800:— never to return there. His contribution to the English management of the Irish honors is assessed ambiguously. On the one hand, the Duke of Clarence, during the period of administration of the English colony, made the first attempt to force landowners to contribute to the protection of royal possessions. Lionel also managed to achieve some military successes, capturing Art Mor Mac Murdach, the Gaelic leader who caused the greatest trouble for the English; he died in English captivity. On the other hand, the rule of the Duke of Clarence demonstrated that the Irish honors was no longer self-sustaining, since English power in the colony could only be maintained with military and financial assistance from the royal government. When the interests and resolve of the crown weakened, the allocated resources quickly disappeared. Moreover, the political rhetoric of the Irish parliaments of that period does not suggest that the local aristocracy sensed any noticeable changes in the regime of the English kings; the Statutes of Kilkenny above all demonstrated the conflict between the official policy of the English government and the realities of Anglo-Irish political culture.
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785:, which became Lionel's most important legacy for the Irish government. It was aimed at preventing the process of cultural and political "degeneration" among Irish-born Englishmen. In particular, the king's subjects were prohibited from using the Irish language, marrying Irish women, and observing Irish laws. In addition, the distinction between "English by birth" and "English by blood" was eliminated as far as possible. Although there was little new among the rules introduced, their
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565:. Since Lionel at this time, due to his age, could not independently manage the kingdom, a council exercised royal power on his behalf. Nevertheless, in the second period, the regent was provided with a personal seal at the expense of the king, which allowed Lionel to solve a limited range of administrative duties assigned to him personally. Documents surviving bearing this seal show that the prince's personal household was successively located during this period at the Tower,
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the
English crown. He landed in Dublin in September 1361, accompanied by his wife and many large landowners. They were accompanied by a military detachment consisting of about 50 knights, 300 men-at-arms and 540 horse archers. In addition, the Duke was allocated sufficient financial resources to hire an additional army in Ireland itself. The original plan to recruit 800 foot archers in Wales appears to have failed.
899:. English chroniclers, reporting the incredible success of Edward III's marriage policy, believed that Galeazzo II Visconti transferred half of his lands to his son-in-law. However, the marriage turned out to be short and fruitless: already at the beginning of October 1368, Lionel fell ill with an unknown illness and died on 17 October in the city of Alba in
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Langley, was not drawn to the world of high politics. However, it is possible that the fact that his career took place mainly outside
England played a role —first in Ireland, then in Italy. His early death shortly before his 30th birthday deprived his English contemporaries of any real knowledge about the personality of the prince and his merits.
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a large meeting of the
English landowners in Ireland was held, and they were ordered to provide the prince with soldiers and accompany him to defend their estates. Lionel was given the task of restoring the devastated position of the English colony on the island by demonstrating the military power of
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Unlike his brothers Edward the Black Prince, John of Gaunt and Thomas of
Woodstock, Lionel did not play a particularly significant role in English political life. He rarely came to the attention of contemporary chroniclers. Mark Omrod believes that perhaps Lionel, like his younger brother, Edmund of
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there. Although representatives of the local nobility demanded the regular intervention of the
English king in the affairs of the Irish honors, "Englishmen born in Ireland" (as the local Anglo-Norman barons were often called) had completely different political views than "Englishmen born in England"
848:, the marriage complemented the anti-papal stance pursued by the English crown in the 1360s. In his opinion, only this can explain what advantages the English king planned to receive from an alliance with Milan, since Edward III's dynastic strategy was largely aimed at the British Isles and France.
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to
Drogheda. He continued to try to gain real control over the estates of his wife, who died in 1363. Although his father did his best to provide his son with supplies, Lionel only managed to gain control of a small part of the east coast of Ulster. His constant attempts to rule Ireland through the
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The peace between
England and France concluded at Brétigny in 1360, which lasted until 1369, finally allowed Lionel to take the role in Ireland that his father had planned for him. In July 1360, representatives of the Anglo-Irish political community approached Edward III, begging him to send them a
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estates in
England and Wales, as well as lands in the County of Ulster that belonged to her as a widow's share, came into the possession of Lionel by right of his wife. On 15 March 1361 the English king announced his intention to send his son to rule the possessions on the island, and on 1 July he
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tribes increased on the island. In addition, claims to Ulster were made by other representatives of the de Burgh family. As a result, the governors who ruled on Lionel's behalf only had effective control over a very limited area. To remedy this situation, Edward III married off Maud of
Lancaster,
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Lionel's arms were at some point those of the kingdom, differenced by a label argent of five points, with each point bearing a cross gules, thus presenting the flag of
England's Saint George's cross on each point. There are also suggestions, such as the above image, that at some point he bore a
328:, he inherited large holdings in Northern, Western and South-Western Ireland, as well as the title of Earl of Ulster. In 1361, Edward III appointed his son the royal lieutenant (viceroy) of Ireland, and in 1362 he created the title of Duke of Clarence for him, making Lionel the first among the
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took part in the wedding dinner during the luxurious celebrations that followed the wedding ceremony, which was distinguished by great pomp, sitting among the greatest guests at the first table. In the next 5 months there were continuous celebrations, feasts and tournaments.
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Clare Priory is traditionally considered the burial place of Elizabeth de Burgh, but the National Archives contains an account of the expenses of Nicholas of Flaidbury and John de Neuborne, who, on behalf of Lionel, accompanied the body of his late wife to the funeral at
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A collection of all the wills, now known to be extant, of the kings and queens of England, princes and princesses of Wales, and every branch of the blood royal, from the reign of William the Conqueror to that of Henry the Seventh exclusive: with explanatory notes, and a
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In the middle of the 14th century, English possessions in Ireland had to be constantly defended. Although Edward III formally claimed power over the entire island, in essence the local clans were almost independent. English dominance in the vast lands beyond the
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not only came up with an idealized description of the duke's appearance, reporting that the prince was a man of great strength and beauty and had a tall stature —reportedly as nearly seven feet (210 cm)—, but also suggested that marriage to a member of the
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was appointed as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, while the Duke of Clarence returned to England to consult his father and the royal council. On 24 September, Lionel was again appointed Lord Lieutenant and returned to Ireland in December, when he campaigned from
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and honor of Clare, which he owned as his wife's dowry. As a result, Lionel became the first Irish peer. At the same time, while in Ireland, he could not manage his wife’s estates in England, so his salary was increased. The size of the army also doubled.
404:. Edward III and Philippa had 12 children in the course of their marriage. Lionel was the fifth born child and the third but second surviving son (one of his older brothers, William of Hatfield, died in infancy in 1337). Of the other brothers, the eldest,
1585:, the English army was caught in a storm on 13 April, which killed men and horses. The army was weakened by the winter campaign, during which the weather was bad, and demoralized. As a result, Edward III decided to return to peace negotiations.
1573:(ÂŁ 166,666) for the withdrawal of the English army from his possessions, but also to promise that, as a peer of France in the future, he would support Edward's coronation. By marching on Paris, the English king failed to provoke the French
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To strengthen his son's position, Edward III in 1362 repeated the orders of the Anglo-Irish nobility that he had given the year before. In addition, at a meeting of Parliament on 13 November 1362, the king created for his son a new title,
347:. A lavish marriage ceremony took place in May or June 1368, but Lionel died soon after, possibly poisoned by his father-in-law. He left an only daughter from his first marriage. Descent through her from Lionel in the 15th century, the
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in 1334). In addition, the name had an obvious association with the heraldic lions (more precisely, leopards) depicted on the English coat of arms. According to another version, Edward III decided to revive the "Welsh name Llywelyn".
732:, which made it possible to increase the efficiency of the military administration of the Irish honors. During the invasion of the O'Byrnes, Lionel lost a hundred mercenaries and was soon glad to rely on the help of the Irish lords.
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in July 1345, Lionel was appointed Guardian (Regent) of England from 3 to 26 July. He held the same position from 11 July 1346 to 12 October 1347, when Edward III conducted a long military campaign in France, ending with the
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and he was given the task of restoring the County of Ulster, but already in 1346 he died. As a result, the plans of the English king did not materialize. Only 15 years later, Lionel was able to get control of Ireland.
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English led to serious conflict between the "English by birth" and the "English by blood", but Edward III attempted to reconcile the two in order to unite both factions to wage war against the native Irish.
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coronation. However, Reims was well fortified, as a result the British did not even try to capture the city, and after 5 weeks in January 1360 the siege was lifted. Next, Edward III led the army through
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after her paternal grandmother, she was Lionel's only legitimate offspring but also the eldest grandchild of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault, and thus a potential heiress of the English throne.
332:. The prince remained viceroy until 1366 (with two short breaks in 1364 and 1365, when he went to England). During this time, Lionel led several military campaigns on the island and adopted the
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Edward III believed that "our Irish dominions are reduced to such complete desolation, ruin and misery, that they may be completely lost unless relief is immediately given to our subjects." At
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and took part in an unsuccessful raid on French lands. During his participation in the French expedition, Lionel's wife Elizabeth de Burgh gave birth to a daughter on 16 August 1355 at
696:. They, like other representatives of the local colonial aristocracy, sharply criticized Edward III's disdainful attitude towards power in these domains. It was alleged that in 1346
2008:
Lives of the Queens of England from the Norman Conquest: With Anecdotes of the Courts: First Published From Official Records and Other Authentic Documents, Private as Well as Public
859:, sailed for Italy. He was accompanied by a retinue of 457 people, who took with them at least 1,280 horses. The wedding ceremony itself took place on 28 May or 5 June in front of
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based its claim to the English throne on descent through the female line from Lionel. In doing so, the Yorkists were able to present a senior claim to the English throne over the
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There are several versions explaining the unusual name that Edward III gave to his son. According to one of them, it is a reference to the Lion of Brabant —the heraldic symbol of
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Apparently, Lionel began to fulfill the duties of Lord Lieutenant of the English possessions in Ireland quite diligently. Almost immediately after landing, he launched a raid on
455:, one of the allies of the English king at that time. However, according to modern researchers, the choice of name is more likely due to the fact that Edward III, who adored the
709:(this was the name given to royal governors and other officials sent by the English government to Ireland). And such views became a serious problem for the Duke of Clarence.
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and Mac Murhi. As a result, in English-controlled lands, royal power was only effective if it met with the tacit support of the local aristocracy, particularly the Earls of
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After Lionel left Ireland, Edward III appears to have outlined a new role for him in his dynastic strategy. Elizabeth de Burgh, first wife of the Duke of Clarence, died in
724:, where a Gaelic army had gathered and was threatening the English settlements around Dublin. In the city itself, which Lionel used as his personal headquarters, he had
958:, the descendants of another younger brother, John of Gaunt. (Edward III's first-born son, Edward the Black Prince, had no legitimate descendants past his two sons
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leader who would have sufficient power and resources to restore order to the troubled island. In addition, on 4 November 1360, Elizabeth de Burgh's grandmother,
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on 8 June 1369, he expressed a desire to be buried in Clare Priory. As a result, his body was later transported to England and buried next to his first wife.
535:(by right of his wife). Apparently, Edward III wanted to make his son the largest Irish magnate. However, during this period, the power of the leaders of the
483:. Previously, the king had granted the earl the privilege of wearing the royal arms bearing an eagle; in 1339 Salisbury's godson received the same privilege.
448:, took care of the newborn prince for 13 weeks, for which he received a reward of 15 ÂŁ. Due to the place of birth, Lionel received the nickname "of Antwerp".
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Edward III took the crown with him on this campaign and, most likely, intended to officially become the French king at the traditional site of the
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Already at the age of 3, Lionel was included in the dynastic policy of his father, who sought to ensure the inheritance of his sons. Back in 1333,
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840:. Quite quickly, the Duke of Clarence became the preferred candidate for marriage. The initiator of Violante's marriage project was her uncle,
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One of the reasons for the delay in gaining power in Ireland was the war that Edward III waged against France. When the English king went to
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rivers was exercised irregularly and with great difficulty. Even the heartland of the English possessions, which included the lands around
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John of Guant: King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester, Seneschal of England
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950:. Even though Richard of York was a descendant in the male line of Edward III from Edmund of Langley, Lionel's younger brother, the
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903:. Suspicions soon arose that he was poisoned by his father-in-law, although this was never proven. The 19th century historian
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in 1366 led to the fact that the provisions of the statutes were in force in Ireland until the beginning of the 17th century.
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in May 1367. In February 1368, the Duke of Clarence, having married his 13-years-old daughter Philippa to the 16-years-old
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renounced his rights to the Scottish throne in favor of the English king, the prince's name headed the list of witnesses.
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Lionel, Duke of Clarence. 19th-century drawing of bronze statuette on south side of tomb of his father King Edward III in
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Lionel's first wife died in 1363. In 1367, Edward III arranged a new marriage for his son with the niece of the ruler of
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points out that Galeazzo II had no motive to kill his son-in-law, whose death led to the collapse of his ambitions.
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in 1363. Her body was transported to England at the expense of the crown and buried in the de Burgh family vault at
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On 7 November 1366, Edward III replaced his son (tired of this thankless job) as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland with
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Lionel was initially buried in Pavia, but in his will written at Alba, dated 3 October 1368 and confirmed at
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638:, died. In April 1361, Edward III held a ceremony, giving the vacant seat in the Order to Lionel.
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1976:"The last journey of Elizabeth, Duchess of Clarence, 1364. National Archives: E101/394/19/001"
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Thanks to Lionel's dynastic connection with the House of York, the English chronicler
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in February 1366, which became his most important legacy for the Irish government.
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asking him to take Ireland under his jurisdiction, appointing the Earl himself as
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In the winter of 1355–1356, Lionel took part in the royal army's invasion of
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264:; 29 November 1338 – 17 October 1368), was an English prince,
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differentiating label argent of three points, each bearing a canton gules.
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Blood Royal: Issue of the Kings and Queens of Medieval England, 1066–1399
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824:, the purpose of which was to discuss the possibility of the marriage of
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Ormrod, W. M. (January 2008b) . "Lionel, duke of Clarence (1338–1368)".
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Elizabeth's mother, to Sir Ralph de Ufford, brother of his close friend
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2329:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 428.
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and later that year led a military campaign in Meath. On 22 April 1364
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renovated. At the same time, part of the government was transferred to
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could eventually make him King of Italy and even Holy Roman Emperor.
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and all later English, and subsequently British, monarchs except for
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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in charge of Ireland. On his return, he convened a parliament in
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justified their preemptive right to the English royal throne.
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Vale, Juliet (September 2010) . "Philippa (1310x15?–1369)".
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Violante's dowry was the enormous amount of 2 million golden
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In 1355, Lionel's military career began: in that year he was
536:
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In May 1359, Lionel fought in a jousting tournament held in
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William de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster and 6th Baron Connaught
1598:) is a term denoting land holdings that provided one title.
1569:
was forced not only to offer a ransom of 700 thousand gold
820:. On 30 July 1366, Edward III sent a diplomatic mission to
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In 1365, Lionel again traveled briefly to England, leaving
2156:
Ormrod, W. M. (January 2008a) . "Edward III (1312–1377)".
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Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants
2010:. Volume II. p.181. Google Books. Retrieved 14 August 2014
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1565:. It is unknown whether this was originally planned, but
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with his coat of arms (for example, at a tournament in
2213:(2021). Alpina Publisher (Russian translation) (ed.).
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Lionel patrilineally descended from the English royal
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2032:(234). London, UK: Oxford University Press: 481–483.
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1657:"Lionel of Antwerp, duke of Clarence | English noble"
420:), as well as five sisters, of whom only the eldest,
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was built). There is evidence that the elderly poet
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Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale
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934:in 1368. Their granddaughter and eventual heiress,
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581:Participation in the wars with France and Scotland
459:, at that time identified himself with one of the
320:, much of the Prince's later career was linked to
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2707:Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary
2250:The Hundred Years' War and the Wars of the Roses
2129:Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy
1010:Ancestors of Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence
372:, King of England since 1327 and his mother was
2467:Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews
608:. In the treaty in which the Scottish claimant
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632:John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Warwick
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2274:Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy
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2216:The Plantagenets: The Kings Who Made England
2189:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2162:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2142:Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family
1799:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
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1512:One reputed version of Lionel's coat of arms
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2131:. London: The Bodley Head. pp. 75, 92.
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277:from 1362, Guardian of England in 1345–46,
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2239:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
162:Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster
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2186:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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1796:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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1533:Edward III and his family lived in the
1239:Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence
698:Maurice FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond
529:, Lionel was recognized Earl of Ulster
440:, while his parents were living in the
432:Lionel was born on 29 November 1338 at
418:Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester
177: 1352; died 1363)
16:English prince and nobleman (1338–1368)
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1020:
794:Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond
740:. The name of the title came from the
525:in 1352, but no later than 26 January
481:William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury
380:. His paternal grandparents were King
3484:
3454:
3358:
3320:
3282:
3241:Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence
3209:
3173:
3081:
3020:
3004:Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent
2932:
2874:
2770:
2731:
2692:
2638:Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony
2606:
2529:
2491:
2435:
2409:
2209:
2081:. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 21
1936:
1921:
1873:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1631:
1452:
1442:
1438:
1426:
1420:
1410:
1394:
1384:
1380:
1364:
1358:
1348:
1332:
1322:
1318:
1306:
1300:
1290:
1274:
1264:
1260:
1236:
1226:
1210:
1200:
1196:
1184:
1178:
1168:
1152:
1142:
1138:
1122:
1116:
1106:
1090:
1080:
1076:
1064:
1058:
1048:
1032:
1028:
651:, died, after which her share of the
388:, and his maternal grandparents were
3506:Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales
3123:John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
2952:Margaret of France, Queen of England
2653:Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile
2532:Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou
2126:
1850:
1792:
966:.) Lionel was the ancestor of Kings
304:In 1355–60, Lionel took part in the
3431:Illegitimate: Elizabeth Plantagenet
3415:George Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford
3405:Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York
3128:Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York
3118:Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence
2964:Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar
1950:"The honour and castle of Richmond"
414:Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York
314:Second War of Scottish Independence
254:Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence
13:
3246:John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford
2802:Joan of England, Queen of Scotland
2591:
2569:Hamelin de Warenne, Earl of Surrey
1819:
932:Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March
857:Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March
542:Robert Ufford, 1st Earl of Suffolk
14:
3636:
3610:Children of Edward III of England
3229:Joan of Navarre, Queen of England
2109:von Redlich, Marcellus Donald R.
1863:. Vol. 33. pp. 335–338.
861:Cathedral of Santa Maria Maggiore
781:in February 1366. It adopted the
758:James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormonde
752:Early in 1362, Lionel arrived in
444:. Gilles de Monte, a doctor from
3047:John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall
2658:Joan of England, Queen of Sicily
2303:
2281:: Scarecrow Press. p. 722.
1860:Dictionary of National Biography
928:Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster
879:, together with the fiefdoms of
410:John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster
324:. Through his first marriage to
214:Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster
3580:Earls of Ulster (1264 creation)
3518:Katherine, Countess of Pembroke
2149:
2135:
2075:Armitage-Smith, Sydney (1905).
2000:
1968:
1942:
1915:
1851:Tout, Thomas Frederick (1893).
1601:
1588:
1544:
1537:during the first period of the
197:
174:
3138:Margaret, Countess of Pembroke
2296:
1786:
1674:
1649:
1527:
625:peace negotiations at Brétigny
546:Justiciar (viceroy) of Ireland
544:. In 1345 Ralph was appointed
1:
3570:14th-century English nobility
3359:
3267:Illegitimate: Edmund Leboorde
2797:Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall
2671:Geoffrey (archbishop of York)
2648:Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany
2628:William IX, Count of Poitiers
1926:. Heritage Books. p. 91.
1619:
494:, died. From his marriage to
422:Isabella, Countess of Bedford
3455:
3251:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
2203:UK public library membership
2176:UK public library membership
1813:UK public library membership
634:, one of the Knights of the
498:, he left an only daughter,
7:
3625:Peers created by Edward III
3615:Lords Lieutenant of Ireland
2020:Maskel, J. (21 June 1890).
1922:Leese, Thelma Anna (2007).
1455:Margaret, Countess of Anjou
1303:William I, Count of Hainaut
1001:
390:William I, Count of Hainaut
376:, who came from the French
236:Edward III, King of England
10:
3641:
2589:
2113:. Vol. I. p. 64.
2006:Strickland, Agnes (2009).
1370:
1254:
1128:
1022:
658:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
642:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
461:Knights of the Round Table
359:
279:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
3534:
3493:
3480:
3463:
3450:
3410:Anne of York, Lady Howard
3367:
3354:
3329:
3316:
3291:
3278:
3218:
3205:
3182:
3169:
3090:
3077:
3029:
3016:
2974:Alphonso, Earl of Chester
2941:
2928:
2883:
2870:
2779:
2766:
2740:
2727:
2701:
2688:
2615:
2602:
2556:Geoffrey, Count of Nantes
2538:
2525:
2443:
2394:
2378:
2370:
2363:
2336:
2022:"The Dukedom of Clarence"
1854:"Lionel of Antwerp"
1595:
1567:Duke Philip I of Burgundy
1440:
1432:
1404:
1382:
1378:
1342:
1320:
1312:
1284:
1277:John II, Count of Holland
1262:
1258:
1220:
1198:
1190:
1162:
1140:
1136:
1100:
1078:
1070:
1042:
1026:
986:was Lionel's descendant.
948:Richard, 3rd Duke of York
917:
804:Second marriage and death
467:, often participating in
453:John III, Duke of Brabant
241:
231:
219:
207:
155:
142:
133:17 October 1368 (aged 29)
129:
108:
104:
94:
78:
68:
52:
37:
28:
23:
2279:Rowman & Littlefield
1688:. J. Nichols. p. 90
1520:
1397:Charles, Count of Valois
946:) and was the mother of
944:Edward, 2nd Duke of York
424:, survive to adulthood.
3605:Burials at Clare Priory
3103:Edward the Black Prince
2326:Encyclopædia Britannica
2256:: Astrel. p. 637.
2248:Ustinov, Vadim (2007).
2219:. Moscow. p. 686.
1661:Encyclopedia Britannica
1503:
479:Lionel's godfather was
406:Edward the Black Prince
354:
262:Leonell Duc de Clarence
261:
3487:Richard III of England
2596:
2271:Panton, James (2011).
2252:(in Russian). Moscow:
2195:10.1093/ref:odnb/16750
1954:British History Online
1805:10.1093/ref:odnb/22110
1513:
1335:Philippa of Luxembourg
700:, even sent envoys to
457:legends of King Arthur
3176:Richard II of England
3084:Edward III of England
3042:Edward III of England
2989:Elizabeth of Rhuddlan
2785:Isabella of AngoulĂŞme
2773:John, King of England
2746:Berengaria of Navarre
2663:John, King of England
2595:
2374:William Donn de Burgh
2168:10.1093/ref:odnb/8519
2127:Weir, Alison (1999).
1511:
1119:Edward III of England
940:Richard of Conisburgh
926:Lionel's only child,
905:Thomas Frederick Tout
853:Palace of Westminster
428:Birth and early years
287:Edward III of England
73:William Donn de Burgh
3585:House of Plantagenet
3096:Philippa of Hainault
3052:Eleanor of Woodstock
3023:Edward II of England
2994:Edward II of England
2916:Katherine of England
2877:Henry III of England
2792:Henry III of England
2734:Richard I of England
2695:Henry the Young King
2643:Richard I of England
2633:Henry the Young King
2621:Eleanor of Aquitaine
2519:House of Plantagenet
2398:Philippa Plantagenet
2343:House of Plantagenet
1361:Philippa of Hainault
1061:Edward II of England
942:(younger brother of
830:Galeazzo II Visconti
798:Eulogium historiarum
783:Statutes of Kilkenny
630:On 2 December 1360,
469:jousting tournaments
382:Edward II of England
374:Philippa of Hainault
366:House of Plantagenet
334:Statutes of Kilkenny
291:Philippa of Hainault
283:Knight of the Garter
246:Philippa of Hainault
3600:People from Antwerp
3522:Richard of Eastwell
3468:no consort or issue
3373:Elizabeth Woodville
3323:Henry VI of England
3304:Henry VI of England
3297:Catherine of Valois
3261:Philippa of England
3212:Henry IV of England
2935:Edward I of England
2906:Beatrice of England
2901:Margaret of England
2896:Edward I of England
2889:Eleanor of Provence
2847:Bartholomew FitzRoy
2820:Joan, Lady of Wales
2807:Isabella of England
2714:William Plantagenet
2609:Henry II of England
2579:Mary of Shaftesbury
2561:William FitzEmpress
2551:Henry II of England
2454:Thomas of Lancaster
1939:, pp. 545–554.
1876:, pp. 491–493.
1646:, pp. 279–280.
1155:Philip IV of France
1035:Edward I of England
960:Edward of AngoulĂŞme
636:Order of the Garter
573:(most of 1367) and
434:St. Michael's Abbey
3514:John of Gloucester
3285:Henry V of England
3256:Blanche of England
3236:Henry V of England
3193:Isabella of Valois
3035:Isabella of France
2947:Eleanor of Castile
2597:
2460:George Plantagenet
2388:Elizabeth de Burgh
2365:Peerage of Ireland
1988:on 22 January 2022
1539:Hundred Years' War
1514:
1181:Isabella of France
1093:Eleanor of Castile
956:House of Lancaster
649:Elizabeth de Clare
617:Smithfield, London
386:Isabella of France
326:Elizabeth de Burgh
318:Treaty of Brétigny
306:Hundred Years' War
99:Elizabeth de Burgh
3595:Peers jure uxoris
3575:Dukes of Clarence
3547:
3546:
3530:
3529:
3476:
3475:
3446:
3445:
3439:Grace Plantagenet
3420:Catherine of York
3380:Elizabeth of York
3350:
3349:
3335:Margaret of Anjou
3312:
3311:
3274:
3273:
3201:
3200:
3165:
3164:
3151:John de Southeray
3108:Isabella de Coucy
3073:
3072:
3057:Joan of the Tower
3012:
3011:
2984:Mary of Woodstock
2924:
2923:
2911:Edmund Crouchback
2866:
2865:
2762:
2761:
2723:
2722:
2716:(died in infancy)
2684:
2683:
2587:
2586:
2485:
2484:
2448:Lionel of Antwerp
2437:Dukes of Clarence
2404:
2403:
2395:Succeeded by
2338:Lionel of Antwerp
2288:978-0-81-087497-8
2263:978-5-17-042765-9
2226:978-0-00-721392-4
2201:(Subscription or
2174:(Subscription or
2026:Notes and Queries
1811:(Subscription or
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1213:Joan I of Navarre
996:House of Visconti
984:Elizabeth of York
863:(where later the
838:Edmund of Langley
826:Violante Visconti
775:Thomas de la Dale
656:appointed Lionel
521:The marriage was
496:Maud of Lancaster
368:. His father was
251:
250:
185:Violante Visconti
46:Westminster Abbey
24:Lionel of Antwerp
3632:
3482:
3481:
3452:
3451:
3400:Margaret of York
3356:
3355:
3318:
3317:
3280:
3279:
3207:
3206:
3171:
3170:
3079:
3078:
3018:
3017:
2930:
2929:
2872:
2871:
2832:Geoffrey FitzRoy
2768:
2767:
2754:Philip of Cognac
2729:
2728:
2690:
2689:
2604:
2603:
2527:
2526:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2407:
2406:
2371:Preceded by
2359:
2352:
2351:29 November 1338
2334:
2333:
2330:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2292:
2277:. Metuchen, NJ:
2267:
2244:
2238:
2230:
2206:
2198:
2179:
2171:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2072:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2017:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1981:. Archived from
1980:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1892:
1886:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1817:
1816:
1808:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1763:
1757:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1613:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1594:Honor (English:
1592:
1586:
1548:
1542:
1531:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1006:
842:Bernabò Visconti
738:Duke of Clarence
345:Bernabò Visconti
299:Duchy of Brabant
275:Duke of Clarence
201:
199:
178:
176:
119:Duchy of Brabant
112:29 November 1338
42:
31:Duke of Clarence
21:
20:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3526:
3489:
3472:
3459:
3442:
3425:Bridget of York
3363:
3346:
3325:
3308:
3287:
3270:
3214:
3197:
3188:Anne of Bohemia
3178:
3161:
3133:Mary of Waltham
3113:Joan of England
3086:
3069:
3025:
3008:
2937:
2920:
2879:
2862:
2859:William de Forz
2825:Richard FitzRoy
2775:
2758:
2736:
2719:
2697:
2680:
2611:
2598:
2583:
2544:Empress Matilda
2534:
2521:
2516:
2486:
2481:
2439:
2434:
2400:
2391:
2386:jure uxoris by
2384:
2376:
2358:17 October 1368
2353:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2319:, ed. (1911). "
2304:
2302:
2299:
2289:
2264:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2200:
2173:
2152:
2147:
2140:
2136:
2125:
2118:
2107:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2073:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1956:. pp. 1–16
1948:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1895:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1849:
1820:
1810:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1766:
1758:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1610:Bruisyard Abbey
1606:
1602:
1593:
1589:
1575:Dauphin Charles
1559:, setting up a
1549:
1545:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1506:
1501:
1004:
964:King Richard II
920:
865:Milan Cathedral
806:
702:Pope Clement VI
644:
583:
563:Battle of Crécy
559:Siege of Calais
504:Tower of London
430:
362:
357:
203:
200: 1368)
195:
191:
188:
187:
181:
180:
172:
168:
165:
164:
151:
134:
113:
64:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3638:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3512:Illegitimate:
3509:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3390:Cecily of York
3387:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:Jane Northland
3153:
3149:Illegitimate:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3063:Illegitimate:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:Philip FitzRoy
2854:
2853:Isabel FitzRoy
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2841:Osbert Gifford
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:Oliver FitzRoy
2827:
2822:
2818:Illegitimate:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2752:Illegitimate:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2669:Illegitimate:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2600:
2599:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2567:Illegitimate:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2381:Earl of Ulster
2377:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2317:Chisholm, Hugh
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2268:
2262:
2245:
2225:
2207:
2180:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2134:
2116:
2092:
2058:
2012:
1999:
1967:
1941:
1929:
1914:
1912:, p. 248.
1893:
1891:, p. 302.
1878:
1866:
1818:
1785:
1764:
1699:
1673:
1648:
1636:
1634:, p. 561.
1623:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1600:
1587:
1543:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
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442:Low Countries
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3467:
3385:Mary of York
3117:
2850:Maud FitzRoy
2835:John FitzRoy
2473:
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2447:
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2379:
2355:
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2341:
2324:
2273:
2249:
2214:
2184:
2157:
2150:Bibliography
2137:
2128:
2110:
2083:. Retrieved
2077:
2049:. Retrieved
2029:
2025:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1990:. Retrieved
1983:the original
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1953:
1944:
1932:
1923:
1917:
1869:
1858:
1794:
1788:
1781:Ormrod 2008a
1760:Ormrod 2008b
1690:. Retrieved
1683:
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1660:
1651:
1644:Ustinov 2007
1639:
1627:
1603:
1590:
1560:
1546:
1541:with France.
1529:
1515:
1238:
991:John Hardyng
988:
925:
921:
909:
874:
850:
814:Clare Priory
807:
797:
791:
787:codification
772:
751:
734:
719:
711:
662:
645:
629:
614:
603:
584:
551:
530:
520:
485:
478:
450:
431:
363:
338:
316:. After the
303:
281:in 1361–66,
268:
253:
252:
148:Clare Priory
85:
58:
29:
18:
3565:1368 deaths
3560:1338 births
3158:Joan Skerne
2477:(1890–1892)
2469:(1789–1830)
2462:(1461–1478)
2456:(1412–1421)
2450:(1362–1368)
2297:Attribution
2051:21 February
1889:Panton 2011
1612:in Suffolk.
1581:Valley. At
976:Richard III
532:jure uxoris
523:consummated
330:Irish peers
273:from 1347,
270:jure uxoris
226:Plantagenet
69:Predecessor
60:jure uxoris
3554:Categories
2392:1347–1368
2211:Jones, Dan
2205:required.)
2178:required.)
1992:18 January
1960:2 February
1937:Jones 2021
1874:Jones 2021
1815:required.)
1692:24 January
1666:24 January
1632:Jones 2021
1620:References
1562:chevauchée
938:, married
930:, married
846:Mark Omrod
465:Sir Lionel
370:Edward III
138:, Piedmont
3361:Edward IV
2235:cite book
2085:8 October
2038:0029-3970
980:Henry VII
968:Edward IV
500:Elizabeth
473:Dunstable
150:, Suffolk
79:Successor
3539:Category
3457:Edward V
3395:Edward V
1685:glossary
1583:Chartres
1557:Burgundy
1552:Capetian
1002:Ancestry
972:Edward V
901:Piedmont
893:Cherasco
869:Petrarch
779:Kilkenny
765:through
754:Drogheda
726:a castle
653:de Clare
606:Scotland
599:Philippa
597:: named
587:knighted
561:and the
554:Flanders
508:Connacht
446:Hainault
312:and the
95:co-Ruler
83:Philippa
3222:Wives:
3186:Wives:
2945:Wives:
2314::
2046:2623018
912:Lambeth
897:Demonte
885:Mondovì
877:florins
818:Suffolk
722:Wicklow
694:Kildare
686:Ormonde
682:Desmond
678:O'Toole
670:Shannon
575:Bristol
571:Reading
567:Windsor
512:Munster
492:Ireland
438:Antwerp
398:Zeeland
394:Holland
360:Origins
322:Ireland
297:in the
295:Antwerp
202:
194:
190:
179:
171:
167:
123:Belgium
115:Antwerp
3497:Wife:
3371:Wife:
3333:Wife:
3295:Wife:
3094:Wife:
3033:Wife:
2887:Wife:
2783:Wife:
2744:Wife:
2705:Wife:
2619:Wife:
2542:Wife:
2354:
2308:
2285:
2260:
2223:
2199:
2172:
2044:
2036:
1809:
1596:honour
918:Legacy
895:, and
810:Dublin
746:castle
730:Carlow
714:Easter
674:Dublin
591:Calais
537:Gaelic
516:Ulster
310:France
258:Norman
242:Mother
232:Father
156:Spouse
143:Burial
2959:Henry
2356:Died:
2349:Born:
2028:. 7.
1986:(PDF)
1979:(PDF)
1579:Loire
1521:Notes
889:Cuneo
822:Italy
706:vicar
690:Louth
621:Reims
341:Milan
308:with
221:House
209:Issue
196:(
192:
173:(
169:
121:(now
3065:Adam
2283:ISBN
2258:ISBN
2241:link
2221:ISBN
2087:2018
2053:2016
2042:OCLC
2034:ISSN
1994:2024
1962:2024
1694:2018
1668:2018
1571:Ă©cus
1504:Arms
1453:15.
1395:14.
1333:13.
1275:12.
1211:11.
1153:10.
962:and
881:Alba
767:Trim
763:Cork
742:city
692:and
668:and
666:Bann
527:1347
514:and
416:and
400:and
396:and
384:and
355:Life
289:and
136:Alba
130:Died
109:Born
86:with
2323:".
2254:AST
2191:doi
2164:doi
1801:doi
1421:7.
1359:3.
1301:6.
1237:1.
1179:5.
1117:2.
1091:9.
1059:4.
1033:8.
816:in
436:in
301:.
256:, (
3556::
2237:}}
2233:{{
2119:^
2095:^
2061:^
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