܙܒܐ ܬܚܬܝܐ
393:Lower Zab
328:Discharge
136:Dibis Dam
132:Dukan Dam
128:Petit Zab
105:Dukan Dam
101:reservoir
62:ܙܒܐ ܬܚܬܝܐ
2310:(523 km)
2195:(2007),
2184:4 August
2127:17772076
1909:4 August
1809:(1957),
1737:25067668
1022:(1957).
905:See also
893:Ortelius
886:Seleucid
651:arch dam
577:foothill
523:between
429:زاب کوچک
413:Zêy Koya
172:District
143:Location
134:and the
95:View of
78:Akkadian
50:زاب کوچک
2511:Samarra
2465:'Adhaim
2386:Baghdad
2376:Samarra
2316:(40 km)
2107:Science
2054:1077604
2016:(317),
1847:4200234
1689:4199840
891:On the
880:at the
824:of the
803:Hassuna
713:History
624:Phlomis
619:malaria
459:in the
425:Persian
409:Kurdish
148:Country
46:Persian
26:Kurdish
2506:Badush
2470:Diyala
2435:Garzan
2431:Batman
2401:Kemune
2396:Al-Kūt
2391:Amarah
2371:Tikrit
2351:Bismil
2339:Cities
2308:Turkey
2255:
2221:
2203:
2180:, NOAA
2164:
2148:
2125:
2092:
2076:
2052:
2036:
2020:
1994:
1976:
1956:
1889:
1873:
1845:
1837:
1819:397502
1817:
1798:
1784:395172
1782:
1758:
1735:
1727:
1707:
1687:
1679:
1426:3 July
822:Shulgi
738:Kirkuk
684:Kirkuk
674:. The
605:biomes
601:Al Zab
587:, and
581:gravel
562:Diyala
558:Adhaim
509:Al Zab
495:Course
479:. The
457:Al Zab
453:Tigris
437:Syriac
397:Arabic
368:
331:
308:Length
255:Tigris
244:
204:
201:Source
162:Region
58:Syriac
34:Arabic
2501:Mosul
2496:Cizre
2491:Ilısu
2486:Dicle
2445:Botan
2441:Savur
2438:Göksu
2427:Hazro
2424:Pamuk
2418:Ambar
2366:Mosul
2361:Cizre
2314:Syria
1843:JSTOR
1776:(PDF)
1733:JSTOR
1697:Sumer
1685:JSTOR
866:Medes
834:Qabra
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791:Jarmo
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770:Erbil
569:folds
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2201:ISBN
2186:2010
2162:ISBN
2146:ISSN
2123:PMID
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