864:. The referent of subject nominals in this canonical order can be identified from the prior discourse or through assumed shared information between the speakers. Sometimes, it can also be used when the referent of the subject nominal has not been entered into the discourse yet and is not identifiable by the hearer.
988:
Interrogative clauses that can be answered with a yes or a no are differentiated from non-interrogative clauses solely by intonation. The yes-no type of interrogatives has an intonation pattern that rises in pitch where the main stress is; there is no drop in pitch in any of the syllables that come
946:
Negative present copula is often inserted before or after the predicate. This particular copula usually contains the main stress of the intonation group. This phenomenon can happen in the middle of a predicate phrase.
352:, the original unvoiced pharyngeal fricative, has fused with the velar fricative /x/ in Northeastern Neo-Aramaic dialects. This is not the case for Lishanid Noshan.
965:
This particular type of copular comes before the predicate in
Lishanid Noshan very often. The main stress is inserted either on the predicate phrase or on
290:
3427:
926:
Definiteness is expressed if the speaker assumes the hearer has background knowledge on the nominal being inserted into the conversation.
2255:
1459:
3407:
2823:
17:
2780:
2755:
898:. According to Khan, this affix is another sign of how Kurdish dialects have influenced this language; the Kurdish dialects have
3442:
3437:
2813:
2798:
1634:
2808:
1609:
2843:
2838:
1624:
1619:
824:
763:
647:
2165:
1396:
2770:
612:
448:
333:, a voiced pharyngeal fricative is prominent in words. However, it has weakened in Lishanid Noshan to /ʔ/ or zero.
3432:
2775:
2765:
2248:
2019:
1679:
598:
3038:
1452:
1415:
628:
938:
clauses, Lishanid Noshan differentiates constructions that use the negative present versus the negative past.
2760:
2670:
2204:
662:
497:
1217:
Khan, Geoffrey (1999). "The Neo-Aramaic
Dialect Spoken by Jews from the Region of Arbel (Iraqi Kurdistan)".
3422:
2833:
2034:
1614:
605:
239:
3341:
2828:
2537:
2198:
1719:
1260:
Kim, Ronald (2008). "'Stammbaum' or
Continuum? The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered".
679:
635:
160:
3417:
3412:
2691:
2684:
2241:
1684:
1594:
835:
441:
434:
2396:
1431:
3257:
2644:
2620:
2607:
2343:
2323:
2288:
1588:
1583:
1445:
654:
621:
155:
3049:
2747:
1897:
1865:
464:
266:
175:
877:
Nominals that function as direct objects in verb clauses are normally positioned before the verb.
3091:
3028:
2638:
2293:
2011:
1912:
1760:
1570:
490:
483:
457:
2469:
2306:
2283:
2278:
969:, the negator in Lishanid Noshan. Subject nominals are seen either before or after the copula.
672:
262:
2729:
3385:
2988:
2713:
2382:
2368:
2208:
2194:
1741:
1694:
1674:
1667:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1476:
861:
798:
735:
728:
337:
145:
3312:
3054:
2447:
2155:
2106:
1938:
1065:
935:
506:
364:
322:
8:
3326:
2995:
2938:
2866:
2852:
2723:
2518:
2479:
2145:
1699:
1689:
2080:
2072:
1986:
1932:
1807:
1769:
1735:
1662:
1384:
1269:
1242:
1234:
1196:
1188:
389:
3169:
3059:
1972:
231:
3298:
3123:
3002:
2875:
2700:
2658:
2523:
2316:
2264:
2175:
2161:
2127:
1993:
1411:
1392:
1246:
1200:
1180:
895:
769:
753:
701:
695:
570:
564:
414:
399:
150:
1432:
Semitisches
Tonarchiv – recordings of Lishanid Noshan from Koy Sanjak
3378:
3333:
3319:
3152:
3111:
3074:
2979:
2965:
2931:
2901:
2882:
2677:
2651:
2626:
2602:
2576:
2569:
2509:
2492:
2464:
2440:
2332:
2135:
2092:
2087:
2076:
2055:
2044:
2000:
1817:
1782:
1745:
1601:
1578:
1531:
1468:
1226:
1172:
1060:
1055:
1050:
788:
545:
534:
525:
385:
380:
326:
318:
270:
165:
3346:
3252:
3226:
3157:
3069:
3009:
2917:
2910:
2894:
2888:
2735:
2631:
2497:
2487:
2151:
2141:
2131:
1918:
1836:
1797:
1556:
1551:
1536:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1485:
1070:
720:
170:
137:
2583:
244:
3306:
3262:
3232:
3215:
3209:
3116:
3064:
2945:
2785:
2613:
2224:
1955:
1945:
1906:
1841:
1546:
1541:
1075:
1230:
1176:
3401:
3242:
3237:
3161:
2923:
2503:
2186:
2102:
2049:
2039:
2029:
1925:
1855:
1828:
1730:
1725:
1515:
1403:
1184:
2417:
1219:
Bulletin of the School of
Oriental and African Studies, University of London
1165:
Bulletin of the School of
Oriental and African Studies, University of London
1017:
Certain verbs in
Lishanid Noshan mark their complement with the preposition
3185:
1979:
1134:
471:
394:
1095:
215:
2742:
2562:
2171:
1965:
1847:
860:
Subjects in
Lishand Noshan often come before the verb when they are full
816:
1273:
1192:
1160:
2424:
2375:
2098:
1238:
1100:
589:
425:
282:
2389:
2024:
1873:
1822:
1802:
310:
278:
224:
208:
109:
2233:
2972:
2431:
2403:
1878:
1437:
1135:"Did you know Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic is severely endangered?"
367:
often occurs on the final syllable of stems of nominals and verbs.
98:
3106:
1715:
3148:
2546:
2410:
1950:
1883:
1812:
1778:
421:
306:
325:
originally found in
Lishanid Noshan have not been preserved. In
3352:
2352:
409:
294:
117:
1787:
404:
314:
286:
274:
69:
43:
113:
1408:
A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: the dialect of the Jews of Arbel
1345:
1343:
64:
38:
910:
is added to a noun, the singular and plural endings
285:
rivers, it was also spoken in Turkey in the city of
1367:
1355:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1115:
3399:
2249:
1453:
75:
48:
2256:
2242:
1460:
1446:
1212:
1210:
941:
989:after the part where the main stress is.
3428:Jewish Northeastern Neo-Aramaic dialects
1262:Journal of the American Oriental Society
983:
356:can still be seen in some words such as
1207:
1158:
960:
112:, originally from eastern and northern
14:
3400:
921:
97:
2263:
2237:
1441:
1012:
27:Modern Jewish-Aramaic dialect of Iraq
1467:
1402:
1391:. Scholars Press: Atlanta, Georgia.
1373:
1361:
1349:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1286:
885:
65:
39:
1259:
1121:
340:, there has been a shift seen with
24:
3384:Languages between parentheses are
25:
3454:
1425:
834:
823:
797:
768:
762:
734:
727:
700:
694:
678:
671:
661:
653:
646:
634:
627:
620:
611:
604:
597:
569:
563:
544:
533:
524:
505:
496:
489:
482:
470:
463:
456:
447:
440:
433:
3408:Endangered Afroasiatic languages
3388:of the language on their left.
1253:
1161:"Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic"
1152:
1127:
1096:"Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic"
1088:
360:, which means "to slaughter."
269:. It was originally spoken in
13:
1:
3443:Endangered diaspora languages
3438:Severely endangered languages
2205:Algerian Jewish Sign Language
1081:
1008:Have you not seen the mullah?
855:
300:
293:. Most speakers now live in
289:and its environs and in the
253:Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic
245:Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic
181:Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic
70:
44:
33:Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic
7:
1044:
929:
880:
10:
3459:
1595:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
906:in the oblique case. When
850:
58:the language of our people
3370:
3297:
3198:
3139:
3132:
3099:
3090:
3083:
3036:
3027:
2957:
2865:
2712:
2593:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2478:
2457:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2304:
2271:
2218:
2185:
2120:
2065:
2010:
1896:
1864:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1708:
1643:
1569:
1524:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1231:10.1017/s0041977x00016682
1177:10.1017/S0041977X08000815
588:
420:
238:
222:
206:
201:
134:
124:
105:
93:
37:
32:
3381:or historical languages.
2035:Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi
952:ʔiyyá mewānid didì lewé?
902:for the direct case and
267:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
99:[liʃɑˈnidnoˈʃɑ̃]
18:Lishanid Noshan language
2166:Portuguese-based Creole
1030:They began the wedding.
942:Negative present copula
305:Lishanid Noshan has 40
273:of Iraq, in and around
3433:Languages of Kurdistan
1389:Studies in Neo-Aramaic
1159:Mutzafi, Hezy (2008).
338:interdental fricatives
263:Jewish-Aramaic dialect
2671:Christian Palestinian
2383:Ancient North Arabian
2209:village sign language
2195:Israeli Sign Language
984:Interrogative clauses
979:It was not like here.
2771:Koy Sanjaq Christian
2448:Pre-classical Arabic
1685:Judaeo-Tripolitanian
1410:. Leiden: EJ Brill.
1139:Endangered Languages
1066:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
1040:He pleaded with him.
961:Negative past copula
890:In Lishanid Noshan,
313:, and 6 of them are
3423:Languages of Israel
2614:Ashurian and Hatran
2045:Judeo-Yazdi–Kermani
1385:Heinrichs, Wolfhart
1004:lā la-ġzèlox mallá?
956:Is he not my guest?
934:Regarding negative
922:Indefinite articles
372:
371:Consonants (Arbel)
2685:Jewish Palestinian
2073:Jewish Koine Greek
1933:Judaeo-Piedmontese
1680:Judaeo-Palestinian
1525:Reading traditions
1026:badéniwa bi-xlulá.
1013:Prepositional case
998:Do you want a tea?
869:ʔiyyá kābrá qìmle.
370:
3418:Languages of Iran
3413:Languages of Iraq
3395:
3394:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3018:
2861:
2860:
2824:Koy Sanjaq Jewish
2621:Jewish Babylonian
2532:
2531:
2265:Semitic languages
2231:
2230:
2225:extinct languages
2162:Judaeo-Papiamento
2116:
2115:
1994:Judaeo-Portuguese
1892:
1891:
1755:
1754:
1565:
1564:
974:lá-wela mga-làxxa
886:Definite articles
848:
847:
309:. 34 of them are
291:Hakkari Mountains
250:
249:
161:Northwest Semitic
130:3,500 (2018)
116:and Southeastern
16:(Redirected from
3450:
3137:
3136:
3097:
3096:
3088:
3087:
3034:
3033:
2902:northern dialect
2577:Biblical Aramaic
2570:Imperial Aramaic
2552:
2551:
2543:
2542:
2441:Nabataean Arabic
2358:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2324:Canaano-Akkadian
2258:
2251:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2142:Judaeo-Malayalam
2056:Judeo-Golpaygani
2001:Judaeo-Aragonese
1919:Judaeo-Livornese
1775:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1469:Jewish languages
1462:
1455:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1421:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1092:
1061:Jewish languages
1056:Aramaic language
1051:Aramaic alphabet
894:is the definite
873:This man got up.
838:
827:
801:
772:
766:
738:
731:
704:
698:
682:
675:
665:
657:
650:
638:
631:
624:
615:
608:
601:
573:
567:
548:
537:
528:
509:
500:
493:
486:
474:
467:
460:
451:
444:
437:
373:
369:
271:Kurdistan Region
234:
218:
211:
140:
101:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
73:
68:
67:
62:
59:
56:
53:
50:
47:
42:
41:
30:
29:
21:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3358:
3285:
3194:
3141:
3128:
3079:
3040:
3015:
2953:
2857:
2799:Urmia Christian
2715:
2708:
2595:
2589:
2528:
2488:Egyptian Arabic
2474:
2470:Modern Standard
2453:
2338:
2300:
2267:
2262:
2232:
2227:
2214:
2181:
2152:Judaeo-Georgian
2112:
2061:
2006:
1973:Judeo-Provençal
1888:
1860:
1751:
1704:
1695:Judaeo-Tunisian
1675:Judaeo-Moroccan
1668:Judaeo-Baghdadi
1658:Judaeo-Egyptian
1653:Judaeo-Algerian
1639:
1630:Lishanid Noshan
1561:
1520:
1471:
1466:
1428:
1418:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1258:
1254:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1071:Syriac language
1047:
1015:
986:
963:
944:
932:
924:
918:are taken off.
888:
883:
858:
853:
303:
265:, a variant of
258:Lishanid Noshan
230:
214:
207:
197:
171:Eastern Aramaic
156:Central Semitic
141:
138:Language family
136:
127:
126:Native speakers
87:
84:
81:
78:
60:
57:
54:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3456:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3382:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3235:
3230:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3103:
3101:
3094:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2935:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2886:
2879:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2720:
2718:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2662:
2655:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2617:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2584:Middle Aramaic
2580:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2556:
2549:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2480:Dialect groups
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2379:
2372:
2364:
2362:
2355:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2191:
2189:
2187:Sign languages
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2159:
2149:
2139:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2103:Judaeo-Marathi
2096:
2084:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2012:Judaeo-Iranian
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1946:Judaeo-Spanish
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1926:Judaeo-Mantuan
1922:
1913:Judaeo-Italian
1910:
1907:Judaeo-Catalan
1902:
1900:
1898:Judaeo-Romance
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1866:Jewish English
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1842:Judeo-Alsatian
1834:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1794:
1792:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1723:
1712:
1710:
1706:
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1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
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1677:
1672:
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1660:
1655:
1649:
1647:
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1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1571:Judaeo-Aramaic
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1488:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1426:External links
1424:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1404:Khan, Geoffrey
1400:
1387:(ed.) (1990).
1379:
1378:
1376:, p. 299.
1366:
1364:, p. 358.
1354:
1352:, p. 320.
1339:
1337:, p. 173.
1327:
1325:, p. 195.
1315:
1313:, p. 342.
1303:
1301:, p. 334.
1291:
1279:
1268:(3): 505–531.
1252:
1225:(2): 213–255.
1206:
1171:(3): 409–431.
1151:
1126:
1124:, p. 513.
1114:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1076:Syriac-Aramaic
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1000:
999:
996:
985:
982:
981:
980:
977:
962:
959:
958:
957:
954:
943:
940:
931:
928:
923:
920:
887:
884:
882:
879:
875:
874:
871:
857:
854:
852:
849:
846:
845:
843:
841:
839:
832:
830:
828:
821:
819:
813:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
795:
793:
791:
785:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
760:
758:
756:
750:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
732:
725:
723:
717:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
692:
690:
686:
685:
683:
676:
669:
667:
658:
651:
644:
640:
639:
632:
625:
618:
616:
609:
602:
595:
592:
586:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
561:
559:
555:
554:
552:
550:
541:
539:
530:
521:
519:
515:
514:
512:
510:
503:
501:
494:
487:
480:
476:
475:
468:
461:
454:
452:
445:
438:
431:
428:
418:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
383:
378:
376:
302:
299:
261:, is a modern
248:
247:
242:
236:
235:
228:
220:
219:
212:
204:
203:
202:Language codes
199:
198:
196:
195:
194:
193:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
187:
186:
185:
184:
183:
144:
142:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
107:
103:
102:
95:
91:
90:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3455:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3092:Ethio-Semitic
3089:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2968:
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2963:
2962:
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2956:
2948:
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2936:
2934:
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2925:
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2915:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
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2759:
2757:
2754:
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2750:
2749:
2746:
2744:
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2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2639:Judeo-Aramaic
2637:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2504:Siculo-Arabic
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2050:Judeo-Kashani
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:Judeo-Shirazi
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:Judeo-Persian
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1987:Judaeo-French
1984:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1856:Scots-Yiddish
1854:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1829:Klezmer-loshn
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:Indo-European
1758:
1747:
1743:
1742:Judaeo-Berber
1740:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1700:Judaeo-Yemeni
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:Judaeo-Syrian
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1645:Judaeo-Arabic
1642:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1397:1-55540-430-8
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1358:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1289:, p. 17.
1288:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
995:
992:
991:
990:
978:
975:
972:
971:
970:
968:
955:
953:
950:
949:
948:
939:
937:
927:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
878:
872:
870:
867:
866:
865:
863:
844:
842:
840:
837:
833:
831:
829:
826:
822:
820:
818:
815:
814:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
800:
796:
794:
792:
790:
787:
786:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
771:
765:
761:
759:
757:
755:
752:
751:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
737:
733:
730:
726:
724:
722:
719:
718:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
703:
697:
693:
691:
688:
687:
684:
681:
677:
674:
670:
668:
664:
659:
656:
652:
649:
645:
642:
641:
637:
633:
630:
626:
623:
619:
617:
614:
610:
607:
603:
600:
596:
593:
591:
587:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
572:
566:
562:
560:
557:
556:
553:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
531:
527:
522:
520:
517:
516:
513:
511:
508:
504:
502:
499:
495:
492:
488:
485:
481:
478:
477:
473:
469:
466:
462:
459:
455:
453:
450:
446:
443:
439:
436:
432:
429:
427:
423:
419:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
375:
374:
368:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:
254:
246:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
227:
226:
221:
217:
213:
210:
205:
200:
182:
179:
178:
177:
174:
173:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
158:
157:
154:
153:
152:
149:
148:
147:
143:
139:
133:
129:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
94:Pronunciation
92:
72:
46:
45:Lišānîd Nošān
36:
31:
19:
3374:
3351:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3225:
3208:
3166:East Gurage
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2916:
2909:
2900:
2893:
2881:
2874:
2839:Urmia Jewish
2818:
2748:Northeastern
2728:
2699:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2619:
2612:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2519:Mesopotamian
2502:
2446:
2439:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2369:Proto-Arabic
2367:
2331:
2322:
2315:
2305:
2220:
2172:Judaeo-Malay
2086:
2054:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1980:Judeo-Gascon
1978:
1971:
1964:
1939:Judaeo-Roman
1931:
1924:
1917:
1905:
1846:
1827:
1786:
1729:
1720:Ethiosemitic
1663:Judaeo-Iraqi
1629:
1625:Lishán Didán
1620:Lishana Deni
1600:
1593:
1407:
1388:
1369:
1357:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1222:
1218:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1142:. Retrieved
1138:
1129:
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1099:
1090:
1035:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1003:
994:gbát xa-čày?
993:
987:
973:
966:
964:
951:
945:
933:
925:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
891:
889:
876:
868:
859:
518:Unaspirated
395:Postalveolar
362:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
335:
330:
304:
277:between the
257:
256:
252:
251:
223:
180:
176:Northeastern
146:Afro-Asiatic
85:our language
71:Lišānā Dîdān
3313:Hadramautic
3299:Old Arabian
3238:West Gurage
3162:East Gurage
3041:ern Arabian
2743:Neo-Mandaic
2665:Palestinian
2563:Old Aramaic
2199:German Sign
1966:Judeo-Latin
1848:Lachoudisch
1477:Afroasiatic
1374:Khan (1999)
1362:Khan (1999)
1350:Khan (1999)
1335:Khan (1999)
1323:Khan (1999)
1311:Khan (1999)
1299:Khan (1999)
1036:tqèle-bbeu.
817:Approximant
323:pharyngeals
3402:Categories
3342:Rijal Alma
3327:Qatabanian
2996:Himyaritic
2939:Phoenician
2752:Christian
2555:Historical
2524:Peninsular
2425:Taymanitic
2376:Old Arabic
2361:Historical
2156:Kartvelian
2107:Indo-Aryan
2099:Judeo-Urdu
1417:9004115102
1101:Ethnologue
1082:References
856:Word Order
590:Fricatives
426:affricates
336:Regarding
319:Laryngeals
311:consonants
283:Little Zab
3386:varieties
3377:indicate
3258:Sebat Bet
3222:Tt-group
3037:Eastern (
2989:Deir Alla
2867:Canaanite
2834:Trans-Zab
2819:Inter-Zab
2701:Palmyrene
2692:Samaritan
2659:Nabataean
2538:Northwest
2493:Levantine
2465:Classical
2390:Dadanitic
2223:indicate
2146:Dravidian
2025:Judeo-Tat
1874:Yeshivish
1823:Udmurtish
1818:Ukrainish
1803:Galitzish
1532:Ashkenazi
1287:Khan 1999
1247:162864005
1201:162155580
1185:0041-977X
689:Emphatic
594:Unvoiced
558:Emphatic
430:Unvoiced
301:Phonology
279:Great Zab
225:Glottolog
209:ISO 639-3
110:Jerusalem
66:לשנא דידן
40:לשניד נשן
3334:Awsanian
3205:N-group
3124:Tigrinya
3003:Samalian
2980:Galilean
2973:Ugaritic
2918:Medieval
2911:Mishnaic
2895:Biblical
2876:Ammonite
2829:Sanandaj
2814:Betanure
2793:Chaldean
2790:Assyrian
2776:Qaraqosh
2766:Hértevin
2678:Galilean
2652:Lebanese
2498:Maghrebi
2458:Literary
2432:Thamudic
2418:Safaitic
2404:Hasaitic
2397:Dumaitic
2317:Akkadian
2272:Branches
2128:Krymchak
2081:Hellenic
1879:Yinglish
1783:dialects
1770:Germanic
1736:Cushitic
1635:Betanure
1602:Galilean
1589:Talmudic
1579:Biblical
1557:Tiberian
1552:Yemenite
1537:Sephardi
1511:Medieval
1506:Mishnaic
1501:Biblical
1406:(1999).
1274:25608409
1193:40378798
1144:20 April
1122:Kim 2008
1107:20 April
1045:See also
930:Negation
881:Articles
862:nominals
390:Alveolar
307:phonemes
232:lish1245
3379:extinct
3375:Italics
3320:Minaean
3247:Endegen
3174:Inneqor
3153:Argobba
3149:Amharic
3112:Dahalik
3084:Western
3075:Soqotri
3055:Ḥarsusi
3050:Baṭḥari
2966:Amorite
2932:Moabite
2883:Edomite
2853:Western
2809:Barzani
2805:Jewish
2724:Central
2716:Aramaic
2645:Western
2627:Mandaic
2608:Eastern
2603:Armazic
2594:Dialect
2547:Aramaic
2510:Maltese
2411:Hismaic
2344:Central
2333:Eblaite
2289:Central
2221:Italics
2176:Malayic
2088:Knaanic
2077:Yevanic
2020:Bukhori
1956:Tetuani
1951:Haketia
1884:Heblish
1837:Western
1813:Poylish
1808:Litvish
1798:Eastern
1779:Yiddish
1615:Hulaulá
1610:Barzani
1547:Italian
1542:Mizrahi
1239:3107487
936:copular
896:article
851:Grammar
754:Lateral
643:Voiced
479:Voiced
415:Glottal
400:Palatal
327:Aramaic
166:Aramaic
151:Semitic
79:
52:
3353:Sabaic
3347:Razihi
3253:Mesqan
3227:Mesmes
3180:Wolane
3177:Ulbare
3170:Siltʼe
3158:Harari
3142:versal
3140:Trans-
3070:Shehri
3060:Hobyot
3010:Sutean
2958:Others
2924:Modern
2889:Hebrew
2781:Senaya
2761:Bohtan
2756:Barwar
2736:Turoyo
2730:Mlaḥsô
2632:Syriac
2596:groups
2353:Arabic
2136:Turkic
2132:Karaim
2121:Others
2093:Slavic
2066:Others
1788:argots
1746:Berber
1709:Others
1584:Targum
1516:Modern
1486:Hebrew
1414:
1395:
1272:
1245:
1237:
1199:
1191:
1183:
789:Rhotic
410:Uvular
386:Dental
381:Labial
365:stress
315:vowels
295:Israel
118:Turkey
106:Region
3307:Faifi
3276:Gyeto
3270:Gumer
3263:Chaha
3233:Muher
3216:Soddo
3210:Gafat
3199:Outer
3133:South
3117:Tigre
3107:Geʽez
3100:North
3065:Mehri
3029:South
2946:Punic
2844:Zakho
2786:Suret
2294:South
1731:Qwara
1726:Kayla
1716:Geʽez
1270:JSTOR
1243:S2CID
1235:JSTOR
1197:S2CID
1189:JSTOR
904:-akay
721:Nasal
422:Stops
405:Velar
363:Word
287:Cizre
275:Arbil
255:, or
3273:Gura
3267:Ezha
3243:Inor
3039:Mod-
2714:Neo-
2307:East
2284:West
2279:East
1494:Eras
1412:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1181:ISSN
1146:2021
1109:2021
914:and
908:-ake
900:-aka
892:-ake
344:and
321:and
281:and
114:Iraq
76:lit.
49:lit.
3186:Zay
1266:128
1227:doi
1173:doi
535:tʃ˭
358:dbh
240:ELP
216:aij
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912:-a
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449:tʃ
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342:*t
331:*ʕ
329:,
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