643:
3692:
182:
174:
31:
809:
1905:
1795:
688:
55:
759:
1299:
1599:
1509:
1341:
1025:
855:
1121:
1655:
1075:
1743:
1547:
501:
was officially restored in Egypt in 1976, the country has never recovered the level of political freedom it had enjoyed during the monarchy. In common with most deposed royal families, the
Muhammad Ali Dynasty was initially vilified by the new revolutionary regime. Nonetheless, it has undergone
493:(1969). Egypt has had a republican form of government since the end of monarchical rule. Although the establishment of genuine democratic rule was one of the six core principles of the Revolution, political parties were banned in 1953 and the country was turned into a
548:. Despite their legally subservient status, Egypt's wālis enjoyed far more political power than their descendants, who were to rule the country as nominally independent sultans and kings decades later. Throughout the 19th century, the legal fiction of Ottoman
312:
is taken into account. Contrary to what the short length of his reign might suggest, Ibrahim Pasha was far from being a historically negligible figure, although most of his significant achievements were made before his accession to the throne. His successor,
2214:, is the legitimate king of Egypt, I hereby declare my renunciation of all claims of any nature, past or future, emanating from having been khedive of Egypt." As a gesture of reconciliation, the Egyptian government decided to grant Abbas Helmi II an annual
434:, partly because he repeatedly overrode some provisions of the Constitution, Egypt and Sudan had the freest parliament in the region. During Fuad's reign and that of his son, Farouk, the country witnessed six free parliamentary elections and enjoyed a
1400:. It has been reported that the title change was due not only to Egypt's newly independent status as the Kingdom of Egypt, but also to Fuad I's desire to be accorded the same title as the newly installed rulers of the newly created kingdoms of
445:. According to historian Philip Mansel, "the Egyptian monarchy appeared so splendid, powerful and popular that King Farouk's ignominious end seems inexplicable." The Muhammad Ali Dynasty's downfall is often regarded as having begun with the
2162:, eager to change the law of succession in favor of his son and to bypass Ibrahim Pasha's children, tried to discredit the latter by spreading a rumour that Ibrahim was the son of Muhammad Ali's wife from a previous marriage to her tutor.
426:. Finding themselves as mere figureheads during the period of British control, Egypt and Sudan's monarchs saw their powers increased following the recognition of independence, and the subsequent adoption of the
502:
re-evaluation in recent years; nostalgia for the former monarchy has been growing among some in Egypt, largely fuelled by the airing in 2007 of a hugely successful serial about the life of King Farouk I.
2264:(Farouk I's maternal uncle). The Council was formally sworn in on 8 May 1936 in front of a joint session of Parliament. King Farouk I assumed his full constitutional powers upon reaching his
1847:
2206:
Egypt's throne after his deposition by the
British. On 12 May 1931, he finally abdicated by officially signing a document in which he stated: "Whereas I recognise that His Majesty King
942:, and high-ranking military and naval officers. He could also sign treaties with foreign powers and borrow money for the state treasury. On 17 May 1866, the rule of succession in Egypt
335:
influence, and continued the process of expansion and modernization set up by
Muhammad Ali, but on a more lavish scale. Isma'il Pasha is especially notable for his inauguration of the
4112:
391:'s resultant recognition of Egyptian independence. The British, however, refused to include Sudan within the sphere of this recognition, and continued to abide by the terms of the
3524:
1701:
1875:
1627:
4506:
321:
as "an
Oriental despot of the worst type," reverted many of his predecessors' reform-minded measures, and is considered the most controversial ruler of his family.
285:, particularly the Levant. In 1840, his demand for hereditary control of Egypt and Sudan to be passed to his heirs and successors was accepted and confirmed by the
4666:
304:," he is viewed in Egyptian historiography as the dynasty's most important ruler, due to his massive agricultural, administrative, and military reforms. His son,
497:. The thriving pluralism that characterized political life during the latter period of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty's rule was thus brought to an end. Even though a
4748:
4521:
4187:
2628:
574:, which means that the reigning wāli always had to be the eldest male member of the dynasty. Rulers thus inherited the throne based on their age, not on their
228:
1415:
Egyptian independence was limited severely by the continuing
British presence in the country. British influence in Egypt remained strong, as evidenced by the
954:
in the direct line of Isma'il Pasha. After the
British occupied the country in 1882, the Khedive's exercise of power was limited greatly on the advice of the
4105:
3960:
4526:
3920:
1237:
955:
928:. The Khedivate of Egypt was still nominally a subject of the Ottoman Sultan, and its rulers were still technically appointed and dismissed by an imperial
2721:
473:
government, was the first of its kind in the modern Arab world, and was a crucial event in the region's history; it accelerated dramatically the rise of
351:
left the country bankrupt; as a consequence, European creditors greatly expanded their influence over Egypt and Sudan's internal affairs. Isma'il's son,
308:, was the shortest-reigning monarch of the dynasty. The duration of his rule varies from one source to another, depending on whether or not his reign as
277:
in that position. In the years following his consolidation of power, Muhammad Ali extended Egypt's borders southwards into Sudan, and eastwards into the
4347:
4429:
4202:
2132:
took place on 25 August in the presence of the
Ottoman Sultan. However, his reign was very brief, and his death occurred shortly after his return to
2624:
4098:
2781:
2681:
2410:
4207:
3940:
2942:
1962:
1387:
1202:
was chosen as the country's new monarch. For a brief while, the
British had considered putting an end to the Muhammad Ali Dynasty and installing
3596:
2755:
4962:
2477:
2158:. It has been reported that his ties with Muhammad Ali Pasha were clouded by the latter's suspicion that he was not truly Ibrahim's father.
367:, tried unsuccessfully to detach himself from the influence of the British, who ended up deposing him in 1914. The following reign, that of
4541:
3700:
2289:
3505:
2886:
388:
4586:
2363:
It was the residence of the royal family until 1874, when
Khedive Isma'il moved out of the Citadel into the newly built 'Abdin Palace.
4942:
4581:
5007:
4486:
4222:
2106:
declining physical and mental health. Legal documents were still written in the latter's name; however, Ibrahim Pasha became the
4636:
4167:
2073:
4696:
4641:
4626:
4516:
4501:
4377:
4267:
4197:
4079:
3438:
3389:
3359:
3329:
3295:
3259:
3227:
3193:
3164:
3119:
3014:
2976:
2341:
2076:. The monarchy was formally abolished on 18 June 1953: Egypt was declared a republic for the first time in its history, and
4701:
4606:
4307:
4041:
3975:
2821:
4551:
4531:
4262:
4139:
2854:
2786:
2686:
2415:
4686:
4596:
3589:
2032:. However, the latter only reigned as a nominal king-in-exile. Initially, his powers were assumed during a week by the
1967:
675:
360:
340:
248:
289:, but he was compelled to agree that, upon his death, control over his territories in the Mashreq would revert to the
5077:
5067:
4576:
4546:
4227:
2937:
419:
318:
3443:
4972:
4791:
4755:
4676:
4651:
4436:
4357:
4322:
4292:
4182:
3615:
2064:(a colonel appointed as representative of the Army). The Regency Body was dissolved on 14 October 1952, and Prince
1957:
1183:
4977:
4711:
4621:
4511:
4382:
4332:
4287:
4061:
1973:
1445:
2110:
ruler of the country from this moment on. On 20 July of the same year, an extraordinary envoy of
Ottoman Sultan
4982:
4302:
4212:
4192:
3900:
2733:
1416:
943:
486:
458:
446:
379:
was a far more historically significant figure. Described by historian Philip Mansel as "the last great royal
5062:
4716:
4074:
3582:
1428:
4865:
4853:
4611:
4342:
4257:
4232:
3950:
5002:
4631:
4277:
3467:
2632:
2021:
1433:
642:
466:
407:
continued to reign as a nominal king-in-exile until the monarchy was formally abolished on 18 June 1953.
400:
384:
286:
102:
5072:
5027:
4556:
4496:
4392:
2799:
2699:
2428:
2057:
1852:
934:. Nevertheless, the Khedive actually exercised most sovereign powers, including the appointment of his
427:
4932:
4811:
4691:
4681:
4671:
4646:
4491:
4466:
4372:
4362:
3046:
2791:
2691:
2420:
2395:
Abdin Palace remained the official residence of the royal family from 1874 until the 1952 Revolution.
1213:
454:
422:, the Egyptian and Sudanese monarchy emerged as the most important in the Middle East and the wider
5017:
4922:
4912:
4801:
4781:
4721:
4661:
4051:
4036:
2759:
1676:
4952:
4900:
4885:
4875:
4566:
4561:
4536:
4247:
4056:
4046:
4031:
3453:
2481:
2226:, although he was still barred from entering Egypt and would spend the rest of his life in exile.
1979:
415:
2297:
2244:
when his father died on 28 April 1936. His powers were thus initially assumed by a three-member
2154:, and is considered as such in official genealogies. However, doubts have always surrounded the
259:
refused to acknowledge this title, instead recognizing Muhammad Ali by the more junior title of
4312:
3824:
3666:
3636:
2147:
2095:
1304:
1199:
693:
579:
470:
368:
305:
3849:
2890:
4992:
4731:
4706:
4481:
4412:
4387:
4237:
4177:
4162:
3869:
3631:
2151:
2103:
2065:
2045:
1910:
1800:
648:
494:
450:
439:
225:
213:
113:
41:
4006:
2328:
4831:
4656:
4601:
4397:
4367:
4352:
4337:
4327:
4282:
4172:
4147:
3930:
3925:
3605:
3421:
1936:
1828:
1728:
1686:
1580:
1532:
1442:
1364:
1322:
1233:
1195:
1152:
1102:
1056:
882:
836:
790:
715:
670:
435:
392:
301:
274:
209:
38:
4090:
2260:(a former Foreign Minister married to Behiye Yakan Hanem, another cousin of Farouk I) and
181:
8:
4848:
4726:
4616:
4471:
4451:
4407:
4402:
4297:
4152:
3910:
3879:
3864:
3542:
2795:
2695:
2424:
2249:
2028:
abdicated in favour of his six-month-old son Ahmad Fuad, who ascended the throne as King
1552:
939:
557:
2180:
on 13 July 1854 has never been explained, but it is thought that he was murdered by two
5037:
4591:
4571:
4476:
4272:
4252:
4242:
4217:
4157:
3970:
3965:
3839:
3748:
3713:
3489:
3354:. Vol. II: Africa & the Middle East. London: Burke's Peerage. pp. 20–37.
3245:
2826:
2729:
2261:
2245:
2099:
2081:
2041:
1632:
1173:
903:
575:
566:(Arabic word for decree) from the Ottoman Sultan appointing him as Wāli in order to be
498:
399:, was Egypt and Sudan's penultimate monarch. After his forced abdication following the
35:
30:
3996:
3859:
3834:
3661:
3646:
3395:
3385:
3365:
3355:
3335:
3325:
3301:
3291:
3265:
3255:
3233:
3223:
3199:
3189:
3170:
3160:
2347:
2337:
2223:
2199:
2049:
1424:
1390:
through which it unilaterally ended its protectorate over Egypt. As a result, Sultan
1179:
1126:
947:
814:
571:
411:
364:
324:
3377:
462:
449:, which greatly discredited the King. It accelerated with the growing discontent of
430:, the most liberal in the country's history. Although King Fuad I often ruled as an
173:
3945:
3905:
3884:
3844:
3829:
3753:
3743:
3681:
3651:
3641:
3574:
3347:
2269:
2257:
2211:
2173:
2159:
2033:
2029:
1780:
1706:
1604:
1401:
1381:
1030:
935:
913:
860:
764:
532:
From 1805 to 1867, Egypt remained legally a nominal Ottoman province governed by a
490:
404:
328:
314:
297:
251:, Muhammad Ali managed to consolidate his control over Egypt, and declared himself
165:
123:
3129:
3024:
2986:
808:
570:
with his office. Until 1866, Egypt's laws of succession followed the principle of
4821:
4317:
4026:
3874:
3803:
3763:
3758:
3738:
3676:
3671:
3432:
3285:
3249:
3183:
3124:
3019:
2981:
2859:
2381:
2265:
2237:
2207:
2188:
by his aunt, who sought revenge because of a dispute over his heirs' inheritance.
2155:
2116:
2077:
2037:
2025:
1748:
1660:
1514:
1420:
1409:
1391:
1346:
1225:
1208:
930:
562:
537:
482:
396:
376:
92:
2111:
1232:
over Egypt did not result in genuine independence; the Sultanate of Egypt was a
1190:
due to his anti-British stance. The British severed Egypt's nominal ties to the
4136:
4127:
4011:
3991:
3915:
3808:
3768:
3733:
3723:
3718:
2831:
2219:
2061:
1904:
1886:
1794:
1191:
687:
348:
221:
2947:
2864:
2376:
2136:. He died on 10 November 1848 due to ill health, thus predeceasing his father.
5056:
4016:
4001:
3793:
3788:
3534:
3339:
3203:
2351:
2121:
2069:
1846:
1405:
1396:
951:
552:
was nonetheless symbolically maintained through Egypt's payment of an annual
527:
478:
332:
290:
256:
154:
149:
97:
3399:
3369:
3305:
3269:
3237:
3174:
2053:
3854:
3778:
3773:
3656:
3481:
2253:
2124:
recognized Ibrahim Pasha as Egypt's new wāli. The latter then travelled to
1203:
1080:
356:
352:
240:
236:
54:
2782:"Egypt: The Revolution and the Early Years of the New Government, 1952–56"
909:
4021:
3955:
3935:
3798:
3783:
3708:
3560:
3515:
2241:
2129:
1427:
introduced, and Parliament approved, decrees unilaterally abrogating the
567:
474:
372:
359:, and was turned into a figurehead ruler following the establishment of
3728:
2072:. However, throughout this period, real powers lay in the hands of the
1229:
549:
423:
336:
1546:
1394:
promulgated a decree on 15 March 1922 whereby he adopted the title of
758:
4895:
3564:
2203:
1298:
469:. The toppling of the monarchy, and the resultant establishment of a
442:
431:
380:
217:
2185:
2125:
1700:
1598:
266:
232:
1742:
1508:
1340:
1194:, thus ending the country's status as a khedivate. Prime Minister
1024:
854:
3413:
3159:(in French). Alleur-Liège: Editions du Perron. pp. 119–125.
2676:
2674:
2215:
1881:
1654:
1198:
served as acting head of state until Abbas Helmi II's half-uncle
1120:
917:
553:
545:
282:
270:
252:
85:
3287:
Méhémet Ali le grand: Mémoires intimes d'une dynastie, 1805–2005
2024:
did not immediately lead to the abolition of the monarchy. King
1976:, for a comprehensive list of Egyptian heads of state since 1805
533:
261:
81:
3552:
3157:
L'Encyclopédie des souverains d'Egypte des Pharaons à nos jours
2181:
2060:(a former Minister of Education and Speaker of Parliament) and
1187:
1074:
925:
921:
410:
Rulers of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty governed Egypt and Sudan as
309:
244:
201:
2671:
3499:
3457:
3284:
Ibrahim, Prince Osman; Kurhan, Caroline; Kurhan, Ali (2005).
3155:
El Ansary, Dr. Nasser (2001). "Mohamed 'Ali et sa dynastie".
2889:. Official website of the Egyptian Presidency. Archived from
2480:. Official website of the Egyptian Presidency. Archived from
2177:
2133:
2044:(not a formal Regency Council) was created. Headed by Prince
2000:
1438:
521:
344:
278:
205:
197:
193:
544:
virtually independent, with its wālis styling themselves as
481:
leading to similar military overthrows of the monarchies of
4120:
1874:
1626:
371:, lasted only three years and was thus little more than an
2756:"July 23 rd Revolution, turning point in Egyptian History"
2256:
and thus first cousin of King Farouk I) and also included
243:
since the sixteenth century, but in which the pre-Ottoman
2176:
assassination remains unclear. The cause of his death in
2472:
2470:
273:) on 18 June 1805, making Muhammad Ali the successor to
3251:
In the House of Muhammad Ali: A Family Album, 1805–1952
1437:. The move was intended to further Egypt's claims over
556:. Moreover, although the Muhammad Ali Dynasty became a
2629:
Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies
465:
on 23 July 1952, thereby marking the beginning of the
247:
military caste maintained considerable power. After a
2970:
2968:
2467:
2102:
that was formed on 15 April 1848 to run Egypt due to
296:
Muhammad Ali had a 43-year reign, the longest in the
208:
during the first half of the nineteenth century. The
3604:
3222:(3rd ed.). American University in Cairo Press.
1224:), thereby putting him on an equal footing with the
3283:
2268:(fixed at 18 years and calculated according to the
1423:forced abdication. In October 1951, Prime Minister
3013:Rizk, Yunan Labib (27 January – 2 February 2005).
2965:
2405:
2403:
2168:
582:successors was directly succeeded by his own son.
200:throughout much of this period, as well as to the
2938:"The Saga of the Aga: The Khan Who Could Be King"
2296:. Egypt State Information Service. Archived from
1386:On 28 February 1922, the United Kingdom issued a
457:. Disgruntled members of the military formed the
220:commander in the expeditionary force sent by the
5054:
3051:. Vol. 12. Facts on File. 1953. p. 327
2879:
2682:"Egypt: On the Threshold of Revolution, 1945–52"
2625:"Planting the Democracy Flag in the Middle East"
2194:
235:. The defeat and departure of the French left a
2758:. ArabicNews. 28 September 2000. Archived from
2400:
2056:), the three-member Regency Body also included
1963:History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty
505:
196:from 1805 to 1953. Their rule also extended to
3384:(in French). Paris: Pygmalion/Gérard Watelet.
3218:Goldschmidt, Arthur; Johnston, Robert (2004).
2150:is generally presumed to be the eldest son of
418:was established in August 1878. Following the
355:, became increasingly powerless following the
4106:
3590:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2142:
2090:
1970:, for a list of governors until Muhammad Ali
3290:(in French). Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose.
2830:. Center for Systemic Peace. Archived from
2822:"Polity IV Regime Trends: Egypt, 1946–2006"
2232:
4113:
4099:
3597:
3583:
3382:Le dernier pharaon: Méhémet-Ali, 1770–1849
3350:, ed. (1980). "The Royal House of Egypt".
3001:
1206:as ruler. Hussein Kamel took the title of
1073:
522:Wilayah/Unrecognised Khedivate (1805–1867)
3154:
2975:Rizk, Yunan Labib (10–16 February 2000).
2330:The Citadel of Cairo: A History and Guide
560:in 1840, each new ruler had to receive a
383:of history," his reign was marked by the
2014:
2008:
1236:where real power lay in the hand of the
1167:
897:
180:
172:
4121:Heads of state and government of Africa
3185:Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt
59:Montage of monarchs and their offspring
5055:
3254:. American University in Cairo Press.
3188:. American University in Cairo Press.
3118:Rizk, Yunan Labib (13–19 March 2003).
2935:
2374:
2326:
1375:
1228:. However, the end of nominal Ottoman
453:following the country's defeat in the
4094:
3578:
1464:
1256:
980:
600:
3117:
3012:
2974:
2852:
2622:
2015:
2009:
190:Monarchs of the Muhammad Ali dynasty
3352:Burke's Royal Families of the World
2375:Hassan, Fayza (3–9 December 1998).
920:, which ranked higher than that of
13:
2222:30,000 and issued him an official
1995:
1968:List of Ottoman governors of Egypt
14:
5089:
2936:Raafat, Samir (19 October 1996).
2853:Sakr, Hala (25–31 October 2007).
2722:"Arab Unity: Nasser's Revolution"
2336:. Cairo: Palm Press. p. 79.
420:dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
4749:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4522:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4430:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4203:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3690:
1958:Muhammad Ali dynasty family tree
1903:
1873:
1845:
1793:
1741:
1699:
1677:Forced to abdicate by revolution
1653:
1625:
1597:
1545:
1507:
1441:, which had been governed as an
1339:
1297:
1119:
1023:
956:British agent and consul general
853:
807:
757:
686:
641:
347:. However, his costly policy of
317:, a traditionalist described by
185:Egypt under Muhammad Ali dynasty
53:
29:
3148:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3075:
3063:
3039:
2929:
2917:
2912:Goldschmidt & Johnston 2004
2905:
2846:
2814:
2798:. December 1990. Archived from
2774:
2748:
2714:
2698:. December 1990. Archived from
2659:
2647:
2616:
2604:
2599:Goldschmidt & Johnston 2004
2592:
2580:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2462:Goldschmidt & Johnston 2004
2427:. December 1990. Archived from
2114:arrived in Alexandria with the
1974:List of heads of state of Egypt
1474:(relationship with predecessor)
1266:(relationship with predecessor)
990:(relationship with predecessor)
908:On 8 June 1867, Ottoman Sultan
610:(relationship with predecessor)
3901:Muhammad Sharif Pasha al-Kabir
3525:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Agreement
3324:. London: Parkway Publishing.
3220:Historical Dictionary of Egypt
2732:. 20 June 2008. Archived from
2520:
2508:
2496:
2455:
2443:
2411:"Egypt: Muhammad Ali, 1805–48"
2368:
2320:
1537:Half-brother of Hussein Kamel
1454:
1417:Abdeen Palace Incident of 1942
1369:Half-brother of Hussein Kamel
1246:
968:
588:
447:Abdeen Palace Incident of 1942
1:
2277:
2074:Revolutionary Command Council
1429:Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936
1149:22 years, 345 days
1099:12 years, 195 days
1061:Half-nephew of Muhammad Sa'id
887:Half-nephew of Muhammad Sa'id
3348:Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh
3182:Goldschmidt, Arthur (2000).
1683:16 years, 89 days
1529:14 years, 44 days
1361:4 years, 157 days
1327:Half-uncle of Abbas Helmi II
1319:2 years, 294 days
1053:12 years, 18 days
879:4 years, 140 days
833:8 years, 188 days
787:5 years, 245 days
745:Presumed son of Muhammad Ali
667:43 years, 32 days
578:. This explains why none of
506:List of monarchs (1805–1953)
375:. Hussein Kamel's successor
363:. After his death, his son,
239:in Egypt, which had been an
90:Khedive of Egypt (1867–1914)
7:
4042:Fawzia (daughter of Farouk)
4027:Fawzia (daughter of Fuad I)
2551:Montgomery-Massingberd 1980
2527:Montgomery-Massingberd 1980
2503:Montgomery-Massingberd 1980
2156:identity of his true father
1951:
1434:King of Egypt and the Sudan
1186:while he was on a visit to
841:Half-uncle of Abbas Helmi I
467:Egyptian Revolution of 1952
401:Egyptian Revolution of 1952
385:Egyptian Revolution of 1919
103:King of Egypt and the Sudan
10:
5094:
3472:(Proclamation of Republic)
3376:
3346:
3319:
3244:
3217:
3181:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3069:
2923:
2911:
2665:
2653:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2502:
2461:
2449:
2058:Bahey El Din Barakat Pasha
1577:1 year, 82 days
1379:
1171:
901:
525:
393:Anglo-Egyptian Condominium
4769:
4740:
4459:
4450:
4421:
4135:
4126:
4070:
3984:
3893:
3817:
3699:
3688:
3622:
3613:
3549:
3531:
3522:
3496:
3478:
3464:
3451:
3429:
3409:
2792:Federal Research Division
2692:Federal Research Division
2421:Federal Research Division
2252:(son of the late Khedive
2048:(son of the late Khedive
1832:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1584:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1479:
1470:
1467:
1458:
1453:
1431:and proclaiming Farouk I
1271:
1262:
1259:
1250:
1245:
995:
986:
983:
972:
967:
714:
692:
685:
615:
606:
603:
592:
587:
265:(roughly equivalent to a
161:
145:
137:
129:
119:
109:
77:
72:
68:
64:
52:
48:
28:
20:
5078:Lists of rulers of Egypt
5068:Lists of Egyptian people
4507:Central African Republic
4188:Central African Republic
2726:A Question of Arab Unity
2478:"Rulers of Modern Egypt"
2327:Lyster, William (1990).
2042:temporary regency "body"
2036:, headed at the time by
1985:
471:revolutionary republican
224:in 1801 to dislodge the
4959:South African Republic
4808:Central African Empire
3320:Mansel, Philip (2000).
2290:"Mohamed Ali's Dynasty"
2248:, which was chaired by
1980:List of Sunni dynasties
924:but lower than that of
678:in the Eyalet of Egypt
361:British control in 1882
298:history of modern Egypt
177:Egyptian Royal Standard
3048:Facts on File Yearbook
2080:became its first ever
2068:was appointed as sole
2040:. On 2 August 1952, a
1419:, which almost led to
1157:Son of Muhammad Tawfiq
962:ruler of the country.
459:Free Officers Movement
455:First Arab-Israeli War
331:were far more open to
302:father of modern Egypt
186:
178:
88:) of Egypt (1805–1867)
4667:São Tomé and Príncipe
4527:Republic of the Congo
4348:São Tomé and Príncipe
4208:Republic of the Congo
3951:Kamal el Dine Hussein
3870:Muhammad Abdel Moneim
3128:(629). Archived from
3023:(727). Archived from
2985:(468). Archived from
2863:(868). Archived from
2623:Deeb, Marius (2007).
2066:Muhammad Abdel Moneim
2046:Muhammad Abdel Moneim
1915:Muhammad Abdel Moneim
1805:Muhammad Abdel Moneim
1178:On 19 December 1914,
1168:Sultanate (1914–1922)
950:to one based on male
898:Khedivate (1867–1914)
495:military dictatorship
184:
176:
5063:Muhammad Ali dynasty
4832:Muhammad Ali dynasty
3926:Ibrahim Ilhami Pasha
3606:Muhammad Ali dynasty
3563:followed by rule of
3422:Muhammad Ali Dynasty
3322:Sultans in Splendour
2977:"The fallen dynasty"
2953:on 22 September 2010
2887:"Mohammad Ali Pasha"
2855:"Peddling nostalgia"
2104:Muhammad Ali Pasha's
2022:July 1952 Revolution
1853:Bahey El Din Barakat
1691:Son of Ahmed Fuad I
1234:British protectorate
1196:Hussein Rushdi Pasha
936:council of ministers
912:formally recognized
518: Denotes Regent
451:Egypt's armed forces
287:Convention of London
255:of the country. The
249:three-year civil war
210:Muhammad Ali dynasty
4452:Heads of government
3961:Muhammad Ali Hassan
3911:Khalil Sherif Pasha
3880:Muhammad Ali Tewfik
3865:Muhammad Ali Tewfik
3561:Mahdist interregnum
3543:Sultanate of Darfur
3516:Mahdist interregnum
3490:Sultanate of Sennar
3468:Presidents of Egypt
3027:on 6 September 2008
2796:Library of Congress
2762:on 11 February 2008
2736:on 31 December 2008
2696:Library of Congress
2425:Library of Congress
2300:on 21 December 2007
2250:Prince Muhammad Ali
1557:Mohammed Ali Tewfik
1376:Kingdom (1922–1953)
1182:was deposed by the
576:degree of proximity
558:hereditary monarchy
416:constitutional rule
229:occupation of Egypt
4939:Orange Free State
4007:Fazile Hanımsultan
3966:Hassan Aziz Hassan
3921:Ismail Kamel Pasha
3749:Shehret Feza Hanim
3714:Ayn al-Hayat Qadin
3120:"The lost khedive"
2867:on 16 January 2009
2827:Polity data series
2802:on 10 January 2009
2730:Al Jazeera English
2702:on 10 January 2009
2431:on 10 January 2009
2272:) on 29 July 1937.
2262:Sherif Sabri Pasha
2152:Muhammad Ali Pasha
1945:For Ahmed Fuad II
1837:For Ahmed Fuad II
1785:For Ahmed Fuad II
1184:British government
1174:Sultanate of Egypt
946:from one based on
904:Khedivate of Egypt
540:, although it was
499:multi-party system
341:Haussmann-inspired
257:Ottoman government
233:Napoleon Bonaparte
214:Pasha Muhammad Ali
187:
179:
114:Muhammad Ali Pasha
110:First monarch
5073:Lists of monarchs
5048:
5047:
4892:Kingdom of Kongo
4765:
4764:
4542:Equatorial Guinea
4446:
4445:
4223:Equatorial Guinea
4088:
4087:
3997:Shivakiar Ibrahim
3573:
3572:
3567:
3547:
3541:as Rulers of the
3518:
3509:
3506:governors-general
3494:
3488:as Rulers of the
3473:
3465:Succeeded by
3448:
3391:978-2-85704-517-5
3361:978-0-85011-029-6
3331:978-1-898259-45-9
3297:978-2-7068-1858-5
3261:978-977-424-554-1
3229:978-977-424-875-7
3195:978-977-424-579-4
3166:978-2-87114-173-0
3132:on 14 August 2008
2343:978-977-5089-02-1
2224:Egyptian passport
2184:sent to him from
1949:
1948:
1425:Mustafa el-Nahhas
1373:
1372:
1313:19 December 1914
1238:High Commissioner
1212:(preceded by the
1165:
1164:
958:, who became the
948:agnatic seniority
895:
894:
795:Nephew of Ibrahim
777:10 November 1848
739:10 November 1848
572:agnatic seniority
568:formally invested
536:on behalf of the
428:1923 Constitution
412:absolute monarchs
403:, his infant son
343:reconscrution of
171:
170:
120:Last monarch
5085:
4973:Governor-General
4460:UN member states
4457:
4456:
4133:
4132:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4092:
4091:
3946:Said Halim Pasha
3906:Ali Pasha Sherif
3754:Shafaq Nur Hanim
3744:Jeshm Afet Hanim
3694:
3693:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3559:
3551:Ruling house of
3538:
3532:Preceded by
3514:
3504:(represented by
3503:
3498:Ruling house of
3485:
3479:Preceded by
3471:
3436:
3430:Preceded by
3407:
3406:
3403:
3373:
3343:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3241:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3178:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3115:
3109:
3106:Goldschmidt 2000
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3082:Goldschmidt 2000
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3010:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2952:
2946:. Archived from
2933:
2927:
2924:Goldschmidt 2000
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2678:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2631:. Archived from
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2474:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2377:"Party politics"
2372:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2335:
2324:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2270:Islamic calendar
2258:Aziz Ezzat Pasha
2235:
2197:
2171:
2145:
2093:
2019:
2013:
1998:
1930:
1923:14 October 1952
1920:
1913:
1907:
1892:
1884:
1877:
1862:
1857:
1849:
1822:14 October 1952
1816:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1764:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1733:Son of Farouk I
1722:
1712:
1703:
1680:
1666:
1657:
1642:
1637:
1629:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1568:
1562:
1555:
1549:
1520:
1511:
1504:
1486:
1475:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1382:Kingdom of Egypt
1352:
1343:
1331:
1310:
1301:
1278:
1267:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1161:
1146:
1142:19 December 1914
1136:
1131:
1123:
1111:
1090:
1085:
1077:
1065:
1050:
1040:
1035:
1027:
1020:
1002:
991:
970:
965:
964:
938:, the rector of
891:
873:19 January 1863
870:
865:
857:
845:
830:18 January 1863
824:
819:
811:
799:
784:
774:
769:
761:
749:
728:
724:For Muhammad Ali
703:
698:
690:
658:
653:
645:
622:
611:
590:
585:
584:
517:
241:Ottoman province
57:
33:
24:
18:
17:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5044:
4978:State President
4963:State President
4943:State President
4919:Merina Kingdom
4778:Ashanti Empire
4772:and governments
4771:
4761:
4736:
4442:
4417:
4122:
4119:
4089:
4084:
4066:
3980:
3889:
3813:
3764:Jamal Nur Qadin
3759:Nur Felek Qadin
3739:Jananiyar Hanim
3695:
3691:
3686:
3618:
3609:
3603:
3568:
3558:
3556:
3537:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3502:
3484:
3474:
3470:
3461:
3449:
3441:represented by
3435:
3433:Ottoman Dynasty
3425:
3418:
3392:
3378:Sinoué, Gilbert
3362:
3332:
3310:
3308:
3298:
3274:
3272:
3262:
3230:
3208:
3206:
3196:
3167:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3125:Al-Ahram Weekly
3116:
3112:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3020:Al-Ahram Weekly
3011:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2989:on 20 July 2008
2982:Al-Ahram Weekly
2973:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2934:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2893:on 25 June 2007
2885:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2860:Al-Ahram Weekly
2851:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2787:Country Studies
2780:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2687:Country Studies
2680:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2484:on 14 June 2007
2476:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2416:Country Studies
2409:
2408:
2401:
2388:
2386:
2382:Al-Ahram Weekly
2373:
2369:
2356:
2354:
2344:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2303:
2301:
2294:Rulers of Egypt
2288:
2280:
2275:
2266:age of majority
2246:Regency Council
2174:Abbas Helmi I's
2100:Regency Council
2078:Muhammad Naguib
2038:Ali Maher Pasha
1988:
1954:
1944:
1928:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1836:
1834:Regency Council
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1784:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1720:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1674:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1588:
1586:Regency Council
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1518:
1517:
1502:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1472:
1384:
1378:
1355:9 October 1917
1350:
1349:
1329:
1328:
1316:9 October 1917
1308:
1307:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1264:
1209:Sultan of Egypt
1176:
1170:
1159:
1158:
1144:
1143:
1139:8 January 1892
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1109:
1108:
1096:7 January 1892
1088:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1081:Muhammad Tawfiq
1063:
1062:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1018:
1000:
999:
989:
988:
906:
900:
889:
888:
868:
867:
863:
862:
843:
842:
822:
821:
817:
816:
797:
796:
782:
781:
772:
771:
767:
766:
747:
746:
726:
725:
723:
701:
700:
696:
695:
656:
655:
651:
650:
620:
619:
609:
608:
580:Ibrahim Pasha's
530:
524:
519:
515:
508:
349:Europeanisation
212:was founded by
153:
101:
96:
93:Sultan of Egypt
91:
89:
60:
44:
23:Egypt and Sudan
22:
12:
11:
5:
5091:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5028:Prime Minister
5022:
5021:
5020:
5018:Prime Minister
5012:
5011:
5010:
5008:Prime Minister
5005:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4983:Prime Minister
4980:
4975:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4933:Prime Minister
4927:
4926:
4925:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4913:Prime Minister
4907:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4886:Prime Minister
4880:
4879:
4878:
4876:Prime Minister
4870:
4869:
4868:
4866:Prime Minister
4860:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4792:Prime Minister
4786:
4785:
4784:
4775:
4773:
4770:Defunct states
4767:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4752:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4463:
4461:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4433:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4144:
4142:
4130:
4128:Heads of state
4124:
4123:
4118:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4095:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4012:Tevhide Ilhamy
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3992:Kadria Hussein
3988:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3916:Ismail Chirine
3913:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3809:Narriman Sadek
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3769:Neshedil Qadin
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3734:Melekber Hanim
3731:
3726:
3724:Mahivech Hanim
3721:
3719:Hoshiyar Qadin
3716:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3662:Abbas Hilmi II
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3570:
3548:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3495:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3466:
3463:
3450:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3390:
3374:
3360:
3344:
3330:
3317:
3296:
3281:
3260:
3246:Hassan, Hassan
3242:
3228:
3215:
3194:
3179:
3165:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3110:
3098:
3086:
3074:
3062:
3038:
3000:
2964:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2878:
2845:
2834:on 7 July 2009
2813:
2773:
2747:
2713:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2635:on 29 May 2010
2615:
2603:
2591:
2579:
2567:
2555:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2507:
2495:
2466:
2454:
2442:
2399:
2367:
2342:
2334:(snippet view)
2318:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2227:
2200:Abbas Helmi II
2189:
2163:
2137:
2085:
2062:Rashad Mehanna
2052:and Fuad II's
2050:Abbas Helmi II
2003:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1933:247 days
1931:
1924:
1921:
1908:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1887:Rashad Mehanna
1878:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1850:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1819:2 August 1952
1817:
1798:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1770:2 August 1952
1768:
1765:
1762:Prime Minister
1746:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1725:327 days
1723:
1716:
1713:
1704:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1670:
1669:28 April 1936
1667:
1658:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1630:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1602:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1550:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1526:28 April 1936
1524:
1523:15 March 1922
1521:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1443:Anglo-Egyptian
1380:Main article:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1358:15 March 1922
1356:
1353:
1344:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1302:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1226:Ottoman Sultan
1192:Ottoman Empire
1180:Abbas Helmi II
1172:Main article:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1127:Abbas Helmi II
1124:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1107:Son of Isma'il
1105:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1078:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1028:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
993:
992:
985:
982:
979:
974:
971:
902:Main article:
899:
896:
893:
892:
885:
880:
877:
874:
871:
858:
851:
847:
846:
839:
834:
831:
828:
825:
815:Muhammad Sa'id
812:
805:
801:
800:
793:
788:
785:
783:(Assassinated)
778:
775:
762:
755:
751:
750:
743:
742:113 days
740:
737:
734:
730:
729:
718:
713:
710:
707:
706:15 April 1848
704:
691:
684:
680:
679:
673:
668:
665:
662:
659:
646:
639:
635:
634:
631:
628:
624:
623:
613:
612:
605:
602:
599:
594:
591:
538:Ottoman Sultan
526:Main article:
523:
520:
514:
513:
512:
507:
504:
461:, which led a
438:as well as an
395:. Fuad's son,
389:United Kingdom
365:Abbas Helmi II
300:. Termed the "
222:Ottoman Empire
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
84:(unrecognised
79:
75:
74:
70:
69:
66:
65:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
46:
45:
34:
26:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5090:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5051:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:Zulu Kingdom
5033:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4969:South Africa
4968:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4768:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:Guinea-Bissau
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4263:Guinea-Bissau
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4140:member states
4138:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4116:
4111:
4109:
4104:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4063:
4062:Fawzia-Latifa
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4017:Zeynab Ilhamy
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4002:Tawhida Hanim
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:Youssef Kamal
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3931:Omar Toussoun
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:Melek Tourhan
3792:
3790:
3789:Javidan Hanim
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3683:
3682:Ahmed Fuad II
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:Hussein Kamel
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3642:Abbas Hilmi I
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3554:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3536:
3535:Keira Dynasty
3530:
3527:
3526:
3517:
3510:
3507:
3501:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3477:
3469:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3282:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3102:
3095:
3090:
3083:
3078:
3072:, pp. 417–420
3071:
3066:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2969:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2943:Egyptian Mail
2939:
2932:
2925:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2849:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2667:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2517:, pp. 101–102
2516:
2511:
2504:
2499:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2396:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2202:continued to
2201:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2160:Abbas Helmi I
2157:
2153:
2149:
2148:Ibrahim Pasha
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:by which the
2119:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:presided the
2097:
2096:Ibrahim Pasha
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:Prince regent
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:second cousin
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1825:73 days
1815:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1767:26 July 1952
1766:
1763:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1717:
1715:26 July 1952
1714:
1708:
1707:Ahmed Fuad II
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:For Farouk I
1587:
1582:
1579:
1574:29 July 1937
1567:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:(Birth–Death)
1482:
1478:
1461:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1397:King of Egypt
1393:
1389:
1383:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1305:Hussein Kamel
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:(Birth–Death)
1274:
1270:
1253:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1200:Hussein Kamel
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1093:26 June 1879
1092:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:(Birth–Death)
998:
994:
978:
975:
966:
963:
961:
957:
953:
952:primogeniture
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
932:
927:
923:
919:
916:by the title
915:
914:Isma'il Pasha
911:
905:
886:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
866:
859:
856:
852:
849:
848:
840:
838:
835:
832:
829:
827:14 July 1854
826:
820:
813:
810:
806:
803:
802:
794:
792:
789:
786:
779:
776:
770:
765:Abbas Helmi I
763:
760:
756:
753:
752:
744:
741:
738:
736:20 July 1848
735:
732:
731:
722:
719:
717:
712:96 days
711:
709:20 July 1848
708:
705:
699:
689:
682:
681:
677:
674:
672:
669:
666:
664:20 July 1848
663:
661:18 June 1805
660:
654:
647:
644:
640:
637:
636:
632:
629:
626:
625:
621:(Birth–Death)
618:
614:
598:
595:
586:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
529:
528:Ottoman Egypt
510:
509:
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:domino effect
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:Hussein Kamel
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:Isma'il Pasha
326:
322:
320:
316:
315:Abbas Helmi I
311:
307:
306:Ibrahim Pasha
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:reigned over
191:
183:
175:
167:
164:
160:
156:
155:Abdeen Palace
151:
150:Cairo Citadel
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
115:
112:
108:
104:
99:
98:King of Egypt
94:
87:
83:
80:
76:
71:
67:
63:
56:
51:
47:
43:
40:
37:
32:
27:
19:
16:
5050:
4836:
4754:
4747:
4741:Other states
4692:South Africa
4682:Sierra Leone
4487:Burkina Faso
4435:
4428:
4422:Other states
4373:South Africa
4363:Sierra Leone
4168:Burkina Faso
3976:Muhammad Ali
3850:Mustafa Fazl
3840:Ahmad Rifaat
3779:Emina Ilhamy
3774:Ferial Qadin
3672:Ahmed Fuad I
3632:Muhammad Ali
3623:
3550:
3540:
3539:
3523:
3497:
3487:
3486:
3482:Funj Dynasty
3454:Ruling house
3452:
3442:
3420:
3411:
3381:
3351:
3321:
3309:. Retrieved
3286:
3273:. Retrieved
3250:
3219:
3207:. Retrieved
3184:
3156:
3149:Bibliography
3134:. Retrieved
3130:the original
3123:
3113:
3101:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3053:. Retrieved
3047:
3041:
3029:. Retrieved
3025:the original
3018:
3015:"Royal help"
2991:. Retrieved
2987:the original
2980:
2955:. Retrieved
2948:the original
2941:
2931:
2919:
2907:
2895:. Retrieved
2891:the original
2881:
2869:. Retrieved
2865:the original
2858:
2848:
2836:. Retrieved
2832:the original
2825:
2816:
2804:. Retrieved
2800:the original
2785:
2776:
2764:. Retrieved
2760:the original
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2734:the original
2725:
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2700:the original
2685:
2661:
2649:
2637:. Retrieved
2633:the original
2618:
2606:
2594:
2582:
2570:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2498:
2486:. Retrieved
2482:the original
2457:
2445:
2433:. Retrieved
2429:the original
2414:
2394:
2387:. Retrieved
2380:
2370:
2362:
2355:. Retrieved
2329:
2322:
2302:. Retrieved
2298:the original
2293:
2254:Tawfiq Pasha
2240:was still a
2233:
2229:
2195:
2191:
2169:
2165:
2143:
2139:
2128:, where his
2115:
2112:Abdülmecid I
2107:
2091:
2087:
2020: : The
2016:
2010:
2005:
1996:
1992:
1941:
1937:Muhammad Ali
1926:18 June 1953
1833:
1829:Muhammad Ali
1813:
1779:
1773:7 days
1761:
1729:Muhammad Ali
1718:18 June 1953
1687:Muhammad Ali
1672:26 July 1952
1633:Sherif Sabri
1585:
1581:Muhammad Ali
1565:
1533:Muhammad Ali
1515:Ahmed Fuad I
1491:Reign start
1480:
1448:since 1899.
1432:
1414:
1395:
1385:
1365:Muhammad Ali
1347:Ahmed Fuad I
1323:Muhammad Ali
1283:Reign start
1272:
1222:His Highness
1221:
1217:
1207:
1204:Aga Khan III
1177:
1153:Muhammad Ali
1103:Muhammad Ali
1057:Muhammad Ali
1046:26 June 1879
1043:8 June 1867
1007:Reign start
996:
976:
959:
929:
907:
883:Muhammad Ali
876:8 June 1867
837:Muhammad Ali
791:Muhammad Ali
780:13 July 1854
720:
716:Muhammad Ali
676:Seized power
671:Muhammad Ali
649:Muhammad Ali
627:Reign start
616:
596:
561:
541:
531:
489:(1962), and
477:, and had a
409:
357:Urabi revolt
353:Tewfik Pasha
339:and for his
323:
295:
260:
237:power vacuum
189:
188:
162:Pretender(s)
141:18 June 1953
133:18 June 1805
42:coat of arms
21:Monarchs of
15:
4862:The Gambia
4697:South Sudan
4587:Ivory Coast
4378:South Sudan
4268:Ivory Coast
4022:Nazli Fazil
3971:Abbas Hilmi
3956:Abbas Halim
3936:Tusun Pasha
3860:Abbas Hilmi
3799:Nazli Sabri
3784:Ikbal Hanim
3709:Amina Hanem
3616:Family tree
3608:(1805–1953)
3414:Royal house
3311:30 December
3275:30 December
3209:30 December
3094:Hassan 2000
3070:Sinoué 1997
2957:29 November
2666:Mansel 2000
2654:Mansel 2000
2611:Mansel 2000
2587:Mansel 2000
2575:Mansel 2000
2563:Mansel 2000
2539:Mansel 2000
2529:, pp. 23–24
2515:Hassan 2000
2452:, pp. 55–77
2450:Sinoué 1997
2304:29 November
2130:investiture
1919:(1899–1979)
1891:(1909–1996)
1861:(1889–1972)
1809:(1899–1979)
1757:(1882–1960)
1711:(born 1952)
1665:(1920–1965)
1613:(1869–1961)
1571:8 May 1936
1561:(1875–1955)
1519:(1868–1936)
1446:condominium
1388:declaration
1351:(1868–1936)
1309:(1853–1917)
1218:Sa Hautesse
1135:(1874–1944)
1089:(1852–1892)
1039:(1830–1895)
944:was changed
869:(1830–1895)
823:(1822–1863)
773:(1812–1854)
702:(1789–1848)
657:(1769–1849)
487:North Yemen
475:Pan-Arabism
463:coup d'état
440:independent
373:interregnum
325:Sa'id Pasha
319:Lord Cromer
275:Ahmad Pasha
157:(1874–1952)
152:(1805–1874)
105:(1951–1953)
100:(1922–1951)
95:(1914–1922)
5057:Categories
4756:Somaliland
4677:Seychelles
4642:Mozambique
4627:Mauritania
4612:Madagascar
4567:The Gambia
4502:Cape Verde
4437:Somaliland
4358:Seychelles
4323:Mozambique
4308:Mauritania
4293:Madagascar
4248:The Gambia
4183:Cape Verde
3985:Princesses
3885:Ahmad Fuad
3729:Inji Hanim
3569:1916–1953
3520:1899–1953
3462:1805–1953
2488:11 October
2278:References
1605:Aziz Ezzat
1494:Reign end
1421:Farouk I's
1286:Reign end
1230:suzerainty
1010:Reign end
630:Reign end
550:suzerainty
436:free press
424:Arab world
387:, and the
337:Suez Canal
281:-majority
5024:Zimbabwe
4999:Zanzibar
4845:Ethiopia
4632:Mauritius
4313:Mauritius
3565:Ali Dinar
3557:1874–1882
3512:1821–1885
3340:234132026
3204:237384904
2951:(Reprint)
2871:3 January
2838:3 January
2806:3 January
2766:3 January
2740:3 January
2706:23 August
2639:3 January
2435:25 August
2352:231494131
2210:, son of
2082:President
1929:(Deposed)
1749:Aly Maher
1721:(Deposed)
1497:Duration
1459:Portrait
1289:Duration
1251:Portrait
1145:(Deposed)
1049:(Deposed)
1013:Duration
973:Portrait
910:Abdülaziz
633:Duration
593:Portrait
443:judiciary
146:Residence
138:Abolition
130:Formation
36:Khedivial
4989:Tunisia
4929:Nigeria
4818:Dahomey
4798:Burundi
4732:Zimbabwe
4707:Tanzania
4557:Ethiopia
4552:Eswatini
4532:Djibouti
4497:Cameroon
4482:Botswana
4413:Zimbabwe
4388:Tanzania
4238:Ethiopia
4233:Eswatini
4213:Djibouti
4178:Cameroon
4163:Botswana
4075:Category
3701:Consorts
3624:Monarchs
3400:38566144
3380:(1997).
3370:18496936
3306:58943364
3270:45016821
3248:(2000).
3238:58833952
3175:47267647
3136:2 August
3096:, p. 103
3055:8 August
3031:2 August
2993:2 August
2926:, p. 170
2914:, p. 223
2668:, p. 171
2656:, p. 168
2613:, p. 164
2601:, p. 107
2589:, p. 162
2565:, p. 167
2464:, p. 243
2314:Specific
2238:Farouk I
2236: :
2198: :
2186:Istanbul
2172: :
2146: :
2126:Istanbul
2108:de facto
2094: :
2026:Farouk I
1999: :
1952:See also
1814:Chairman
1661:Farouk I
1641:(1895–?)
1566:Chairman
960:de facto
940:Al-Azhar
546:Khedives
542:de facto
485:(1958),
432:autocrat
397:Farouk I
267:governor
218:Albanian
39:dynastic
5014:Zambia
4949:Rwanda
4923:Monarch
4909:Malawi
4896:Monarch
4849:Emperor
4837:Monarch
4812:Emperor
4782:Monarch
4717:Tunisia
4687:Somalia
4672:Senegal
4657:Nigeria
4647:Namibia
4637:Morocco
4602:Liberia
4597:Lesotho
4547:Eritrea
4517:Comoros
4492:Burundi
4467:Algeria
4398:Tunisia
4368:Somalia
4353:Senegal
4338:Nigeria
4328:Namibia
4318:Morocco
4283:Liberia
4278:Lesotho
4228:Eritrea
4198:Comoros
4173:Burundi
4148:Algeria
4080:Commons
3894:Princes
3845:Isma'il
3825:Ibrahim
3652:Isma'il
3637:Ibrahim
3439:Sultans
3084:, p. 85
2897:31 July
2794:of the
2694:of the
2577:, p. 43
2553:, p. 25
2541:, p. 38
2505:, p. 22
2423:of the
2389:17 July
2357:17 July
2283:General
2216:stipend
2182:mamluks
2034:Cabinet
2030:Fuad II
1882:Colonel
1781:Cabinet
1254:Sultan
1031:Isma'il
977:Khedive
918:Khedive
861:Isma'il
694:Ibrahim
554:tribute
405:Fuad II
333:Western
283:Mashriq
271:viceroy
253:Khedive
231:led by
166:Fuad II
124:Fuad II
86:Khedive
73:Details
5003:Sultan
4882:Kenya
4872:Ghana
4828:Egypt
4788:Benin
4727:Zambia
4722:Uganda
4662:Rwanda
4617:Malawi
4577:Guinea
4472:Angola
4408:Zambia
4403:Uganda
4343:Rwanda
4298:Malawi
4258:Guinea
4153:Angola
4052:Farial
4037:Fathia
3875:Farouk
3855:Tewfik
3804:Farida
3677:Farouk
3657:Tewfik
3553:Darfur
3398:
3388:
3368:
3358:
3338:
3328:
3304:
3294:
3268:
3258:
3236:
3226:
3202:
3192:
3173:
3163:
3108:, p. 2
2350:
2340:
2212:Ismail
2208:Fuad I
2117:firman
1942:Regent
1912:Prince
1802:Prince
1554:Prince
1468:House
1465:Reign
1392:Fuad I
1260:House
1257:Reign
1188:Vienna
984:House
981:Reign
931:firman
926:Caliph
922:Vizier
721:Regent
604:House
601:Reign
563:firman
516:
511:Status
414:until
381:patron
377:Fuad I
310:regent
245:Mamluk
226:French
204:, and
202:Levant
4702:Sudan
4652:Niger
4607:Libya
4592:Kenya
4572:Ghana
4562:Gabon
4537:Egypt
4477:Benin
4383:Sudan
4333:Niger
4288:Libya
4273:Kenya
4253:Ghana
4243:Gabon
4218:Egypt
4158:Benin
4057:Fadia
4047:Faiza
4032:Faika
3835:Sa'id
3830:Abbas
3818:Heirs
3647:Sa'id
3500:Sudan
3458:Egypt
3444:Wālis
2385:(406)
2242:minor
2204:claim
2178:Banha
2134:Cairo
2122:Porte
2001:Sudan
1986:Notes
1856:Pasha
1752:Pasha
1636:Pasha
1608:Pasha
1471:Claim
1462:King
1439:Sudan
1406:Syria
1402:Hejaz
1330:Pasha
1263:Claim
1214:style
1160:Pasha
1130:Pasha
1110:Pasha
1084:Pasha
1064:Pasha
1034:Pasha
987:Claim
890:Pasha
864:Pasha
844:Pasha
818:Pasha
798:Pasha
768:Pasha
748:Pasha
727:Pasha
697:Pasha
652:Pasha
607:Claim
491:Libya
345:Cairo
291:Porte
216:, an
206:Hejaz
198:Sudan
194:Egypt
78:Style
5038:King
4953:King
4901:list
4854:list
4822:King
4802:King
4712:Togo
4622:Mali
4512:Chad
4393:Togo
4303:Mali
4193:Chad
3396:OCLC
3386:ISBN
3366:OCLC
3356:ISBN
3336:OCLC
3326:ISBN
3313:2008
3302:OCLC
3292:ISBN
3277:2008
3266:OCLC
3256:ISBN
3234:OCLC
3224:ISBN
3211:2008
3200:OCLC
3190:ISBN
3171:OCLC
3161:ISBN
3138:2008
3057:2010
3033:2008
2995:2008
2959:2008
2899:2008
2873:2009
2840:2009
2808:2009
2768:2009
2742:2009
2708:2008
2641:2009
2490:2007
2437:2008
2391:2010
2359:2010
2348:OCLC
2338:ISBN
2306:2008
1481:Name
1410:Iraq
1408:and
1273:Name
997:Name
617:Name
597:Wāli
534:Wāli
483:Iraq
327:and
279:Arab
262:Wāli
82:Wāli
4993:Bey
3456:of
2218:of
1696:11
1650:10
1503:(9)
1455:No.
1247:No.
1220:or
1216:of
1019:(5)
969:No.
589:No.
269:or
5059::
4137:UN
3412:—
3394:.
3364:.
3334:.
3300:.
3264:.
3232:.
3198:.
3169:.
3122:.
3017:.
3003:^
2979:.
2967:^
2940:.
2857:.
2824:.
2790:.
2784:.
2728:.
2724:.
2690:.
2684:.
2673:^
2627:.
2469:^
2419:.
2413:.
2402:^
2393:.
2379:.
2361:.
2346:.
2292:.
2220:LE
1900:—
1895:—
1870:—
1865:—
1842:—
1790:—
1776:—
1738:—
1645:—
1622:—
1617:—
1594:—
1542:—
1412:.
1404:,
1336:9
1294:8
1240:.
1116:7
1070:6
850:5
804:4
754:3
733:2
683:—
638:1
293:.
4114:e
4107:t
4100:v
3598:e
3591:t
3584:v
3508:)
3447:)
3437:(
3416:—
3402:.
3372:.
3342:.
3315:.
3279:.
3240:.
3213:.
3177:.
3140:.
3059:.
3035:.
2997:.
2961:.
2901:.
2875:.
2842:.
2810:.
2770:.
2744:.
2710:.
2643:.
2492:.
2439:.
2308:.
2230:g
2192:f
2166:e
2140:d
2088:c
2084:.
2006:b
1993:a
1679:)
1675:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)
