187:
122:
25:
1819:
170:
Antimony and tin are added to lead for durability while reducing the difference between the coefficients of expansion of the matrix and the alloy. Apart from durability, the general requirements for type-metal are that it should produce a true and sharp cast, and retain correct dimensions and form after cooling down. It should also be easy to cast, at reasonable low
1350:, which is extremely counterproductive in type metal. Even a tiny amount — less than 1% — will form a dusty surface on the molten metal surface that is difficult to remove. Characters cast from contaminated type metal such as this are of inferior quality, the solution being to discard and replace with fresh alloy.
1334:
has been used for hardening type metal; this metal easily forms mixed crystals with tin when the alloy cools down. These crystals will grow just below the exit opening of the nozzle in
Monotype machines, resulting in a total blockage after some time. These nozzles are very difficult to clean, because
1306:
Nowadays this "battle" has lost its importance, at least for
Monotype. The quality of the produced type is far more important. Alloys with a high-content of antimony, and subsequently a high content of tin, can be cast at a higher temperature, and at a lower speed and with more cooling at a Monotype
169:
in different proportions depending on the application, be it individual character mechanical casting for hand setting, mechanical line casting or individual character mechanical typesetting and stereo plate casting. The proportions used are in the range: lead 50‒86%, antimony 11‒30% and tin 3‒20%.
1224:
The addition of a small amount of antimony (5% to 6%) to lead will significantly alter the alloy's behavior compared to pure lead: although the melting point of pure antimony is 630 °C, this mixture will be completely molten and a homogeneous fluid even at temperatures as low as 371 °C.
1294:
Monotype machines however can utilize a wide range of different alloys; maintaining a constant and a high production meant a strict standardization of the typemetal in the company, so as to reduce by all means any interruption of the production. Repeated assays were done at regular intervals to
1310:
Although care was taken to avoid mixing different types of type metal in shops with different type casting systems, in actual practice this often occurred. Since a
Monotype composition caster can cope with a variety of different metal alloys, occasional mixing of Linotype alloy with discarded
1215:
Pure metal melts and solidifies in a simple manner at a specific temperature. This is not the case with alloys. There we find a range of temperatures with all kinds of different events. The melting temperature of all mixtures is considerably lower than the pure components.
266:, was heated with scrap iron, metallic antimony was produced. The typefounder would typically introduce powdered stibnite and horseshoe nails into his crucible to melt lead, tin and antimony into type metal. Both the iron and the sulfides would be rejected in the process.
281:
Type metal is an alloy of lead, tin and antimony in different proportions depending on the application, be it individual character mechanical casting for hand setting, mechanical line casting or individual character mechanical typesetting and stereo plate casting.
1229:
will start to form, increasing the cohesion of the liquid alloy. At 252 °C, the mixture will start to fully solidify, during which the temperature will remain constant. Only when the mixture has fully solidified will the temperature start to decrease again.
1262:
Raising the content of antimony cannot be done without adding some tin too. Because the fluidity of the mixture will dramatically diminish when the temperature goes down somewhere in the channels of the machine. Nozzles can be blocked by antimony crystals.
1274:
Alloys used on
Monotype machines tend to contain higher contents of tin, to obtain tougher character. All characters should be able to resist the pressure during printing. This meant an extra investment, but Monotype was an expensive system all the way.
1535:, until all is molten and finished. The resulting metal can contain up to 9% of iron. Further purification can be done by mixing the hot melt with kitchen-salt, NaCl. After this red hot lead from another melting pot is added and stirred thoroughly.
214:. This alloy did not shrink as much as lead alone when cooled. Gutenberg's other contributions were the creation of inks that would adhere to metal type and a method of softening handmade printing paper so that it would take the impression well.
174:, iron should not dissolve in the molten metal, and mould and nozzles should stay clean and easy to maintain. Today, Monotype machines can utilize a wide range of different alloys. Mechanical linecasting equipment uses alloys that are close to
362:
The actual compositions differed over time, different machines were adjusted to different alloys depending on the intended uses of the type. Printers had sometimes their own preferences about the quality of particular alloys. The
Lanston
327:, that primarily damages brain function. Metallic lead is more stable and less toxic than its oxidized form. Metallic lead cannot be absorbed through contact with skin, so may be handled, carefully, with far less risk than lead oxide.
1200:. These oxides form on the surface of the crucible and must be removed. After stirring the molten metal, grey powder forms on the surface, the dross, needing to be skimmed. Dross contains recoverable amounts of tin and antimony.
1538:
Some tin was added to the alloy for casting small characters and narrow spaces, to better fill narrow areas of the mould. The good properties of tin were well known. The use of tin was sometime minimized to save expenses.
536:
also made moulds with 'round' nicks. Typefounders and printers could and did order specially designed moulds to their own specifications: height, size, kind of nick, even the number of nicks could be changed.
513:
The manuals for the
Monotype composition caster (1952 and later editions) mention at least five different alloys to be used for casting, depending the purpose of the type and the work to be done with it.
230:
has many of the ideal characteristics, but on its own it lacks the necessary hardness and does not make castings with sharp details because molten lead shrinks and sags when it cools to a solid.
1253:
Adding tin to this bipolar-system complicates the behaviour even further. Some tin enters into the eutectic. A mixture of 4% tin, 12% antimony, and 84% lead solidifies at 240 °C.
683:
In
Switzerland the company "Metallum Pratteln AG", in Basel had yet another list of type-metal alloys. If needed, any alloy according to customer specifications could be produced.
248:
Despite patiently trying different proportions of both metals, solving the second part of the type metal problem proved very difficult without the addition of yet a third metal,
206:'s time, his discovery of an alloy that was hard, durable, and would take a clear impression from the mould represents a fundamental aspect of his solution to the problem of
1574:
Now (according to Custom) is Half a Pint of Sack mingled with Sallad Oyl, provided for each
Workman to drink; intended or an Antidote against the Poysonous Fumes of the
350:
When alloyed with lead to produce type metal, antimony gives it the hardness it needs to resist deformation during printing, and gives it sharper castings from the
269:
The addition of antimony conferred the much needed improvements in the properties of hardness, wear resistance and especially, the sharpness of reproduction of the
1256:
Depending from the metals in excess, compared with the eutectic, crystals are formed, depleting the liquid, until the eutectic 4/12 mixture is formed once more.
1225:
Letting this mixture cool the alloy will remain liquid even through 355 °C, the melting point of pure lead. Once the temperature reaches 291 °C, lead
335:
Tin (Sn) promotes the fluidity of the molten alloy and makes the type tough, giving the alloy resistance to wear. It is harder, stiffer and tougher than lead.
1259:
The 12/20 alloy contains many mixed crystals of tin and antimony, these crystals constitute the hardness of the alloy and the resistance against wear.
305:
that are not sharp enough for printing. In addition pure lead letters will quickly deform during use; a direct result of the easy workability of lead.
1271:
Eutectic alloys are used on
Linotype-machines and Ludlow-casters to prevent blockage of the mould and to ensure continuous trouble-free casting.
285:
The proportions used are in the range: lead 50‒86%, antimony 11‒30% and tin 3‒20%. The basic characteristics of these metals are as follows:
186:
245:, improved the ability of the cast type to withstand the wear and tear of the printing process, making it tougher but not more brittle.
1357:, although this metal will float on top of the melt, and will be easily discovered and removed, before it is dissolved into the lead.
1492:. They make it of bricks in an open place, as well because the air may have free access to all its sides, as that the vapours of the
1203:
Dross must be processed at specialized companies, in order to extract the pure metals in conditions that would prevent environmental
1379:
is hardly dissolved into type metal, although the molten metal is always in contact with the cast iron surface of the melting pot.
521:(as opposed to the round nicks used on foundry type), there is no easy way to identify the alloy aside from an expensive chemical
347:
element, which melts at 630 °C (1,166 °F). Antimony has a crystalline appearance while being both brittle and fusible.
1691:
89:
1295:
monitor the alloy used, since every time the metal is recycled, roughly half a per cent of tin content is lost through
61:
108:
1291:
has given rise to some lasting fairy tales about typemetal. Linotype users looked down on
Monotype and vice versa.
68:
1368:
plates are very dangerous in molten lead, because this metal can easily burn and will ignite in the molten lead.
1453:
together. And preparing so many Earthen forty or fifty pounds Melting-pots (made for that purpose to endure the
46:
1524:). The iron was burned away in this process, reducing the antimony and at the same time removing the unwanted
75:
42:
273:, given that it has the curious property of diminishing the shrinkage of the alloy upon solidification.
57:
1233:
Using a 10% antimony, 90% lead mixture delays lead crystal formation until approximately 260 °C.
1743:
1684:
540:
Type produced with these special moulds can only be identified if the foundry or printer is known.
1872:
293:
Type metal is an alloy of lead (Pb). Pure lead is a relatively cheap metal, is soft thus easy to
35:
1245:
Increasing the antimony content beyond 12% will lead to predominantly antimony crystallization.
517:
Although in general Monotype cast type characters can be visually identified as having a square
2054:
495:
195:
2066:
1930:
1907:
1779:
1532:
569:
503:
150:
2044:
1867:
1789:
1716:
1700:
1677:
507:
364:
301:
since it melts at 327 °C (621 °F). However, it shrinks when it solidifies making
8:
2049:
1862:
1711:
82:
2003:
1857:
1852:
1578:, and to restore the Spirits that so Violent a Fire and Hard Labour may have exhausted.
1236:
Using a 12% antimony, 88% lead mixture prevents crystal formation entirely, becoming a
518:
302:
203:
126:
2153:
1758:
351:
317:
199:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1284:
499:
121:
1663:, page 168, Sect. XVIII, reprint of the 1896-edition, Thoemmes Press, Bristol, UK.
1650:, page 167, Sect. XVIII, reprint of the 1896-edition, Thoemmes Press, Bristol, UK.
1625:, page 164, Sect. XVIII, reprint of the 1896-edition, Thoemmes Press, Bristol, UK.
2148:
2086:
2027:
1920:
1847:
1528:. In this way ferro-sulfide was formed, that would evaporate with all the fumes.
1395:
1353:
Brass and zinc should therefore be removed before remelting. The same applies to
1288:
1283:
The fierce competition between the different mechanical typecasting systems like
1238:
2061:
2022:
1949:
1794:
368:
324:
498:
is divided basically into two different competing technologies: line casting (
2142:
2096:
2039:
1799:
529:
415:
Ludlow/Intertype/Linotype composition for limited use and for making stereos
171:
1612:, The National Committee for Monotype Users' Associations, London, UK, 1952.
2091:
2032:
1804:
1735:
1543:
1387:
294:
211:
146:
2127:
2122:
2117:
1827:
1753:
1547:
270:
242:
2112:
1993:
1669:
16:
Metal alloys used in traditional typefounding and hot metal typesetting
1566:
to the inhaled toxic metal fumes, the workers were given a mixture of
1496:(which are obnoxious) may the less offend those that officiate at the
1842:
1763:
1365:
1354:
1296:
1204:
1197:
466:
Most durable machine set intended to be remelted, sometimes hand set
449:
More durable intended for long print runs and curved printing plates
344:
309:
1531:
The mixture of stibnite and nails was heated red hot in an open-air
24:
1998:
1818:
1637:, Ellic Howe in: The Monotype-recorder, vol. XLI, summer 1957, nr.1
1567:
1563:
1513:
1315:
1186:
432:
Often used on slug casters and for Monotype/Elrod spacing material
259:
249:
207:
175:
166:
134:
1969:
1897:
1877:
1226:
313:
298:
255:
1974:
1964:
1525:
1331:
234:
223:
1314:
Mechanical linecasting equipment use alloys that are close to
544:
Type metal alloys mentioned in the UK-Monotype-caster manuals
190:
1698 illustration of a German typefounder preparing type-metal
1784:
1551:
1343:
1300:
1190:
522:
154:
142:
1488:; because the air blows in through all its sides to fan the
1429:
for the best Iron to Melt, as well because they are asured
1376:
1347:
227:
158:
1558:
Hitherto a Man (nay, a Boy) might officiate all this work.
1394:, mentions a mix of equal amounts of "antimony" and iron
483:
Traditional loose hand set type, may contain some copper
263:
238:
162:
1242:. This alloy has a clear melting point, at 252 °C.
354:
to produce clear, easily read printed text on the page.
533:
1266:
1382:
371:
had a whole range of alloys listed in their manuals.
1196:
Every time type metal is remelted, tin and antimony
489:
233:
After much experimentation it was found that adding
1508:
should not endanger the Firing any adjacent Houses.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
528:Apart from this the two Monotype companies in the
1449:(beaten in an Iron-Morter into small pieces) and
1219:
357:
2140:
1504:: And also because the violent fire made in the
1303:while cleaning the surface of the molten metal.
1321:
1311:typefounders alloy has proven its usefulness.
1278:
1210:
1685:
1189:to replace lost tin and antimony through the
1437:, as because (they being in small pieces of
276:
217:
1692:
1678:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1699:
1335:the hard crystals will resist drilling.
185:
120:
1185:Regeneration-metal was melted into the
2141:
1673:
1599:, Great Britain, revised edition 1966
1248:
1542:Much of this toxic work was done by
1441:) will Melt the sooner. To make the
1299:. These oxides are removed with the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1267:Metals used on typecasting machines
13:
1383:Historic references to type metals
1207:and remain economically feasible.
153:. Historically, type metal was an
14:
2165:
1445:, they mingle an equal weight of
617:(machine & hand composition)
490:Alloys for mechanical composition
1817:
1512:The "antimony" here was in fact
1433:are made of good soft and tough
506:) and single character casting (
222:Cheap, plentifully available as
23:
34:needs additional citations for
1653:
1640:
1628:
1615:
1602:
1589:
1457:) as they intend to use: They
1220:Antimony/Lead mixture examples
677:Display type, heavy duty jobs
358:Typical type metal proportions
1:
1582:
1610:The Monotype Casting Machine
1461:these Pots with the mingeld
1360:
1322:Contamination of type metals
1307:composition or supercaster.
637:Routine machine composition
308:Lead is exceptionally soft,
202:was well established before
7:
1469:as full as they will hold.
1279:Present usage of type metal
1211:Behaviour of bipolar alloys
338:
10:
2170:
482:
470:
465:
453:
448:
436:
431:
419:
414:
402:
194:Although the knowledge of
181:
2105:
2079:
2012:
1986:
1957:
1948:
1906:
1835:
1826:
1815:
1772:
1734:
1725:
1707:
1326:
277:Composition of type metal
1180:
565:
560:
555:
550:
548:
375:Type metal compositions
218:Required characteristics
1595:Fry's Metal Foundries,
1371:
1338:
288:
1580:
1560:
1516:, antimony-sulfide (Sb
1510:
496:mechanical typesetting
330:
262:, an antimony sulfide
191:
130:
2045:Golding & Company
1908:Hot metal typesetting
1572:
1556:
1472:Every time they melt
1400:
226:and easily workable,
189:
151:hot metal typesetting
124:
2050:Chandler & Price
1790:Logographic printing
1701:Letterpress printing
1480:to melt it in: This
365:Monotype Corporation
297:, and it is easy to
258:had shown that when
145:used in traditional
141:refers to the metal
129:made from type metal
43:improve this article
1712:History of printing
1661:Mechanick Exercises
1648:Mechanick Exercises
1623:Mechanick Exercises
1476:, they built a new
1392:Mechanick Exercises
545:
376:
343:Antimony (Sb) is a
172:melting temperature
2004:Composition roller
1836:Manual typesetting
1425:: Thus they chuse
1249:Tri-polar mixtures
543:
471:Foundry type alloy
374:
204:Johannes Gutenberg
192:
131:
2136:
2135:
2075:
2074:
1944:
1943:
1931:Intertype Machine
1813:
1812:
1773:Blocks and plates
1178:
1177:
681:
680:
525:in a laboratory.
487:
486:
403:Slugcasting alloy
119:
118:
111:
93:
2161:
2013:Types of presses
1958:Parts of a press
1955:
1954:
1936:Paige Compositor
1926:Ludlow Typograph
1916:Linotype machine
1833:
1832:
1821:
1732:
1731:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1593:
1415:Printing Letters
806:Lino/Intertype c
784:Lino/Intertype b
762:Lino/Intertype a
686:
685:
546:
542:
437:Stereotype alloy
377:
373:
323:Lead oxide is a
316:but with little
241:, obtained from
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2160:
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2158:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2101:
2087:Folding machine
2080:Other equipment
2071:
2008:
1982:
1940:
1921:Monotype system
1902:
1848:Composing stick
1822:
1809:
1768:
1727:
1721:
1703:
1698:
1668:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1645:
1641:
1635:The Typecasters
1633:
1629:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1603:
1597:Printing Metals
1594:
1590:
1585:
1570:and salad oil:
1523:
1519:
1385:
1374:
1363:
1346:spaces contain
1341:
1329:
1324:
1281:
1269:
1251:
1222:
1213:
1183:
1136:Support metal c
1114:Support metal b
1092:Support metal a
708:
703:
698:
693:
616:
567:
562:
557:
552:
492:
394:
389:
384:
360:
341:
333:
291:
279:
220:
198:soft metals in
184:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2167:
2157:
2156:
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2134:
2133:
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2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2106:
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2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2062:Cylinder press
2059:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2007:
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2001:
1996:
1990:
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1967:
1961:
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1950:Printing press
1946:
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1928:
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1795:Wood engraving
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1697:
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1682:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1659:Joseph Moxon,
1652:
1646:Joseph Moxon,
1639:
1627:
1621:Joseph Moxon,
1614:
1601:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1562:As a supposed
1550:that includes
1521:
1517:
1384:
1381:
1373:
1370:
1362:
1359:
1340:
1337:
1328:
1325:
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1128:
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1122:
1119:
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1110:
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1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1070:Regeneration c
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:Regeneration b
1044:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1026:Regeneration a
1022:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1000:
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996:
993:
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987:
984:
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584:
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556:Liquid at
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491:
488:
485:
484:
481:
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472:
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464:
461:
458:
455:
454:Monotype alloy
451:
450:
447:
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438:
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430:
427:
424:
421:
420:Eutectic alloy
417:
416:
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410:
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386:
381:
369:United Kingdom
359:
356:
340:
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219:
216:
183:
180:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2166:
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1402:Paragraph 2.
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561:Solid at
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530:United States
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2109:Related arts
2092:Paper cutter
2067:Rotary press
1805:Zinc etching
1748:
1744:Type casting
1736:Movable type
1726:Ways to make
1660:
1655:
1647:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1609:
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1596:
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1557:
1544:child labour
1541:
1537:
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1497:
1493:
1489:
1486:Open Furnace
1485:
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1473:
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1438:
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1410:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1391:
1388:Joseph Moxon
1386:
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1195:
1184:
1158:Typefounding
1157:
1135:
1113:
1091:
1069:
1047:
1025:
1003:
981:
959:
937:
915:
893:
871:
850:Stereotyping
849:
828:Stereotyping
827:
805:
783:
761:
739:
717:
707:Remelting at
682:
539:
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493:
361:
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342:
334:
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307:
292:
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280:
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247:
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221:
212:movable type
193:
147:typefounding
138:
132:
105:
99:October 2006
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
58:"Type metal"
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2128:Papermaking
2123:Printmaking
2118:Bookbinding
2019:Hand press
1828:Typesetting
1800:Electrotype
1754:Punchcutter
1728:impressions
1548:labor force
657:Catalogues
271:type design
243:cassiterite
2143:Categories
2113:Typography
1994:Offset ink
1780:Stereotype
1749:Type metal
1583:References
1451:stub-Nails
1431:stub-Nails
1427:stub-Nails
1409:The Metal
1171:420...430
1149:340...360
1127:340...360
1105:360...380
1017:360...380
1004:Monotype g
995:370...390
982:Monotype f
973:350...370
960:Monotype e
951:380...400
938:Monotype d
929:360...380
916:Monotype c
907:350...370
894:Monotype b
885:330...350
872:Monotype a
863:320...340
841:320...340
819:300...320
816:270...285
797:300...320
794:270...285
775:300...320
772:270...285
753:300...320
750:270...285
731:310...330
728:280...290
702:Casting at
380:Alloy type
320:strength.
256:Alchemists
139:type metal
69:newspapers
2028:Columbian
1873:Furniture
1843:Type case
1764:Wood type
1404:Of making
1390:, in his
1366:Magnesium
1361:Magnesium
1355:aluminium
1297:oxidation
1205:pollution
1162:5.5/28.5
718:Typograph
712:Hardness
697:Liquid at
504:Intertype
398:Comments
345:metalloid
310:malleable
2154:Printing
2023:Stanhope
1999:Ink ball
1576:Antimony
1568:red wine
1564:antidote
1552:children
1514:stibnite
1494:Antimony
1467:Antimony
1447:Antimony
1443:Iron Run
1411:Founders
1406:Mettal.
1316:eutectic
1289:Monotype
1285:Linotype
1239:eutectic
1227:crystals
1187:crucible
595:Routine
575:Purpose
566:Hardness
532:and the
508:Monotype
500:Linotype
388:Antimony
339:Antimony
260:stibnite
250:antimony
235:pewterer
208:printing
176:eutectic
167:antimony
135:printing
1970:Frisket
1898:Hellbox
1878:Leading
1717:Printer
1533:furnace
1506:Furnace
1482:Furnace
1478:Furnace
1417:of, is
1198:oxidise
986:9.5/17
964:9.5/15
570:Brinell
367:in the
318:tensile
314:ductile
303:letters
196:casting
182:History
83:scholar
2149:Alloys
2033:Albion
1987:Inking
1975:Tympan
1965:Platen
1868:Reglet
1759:Matrix
1608:N.N.,
1526:sulfur
1502:Mettal
1498:Making
1474:Mettal
1459:Charge
1332:Copper
1327:Copper
1008:10/16
740:Ludlow
689:Usage
665:12/24
645:13/17
603:10/16
325:poison
312:, and
224:galena
200:moulds
143:alloys
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1893:Forme
1888:Chase
1883:Quoin
1863:Strut
1785:Flong
1413:make
1396:nails
1344:Brass
1301:dross
1191:dross
1181:Dross
1174:29.5
1074:9/16
1052:9/12
1030:9/11
998:27.5
954:28.5
942:9/19
920:7/17
898:8/15
876:5/15
854:7/14
832:5/15
810:7/12
800:21.5
788:6/12
766:5/12
744:5/12
722:3/12
709:(°C)
704:(°C)
699:(°C)
692:Sn/Sb
654:29.5
634:28.5
625:9/19
612:27.0
592:23.0
583:6/15
563:(°C)
558:(°C)
551:Sn/Sb
523:assay
494:Most
352:mould
210:with
155:alloy
90:JSTOR
76:books
1858:Slug
1853:Sort
1546:, a
1500:the
1490:Fire
1465:and
1463:Iron
1455:Fire
1439:Iron
1435:Iron
1423:Iron
1419:Lead
1377:Iron
1372:Iron
1348:zinc
1339:Zinc
1287:and
1165:360
1143:280
1140:5/5
1121:295
1118:3/5
1099:310
1096:1/2
1014:370
1011:275
992:380
989:280
970:360
967:270
948:390
945:285
926:370
923:280
904:360
901:260
882:350
879:265
860:315
857:258
838:320
835:265
813:241
791:243
769:245
747:245
725:250
694:(%)
671:240
668:330
651:240
648:283
631:240
628:286
615:Dual
609:240
606:273
589:240
586:261
553:(%)
519:nick
502:and
393:Lead
299:cast
295:work
289:Lead
228:lead
165:and
159:lead
149:and
127:sort
62:news
1979:Bed
1152:16
1130:14
1020:27
976:26
932:26
910:25
888:23
866:23
844:23
822:22
778:21
756:21
734:19
674:33
510:).
395:(%)
390:(%)
385:(%)
383:Tin
331:Tin
264:ore
239:tin
237:'s
163:tin
157:of
133:In
45:by
2145::
1554:.
1398:.
1318:.
1193:.
1168:—
1146:—
1124:—
1108:6
1102:—
1086:—
1083:—
1080:—
1077:—
1064:—
1061:—
1058:—
1055:—
1042:—
1039:—
1036:—
1033:—
662:5
642:4
622:3
600:2
580:1
572:)
534:UK
480:54
477:28
474:18
463:74
460:16
457:10
446:78
443:15
429:84
426:12
412:86
409:11
252:.
178:.
161:,
137:,
125:A
1693:e
1686:t
1679:v
1522:3
1520:S
1518:2
568:(
440:7
423:4
406:3
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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