648:, which powered the distributor and keyboard matrix conveyor and escapements through additional belting off this shaft. Gas fired pots, such as in the illustration below, were most common in the earlier years, with the pot being thermostatically controlled (high flame when under temperature and low flame when up to temperature), and then a second smaller burner for the mouth and throat heating, with the more modern installations running on 1500 watt electric pots with an initially rheostat controlled mouth and throat heaters (several hundred watts on the electric models). The temperature was precisely adjusted to keep the lead and tin type metal liquified just prior to being cast. Newer machines, and the larger machines above 36 EM Matrix size typically used the more standardized
161:
216:
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460:
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438:
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The vise jaws compress the line of matrices so molten metal is prevented from squeezing between the mats on cast. The crucible tilts forward, forcing the mouthpiece tightly against the back of the mold. The plunger in the well of the crucible quickly descends, forcing the molten metal up the crucible throat and injecting it into the mold cavity through the array of orifices in the mouthpiece. The jets of molten metal first contact against the casting face of the matrices, and then fills the mold cavity to provide a solid slug body. These have character shapes punched into them, so the result is a cast
801:
2 picas in width and the number of blades engaged on ejection are set based on the line length being cast. All blades are engaged for a 30 pica slug, fewer are engaged as the measure of the slug body is narrowed by the use of progressively longer mold liners. This prevents the ejector blades from striking the back of a mold liner on narrow slugs. As the slug is pushed from the mold, the slug passes a set of knife edges in the knife block, which trims off any small irregularities in the casting and produces a slug of exactly the desired point thickness. From there, the slug drops into the
20:
279:
615:
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870:
1548:
907:. ("Pi" in this case refers to an obscure printer's term relating to loose or spilled type.) Footnote marks, rarely used fractions, and mathematical symbols are examples of pi characters. In the linotype machine, a pi matrix has all teeth present (code 127, no teeth cut away) so it will not drop from the distributor bar and will not be released into either the main or the auxiliary magazine. Instead, it travels all the way to the end and into the flexible metal tube called the
694:
961:
853:
814:
888:
658:-horsepower (370 W) motor after v-belts came into common use in the 1930s. The large machines also had the so-called 'double pot', with either larger gas burners, or else 2250-watt pot heaters and larger mouth and throat heaters. The most modern Linotypes had the mouth and throat heaters thermostatically controlled, an improvement over the manual rheostat adjustment, or gas flame adjustment. The Linotype company supplied kerosene heaters and
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1409:
1707:
631:(the keyboard and distributor sections ran all the time, since distribution may take much longer; however, the front part of the distributor completed its job before the next line of matrices was distributed). The construction of the machine was such that both the return of the former line to the magazine and the composition of the next line could occur while the current line was being cast, enabling very high productivity.
325:
374:
879:
skipped (no reason for this is given in the
Linotype manual). Codes 2 through 92 are for the 91-channel main magazine, and the codes above that are for the auxiliary magazine, if one is installed on the machine. The widest auxiliary magazine has 34 channels, so its rightmost channel is code 125. Code 126 is unused while code 127 is used for pi matrices (described below).
413:
to a different magazine by raising or lowering the stack of magazines with a crank. Such machines would not allow mixing fonts within a single line. Others, such as the Models 25 and 26 allowed arbitrary mixing of text from two magazines within the same line, and the Model 9 extended this capability to mixing from up to four magazines within a single line.
446:
deposited in the magazine by the matrices. This can cause the matrix to be released from the magazine slower than its usual speed, and usually results in a letter or two arriving out of sequence in the assembler—a "matrix transposition". When these machines were in heavy use, it was not uncommon for an operator to set type at the rate of over 4,000
844:. Some of the teeth are cut away; which pattern of teeth is cut away depends on the character on the matrix; i.e., which channel in the magazine it belongs in. Similarly, teeth are cut away along portions of the distributor bar. The bar on the elevator has all teeth, so it will hold any matrix (but not the space bands, which have no teeth at all).
717:. The vise has two jaws (1 and 2 in the illustration) which are set to the desired line width. The spacebands are now expanded to justify the line. When the line is justified, the matrices fit tightly between the vise jaws, forming a tight seal that will prevent the molten type metal from escaping when the line is cast.
800:
The ejector is a stacked series of narrow blades that push the completed slug from the mold aperture in the mold disk. The blades are narrow enough to pass through a mold set to 6-points in thickness with .004" clearance between the fixed mold face and the left side of the blades. The blades are each
774:
at an optimal 535 °F. At the moment before casting, the mold disk moves forward on its slide. Studs in the mold disc engage with blocks on the vise so that the mold disc seats gently, yet tightly and squarely against the line of matrices held in the first elevator jaws and between the vise jaws.
724:
If the operator did not assemble enough characters, the line will not justify correctly: even with the spacebands expanded all the way, the matrices are not tight. A safety mechanism in the justification vise detects this and blocks the casting operation. Without such a mechanism, the result would be
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The assembler itself is a rail that holds the matrices and spacebands, with a jaw on the left end set to the desired line width. When the operator judges that the line is close enough to full (some machines have an attached bell to accomplish the same thing), he raises the casting lever on the bottom
792:
a pair of honed knives with a fixed knife, and a knife which is set to the point thickness of the mold liners being cast with. The knives are set to dead parallel. The fixed knife on the left bears against the smooth side of the slug (the mold body face of the slug) as it brushes next to it, and the
412:
of type; i.e., a particular type design in a particular size. If a different size or style was needed, the operator would switch to a different magazine. Many models of the
Linotype machine could keep several magazines (as many as four) available at a time. In some of these, the operator could shift
364:
for Roman characters. These terms have persisted in phototypesetting technology even though the mechanics of the auxiliary rail do not exist there. The character on a
Linotype matrix, when viewed, is not inverted as a letter for conventional movable type would be, and the letter is incised below the
203:
into them, all within a single machine. His first attempt proved the idea feasible and a new company was formed. Improving his invention, Mergenthaler further developed his idea of an independent matrix machine. In July, 1886, the first commercially used
Linotype was installed in the printing office
878:
The pattern of teeth is a 7-bit binary code, with the innermost pair of teeth at the bottom of the notch being the most significant bit. The codes count up from the left side of the main magazine. Code 0 (no teeth) is for spacebands, which are not carried up to the distributor. Code 1 is
865:
As the matrices are carried along the distributor bar by the distributor screws, they will hang on only so long as there are teeth to hold them. As soon as the matrix reaches the point where each of its teeth corresponds to a cut-away tooth on the distributor bar, it is no longer supported and will
684:
The continuous heating of the molten alloy causes the tin and antimony in the mixture to rise to the top and oxidize along with other impurities into a substance called "dross" which must be skimmed off. Excessive dross formation leads to the alloy softening as the proportion of lead increases. The
588:
As the matrices are released from the magazine, they are guided by way of partitions in the assembler front down to a rapidly moving belt, which brings the matrices into the assembler. The spaceband box is positioned above the assembler, the bands dropping almost directly into the assembler. At the
486:
mounted on the front right corner of the keyboard. This lifts the completed line in the assembler up between two fingers in the "delivery channel", simultaneously tripping the catch holding it in position. The spring-operated delivery channel then transports the line into the casting section of the
783:
When casting is complete, the plunger is drawn upward, pulling the metal back down the throat from the mouthpiece. The pot pulls backward away from the mold. The mold disk retracts from the vise studs which held it in perfect relation to the mold, thus breaking the slug away from the matrices. The
576:
In justified text, the spaces are not fixed width; they expand to make all lines equal in width. In linotype machines this is done by spacebands. A spaceband consists of two wedges, one similar in size and shape to a type matrix, one with a long tail. The wide part of the wedge is at the bottom of
523:
The linotype keyboard has the same alphabet arrangement given twice, once for lower-case letters, the keys in black, on the left side of the keyboard, and once for upper-case letters, the keys in white, located on the right side of the keyboard. The blue keys in the middle are punctuation, digits,
734:
and catch the flowing lead. It was so called because the bucket would often "go to hell", or melt, while holding the molten lead that was still extremely hot. Also, in conjunction with possible hazards facing an operator, toxic lead fumes were possible, as they were the result of melting the lead
515:
The arrangement of letters corresponds roughly to letter frequency, with the most frequently used letters on the left. The first two columns of keys are: e, t, a, o, i, n; and s, h, r, d, l, u. A Linotype operator would often deal with a typing error by running his fingers down these two columns,
404:
The magazine section is the part of the machine where the matrices are held when not in use, and released as the operator touches keys on the keyboard. The magazine is a flat box with vertical separators that form "channels", one channel for each character in the font. Most main magazines have 90
873:
Diagram of tooth coding of the distributor rail, showing the first few positions of the rail. The coding is basically straight binary. The arrow shows where the matrix from the previous illustration would drop. Note that there are two positions for "e"; there are two magazine channels for that
665:
The casting section receives completed lines from the assembler, and uses these to cast the type slugs that are the product of the linotype machine. The casting section is automatic: once it is activated by the operator sending a completed line by raising the casting lever, a series of cams and
445:
To keep the matrices circulating smoothly throughout the machine, it is necessary that oil not be allowed anywhere near the matrix path. Oil in the matrix's path (due to careless maintenance or over-lubrication of nearby parts) can combine with dust, forming a gummy substance that is eventually
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machine, and engages the clutch that drives the casting section and the subsequent transfer into the distribution section. The operator is now finished with the line; the remaining processing is automatic. While the line is being cast, the operator can continue entering text for the next line.
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In the composing section, the operator enters the text for a line on the keyboard. Each keystroke releases a matrix from the magazine mounted above the keyboard. The matrix travels through channels to the assembler where the matrices are lined up side by side in the order they were released.
856:
Diagram of linotype matrix teeth. In the drawing on the left, the matrix is about to drop because the only teeth on the rail (shown in black) correspond to tooth positions that are cut away on the matrix. The drawing in the middle shows a matrix with all teeth present—a
527:
The keys of the keyboard are connected by vertical pushrods to the escapements. When a key is pressed, the corresponding escapement is actuated, which releases a matrix from the magazine. With one exception, each key corresponds directly to a channel in the standard
507:
The keyboard has 90 keys. The usual arrangement is that black keys on the left were for small letters, white keys on the right were for capital letters, and blue keys in the center for numbers, punctuation marks, spaces, small caps and other items. There is no
365:
surface rather than raised above it. This is because the matrix is not used directly to print onto the paper—rather, it is used as part of a mold from which a metal slug will be cast. The slug has its features reversed: therefore, the matrix does not.
524:
small capital letters and fixed-width spaces. In proper keyboard operation, an experienced operator's left hand operates only the spaceband key and the left column of keys. The operator's right hand strokes the remaining keys on the entire keyboard.
450:
per hour. The fastest operators could exceed 10,000 ems per hour (approximately 10 to 30 words per minute in today's units), hence careful lubrication and regular cleaning were essential to keep these machines operating at full potential.
589:
end of the moving belt is a rapidly rotating 'star wheel' that gives each incoming matrix or spaceband a small kick to make room for the next one (the star wheel is made of a phenolic-type material to minimize wear of the matrices and bands).
597:
the line to the casting section of the linotype machine. The remaining processing for that line is automatic; as soon as the finished line has been transferred to the casting section, the operator can begin composing the next line of text.
644:-horsepower (250 W) 850- or 1140-revolution-per-minute motor geared to the main clutch wheel, the inner shaft engaging this wheel while the casting cycle was in operation. An external leather belt on this wheel ran a second
340:, and in some matrices of size 16 to 24 points, the matrix has two letter forms on it, the normal and auxiliary positions. The normal position has the upright (Roman) form of a given character, and on the auxiliary, the slanted (
821:
The most significant innovation in the linotype machine was that it automated the distribution step; i.e., returning the matrices and space bands back to the correct place in their respective magazines. This is done by the
622:
The casting section of the machine operated intermittently when triggered by the operator at the completion of a line. The full casting cycle time was less than nine seconds. Motive power for the casting section came from a
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with the character shapes of the line on its top face. The mold disk is sometimes water-cooled, and often air-cooled with a blower, to carry away the heat of the molten type metal and allow the cast slugs to solidify quickly.
559:
On machines that support multiple magazines, there is a shifting mechanism that controls which magazine is currently connected to the keyboard. In most machines, this is done by raising or lowering the stack of magazines.
729:
of molten type metal spraying out through the gaps between the matrices, creating a time-consuming mess and a possible hazard to the operator. If a squirt did occur, it was generally up to the operator to grab the
520:, in what is known as a "run down". It is often quicker to cast a bad slug than to hand-correct the line within the assembler. The slug with the run down is removed once it has been cast, or by the proofreader.
720:
Justification is done by a spring-loaded ram (5) which raises the tails of the spacebands, unless the machine was equipped with a Star Parts automatic hydraulic quadding attachment or
Linotype hydraquadder.
405:
channels, but those for larger fonts carried only 72 or even 55 channels. The auxiliary magazines used on some machines typically contained 34 channels or, for a magazine carrying larger fonts, 28 channels.
233:
produced the
Intertype, a machine closely resembling the Linotype, using the same matrices as the Linotype, which started production around 1914. Where Mergenthaler prided themselves on intricately formed
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137:. The matrices are then returned to the type magazine, to be reused continuously. This allows much faster typesetting and composition than hand composition in which operators place down one pre-cast
899:
In typesetting, it is sometimes necessary to use characters that are uncommon or obscure enough that it does not make sense to assign them to a magazine channel. These characters are referred to as
344:) form of that character will be used, but this can also be the boldface form or even a different font entirely. The machine operator can select which of the two faces will be cast by operating the
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229:
was the only company (led by Ottmar
Mergenthaler and eventually also James O. Clephane) producing linecasting machines, but in time, other companies would begin manufacturing similar machines.
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mold disc then rotates counter-clockwise. In its travel, the slug base is trimmed by the back knife for height to paper (.918") and then returns to its neutral position in front of the
681:(4%), and produces a one-piece casting slug capable of 300,000 impressions before the casting begins to develop deformities and imperfections, and the type must be cast again.
1531:
580:
Due to their size, spacebands are not held in the magazine, but in a spaceband box and released one at a time by pressing the spaceband lever at the left edge of the keyboard.
260:
685:
mixture must then be assayed and tin and antimony added back (in the form of a specially proportioned alloy) to restore the original strength and properties of the alloy.
304:
The operator interacts with the machine via the keyboard, composing lines of text. The other sections are automatic; they start as soon as a line is completely composed.
144:
The machine revolutionized typesetting and with it newspaper publishing, making it possible for a relatively small number of operators to set type for many pages daily.
98:, especially small-size body text, for newspapers, magazines, and posters from the late 19th century to the 1970s and 1980s, when it was largely replaced by
1425:
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The linotype distributor rail with a matrix hanging from it. The three screws move the matrix along the rail until it drops into the correct magazine channel.
253:
equipment and later computerized typesetting and page composition systems. As of 2023, the last-known newspaper still using
Linotype in the United States is
793:
right knife trims the ribs on the slug (the mold cap face of the slug). The disk stops when the mold is vertical, on the right, directly in front of the
463:
Diagram of the assembler mechanism, showing how the matrices go from the magazine and are put into place in line being formed (in a machine ca. 1904)
311:). Perforator operators produced paper tape text at a much higher speed which then was cast by more productive tape-controlled Linotype machines.
208:. Here, it was immediately used on the daily paper and a large book. The book, the first ever composed with the new Linotype method, was titled
336:
of type; i.e., a particular type face in a particular size. The letter forms are engraved into one side of the matrix. For sizes up to 14
1012:
425:
refers to the mechanisms at the bottom of the magazine that release matrices one at a time as keys are pressed on the keyboard. There is an
249:
Major newspaper publishers retired
Linotype and similar "hot metal" typesetting machines during the 1970s and 1980s, replacing them with
1156:
356:, which is a piece that can be turned under a portion of the first elevator column. This is the origin of the old typesetting terms
307:
Some
Linotype machines included a paper tape reader. This also allowed the text to be typeset to be supplied over a telegraph line (
1077:
1124:
1579:
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from the spaceband box. Spacebands are stored separately from the matrices because they are too big to fit in the magazine.
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114:. It was a significant improvement over the previous industry standard of letter-by-letter manual typesetting using a
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at the top of the magazine. The space bands are separated out at this point and are returned to the spaceband box.
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265:
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fit into these openings for specific slug dimensions. The maximum line length of the typical linecaster is 30
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levers move the matrices through the casting section and control the sequence of steps that produce the slug.
226:
79:
2046:
979:
705:. The justification ram (5) then moves up to expand the spacebands to fill the space between the vise jaws.
23:
Paper tape controlled Linotype Model 5cS, manufactured in Germany (on display at Deutsches Museum, Munich)
755:. The mold disk has rectangular openings which correspond to the line length and point thickness of the
125:, or molds for the letter forms, in a line. The assembled line is then cast as a single piece, called a
396:, releasing the first matrix in the magazine channel. The rotation of the verge also raises rear pawl
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215:
1486:. short film about history of Linotype and transition to modern methods. New York Times, 2016-10-14.
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767:. A less common variant was fitted with 42 pica molds, though these are now rare to non-existent.
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magazine actually has 91 channels, with two channels (the leftmost two) both used for the letter
495:
377:
Action of the escapement when delivering a matrix. The keyboard has raised the escapement lever
1942:
149:
1954:
1818:
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134:
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The Linotype machine operator enters text on a 90-character keyboard. The machine assembles
19:
1932:
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8:
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is a complete manual on the operation and maintenance of the Intertype linotype machines
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magazine actually has 73 channels, with the leftmost two being used for lower-case
308:
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The 1966 Automatically Controlled Elektron (ACE) Linotype, Teletype, Intertype and more
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attachment (selectively off, flush-right, -center or -left) is to its immediate right
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Linotype: The Film – In Search of the Eighth Wonder of the World (Doug Wilson, 2012)
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Linotype mold disk, with a complete line of matrices and spacebands ready to be cast
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is a feature-length documentary centered around the Linotype type casting machine.
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The matrices have a pattern of teeth at the top, by which they hang from the
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195:. By 1884, he conceived the idea of assembling metallic letter molds, called
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parts on their machine, Intertype machined many of their similar parts from
1979:
1920:
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Once enough text has been entered for the line, the operator depresses the
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and his associate Charles T. Moore, who sought a quicker way of publishing
2015:
2010:
2005:
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The justification vise holds the assembled line against the face of the
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106:. The name of the machine comes from producing an entire line of metal
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Directly behind the mold disk is the crucible, which contains molten
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Each matrix contains the letter form for a single character of a
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986:. (Salt Lake City, Utah). UPI. November 26, 1970. p. 20B.
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Linotype machines, Anthony Hordern and Sons department store,
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373:
239:
1046:. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: 286.
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which holds the lines in the order in which they were cast.
552:. Alternate lines release matrices alternately from the two
152:, who provided the financial backing for commercialization.
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After casting is completed, the matrices are pushed to the
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Diagram of the justification process. The composed line is
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for one-time use. Linotype became one of the mainstays for
55:
49:
43:
847:
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operated machines for use in locales without electricity.
678:
352:, or, when setting entire lines of italics, by using the
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the tail, so pushing the tail up expands the spaceband.
282:
Diagram showing the overall scheme of a Linotype machine
532:) magazine. The one exception is the lower-case letter
287:
The linotype machine consists of four major sections:
1492:
documentary about linotype tech. in printing industry
709:
From the assembler, the assembled line moves via the
141:(metal letter, punctuation mark or space) at a time.
67:
46:
1451:. Brooklyn, NY: Mergenthaler Linotype Company. 1940.
58:
52:
40:
1513:
Linecast typesetting service at linotypesetting.com
37:
516:thus filling out the line with the nonsense words
475:just to the left of the keyboard. This releases a
1103:"A Colorado Newspaper That's also a Time Machine"
471:When a space is needed, the operator touches the
454:
2028:
1498:– "For Those who Remember Hot Metal Typesetting"
1157:"Printer 1" Navy Training Courses, 1954, p. 303
866:drop into the matrix channel below that point.
432:
118:and shallow subdivided trays, called "cases".
1573:
1490:The Printing (Holmes Burton Films Inc., 1947)
1457:Ottmar Mergenthaler – The Man and his Machine
1254:Linotype Hydraquadder Parts Catalog Number 58
78:which is manufactured and sold by the former
1459:; Oak Knoll Press, New Castle (DE), 2000 –
572:Composed line with matrices and spacebands.
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1566:
1244:"Typesetting" film in the Internet Archive
16:Hot metal typesetting machine (1886–1980s)
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536:: that letter is used so often that the
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148:invented the Linotype in 1884 alongside
18:
848:Distributor bar and matrix teeth coding
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74:) is a "line casting" machine used in
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1508:Linotype Machine on Woodsidepress.com
1078:"Today's news in centuries-old style"
1064:"The Saguache crescent 2023 archives"
995:
993:
895:(MICR) matrix, cut for code 127.
874:letter because of its high frequency
669:The casting material is an alloy of
499:Linotype keyboard; an after-market
368:
270:is the last one in Western Europe.
210:The Tribune Book of Open-Air Sports
13:
1536:a Machine To Supersede Typesetting
990:
893:Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
701:between the jaws (1 and 2) of the
601:
512:of the kind found on typewriters.
429:for each channel in the magazine.
14:
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421:In a linotype machine, the term
408:The magazine holds a particular
392:which pulls down the front pawl
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1044:The Almanac of American Letters
1021:. July 13, 1936. Archived from
634:Older machines typically had a
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1095:
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627:-operated drive running large
455:Keyboard and composing section
1:
1520:vocational instruction film:
1502:Intertype Book of Instruction
1438:
1105:. CBS News. February 23, 2014
915:, available for further use.
416:
227:Mergenthaler Linotype Company
165:
80:Mergenthaler Linotype Company
911:and is then lined up in the
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381:to push against the plunger
7:
1448:Linotype Machine Principles
1417:Linotype Machine Principles
1398:Linotype Machine Principles
1379:Linotype Machine Principles
1360:Linotype Machine Principles
1341:Linotype Machine Principles
1322:Linotype Machine Principles
1303:Linotype Machine Principles
1284:Linotype Machine Principles
1265:Linotype Machine Principles
1226:Linotype Machine Principles
1207:Linotype Machine Principles
1188:Linotype Machine Principles
1169:Linotype Machine Principles
1139:Linotype Machine Principles
1000:The World Book Encyclopedia
980:"End of story for Linotype"
918:
490:
433:Maintenance and lubrication
319:
273:
187:in 1872, was approached by
183:, who had emigrated to the
10:
2070:
556:channels in the magazine.
400:to hold the second matrix.
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90:system that cast lines of
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1484:"Farewell, Etaoin Shrdlu"
1125:"Le Démocrate de l'Aisne"
833:which raises them to the
759:(cast lines) to be made.
314:
1546:Linotype machine patents
955:
2052:19th-century inventions
261:Le Démocrate de l'Aisne
965:
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809:Distribution mechanism
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739:Mold disk and crucible
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610:Type slug – Print side
573:
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329:
300:Distribution mechanism
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222:
172:
150:James Ogilvie Clephane
133:in a process known as
24:
1933:Golding & Company
1796:Hot metal typesetting
1518:Typesetting: Linotype
964:Linotype Simplex 1895
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788:and aligned with the
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256:The Saguache Crescent
231:The Intertype Company
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135:hot metal typesetting
88:hot metal typesetting
22:
1938:Chandler & Price
1678:Logographic printing
1589:Letterpress printing
1025:on December 15, 2008
935:Monotype Corporation
790:knife block assembly
735:ingots for casting.
618:Type slug, side view
441:Matrix transposition
201:casting molten metal
2047:American inventions
1600:History of printing
925:Ottmar Mergenthaler
593:of the keyboard to
385:. This rotates the
328:The Linotype matrix
220:Ottmar Mergenthaler
181:Ottmar Mergenthaler
146:Ottmar Mergenthaler
104:digital typesetting
1892:Composition roller
1724:Manual typesetting
1551:2017-01-11 at the
1428:2016-03-03 at the
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715:justification vise
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1819:Intertype Machine
1701:
1700:
1661:Blocks and plates
1082:Los Angeles Times
1042:Nelson, Randy F.
945:Saguache Crescent
544:. Similarly, the
297:Casting mechanism
189:James O. Clephane
110:at once, hence a
2059:
1901:Types of presses
1846:Parts of a press
1843:
1842:
1824:Paige Compositor
1814:Ludlow Typograph
1804:Linotype machine
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1084:. 10 August 2013
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1013:"Linotype at 50"
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940:Lanston Monotype
657:
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369:Magazine section
269:
251:phototypesetting
206:New York Tribune
170:
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100:phototypesetting
85:
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29:Linotype machine
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2027:
2026:
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2020:
1989:
1975:Folding machine
1968:Other equipment
1959:
1896:
1870:
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1809:Monotype system
1790:
1736:Composing stick
1710:
1697:
1656:
1615:
1609:
1591:
1586:
1553:Wayback Machine
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1002:, 1972 edition.
998:
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978:
977:
970:
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930:Monotype System
921:
885:
850:
842:distributor bar
831:second elevator
811:
741:
691:
654:
650:
649:
640:
636:
635:
604:
602:Casting section
586:
566:
546:72 channel
530:90 channel
493:
473:spaceband lever
457:
435:
419:
371:
360:for italic and
322:
317:
286:
276:
263:
225:Initially, the
168:
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116:composing stick
83:
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1950:Cylinder press
1947:
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1838:Printing press
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1683:Wood engraving
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1532:1/13/1894;The
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1472:External links
1470:
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1408:
1406:, pp. 269–275.
1389:
1387:, pp. 232–249.
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1368:, pp. 226–231.
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1349:, pp. 219–225.
1332:
1330:, pp. 213–218.
1313:
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346:auxiliary rail
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309:TeleTypeSetter
302:
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171:, by AE Foster
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129:, from molten
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950:Etaoin shrdlu
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914:
913:sorts stacker
910:
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901:pi characters
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689:Justification
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564:Spaceband box
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518:etaoin shrdlu
513:
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72:
63:
30:
21:
1997:Related arts
1980:Paper cutter
1955:Rotary press
1803:
1693:Zinc etching
1632:Type casting
1624:Movable type
1614:Ways to make
1533:
1517:
1456:
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1133:
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1097:
1086:. Retrieved
1081:
1072:
1058:
1043:
1038:
1027:. Retrieved
1023:the original
1016:
1007:
999:
984:Deseret News
983:
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501:Star Quadder
500:
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196:
193:legal briefs
174:
143:
126:
122:
120:
112:line-o'-type
111:
82:and related
28:
26:
2016:Papermaking
2011:Printmaking
2006:Bookbinding
1907:Hand press
1716:Typesetting
1688:Electrotype
1642:Punchcutter
1616:impressions
883:Pi matrices
835:distributor
824:distributor
803:galley tray
761:Mold liners
732:hell bucket
677:(11%), and
423:escapements
264: [
175:In 1876, a
169: 1935
96:typesetting
2042:Typography
2031:Categories
2001:Typography
1882:Offset ink
1668:Stereotype
1637:Type metal
1496:Metal Type
1439:References
1404:chapter 20
1385:chapter 17
1366:chapter 16
1347:chapter 15
1328:chapter 14
1309:chapter 12
1290:chapter 13
1271:chapter 11
1088:2019-10-18
1029:2009-01-07
772:type metal
660:line-shaft
538:90 channel
427:escapement
417:Escapement
362:lower rail
358:upper rail
131:type metal
92:metal type
84:companies.
1916:Columbian
1761:Furniture
1731:Type case
1652:Wood type
1423:chapter 1
1311:, p. 134.
1232:chapter 6
1213:chapter 4
1194:chapter 4
1175:chapter 3
1145:chapter 4
753:mold disk
699:locked up
646:jackshaft
584:Assembler
510:shift key
477:spaceband
350:assembler
236:cast-iron
86:It was a
2037:Printing
1911:Stanhope
1887:Ink ball
1549:Archived
1534:Linotype
1432:, p. 38.
1426:Archived
1234:, p. 85.
1215:, p. 64.
1196:, p. 59.
1177:, p. 48.
1147:, p. 62.
1109:March 1,
919:See also
909:pi chute
675:antimony
491:Keyboard
320:Matrices
294:Keyboard
291:Magazine
274:Overview
244:aluminum
197:matrices
123:matrices
76:printing
1858:Frisket
1786:Hellbox
1766:Leading
1605:Printer
861:matrix.
795:ejector
713:to the
673:(85%),
653:⁄
639:⁄
348:of the
204:of the
156:History
71:-ə-type
1921:Albion
1875:Inking
1863:Tympan
1853:Platen
1756:Reglet
1647:Matrix
1526:part 2
1522:part 1
1463:
1050:
727:squirt
625:clutch
342:Italic
338:points
315:Design
199:, and
177:German
1781:Forme
1776:Chase
1771:Quoin
1751:Strut
1673:Flong
956:Notes
905:sorts
765:picas
757:slugs
387:verge
268:]
240:steel
1746:Slug
1741:Sort
1524:and
1461:ISBN
1419:1940
1400:1940
1381:1940
1362:1940
1343:1940
1324:1940
1305:1940
1286:1940
1267:1940
1228:1940
1209:1940
1190:1940
1171:1940
1141:1940
1111:2014
1048:ISBN
1018:Time
777:slug
703:vise
671:lead
629:cams
595:send
410:font
354:flap
334:font
242:and
139:sort
127:slug
108:type
102:and
69:LYNE
27:The
1867:Bed
903:or
679:tin
448:ems
2033::
1421:,
1402:,
1383:,
1364:,
1345:,
1326:,
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1288:,
1269:,
1230:,
1211:,
1192:,
1173:,
1143:,
1080:.
1015:.
992:^
982:.
971:^
891:A
859:pi
826:.
797:.
725:a
383:11
379:22
266:fr
259:.
246:.
212:.
166:c.
56:aɪ
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1567:v
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