594:
its periphery. Each type of chemical reaches its highest (or lowest) concentration somewhere in the lake and each at different spots. On one side, the distribution shows that the pollution is not only concentrated in one area of the lake, but also that it is vastly spread out; on the other side, it shows that molluscan species inside the lake are not all exposed to the same quantity nor type of heavy metals. Consequently, molluscan species accumulate different types of heavy metals depending on their location in the lake, which can be used to estimate the various toxicity rates in the water of the lake.
80:
64:
87:
1357:
1444:
678:", because of the desert sands that soon covered their decks. The crews of the ships eventually organized, shared resources, and later set up their own post office and stamp. Two German-flagged ships eventually sailed out of the canal on their own power. Stranded cargo included various perishables (such as eggs and fruit), T-shirts, and a load of toys destined for
593:
Molluscs are bioindicators of heavy-metal pollution in an aquatic body due to their ability to absorb heavy metals. The distribution of heavy metals is widespread all over the lake at different depths in both water and sediments. Each station records a certain level for the heavy metals available in
507:
species in the lake. Of these species, they concluded that only three gastropods and five bivalves were of
Mediterranean origin. The rest were all originally from the Red Sea. This imbalance of origin is due to the water currents, which mainly flow toward the Mediterranean Sea, generally hampering
466:
Following the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, the area has witnessed massive marine migrations from the canal to the
Mediterranean. Anti-Lessepsian migrations, species migrating from the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, were rare. The first recorded molluscan anti-Lessepsian migrant was
402:
of the lake varies along its depth and is highest at the bottom where the water is in contact with the preexisting salt deposit, which has been consistently diminishing due to dissolution –thereby steadily increasing the depth of the lake– since the canal started operation in 1869.
425:
flows into it from the Red and the
Mediterranean Seas. Even when the canal is open, in certain places the Great Bitter Lake can have a salinity level "more than twice" the level of the sea. While this makes plant life difficult to exist there, many species (of
543:
Between spring 2016 and winter 2017, 41 different species of four phyla were found, among which were 12 molluscan species. Of all phyla, molluscs recorded the highest density, with a record of 90,632 individuals per m, due to the dominant presence of
586:, and more. Once these heavy metals integrate with the sediments composing the lake's soil, they serve as a guide to local pollution, answering the questions of where, how, and when did the polluting event occur. Heavy metals are spread out
437:, seawater flows freely into the lake from the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. In general, north of the lakes, the current reverses seasonally, being north-going in winter and south-going in summer. South of the lakes, the current is
406:
Salinity is subject to seasonal variation as a result of yearly evaporation cycles. In the early 20th century, the minimum and maximum values were measured as 45‰ and 54‰, respectively, with an average salinity of 49‰
1172:
562:), which can be related to the extensive and continuous drilling activities happening in the Suez Canal for its expansion. The soil is bleak due to the stagnant nature of the lake combined with the accumulation of
590:
over the lake’s area. The different concentrations of these metals were in 11 areas of the lake; six were onshore at 2–3 m deep, and five were offshore at a depth of 12–15 m.
1164:
570:. Several factors determine the availability of heavy metals at the bottom of the lake. In the recent years, a major part of heavy-metal pollution has originated from
1270:
546:
1198:
845:"Aquatic ecosystem health and trophic status classification of the Bitter Lakes along the main connecting link between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean"
418:
in 1967, the salinity of the lake increased substantially. In 2017 the minimum and maximum values measured at 41‰ and 45‰, with an average close to 41‰.
329:. Before the canal was built in 1869, the Great Bitter Lake was a dry salt valley or basin. References are made to the Great Bitter Lake in the ancient
1125:"The differential abilities of some molluscs to accumulate heavy metals within their shells in the Timsah and the Great Bitter lakes, Suez Canal, Egypt"
566:
coming from the naval traffic that occurs inside the lake. The motionless state of the lake, though, transforms the lake sediments into a depository of
674:
During the Six-Day War in 1967, the canal was closed. Egypt kept it closed until 1975, trapping 15 ships in the lake. These ships became known as the "
536:
518:
1221:
122:
1293:
1745:
1740:
508:
migration from the
Mediterranean Sea toward the Red Sea. Still, in the years since 1950, more molluscan populations likely have migrated.
1642:
1587:
1033:
Hoffman, Leon; Dekker, Henk (2006). "Marine
Mollusca collected during a journey to the Great Bitter Lake (Suez Canal) and Nile Delta".
355:
Ships traveling through the Suez Canal use the Great Bitter Lake as a "passing lane", where they can pass other ships or turn around.
709:
1089:"Distribution and biodiversity of macro-benthic fauna in relation to some heavy metals at the Great Bitter Lakes, Suez Canal, Egypt"
1566:
499:
In 1998, Hoenselaar and Dekker studied the material collected in 1950 by Beets (1953), in which they discovered a total of 44
79:
1389:
843:
El-Serehy, Hamed A.; Abdallah, Hala S.; Al-Misned, Fahad A.; Irshad, Rizwan; Al-Farraj, Saleh A.; Almalki, Esam S. (2018).
1582:
737:
1614:
1361:
17:
1331:
906:
987:
953:
943:
916:
765:
587:
1780:
977:
1225:
1194:
755:
613:
818:
516:
Thirty-one gastropods (table 1) and 19 bivalve species (table 2) are documented in the lake. The gastropods
1693:
1468:
609:
1683:
31:
1710:
1648:
1229:
1720:
1305:
1556:
1418:
1382:
1770:
1052:
679:
1688:
1066:
364:
310:
1637:
1433:
616:
236:
178:
1735:
1668:
1609:
1546:
1428:
1412:
530:
469:
446:
701:
8:
1775:
1730:
1375:
442:
373:
445:, generally in a northerly direction, through the canal and lakes in what is known as a
1725:
1678:
1561:
1266:
879:
844:
656:
166:
788:
744:, Colloquial Meeting of Marine Biology I, Salzburg, April 1999 (revised in Nov. 2001).
540:
are the only anti-Lessepsian species that are originally from the
Mediterranean Sea.
1551:
1257:
1146:
983:
949:
912:
884:
866:
761:
636:
575:
337:
1530:
1673:
1632:
1423:
1136:
1100:
874:
856:
620:
603:
477:
1252:
741:
639:
345:
302:
53:
1141:
1124:
1105:
1088:
861:
571:
558:
The Great Bitter Lake’s bottom soil is mainly composed of mud and sand (mostly
524:
379:
318:
190:
1764:
1150:
870:
734:
330:
137:
124:
1327:
492:
was found on the eastern side of the lake, giving a slight hope of prolific
1515:
888:
757:
Waters of Death and
Creation: Images of Water in the Egyptian Pyramid Texts
675:
669:
628:
583:
567:
287:
63:
154:
1703:
1520:
651:
415:
363:
The Modern
English and Arabic names are translations of the Greek name (
1398:
500:
326:
167:
108:
179:
1485:
1463:
1458:
1123:
Dar, Mahmoud A.; Belal, Aisha A.; Madkour, Amany G. (December 2018).
563:
559:
414:
When the Suez Canal was closed for eight years, beginning during the
159:
1195:"Adam Curtis: 'I try to make the complexity and chaos intelligible'"
378:'bitter lakes'). It was also known in Latin as "dead lake" (
1475:
632:
579:
511:
504:
450:
434:
422:
399:
262:
1510:
493:
489:
341:
842:
1443:
1356:
441:, reversing with the tides in the Red Sea. Fish and crabs can
1367:
485:
481:
386:). The ancient Egyptian name for the Bitter Lakes region was
322:
1480:
608:
On 14 February 1945, Great Bitter Lake was the site of the
438:
427:
430:, for example) migrate from the Red Sea through the area.
647:
344:. The canal also connects it to the Small Bitter Lake (
982:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 301.
27:
Saltwater lake that is part of the Suez Canal in Egypt
1013:. Imray Laurie Norie & Wilson. 1995. p. 266.
352:; transliterated: al-Buhayrah al-Murra as-Sughra).
68:
The Great Bitter Lake from low orbit (north is left)
735:Essay about the phenomenon of Lessepsian Migration
642:, who recorded the men's conversation in his book
421:The salinity of the lake also depends on how much
969:
480:state of the water in the lake was found to make
1762:
1294:"Melampus in Suez (the tale of a soldier on the
512:Gastropods and bivalves of the Great Bitter Lake
461:
336:The canal connects the Great Bitter Lake to the
115:
1250:
1122:
1087:Belal, Aisha Ahmad M.; Dar, Mahmoud A. (2020).
908:The Geology of Egypt: An Annotated Bibliography
819:"Salinity and Water Movement in the Suez Canal"
1746:United Nations Security Council Resolution 119
1741:United Nations Security Council Resolution 118
1319:
945:The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants
1383:
1032:
1003:
975:
696:
694:
976:Sears, M.; Merriman, D. (December 6, 2012).
553:
488:growth impossible there. Nevertheless, some
45:
948:. University of Chicago Press. p. 96.
747:
729:
727:
1390:
1376:
900:
898:
702:"Great Bitter Lake, Egypt (Oct. 26, 2009)"
691:
1251:Pearson, John; Anderson, Ken (May 1975).
1140:
1104:
937:
935:
878:
860:
411:49 g of salt per kg of lake water).
86:
30:For other places called Bitter Lake, see
1253:"A 'new' Suez Canal shapes up for 1980s"
1192:
1165:"President Roosevelt and King Abdulaziz"
1129:The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research
1093:The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research
1086:
724:
635:. President Roosevelt's interpreter was
895:
449:, as some Red Sea species have come to
14:
1763:
1291:
1222:"New Life for the Troubled Suez Canal"
1157:
932:
904:
1371:
1334:from the original on 30 November 2016
1219:
1175:from the original on 11 November 2014
1118:
1116:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
941:
753:
712:from the original on 19 November 2016
623:, met on board the heavy cruiser USS
550:(75,052 individuals per m annually).
1201:from the original on 22 October 2016
1186:
849:Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
838:
836:
816:
812:
810:
808:
456:
1193:MacInnes, Paul (January 24, 2015).
942:Elton, Charles S. (June 15, 2000).
597:
349:
306:
46:
24:
1325:
1113:
1073:
1017:
905:El Baz, Farouk (January 1, 1984).
646:. The meeting is the subject of a
25:
1792:
1643:Société d'études du Canal de Suez
1349:
1273:from the original on July 6, 2014
833:
823:International Hydrographic Review
805:
619:, having flown directly from the
1442:
1355:
1302:The Blue Funnel Line 1866 - 1986
241:194 km (75 sq mi)
85:
78:
62:
1285:
1244:
1213:
1059:
1045:
663:
1397:
911:. Brill Archive. p. 516.
781:
13:
1:
1694:Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936
1469:Suez Canal Container Terminal
1220:Blair, Jonathon (June 1975).
685:
462:Description and brief history
315:al-Buḥayrah al-Murra al-Kubrā
1684:Convention of Constantinople
754:Jones, Greg (Apr 28, 2014).
358:
7:
453:the eastern Mediterranean.
393:
10:
1797:
1142:10.1016/j.ejar.2018.11.008
1106:10.1016/j.ejar.2020.02.005
862:10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.12.004
667:
601:
390:, lit. "great black one".
368:
29:
1702:
1661:
1625:
1602:
1575:
1539:
1503:
1496:
1451:
1440:
1405:
554:Molluscs and heavy metals
283:
279:
271:
261:
253:
245:
235:
227:
219:
215:
200:
189:
177:
165:
153:
114:
104:
73:
61:
44:
39:
1583:Area Development Project
1557:El Ferdan Railway Bridge
1419:Port Said Port Authority
231:13 km (8.1 mi)
633:King Abdulaziz Ibn Saud
223:24 km (15 mi)
1781:Saline lakes of Africa
1689:Raid on the Suez Canal
979:Oceanography: The Past
706:Earth Observatory NASA
584:agricultural chemicals
383:
325:which is part of the
257:28 m (92 ft)
249:18 m (59 ft)
1638:Canal of the Pharaohs
1434:Port Said Governorate
733:Madl, Pierre (1999).
617:Franklin D. Roosevelt
138:30.32250°N 32.38250°E
1669:Ferdinand de Lesseps
1610:Lessepsian migration
1547:Port Said Lighthouse
1429:Ismailia Governorate
1413:Suez Canal Authority
1364:at Wikimedia Commons
817:Wüst, Georg (1935).
793:www.trismegistos.org
582:, crude-oil spills,
470:Cerastoderma glaucum
447:Lessepsian migration
433:As the canal has no
350:البحيرة المرة الصغرى
307:البحيرة المرة الكبرى
275:0 m (0 ft)
47:البحيرة المرة الكبرى
1731:Operation Telescope
1721:Operation Musketeer
1662:French/UK operation
1567:Power line crossing
1226:National Geographic
708:. 26 October 2009.
547:Modiolus oriculatus
531:Cerastoderma glauca
528:, and the bivalves
134: /
1736:Protocol of Sèvres
1726:Operation Tarnegol
1679:Suez Canal Company
1562:Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel
1328:"The Yellow Fleet"
740:2016-07-31 at the
644:FDR Meets Ibn Saud
473:by Fisher (1870).
143:30.32250; 32.38250
18:Little Bitter Lake
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1598:
1597:
1552:Suez Canal Bridge
1526:Great Bitter Lake
1362:Great Bitter Lake
1360:Media related to
1258:Popular Mechanics
1232:on April 20, 2012
1171:. 17 March 2005.
1011:The Red Sea Pilot
640:Colonel Bill Eddy
637:U.S. Marine Corps
576:industrialization
457:Molluscan species
377:
338:Mediterranean Sea
299:Great Bitter Lake
295:
294:
272:Surface elevation
93:Great Bitter Lake
40:Great Bitter Lake
16:(Redirected from
1788:
1659:
1658:
1633:Heroopolite Gulf
1501:
1500:
1452:Cities and ports
1446:
1424:Suez Governorate
1392:
1385:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1359:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1304:. Archived from
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1267:Hearst Magazines
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1228:. Archived from
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1197:. The Guardian.
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1084:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1053:"The Gastropoda"
1049:
1043:
1042:
1030:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
939:
930:
929:
927:
925:
902:
893:
892:
882:
864:
840:
831:
830:
814:
803:
802:
800:
799:
785:
779:
778:
776:
774:
751:
745:
731:
722:
721:
719:
717:
698:
621:Yalta Conference
610:Quincy agreement
604:Quincy Agreement
598:Quincy agreement
537:Tapes decussatus
519:Pusulina radiata
372:
370:
351:
308:
211:
209:
181:
180:Primary outflows
169:
149:
148:
146:
145:
144:
139:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
117:
89:
88:
82:
66:
57:
49:
48:
37:
36:
21:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1750:
1714:
1707:
1698:
1657:
1649:Obstruction by
1621:
1594:
1571:
1535:
1492:
1447:
1438:
1401:
1396:
1352:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1326:Gregor, Karen.
1324:
1320:
1311:
1309:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1121:
1114:
1085:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1031:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
990:
974:
970:
960:
958:
956:
940:
933:
923:
921:
919:
903:
896:
841:
834:
815:
806:
797:
795:
787:
786:
782:
772:
770:
768:
752:
748:
742:Wayback Machine
732:
725:
715:
713:
700:
699:
692:
688:
672:
666:
650:documentary by
606:
600:
588:heterogeneously
556:
525:Cyclope neritea
514:
464:
459:
396:
361:
290:
207:
205:
193: countries
168:Primary inflows
142:
140:
136:
133:
128:
125:
123:
121:
120:
100:
99:
98:
97:
96:
95:
94:
90:
69:
51:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1794:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1771:Lakes of Egypt
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1656:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1588:New Suez Canal
1579:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1531:Ismaïlia Canal
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1498:
1497:Infrastructure
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1351:
1350:External links
1348:
1346:
1345:
1318:
1284:
1243:
1212:
1185:
1156:
1135:(4): 291–298.
1112:
1072:
1067:"The Bivalvia"
1058:
1044:
1016:
1002:
988:
968:
954:
931:
917:
894:
855:(2): 204–212.
832:
804:
780:
766:
746:
723:
689:
687:
684:
668:Main article:
665:
662:
614:U.S. President
602:Main article:
599:
596:
572:overpopulation
555:
552:
513:
510:
463:
460:
458:
455:
395:
392:
360:
357:
319:saltwater lake
311:transliterated
293:
292:
285:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
269:
268:
265:
259:
258:
255:
251:
250:
247:
243:
242:
239:
233:
232:
229:
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
213:
212:
202:
198:
197:
194:
187:
186:
183:
175:
174:
171:
163:
162:
157:
151:
150:
118:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
92:
91:
84:
83:
77:
76:
75:
74:
71:
70:
67:
59:
58:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1793:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:Isma'il Pasha
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:Constructions
1538:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1333:
1330:. BBC Radio.
1329:
1322:
1308:on 2010-11-13
1307:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1247:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1048:
1041:(1–2): 30–45.
1040:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1012:
1006:
991:
989:9781461380900
985:
981:
980:
972:
957:
955:9780226206387
951:
947:
946:
938:
936:
920:
918:9789004070196
914:
910:
909:
901:
899:
890:
886:
881:
876:
872:
868:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:
837:
829:(1): 137–141.
828:
824:
820:
813:
811:
809:
794:
790:
784:
769:
767:9781483526362
763:
759:
758:
750:
743:
739:
736:
730:
728:
711:
707:
703:
697:
695:
690:
683:
681:
677:
671:
661:
659:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
615:
611:
605:
595:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
551:
549:
548:
541:
539:
538:
533:
532:
527:
526:
521:
520:
509:
506:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
471:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
424:
419:
417:
412:
410:
404:
401:
391:
389:
385:
381:
375:
369:Πικραὶ Λίμναι
366:
365:Ancient Greek
356:
353:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
331:Pyramid Texts
328:
324:
320:
317:) is a large
316:
312:
304:
300:
289:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
246:Average depth
244:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
203:
201:First flooded
199:
195:
192:
188:
184:
182:
176:
172:
170:
164:
161:
158:
156:
152:
147:
119:
113:
110:
107:
103:
81:
72:
65:
60:
55:
43:
38:
33:
19:
1650:
1525:
1516:Lake Manzala
1336:. Retrieved
1321:
1310:. Retrieved
1306:the original
1301:
1295:
1292:Ian Russel.
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1262:
1256:
1246:
1234:. Retrieved
1230:the original
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1188:
1177:. Retrieved
1168:
1159:
1132:
1128:
1099:(1): 49–56.
1096:
1092:
1061:
1047:
1038:
1035:Gloria Mairs
1034:
1010:
1005:
993:. Retrieved
978:
971:
959:. Retrieved
944:
922:. Retrieved
907:
852:
848:
826:
822:
796:. Retrieved
792:
783:
771:. Retrieved
760:. BookBaby.
756:
749:
714:. Retrieved
705:
676:Yellow Fleet
673:
670:Yellow Fleet
664:Yellow Fleet
655:
643:
629:Saudi Arabia
624:
607:
592:
568:heavy metals
557:
545:
542:
535:
529:
523:
517:
515:
498:
475:
468:
465:
432:
420:
413:
408:
405:
397:
387:
362:
354:
335:
314:
298:
296:
237:Surface area
1704:Suez Crisis
1603:Marine life
1521:Lake Timsah
1406:Authorities
1338:18 November
1296:MS Melampus
1205:18 November
995:18 November
961:18 November
924:18 November
789:"TM Places"
773:18 November
716:18 November
680:Woolworth's
657:Bitter Lake
654:, entitled
652:Adam Curtis
478:hypersaline
416:Six-Day War
291:Abou Sultan
284:Settlements
220:Max. length
141: /
116:Coordinates
32:Bitter Lake
1776:Suez Canal
1765:Categories
1651:Ever Given
1504:Waterworks
1399:Suez Canal
1312:2011-04-30
1277:August 23,
1236:August 23,
1179:2014-11-10
798:2023-04-20
686:References
578:, sewage,
564:pollutants
501:gastropods
384:Lacus mori
327:Suez Canal
254:Max. depth
228:Max. width
185:Suez Canal
173:Suez Canal
129:32°22′57″E
126:30°19′21″N
109:Suez Canal
1576:Expansion
1486:Suez Port
1464:Port Fuad
1459:Port Said
1151:1687-4285
871:1319-562X
580:dumpsites
560:carbonate
359:Etymology
160:salt lake
155:Lake type
1711:Timeline
1476:Ismailia
1332:Archived
1271:Archived
1199:Archived
1173:Archived
889:29472766
738:Archived
710:Archived
660:(2015).
451:colonize
423:seawater
400:salinity
394:Salinity
340:and the
263:Salinity
105:Location
1626:History
1511:Suezmax
880:5816010
505:bivalve
503:and 47
494:biotope
490:seaweed
443:migrate
376:
342:Red Sea
206: (
1706:(1956)
1654:(2021)
1645:(1846)
1169:SUSRIS
1149:
986:
952:
915:
887:
877:
869:
764:
625:Quincy
486:floral
482:faunal
346:Arabic
303:Arabic
54:Arabic
50:
1415:(SCA)
1265:(5).
627:with
439:tidal
435:locks
428:crabs
388:km-wr
380:Latin
323:Egypt
288:Fayed
196:Egypt
191:Basin
1615:List
1481:Suez
1340:2016
1279:2011
1238:2011
1207:2016
1147:ISSN
997:2016
984:ISBN
963:2016
950:ISBN
926:2016
913:ISBN
885:PMID
867:ISSN
775:2016
762:ISBN
718:2016
534:and
522:and
484:and
476:The
409:i.e.
398:The
374:lit.
297:The
208:1869
204:1869
1263:143
1137:doi
1101:doi
875:PMC
857:doi
827:XII
648:BBC
631:'s
333:.
321:in
267:41‰
1767::
1300:.
1298:)"
1269:.
1261:.
1255:.
1224:.
1167:.
1145:.
1133:44
1131:.
1127:.
1115:^
1097:46
1095:.
1091:.
1075:^
1039:45
1037:.
1019:^
934:^
897:^
883:.
873:.
865:.
853:25
851:.
847:.
835:^
825:.
821:.
807:^
791:.
726:^
704:.
693:^
682:.
612:.
574:,
496:.
382::
371:,
367::
348::
313::
309:;
305::
1713:)
1709:(
1391:e
1384:t
1377:v
1342:.
1315:.
1281:.
1240:.
1209:.
1182:.
1153:.
1139::
1109:.
1103::
1069:.
1055:.
999:.
965:.
928:.
891:.
859::
801:.
777:.
720:.
407:(
301:(
210:)
56:)
52:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
