Johannes Gutenberg

521: 502: 775: 802:, Princeton, to carefully compare the same letters (types) appearing in different parts of the printed text. Gutenberg's type had irregularities, particularly in simple characters like the hyphen. These variations could not have been caused by ink smears or wear on the metal pieces. Detailed image analysis suggests the variations could not have come from the same matrix. Examination of transmitted light pictures of the page revealed substructures, in the type, that could not have been made using traditional punchcutting techniques. 3790: 246: 1082: 3778: 635: 726: 3835: 737:, are not known in great detail. His later Bibles were printed in such a way as to have required large quantities of type, some estimates suggesting as many as 100,000 individual sorts. Setting each page would take, perhaps, half a day, and considering all the work in loading the press, inking the type, pulling the impressions, hanging up the sheets, distributing the type etc., the Gutenberg–Fust shop may have employed many craftsmen. 3852: 876: 452:. In 1437, there is evidence that he was instructing a wealthy tradesman on polishing gems, but where he had acquired this knowledge is unknown. In 1436/37 his name also comes up in court in connection with a broken promise of marriage to a woman from Strasbourg, Ennelin. Whether the marriage actually took place is not recorded. Following his father's death in 1419, he is mentioned in the inheritance proceedings. 3818: 560:(enterprise and art). It is not clear what work he was engaged in, or whether some early trials with printing from movable type were conducted there. After this, there is a gap of four years in the record. In 1448, he was back in Mainz, where he took out a loan from his brother-in-law Arnold Gelthus, possibly for a printing press or related paraphernalia. By this date, Gutenberg may have been familiar with 44: 3766: 276:. There is no verification for this assumption, since the name "Johannes"—and variants such as "Johann", "Henne", "Hengin" and "Henchen"—was widely popular at the time. In full, Johannes Gutenberg's name was 'Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg', with "Laden" and "Gutenberg" being adopted from the family's residences in Mainz. The latter refers to the 268:, between the 14th and 15th centuries. His exact year of birth is unknown; on the basis of a later document indicating that he came of age by 1420, scholarly estimates have ranged from 1393 to 1406. The year 1400 is commonly assigned to Gutenberg, "for the sake of convenience". Tradition also holds his birthdate to be on the 809:" style onto a matrix made of a soft material, such as sand. Casting the type would then destroy the mold, necessitating the recreation of the matrix for each additional sort. This hypothesis could potentially explain both the variations in the type and the substructures observed in the printed images. 770:

The invention of the making of types with punch, matrix and mold has been widely attributed to Gutenberg. However, recent evidence suggests that Gutenberg's process was somewhat different. If he used the punch and matrix approach, all his letters should have been nearly identical, with some variation

1069:

and Latin texts. The claims of an Italian origin for movable type have focused on this rapid rise of Italy in movable-type printing. This may perhaps be explained by the prior eminence of Italy in the paper and printing trade. Italy's economy was growing rapidly at the time, facilitating the spread

853:

in 1450, but that some type of printing of lower quality had previously occurred in the Netherlands. However, the chronicle does not mention the name of Coster, while it actually credits Gutenberg as the "first inventor of printing" in the very same passage (fol. 312). The first securely dated book

812:

Thus, they speculated that "the decisive factor for the birth of typography", the use of reusable moulds for casting type, was a more progressive process than was previously thought. They suggested that the additional step of using the punch to create a mould that could be reused many times was not

642:

Some time in 1456, there was a dispute between Gutenberg and Fust, in which Fust demanded his money back, and accused Gutenberg of misusing the funds. Gutenberg's two rounds of financing from Fust, totaling 1,600 guilders at 6% interest, now amounted to 2,026 guilders. Fust sued at the archbishop's

836:

to Mainz. While Coster appears to have experimented with moulds and castable metal type, there is no evidence that he had actually printed anything with this technology. He was an inventor and a goldsmith. However, there is one indirect supporter of the claim that Coster might be the inventor. The

762:

and a piece of type, or "sort", is cast by filling the mould with molten type-metal; this cools almost at once, and the resulting piece of type can be removed from the mould. The matrix can be reused to create hundreds, or thousands, of identical sorts so that the same character appearing anywhere

975:"What the world is today, good and bad, it owes to Gutenberg. Everything can be traced to this source, but we are bound to bring him homage, … for the bad that his colossal invention has brought about is overshadowed a thousand times by the good with which mankind has been favored." 893:

Between 1450–55, Gutenberg printed several texts, some of which remain unidentified; his texts did not bear the printer's name or date, so attribution is possible only from typographical evidence and external references. Certainly church documents including a papal letter and two

643:

court. A legal document, from November 1455, records that there was a partnership for a "project of the books," the funds for which Gutenberg had used for other purposes, according to Fust. The court decided in favor of Fust, giving him control over the Bible printing workshop.

602:, a property belonging to a distant relative. It is not clear when Gutenberg conceived the Bible project, but for this, he borrowed another 800 guilders from Fust, and work commenced in 1452. At the same time, the press was also printing other, more lucrative texts (possibly 447:

Nothing is now known of Gutenberg's life for the next fifteen years, but in March 1434, a letter by him indicates that he was living in Strasbourg, where he had some relatives on his mother's side. He also appears to have been a goldsmith member enrolled in the Strasbourg

767:. After casting, the sorts are arranged into type cases, and used to make up pages which are inked and printed, a procedure which can be repeated hundreds, or thousands, of times. The sorts can be reused in any combination, earning the process the name of "movable type". 347:). Scholars commonly assume that the marriage of Friele to Else, who was not of patrician lineage, complicated Gutenberg's future. Because of his mother's commoner status, Gutenberg would never be able to succeed his father at the mint; according to the historian 414:

or had a private tutor. Gutenberg may have initially pursued a religious career, as was common with the youngest sons of patricians, since the proximity of many churches and monasteries made it a safe prospect. It has been speculated that he attended the

377:) craftsmen. A particularly violent conflict arose in February 1411 amid an election dispute, and at least 117 patricians fled the conflict in August. Friele left, presumably with the Gutenberg family, and probably stayed in the nearby 1261:

Due to minimal extant documentation, identifying Gutenberg's exact year of birth is impossible. Most modern scholars give a range of slightly differing dates for Gutenberg's birth year, including 1394–1406, 1394–1404, 1394–1406, and

744:

and copper matrices became standardized in the rapidly disseminating printing presses across Europe. Whether Gutenberg used this sophisticated technique or a somewhat primitive version has been the subject of considerable debate.

385:

mediated a peace between the rival parties, allowing the family to return to Mainz later that Autumn. The situation remained unstable and the rise of hunger riots forced the Gutenberg family to leave in January 1413 for Eltville.

1009:

movement as "unthinkable" without Gutenberg's influence. Described as "one of the most recognized names in the world", a team of US journalists voted Gutenberg as the "man of the millennium" in 1999. Similarly, in 1999 the

1114:

position (certificates of indulgences were one of the first items Gutenberg had printed). Due to this, Gutenberg would also be viewed as a proto-Protestant. The broadsheet contributed to the development of the newspaper.

405:

remarked that "most books on Gutenberg pass over this period with the remark that not a single fact is known". As the son of a patrician, education in reading and arithmetic would have been expected. A knowledge of

898:

were printed, one of which was issued in Mainz. In view of the value of printing in quantity, seven editions in two styles were ordered, resulting in several thousand copies being printed. Some printed editions of

606:

grammars). There is also some speculation that there were two presses: one for the pedestrian texts and one for the Bible. One of the profit-making enterprises of the new press was the printing of thousands of

2315:

had attributed the invention of the printing press to Coster, the more recent editions of the work attribute it to Gutenberg to reflect, as it says, the common consent that has developed in the 20th century.

1362:

Chinese paper was suitable only for calligraphy or block-printing; there were no screw-based presses in the east, because they were not wine-drinkers, didn't have olives, and used other means to dry their

1317:

has instead suggested that the disconnect inaugurated a life-long sense of determination. Wagner herself consider's the fact that Gutenberg was the youngest son as more impactful than his social standing.

711:

in a book by Professor Ivo Wittig. It was not until 1567 that the first portrait of Gutenberg, almost certainly an imaginary reconstruction, appeared in Heinrich Pantaleon's biography of famous Germans.

2160: 813:

taken until twenty years later, in the 1470s. Others have not accepted some or all of their suggestions, and have interpreted the evidence in other ways, and the truth of the matter remains uncertain.

911:; these have been dated either 1451–52, or 1455. Every copy of printed books were identical; this was a significant departure from handwritten manuscripts, which left room for possible human error. 327:'s companionship. In 1386 Friele married his second wife, Else Wyrich, the daughter of a shopkeeper; Johannes was probably the youngest of the couple's three children, after his brother Friele ( 3386:

Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten (2009). "Charting the "Rise of the West": Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries".

926:

each, roughly three years' wages for a clerk. Nonetheless, it was much cheaper than a manuscript Bible that could take a single scribe over a year to prepare. After printing, some copies were

2062: 960:

in 1458–60, possibly by Gutenberg. A large part of it was shown to have been set from a copy of Gutenberg's Bible, thus disproving earlier speculation that it was the earlier of the two.

650:

around 1459, for which he seems at least to have supplied the type. But since his printed books never carry his name or a date, it is difficult to be certain. It is possible the large

537:

Around 1439, Gutenberg was involved in a financial misadventure making polished metal mirrors (which were believed to capture holy light from religious relics) for sale to pilgrims to

2991:

Juchhoff, Rudolf (1950). "Was bleibt von den holländischen Ansprüchen auf die Erfindung der Typographie?" [What remains of the Dutch claims to the invention of typography?].

1419: 367:) class of Mainz—the Gutenbergs included—held a privileged socioeconomic status, and their efforts to preserve this put them into frequent conflict with the younger generations of 437:), as he would later join their brotherhood. It was the site of a well-regarded school and his family had connections there, though his actual attendance remains speculative. 1034: 575:

By 1450, the press was in operation, and a German poem had been printed, possibly the first item to be printed there. Gutenberg was able to convince the wealthy moneylender

416: 1152:

issued a five hundredth anniversary stamp commemorating Johannes Gutenberg invention of the movable-type printing press. In space, he is commemorated in the name of the

2696: 861:

suggested that Gutenberg was not using type cast with a reusable matrix, but wooden types that were carved individually. A similar suggestion was made by Nash in 2004.

478:

of various books . The script is extremely neat and legible, not at all difficult to follow would be able to read it without effort, and indeed without glasses"

3841: 646:

Thus, Gutenberg was effectively bankrupt, but it appears he retained, or restarted, a printing shop and participated in the printing of a Bible in the town of

3889: 520: 501: 2592: 348: 556:

parish. It was in Strasbourg in 1440 that he is said to have perfected and unveiled the secret of printing based on his research, mysteriously entitled

3824: 292: 1307: 3998: 444:, where there is a record of the enrollment of a student called Johannes de Altavilla in 1418—Altavilla is the Latin form of Eltville am Rhein. 209:

that melted at a relatively low temperature for faster and more economical casting, cast well, and created a durable type. His major work, the

4008: 1161:

G, Being the Confession and Last Testament of Johannes Gensfleisch, also known as Gutenberg, Master Printer, formerly of Strasbourg and Mainz

395: 2647: 1450: 3963: 1411: 2982: 2312: 1975: 186:

for printing books; adjustable molds; mechanical movable type; and the invention of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural

3325: 2852: 1306:

The historian Sabina Wagner notes that Geldner's theory is "the opinion of many Gutenberg biographers", though not all. The biographer

1014:

ranked Gutenberg the No. 1 most influential person of the second millennium on their "Biographies of the Millennium" countdown, while

3069: 2419: 2015: 2304: 3882: 410:—a prerequisite for universities—is also probable, though it is unknown whether he attended a Mainz parish school, was educated in 2381: 1372:

The second necessary element was the concept of the printing press itself, an idea that had never been conceived in the Far East.

284:-style residence inherited by Gutenberg's father. Gutenberg probably spent his earliest years at the manor, which existed beside 155:. Though movable type was already in use in East Asia, Gutenberg's invention of the printing press enabled a much faster rate of 3741: 2543: 2472: 3968: 2073: 1132: 2692: 2669: 3715: 3664: 3634: 3604: 3553: 3519: 3454: 3346: 3310: 3276: 3245: 3222: 3145: 3124: 3086: 3034: 2929: 2869: 2840: 2740: 2615: 2027: 1495: 666:

of August 1457, and while proclaiming the mechanical process by which it had been produced, it made no mention of Gutenberg.

1020:

magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium in 1997. The scholar of paper history,

182:

His many contributions to printing include the invention of a process for mass-producing movable type; the use of oil-based

4018: 1780: 1712: 1677: 908: 3875: 3806: 2191: 1070:

of literacy. Christopher Columbus had a geography book printed with movable type, bought by his father; it is now in the

461: 160: 1908: 1846: 1830: 1811: 1752: 1656: 1628: 1546: 1527: 1511: 763:

within the book will appear very uniform, giving rise, over time, to the development of distinct styles of typefaces or

3978: 1071: 993:, both on cultural and social matters. His design directly impacted the mass spread of books across Europe, causing an 269: 805:

Based on these observations, researchers hypothesized that Gutenberg's method involved impressing simple shapes in a "

167:

and the unprecedented mass-spread of literature throughout Europe. It had a profound impact on the development of the

3480: 2952: 2766: 2498: 2241: 657:, printed in Mainz in 1460 or later, was executed in his workshop, but there has been considerable scholarly debate. 660:

Meanwhile, the Fust–Schöffer shop was the first in Europe to bring out a book with the printer's name and date, the

1272: 285: 3066: 1994: 213:, was the first printed version of the Bible and has been acclaimed for its high aesthetic and technical quality. 4013: 3993: 685:. On 18 January 1465, Gutenberg's achievements were recognized by Archbishop von Nassau. He was given the title 545:

but the event was delayed by one year due to a severe flood and the capital already spent could not be repaid.

3973: 3682: 358:

this disconnect may have disillusioned him from high society and encouraged his unusual career as an inventor.

2525: 2016:

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions. Rare Books and Manuscripts Section (2010).

2558: 421: 729:

An early wooden printing press, depicted in 1568. Such presses could produce up to 240 impressions per hour.

4003: 1149: 771:

due to miscasting and inking. However, the type used in Gutenberg's earliest work shows other variations.

3948: 3626: 3596: 774: 220:

and has been commemorated around the world. To celebrate the 500th anniversary of his birth in 1900, the

1859: 1840: 1824: 1793: 1762: 1722: 1687: 1671: 1638: 1559: 1540: 1521: 508: 3983: 3756: 3503: 3234: 2441: 1485: 704:

church at Mainz. This church and the cemetery were later destroyed, and Gutenberg's grave is now lost.

484: 24: 3061: 1366: 3794: 2732: 1297:

Gutenberg had a half sister, Patze, from his father's earlier marriage to an otherwise unknown woman.

942: 832:

via Fust, who was apprenticed to Coster in the 1430s and may have brought some of his equipment from

3988: 2233: 1211: 791: 488: 783: 3917: 3446: 3338: 3214: 2861: 2147: 829: 569: 190:

of the period. Gutenberg's method for making type is traditionally considered to have included a

2175:

Agüera y Arcas, Blaise; Needham, Paul (November 2002). "Computational analytical bibliography".

693:

and an annual court outfit, as well as 2,180 litres of grain and 2,000 litres of wine tax-free.

3264: 2639: 1442: 1128: 1093: 994: 931: 561: 164: 3135: 3057:"Johannes Gutenberg | Printing Press, Inventions, Facts, Accomplishments & Biography" 2605: 2568: 854:

by Dutch printers is from 1471, and the Coster connection is today regarded as a mere legend.

3576: 3052: 2722: 1021: 941:

that can be viewed and compared online. The text lacks modern features such as page numbers,

923: 3538: 3022: 2972: 2022:. Bettina Wagner, Marcia Reed, IFLA Rare Books and Manuscripts section. Berlin: De Gruyter. 1487:

The Life Millennium : the 100 most important events & people of the past 1000 years

3958: 3953: 3464: 1184: 1043: 787: 441: 353: 3056: 2824: 8: 3927: 3732: 3265:"The Power of the Printing Press: Joannes Gutenberg's Contribution to Bible Distribution" 3163:

Nash, Paul W. (Summer 2004). "The 'first' type of Gutenberg: a note on recent research".

2317: 2301: 1032:, and Gutenberg, calling them "spiritual father and son" respectively. In his 1978 book, 1029: 886: 752:, with the letter carved back to front) is hammered into a softer copper bar, creating a 682: 675: 527: 512: 281: 261: 65: 740:

Gutenberg's technique of making movable type remains unclear. In the following decades,

530:

of the medal: Johannes Gutenberg in his workshop, sitting in front of his printing press

3700: 3619: 3469: 3427: 3411: 3111:

The Gutenberg Revolution: The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World

3109: 3023: 2993: 2941: 2755: 2227: 1141: 1124: 1102: 895: 741: 2373: 3738: 3711: 3686: 3674: 3660: 3630: 3600: 3589: 3584: 3549: 3533: 3515: 3486: 3476: 3450: 3431: 3419: 3403: 3365: 3342: 3320: 3306: 3294: 3282: 3272: 3251: 3241: 3218: 3188: 3180: 3151: 3141: 3120: 3104: 3092: 3082: 3040: 3030: 3029:. Translated by Martin, Douglas (3rd ed.). Aldershot; Brookfield: Scolar Press. 3006: 2998: 2958: 2948: 2925: 2888: 2865: 2836: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2772: 2762: 2736: 2611: 2551: 2476: 2237: 2033: 2023: 1491: 1312: 1176: 858: 754: 651: 587:, who became Fust's son-in-law, also joined the enterprise. Schöffer had worked as a 432: 69: 3565: 584: 3912: 3770: 3656: 3614: 3507: 3395: 3172: 2921: 2796: 2784: 1912: 1221: 1172: 1136: 1078:. Finally, the city of Mainz was sacked in 1462, driving many printers into exile. 821: 221: 245: 3749: 3745: 3644: 3440: 3208: 3116: 2915: 2911: 2726: 2377: 2308: 1180: 1081: 1047: 1039: 946: 938: 915: 881: 870: 799: 619: 511:

in 1840, the 400th anniversary of Johannes Gutenberg's printing press invention,

324: 210: 20: 2473:"1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium" 299:. Friele later served among the "master of the accounts" for the city and was a 198: 3018: 2750: 1285: 1156: 1066: 1062: 1051: 1011: 904: 553: 427: 400: 394:

No documents survive concerning Gutenberg's childhood or youth. The biographer

296: 152: 116: 3423: 3399: 2962: 2816: 2776: 2672:(Press release). University of California San Diego News Center. 20 March 2012 1284:

The extent of Friele's actual involvement in the city's finances and trade of

1187:(St. John's Night), has commemorated Gutenberg in his native city since 1968. 468:"What was written to me about that marvelous man seen at Frankfurt [ 302: 272:, 24 June, since children of the time were often named after their birthday's 3942: 3867: 3529: 3511: 3490: 3407: 3369: 3286: 3255: 3192: 3184: 3155: 3096: 3010: 3002: 2977: 2808: 2063:

Information Revolutions in the History of the West, Leonard Dudley 2008, p.88

2037: 1916: 1097: 1085: 1016: 990: 953: 662: 232:

picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium.

217: 3044: 2892: 2404: 937:

48 substantially complete copies are known to survive, including two at the

3782: 3690: 2205: 1164: 749: 734: 599: 273: 249: 149: 121: 2695:. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of International Information Programs. 2502: 2137: 2017: 778:

European output of books printed with movable types from Gutenberg to 1800

622:. About 180 copies were printed, three quarters on paper, and the rest on 474:] entirely true. I have not seen complete bibles but only a number of 3545: 3204: 3200: 2849: 2187: 2139: 2000: 1111: 1002: 998: 927: 842: 701: 697: 576: 542: 541:: in 1439 the city was planning to exhibit its collection of relics from 475: 187: 172: 168: 3415: 3907: 3777: 3330: 3176: 2327: 2161:

The History of Communication, Michael Woods, Mary Boyle Woods 2006, p.9

2074:

Incunabula in Transit, People and Trade, by Lotte Hellinga, 2018, p.155

1909:"Gutenberg und seine Zeit in Daten (Gutenberg and his times; Timeline)" 1107: 981: 795: 759: 708: 679: 608: 549: 382: 191: 3572: 3236:

Soap, Sex, and Cigarettes: A Cultural History of American Advertising

2832: 2183: 1490:. Life Books, Time Inc.; Distributed by Bulfinch Press. p. 166. 806: 725: 634: 565: 229: 141: 48:

Posthumous portrait of Gutenberg. No contemporary depictions survive.

748:

In the standard process of making type, a hard metal punch (made by

2971: 1153: 1145:, the leading periodical in the history of printing, and the book. 1006: 934:

in the same elegant way as manuscript Bibles from the same period.

733:

Gutenberg's early printing process, and what texts he printed with

592: 411: 378: 206: 176: 156: 3858: 875: 216:

Gutenberg is often cited as among the most influential figures in

1123:

There are many statues of Gutenberg in Germany, including one by

1075: 1025: 957: 846: 833: 825: 690: 647: 580: 449: 145: 102: 2997:(in German). Mainz: Verlag der Gutenberg-Gesellschaft: 128–133. 2229:

Flying Buttresses, Entropy and O-Rings: the World of an Engineer

16:

15th-century German inventor and craftsman (c. 1393–1406 – 1468)

1058: 623: 588: 538: 3364:] (in German) (1st ed.). Frankfurt/Main: Interprint. 2431: 2429: 1976:"Documents that Changed the World: Gutenberg indulgence, 1454" 1236: 3800: 2917:

The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History

2884: 1271:

Local tradition holds that Gutenberg's baptism took place at

1230: 1035:

The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History

850: 603: 407: 368: 265: 225: 194: 2285: 2283: 1242: 591:

in Paris and is believed to have designed some of the first

381:

since Else had inhered a house on the town walls there. The

43: 2986:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2757:

A History of Science in Society: From Philosophy to Utility

2670:"UC San Diego Composer Philippe Manoury Wins French Grammy" 2453: 2426: 2174: 1139:

on the history of early printing. The latter publishes the

1106:

were printed and circulated widely; subsequently he issued

989:

Gutenberg's invention had an enormous impact on subsequent

828:

claims the idea of the movable type came to Gutenberg from

764: 2728:

The Invention of Printing in China and Its Spread Westward

2693:"Project Gutenberg Digital Library Seeks To Spur Literacy" 3203:; Proot, Goran (2020). "Renaissance and Reformation". In 2280: 1931: 1245: 1227: 1212:[joˈhanəsˈɡɛnsflaɪ̯ʃt͜sʊʁˈlaːdn̩t͜sʊmˈɡuːtn̩bɛʁk] 1088:− a Berlin sculpture commemorating its inventor Gutenberg 916:

Gutenberg completed copies of a well-executed folio Bible

470: 202: 183: 3540:

The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800

2255: 2253: 1728: 997:. As a result, Venzke describes the inauguration of the 2107: 2078: 1943: 1889: 1865: 1799: 1768: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1597: 1570: 1568: 1288:

is unknown; the roles may have been largely ceremonial.

3562: 3303:

Johannes Gutenberg: The Inventor of the Printing Press

2354: 2270: 2268: 1336: 1334: 1332: 638:

A 16th-century copper engraving depiction of Gutenberg

3754: 2831:. Translated by Martin, Douglas. Abingdon-on-Thames: 2536: 2250: 2097: 2095: 2093: 1382: 1380: 564:

printing; it is claimed that he had worked on copper

1955: 1877: 1740: 1693: 1609: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1565: 1239: 1233: 1042:

ranked him 8th, below Cai but above figures such as

3621:

The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man

2574: 2265: 2044: 1851: 1849: 1816: 1814: 1785: 1783: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1551: 1549: 1532: 1530: 1392: 1329: 1224: 201:for casting type. The alloy was a mixture of lead, 3699: 3618: 3588: 3564: 3537: 3468: 3442:Information Revolutions in the History of the West 3324: 3233: 3108: 2943:Johann Gutenberg and His Bible: A Historical Study 2940: 2851: 2754: 2597: 2090: 1465: 1377: 922:), with 42 lines on each page. Copies sold for 30 696:Gutenberg died in 1468 and was buried likely as a 264:(in modern-day Germany), a wealthy city along the 3385: 1644: 1580: 3940: 2901: 2878: 2610:(in Danish). Taylor & Francis. p. 322. 1483: 689:(gentleman of the court). This honor included a 3299:Johannes Gutenberg: Der Erfinder des Buchdrucks 2795:(1). Boston, Mass.: Historical Society: 69–91. 2225: 2119: 1028:, the traditional inventor of paper during the 19:"Gutenberg" redirects here. For the Bible, see 3897: 3702:Der Gegenwärtige Stand der Gutenberg-Forschung 3500:The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe 3171:(2). Leeds: W.S. Maney & Son Ltd.: 86–96. 2318:Typography – Gutenberg and printing in Germany 611:for the church, documented from 1454 to 1455. 291:His father Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden was a 3883: 3710:] (in German). Stuttgart: A. Hiersemann. 3567:Gutenberg and the Master of the Playing Cards 3051: 3025:Johannes Gutenberg: the Man and His Invention 2850:Garland, Henry; Garland, Mary, eds. (2005) . 2447: 1065:ensured widespread availability of the major 1057:The capital of printing in Europe shifted to 707:In 1504, he was mentioned as the inventor of 3649:Johannes Gutenberg: Sein Leben und sein Werk 3595:. Translated by Cochrane, Lydia G. Chicago: 3528: 3134:Meggs, Philip B.; Purvis, Alston W. (2016). 2900:Wagner, Sabina. "A Well-Known Stranger". In 2637: 372: 362: 300: 131:Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg 3335:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History 3133: 2366: 2333: 1183:, commemorates Gutenberg's name. The Mainz 308: 3890: 3876: 3679:Johann Gutenberg: The Inventor of Printing 3673: 3497: 3463: 3271:. Uhrichsville, Ohio: Barbour Publishing. 3210:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Book 3199: 2749: 2548:1,000+ People of the Millennium and Beyond 2402: 2360: 1937: 1118: 42: 2858:The Oxford Companion to German Literature 2499:"Johann Gutenberg, Man of the Millennium" 2002:The Oxford Companion to German Literature 857:The 19th-century printer and typefounder 3708:The Current Status of Gutenberg Research 3471:The Printing Press as an Agent of Change 2990: 2783: 2593:Dutch Type by Jan Middendorp, 2004, p.14 2313:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition 2289: 1352: 1080: 874: 773: 724: 633: 244: 3697: 3613: 3231: 3072:from the original on 11 September 2021. 2969: 2450:, § "Introduction & Top Questions". 2050: 2019:Early printed books as material objects 1398: 548:Until at least 1444 Gutenberg lived in 3999:German typographers and type designers 3941: 3643: 3583: 3438: 3319: 3293: 3262: 2899: 2823: 2721: 2690: 2603: 2564: 2459: 2435: 2113: 2101: 1961: 1949: 1901: 1895: 1883: 1871: 1805: 1774: 1746: 1734: 1706: 1622: 1603: 1574: 1440: 1422:from the original on 28 September 2020 1386: 1340: 1275:, albeit without documentary evidence. 1133:Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz 3871: 3653:Johannes Gutenberg: His Life and Work 3305:] (in German). Zürich: Benziger. 3081:. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. 3076: 2789:The Journal of the Historical Society 2699:from the original on 16 February 2008 2417: 2170: 2168: 1471: 1210: 440:He is assumed to have studied at the 4009:People from the Electoral Palatinate 3807: 3355: 3162: 3017: 2910: 2829:Gutenberg and the Impact of Printing 2580: 2407:. Hartford Daily Courant. p. 7. 2374:"Treasures in Full: Gutenberg Bible" 2274: 2259: 2125: 2084: 1855: 1836: 1820: 1789: 1758: 1718: 1683: 1667: 1634: 1555: 1536: 1517: 1453:from the original on 23 October 2020 1159:. Two operas based on Gutenberg are 252:of the Gensfleisch family, from the 3103: 2938: 2348:The Library: An Illustrated History 2177:Proceedings Bibliopolis Conference 1650: 1591: 1412:"Gutenberg's Invention - Fonts.com" 1356: 1175:, premiered in 2011 in Strasbourg. 903:, a schoolbook on Latin grammar by 598:Gutenberg's workshop was set up at 462:Global spread of the printing press 270:feast day of Saint John the Baptist 13: 3964:15th-century German businesspeople 3378: 2544:"Gutenberg, Man of the Millennium" 2501:(in German). Mainz. Archived from 2384:from the original on 17 April 2011 2345: 2165: 1973: 1092:Printing was also a factor in the 909:may have been printed by Gutenberg 720: 235: 14: 4030: 3726: 3498:Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. (2012). 2142:; Hall, A.; Williams, T. (1958). 1443:"How Gutenberg Changed the World" 849:, that printing was performed in 614:In 1455, Gutenberg completed his 455: 3850: 3833: 3816: 3788: 3776: 3764: 3591:The History and Power of Writing 3137:Meggs' History of Graphic Design 2881:Gutenberg: Man of the Millennium 2801:10.1111/j.1540-5923.2006.00168.x 2691:Thomas, Jeffrey (20 June 2007). 2650:from the original on 22 May 2020 1220: 864: 674:In 1462, during the devastating 519: 500: 254:Register of Fiefs of Frederick I 140:– 3 February 1468) was a German 3733:Gutenberg-Museum Mainz, Germany 3563:Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut (1966). 3388:The Journal of Economic History 2684: 2662: 2631: 2586: 2526:"Top 100 People of 1,000 Years" 2523: 2517: 2491: 2465: 2411: 2396: 2339: 2295: 2219: 2198: 2154: 2144:A History of Technology, vol. 3 2131: 2067: 2056: 2009: 1967: 1441:Whipps, Heather (26 May 2008). 1300: 1291: 1278: 1265: 1255: 260:Johannes Gutenberg was born in 224:was founded in his hometown of 3683:Trustees of the British Museum 3475:. Cambridge University Press. 2638:Gavin Bryars (18 April 2011). 2179:The future history of the book 1484:Friedman, Robert, ed. (1998). 1477: 1434: 1404: 1346: 1201: 1: 3969:15th-century German inventors 3362:History of the printing press 3067:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1190: 758:. This is then placed into a 669: 629: 341: 331: 240: 134: 57: 2970:Hessels, John Henry (1911). 2418:Twain, Mark (7 April 1900). 2336:, pp. 435–436, 442–443. 2206:"What Did Gutenberg Invent?" 1323: 1150:United States Postal Service 968: 954:36-line edition of the Bible 568:with an artist known as the 389: 338: 328: 295:and merchant, likely in the 280:, a large and now destroyed 7: 4019:University of Erfurt alumni 3698:Widmann, Hans, ed. (1993). 3655:] (in German). Leiden: 3627:University of Toronto Press 3597:University of Chicago Press 3502:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: 3358:Geschichte der Druckpressen 2403:Mark Twain (27 June 1900). 1163:, from 2001, with music by 715: 159:. The printing press later 10: 4035: 3898:Pioneers of printing press 3504:Cambridge University Press 3356:Wolf, Hans-Jürgen (1974). 2920:(2nd ed.). New York: 2714: 1982:. University of Washington 868: 794:, used digital scans of a 459: 25:Gutenberg (disambiguation) 18: 3979:Businesspeople from Mainz 3903: 3625:(1st ed.). Toronto: 3400:10.1017/s0022050709000837 3269:How Did We Get the Bible? 3263:Sumner, Tracy M. (2009). 3232:Sivulka, Juliann (1998). 3140:. John Wiley & Sons. 2879:Gutenberg Museum (2000). 2733:Columbia University Press 2640:"Gavin Bryars Introduces" 1024:, drew parallels between 963: 956:was printed, probably in 839:Cologne Chronicle of 1499 318:minting house cooperative 111: 92: 78: 53: 41: 34: 3512:10.1017/CBO9781139197038 3439:Dudley, Leonard (2008). 2947:. New York: Typophiles. 2422:. Letter to Adolf Goerz. 2307:12 December 2012 at the 2234:Harvard University Press 2226:Adams, James L. (1991). 1195: 1131:, home to the eponymous 487:in a letter to Cardinal 303:Münzerhausgenossenschaft 85:Mainz, Holy Roman Empire 3918:Laurens Janszoon Coster 3447:Edward Elgar Publishing 3339:Oxford University Press 3215:Oxford University Press 3079:Books: A Living History 3062:Encyclopædia Britannica 2983:Encyclopædia Britannica 2902:Gutenberg Museum (2000) 2862:Oxford University Press 2787:(2006). "Asia First?". 2405:"The Work of Gutenberg" 2334:Meggs & Purvis 2016 2322:Encyclopædia Britannica 2192:Koninklijke Bibliotheek 2148:Oxford University Press 1367:Encyclopædia Britannica 1129:Gutenbergplatz in Mainz 1119:Memorials and monuments 845:, the first printer of 830:Laurens Janszoon Coster 782:In 2001, the physicist 570:Master of Playing Cards 161:spread across the world 4014:Printers of incunabula 3994:German Roman Catholics 3077:Lyons, Martyn (2011). 3053:Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut 2753:; Ede, Andrew (2004). 2723:Carter, Thomas Francis 2550:. 2000. Archived from 2361:Cormack & Ede 2004 2350:. Skyhorse Publishing. 1938:Raven & Proot 2020 1374: 1365: 1089: 1086:"Modern Book Printing" 1061:, where printers like 995:information revolution 977: 890: 779: 730: 678:, Mainz was sacked by 639: 480: 373: 363: 301: 257: 165:information revolution 23:. For other uses, see 3974:15th-century printers 3577:Yale University Press 3465:Eisenstein, Elizabeth 3326:"Gutenberg, Johannes" 2853:"Gutenberg, Johannes" 1370: 1360: 1208:German pronunciation: 1084: 1022:Thomas Francis Carter 973: 878: 869:Further information: 784:Blaise Agüera y Arcas 777: 728: 637: 552:, most likely in the 509:Friedrich Anton König 507:Celebration medal by 466: 460:Further information: 426:south of Mainz (near 248: 3744:10 June 2023 at the 3240:. Cengage Learning. 3055:(17 December 2020). 2973:"Fust, Johann" 1359:, pp. 112–115: 1169:La Nuit de Gutenberg 1072:Biblioteca Colombina 1044:Christopher Columbus 885:, now housed at the 442:University of Erfurt 4004:History of printing 3928:Procopius Waldvogel 3165:The Private Library 2939:Ing, Janet (1988). 2761:. Broadview Press. 2604:Taylor, B. (2017). 2087:, pp. 259–260. 1919:on 22 December 2006 1110:outlining his anti- 1030:Eastern Han dynasty 889:in Washington, D.C. 887:Library of Congress 676:Mainz Diocesan Feud 543:Emperor Charlemagne 337:) and sister Else ( 3949:Johannes Gutenberg 3923:Johannes Gutenberg 3803:Johannes Gutenberg 3795:History of science 3735:– English homepage 3675:Scholderer, Victor 3585:Martin, Henri-Jean 3534:Martin, Henri-Jean 3177:10.17613/2nyd-gy45 2994:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 2751:Cormack, Lesley B. 2448:Lehmann-Haupt 2020 1737:, pp. 60, 84. 1369:2006: "Printing": 1142:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 1125:Bertel Thorvaldsen 1103:Ninety-five Theses 1090: 891: 780: 731: 640: 579:for a loan of 800 258: 36:Johannes Gutenberg 3984:German goldsmiths 3936: 3935: 3717:978-3-7772-7225-2 3666:978-90-6004-157-4 3636:978-0-8020-6041-9 3615:McLuhan, Marshall 3606:978-0-226-50836-8 3555:978-0-86091-797-7 3521:978-1-139-19703-8 3456:978-1-84720-790-6 3348:978-0-19-510507-0 3312:978-3-545-34099-2 3278:978-1-60742-349-2 3247:978-0-534-51593-5 3224:978-0-19-870298-6 3147:978-1-119-13623-1 3126:978-0-7472-4504-9 3088:978-1-60606-083-4 3036:978-1-85928-114-7 2931:978-0-8065-1350-8 2904:, pp. 58–85. 2883:. Mainz: City of 2871:978-0-19-815896-7 2842:978-0-7546-3537-6 2785:Duchesne, Ricardo 2742:978-0-8260-1835-9 2617:978-1-351-55851-8 2292:, pp. 131f.. 2262:, pp. 86–96. 2116:, pp. 82–83. 2029:978-3-11-025530-0 1952:, pp. 65–66. 1898:, pp. 61–62. 1874:, pp. 60–61. 1777:, pp. 50–61. 1606:, pp. 10–11. 1497:978-0-8212-2557-8 1177:Project Gutenberg 859:Fournier Le Jeune 683:Adolph von Nassau 558:Aventur und Kunst 349:Ferdinand Geldner 323:), a part of the 278:Hof zum Gutenberg 148:who invented the 128: 127: 70:Holy Roman Empire 4026: 3913:Panfilo Castaldi 3892: 3885: 3878: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3855: 3854: 3853: 3846: 3838: 3837: 3836: 3829: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3809: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3781: 3780: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3760: 3721: 3705: 3694: 3670: 3657:Brill Publishers 3640: 3624: 3610: 3594: 3580: 3570: 3559: 3543: 3525: 3494: 3474: 3460: 3435: 3373: 3352: 3328: 3316: 3290: 3259: 3239: 3228: 3196: 3159: 3130: 3114: 3100: 3073: 3048: 3028: 3014: 2987: 2975: 2966: 2946: 2935: 2912:Hart, Michael H. 2905: 2896: 2875: 2855: 2846: 2820: 2780: 2760: 2746: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2601: 2595: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2554:on 3 March 2012. 2540: 2534: 2533: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2505:on 10 March 2010 2495: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2475:. Archived from 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2424: 2423: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2346:Murray, Stuart. 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2278: 2272: 2263: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2172: 2163: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2071: 2065: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2013: 2007: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1915:. Archived from 1913:Gutenberg Museum 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1853: 1844: 1834: 1828: 1818: 1809: 1808:, p. 11–12. 1803: 1797: 1787: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1691: 1681: 1675: 1665: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1632: 1626: 1620: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1578: 1572: 1563: 1553: 1544: 1534: 1525: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1390: 1384: 1375: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1318: 1316: 1304: 1298: 1295: 1289: 1282: 1276: 1269: 1263: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1173:Philippe Manoury 1171:, with music by 1137:Gutenberg Museum 985: 980:American writer 947:paragraph breaks 932:hand-illuminated 822:Hadrianus Junius 523: 504: 492: 436: 425: 404: 376: 366: 357: 346: 345: 1390–1397 343: 340: 336: 333: 330: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 306: 222:Gutenberg Museum 163:, and led to an 139: 138: 1393–1406 136: 62: 61: 1393–1406 59: 46: 32: 31: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4024: 4023: 3989:German printers 3939: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3899: 3896: 3866: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3845:from Wikisource 3839: 3834: 3832: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3808:sister projects 3805:at Knowledge's 3799: 3789: 3787: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3755: 3750:British Library 3746:Wayback Machine 3739:Gutenberg Bible 3729: 3724: 3718: 3667: 3637: 3607: 3556: 3522: 3483: 3457: 3381: 3379:Further reading 3376: 3349: 3321:Venzke, Andreas 3313: 3295:Venzke, Andreas 3279: 3248: 3225: 3148: 3127: 3117:Headline Review 3089: 3037: 2955: 2932: 2872: 2843: 2825:Füssel, Stephan 2769: 2743: 2717: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2689: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2602: 2598: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2563: 2559: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2530:Washington Post 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2479:on 3 March 2012 2471: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2427: 2416: 2412: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2385: 2378:British Library 2372: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2344: 2340: 2332: 2328: 2309:Wayback Machine 2300: 2296: 2288: 2281: 2273: 2266: 2258: 2251: 2244: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2173: 2166: 2159: 2155: 2136: 2132: 2128:, pp. 67f. 2124: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2072: 2068: 2061: 2057: 2049: 2045: 2030: 2014: 2010: 1999: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1974:Kelley, Peter. 1972: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1922: 1920: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1870: 1866: 1854: 1847: 1835: 1831: 1819: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1788: 1781: 1773: 1769: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1717: 1713: 1705: 1694: 1682: 1678: 1666: 1657: 1649: 1645: 1633: 1629: 1621: 1610: 1602: 1598: 1590: 1581: 1573: 1566: 1554: 1547: 1535: 1528: 1516: 1512: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1466: 1456: 1454: 1439: 1435: 1425: 1423: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1397: 1393: 1385: 1378: 1351: 1347: 1339: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1283: 1279: 1273:St. Christoph's 1270: 1266: 1260: 1256: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1181:digital library 1121: 1048:Albert Einstein 1040:Michael H. Hart 1012:A&E Network 987: 979: 971: 966: 939:British Library 882:Gutenberg Bible 873: 871:Gutenberg Bible 867: 800:Scheide Library 760:hand-held mould 723: 721:Printing method 718: 672: 632: 620:Gutenberg Bible 618:, known as the 535: 534: 533: 532: 531: 524: 516: 515: 505: 494: 482: 464: 458: 430: 419: 398: 392: 361:The patrician ( 351: 344: 334: 320: 317: 314: 311: 286:St. Christoph's 243: 238: 236:Life and career 211:Gutenberg Bible 137: 119: 107: 88: 86: 83: 82:3 February 1468 74: 72: 63: 60: 49: 37: 28: 21:Gutenberg Bible 17: 12: 11: 5: 4032: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3894: 3887: 3880: 3872: 3865: 3864: 3847: 3830: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3785: 3773: 3753: 3752: 3736: 3728: 3727:External links 3725: 3723: 3722: 3716: 3695: 3671: 3665: 3641: 3635: 3611: 3605: 3581: 3560: 3554: 3530:Febvre, Lucien 3526: 3520: 3495: 3481: 3461: 3455: 3445:. Cheltenham: 3436: 3394:(2): 409–445. 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3353: 3347: 3317: 3311: 3291: 3277: 3260: 3246: 3229: 3223: 3197: 3160: 3146: 3131: 3125: 3101: 3087: 3074: 3049: 3035: 3015: 2988: 2978:Chisholm, Hugh 2967: 2953: 2936: 2930: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2876: 2870: 2847: 2841: 2821: 2781: 2767: 2747: 2741: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2683: 2661: 2630: 2616: 2596: 2585: 2583:, p. vii. 2573: 2557: 2535: 2516: 2490: 2464: 2452: 2440: 2425: 2410: 2395: 2365: 2353: 2338: 2326: 2294: 2279: 2277:, p. 322. 2264: 2249: 2242: 2218: 2197: 2164: 2153: 2130: 2118: 2106: 2089: 2077: 2066: 2055: 2043: 2028: 2008: 1993: 1966: 1954: 1942: 1940:, p. 137. 1930: 1900: 1888: 1876: 1864: 1845: 1829: 1810: 1798: 1779: 1767: 1751: 1739: 1727: 1711: 1692: 1676: 1655: 1643: 1627: 1608: 1596: 1579: 1564: 1545: 1526: 1510: 1496: 1476: 1464: 1433: 1403: 1391: 1376: 1355:, p. 83; 1345: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1319: 1308:Andreas Venzke 1299: 1290: 1286:precious metal 1277: 1264: 1254: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1157:777 Gutemberga 1120: 1117: 1063:Aldus Manutius 1052:Charles Darwin 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 905:Aelius Donatus 866: 863: 837:author of the 722: 719: 717: 714: 671: 668: 631: 628: 585:Peter Schöffer 525: 518: 517: 506: 499: 498: 497: 496: 495: 465: 457: 456:Printing press 454: 391: 388: 242: 239: 237: 234: 153:printing press 126: 125: 117:printing press 113: 112:Known for 109: 108: 106: 105: 100: 96: 94: 90: 89: 84: 80: 76: 75: 64: 55: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4031: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3881: 3879: 3874: 3873: 3870: 3862:from Wikidata 3861: 3860: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3831: 3827: 3826: 3814: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3796: 3786: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3719: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3703: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3645:Ruppel, Aloys 3642: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3622: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3592: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3568: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3541: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3482:0-521-29955-1 3478: 3473: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3383: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3238: 3237: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3112: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3027: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2954:9780945074007 2950: 2945: 2944: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2768:1-55111-332-5 2764: 2759: 2758: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2671: 2665: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2619: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2600: 2594: 2589: 2582: 2577: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2524:Zad, Martie. 2520: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2461: 2456: 2449: 2444: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2421: 2414: 2406: 2399: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2362: 2357: 2349: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2298: 2291: 2290:Juchhoff 1950 2286: 2284: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2245: 2243:0-674-30688-0 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2222: 2207: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2171: 2169: 2162: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2134: 2127: 2122: 2115: 2110: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2086: 2081: 2075: 2070: 2064: 2059: 2052: 2047: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2012: 2005: 2003: 1997: 1981: 1977: 1970: 1964:, p. 74. 1963: 1958: 1951: 1946: 1939: 1934: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1897: 1892: 1886:, p. 61. 1885: 1880: 1873: 1868: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1807: 1802: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1776: 1771: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1749:, p. 37. 1748: 1743: 1736: 1731: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1709:, p. 60. 1708: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1653:, p. 29. 1652: 1647: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1625:, p. 11. 1624: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1605: 1600: 1594:, p. 27. 1593: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1577:, p. 83. 1576: 1571: 1569: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1499: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1480: 1474:, p. 56. 1473: 1468: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1437: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1407: 1400: 1395: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1358: 1354: 1353:Duchesne 2006 1349: 1343:, p. 58. 1342: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1328: 1314: 1309: 1303: 1294: 1287: 1281: 1274: 1268: 1258: 1250: 1213: 1204: 1200: 1188: 1186: 1185:Johannisnacht 1182: 1179:, the oldest 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1148:In 1952, the 1146: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1098:Martin Luther 1095: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 991:human history 986: 983: 976: 961: 959: 955: 950: 948: 944: 940: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 912: 910: 906: 902: 897: 888: 884: 883: 877: 872: 865:Printed books 862: 860: 855: 852: 848: 844: 840: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 810: 808: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 776: 772: 768: 766: 761: 757: 756: 751: 746: 743: 738: 736: 727: 713: 710: 705: 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 684: 681: 677: 667: 665: 664: 663:Mainz Psalter 658: 656: 654: 649: 644: 636: 627: 625: 621: 617: 616:42-line Bible 612: 610: 605: 601: 596: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 546: 544: 540: 529: 522: 514: 510: 503: 493: 490: 486: 479: 477: 473: 472: 463: 453: 451: 445: 443: 438: 434: 429: 423: 418: 413: 409: 402: 397: 387: 384: 380: 375: 370: 365: 359: 355: 350: 326: 305: 304: 298: 294: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 255: 251: 247: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 218:human history 214: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 193: 189: 188:screw presses 185: 180: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 151: 147: 143: 132: 123: 118: 115:Invented the 114: 110: 104: 101: 98: 97: 95: 91: 87:(now Germany) 81: 77: 73:(now Germany) 71: 67: 56: 52: 45: 40: 33: 30: 26: 22: 3922: 3857: 3840: 3828:from Commons 3823: 3802: 3707: 3701: 3678: 3652: 3648: 3620: 3590: 3566: 3539: 3499: 3470: 3441: 3391: 3387: 3361: 3357: 3334: 3302: 3298: 3268: 3235: 3209: 3205:Raven, James 3201:Raven, James 3168: 3164: 3136: 3110: 3078: 3060: 3024: 3019:Kapr, Albert 2992: 2981: 2942: 2916: 2880: 2857: 2828: 2792: 2788: 2756: 2731:. New York: 2727: 2701:. Retrieved 2686: 2674:. Retrieved 2664: 2652:. Retrieved 2643: 2633: 2621:. Retrieved 2606: 2599: 2588: 2576: 2560: 2552:the original 2547: 2538: 2529: 2519: 2507:. Retrieved 2503:the original 2493: 2481:. Retrieved 2477:the original 2467: 2462:, § para. 5. 2455: 2443: 2438:, § para. 1. 2413: 2398: 2386:. Retrieved 2368: 2356: 2347: 2341: 2329: 2321: 2311:. While the 2297: 2228: 2221: 2209:. Retrieved 2200: 2180: 2176: 2156: 2143: 2140:Holmyard, E. 2138:Singer, C.; 2133: 2121: 2109: 2080: 2069: 2058: 2051:Hessels 1911 2046: 2018: 2011: 2006:, § para. 2. 2001: 1996: 1984:. Retrieved 1979: 1969: 1957: 1945: 1933: 1921:. Retrieved 1917:the original 1903: 1891: 1879: 1867: 1832: 1801: 1770: 1754: 1742: 1730: 1714: 1679: 1646: 1630: 1599: 1513: 1501:. Retrieved 1486: 1479: 1467: 1455:. Retrieved 1447:Live Science 1446: 1436: 1424:. Retrieved 1415: 1406: 1401:, p. 5. 1399:Sivulka 1998 1394: 1389:, p. 7. 1371: 1361: 1348: 1302: 1293: 1280: 1267: 1257: 1203: 1168: 1165:Gavin Bryars 1160: 1147: 1140: 1122: 1101: 1091: 1056: 1033: 1015: 988: 978: 974: 951: 943:indentations 936: 920:Biblia Sacra 919: 913: 900: 892: 880: 856: 838: 817: 816:A 1568 book 815: 811: 804: 792:Paul Needham 781: 769: 753: 750:punchcutting 747: 739: 735:movable type 732: 706: 695: 686: 673: 661: 659: 652: 645: 641: 615: 613: 600:Humbrechthof 597: 574: 557: 554:St. Arbogast 547: 536: 491:, March 1455 483:Future pope 481: 469: 467: 446: 439: 417:St. Victor's 393: 360: 290: 277: 274:patron saint 259: 253: 250:Coat of arms 215: 181: 150:movable-type 130: 129: 122:movable type 29: 3959:1468 deaths 3954:1398 births 3331:Mokyr, Joel 3065:. Chicago: 2607:Mendelssohn 2565:Carter 1925 2460:Venzke 2005 2436:Venzke 2005 2420:"Gutenberg" 2188:Netherlands 2114:Wagner 2000 2102:Sumner 2009 1962:Wagner 2000 1950:Wagner 2000 1923:24 November 1896:Wagner 2000 1884:Wagner 2000 1872:Wagner 2000 1806:Füssel 2019 1792:, pp. 1775:Wagner 2000 1747:Venzke 1993 1735:Wagner 2000 1721:, pp. 1707:Wagner 2000 1686:, pp. 1623:Füssel 2019 1604:Füssel 2019 1575:Wagner 2000 1387:Füssel 2019 1341:Wagner 2000 1311: [ 1112:indulgences 1108:broadsheets 1094:Reformation 1003:Reformation 999:Renaissance 984:(1835–1910) 952:An undated 896:indulgences 843:Ulrich Zell 609:indulgences 577:Johann Fust 431: [ 420: [ 399: [ 396:Albert Kapr 352: [ 335: 1387 297:cloth trade 228:. In 1997, 179:movements. 173:Reformation 169:Renaissance 120:Introduced 93:Occupations 3943:Categories 3908:Jean Brito 3681:. London: 3544:. London: 3424:8271339080 3337:. Oxford: 3213:. Oxford: 3115:. London: 2963:1244855280 2860:. Oxford: 2817:1116078171 2777:1149462441 2676:16 January 2654:16 January 2623:14 October 2567:, p. 2388:19 October 2302:Costeriana 1858:, p. 1839:, p. 1823:, p. 1761:, p. 1670:, p. 1637:, p. 1558:, p. 1539:, p. 1520:, p. 1472:Lyons 2011 1457:23 October 1426:23 October 1262:1393–1403. 1191:References 1127:(1837) at 982:Mark Twain 928:rubricated 796:Papal bull 790:librarian 709:typography 702:Franciscan 680:Archbishop 670:Later life 655:dictionary 653:Catholicon 630:Court case 566:engravings 550:Strasbourg 383:archbishop 241:Early life 199:hand mould 192:type metal 3771:Biography 3647:(1967) . 3573:New Haven 3491:856017228 3432:154362112 3408:0022-0507 3370:250428044 3323:(2005) . 3287:829164929 3256:654719746 3193:963827459 3185:0032-8898 3156:946992970 3105:Man, John 3097:939001946 3021:(1996) . 3011:819006182 3003:0072-9094 2914:(2000) . 2833:Routledge 2827:(2019) . 2809:1529-921X 2703:20 August 2581:Hart 2000 2275:Kapr 1996 2260:Nash 2004 2211:16 August 2184:The Hague 2126:Wolf 1974 2085:Kapr 1996 2038:732957497 1856:Kapr 1996 1837:Kapr 1996 1821:Kapr 1996 1790:Kapr 1996 1759:Kapr 1996 1719:Kapr 1996 1684:Kapr 1996 1668:Kapr 1996 1635:Kapr 1996 1556:Kapr 1996 1537:Kapr 1996 1518:Kapr 1996 1416:Fonts.com 1324:Citations 1218:English: 1017:Time–Life 969:Influence 914:In 1455, 901:Ars Minor 807:cuneiform 788:Princeton 593:typefaces 390:Education 364:Patrizier 293:patrician 230:Time Life 146:craftsman 124:to Europe 103:craftsman 3742:Archived 3677:(1963). 3617:(1962). 3587:(1995). 3536:(1984). 3467:(1980). 3416:40263962 3297:(1993). 3107:(2002). 3070:Archived 3045:31655691 2893:44850118 2725:(1925). 2697:Archived 2648:Archived 2509:14 April 2483:16 March 2382:Archived 2305:Archived 1986:28 April 1980:UW Today 1651:Man 2002 1592:Ing 1988 1503:20 March 1451:Archived 1420:Archived 1357:Man 2002 1154:asteroid 1007:humanist 716:Printing 698:tertiary 581:guilders 562:intaglio 489:Carvajal 428:Weisenau 412:Eltville 379:Eltville 207:antimony 177:humanist 157:printing 142:inventor 99:Inventor 3757:Portals 3748:at the 3691:2037476 3333:(ed.). 3207:(ed.). 2980:(ed.). 2922:Citadel 2715:Sources 2324:, 2007. 1076:Seville 1026:Cai Lun 958:Bamberg 924:florins 847:Cologne 841:quotes 834:Haarlem 826:Holland 818:Batavia 798:in the 742:punches 700:in the 691:stipend 687:Hofmann 648:Bamberg 528:reverse 513:obverse 485:Pius II 450:militia 312: 3714: 3689: 3663: 3633: 3603: 3552: 3518: 3489: 3479: 3453: 3430: 3422: 3414: 3406: 3368: 3345: 3309: 3285: 3275: 3254: 3244: 3221: 3191: 3183: 3154: 3144: 3123: 3095: 3085: 3043: 3033: 3009: 3001: 2961: 2951: 2928: 2891: 2868: 2839: 2815: 2807: 2775: 2765: 2739: 2614: 2240: 2036: 2026: 1494: 1363:paper. 1167:; and 1059:Venice 964:Legacy 945:, and 755:matrix 624:vellum 589:scribe 539:Aachen 476:quires 374:Zünfte 282:Gothic 256:(1461) 205:, and 197:and a 175:, and 3842:Texts 3825:Media 3783:Books 3706:[ 3651:[ 3546:Verso 3428:S2CID 3412:JSTOR 3360:[ 3329:. In 3301:[ 2976:. In 2885:Mainz 1794:38–39 1723:30–31 1688:29–30 1315:] 1196:Notes 1067:Greek 851:Mainz 824:from 765:fonts 604:Latin 435:] 424:] 408:Latin 403:] 369:guild 356:] 266:Rhine 262:Mainz 226:Mainz 195:alloy 66:Mainz 3859:Data 3712:ISBN 3687:OCLC 3661:ISBN 3631:ISBN 3601:ISBN 3550:ISBN 3516:ISBN 3487:OCLC 3477:ISBN 3451:ISBN 3420:OCLC 3404:ISSN 3366:OCLC 3343:ISBN 3307:ISBN 3283:OCLC 3273:ISBN 3252:OCLC 3242:ISBN 3219:ISBN 3189:OCLC 3181:ISSN 3152:OCLC 3142:ISBN 3121:ISBN 3093:OCLC 3083:ISBN 3041:OCLC 3031:ISBN 3007:OCLC 2999:ISSN 2959:OCLC 2949:ISBN 2926:ISBN 2889:OCLC 2866:ISBN 2837:ISBN 2813:OCLC 2805:ISSN 2773:OCLC 2763:ISBN 2737:ISBN 2705:2007 2678:2015 2656:2015 2644:WQXR 2625:2022 2612:ISBN 2511:2021 2485:2010 2390:2006 2238:ISBN 2213:2011 2034:OCLC 2024:ISBN 2004:2005 1988:2015 1925:2006 1505:2024 1492:ISBN 1459:2020 1428:2020 1135:and 1050:and 1005:and 879:The 786:and 526:The 325:mint 309:lit. 144:and 79:Died 54:Born 3508:doi 3396:doi 3173:doi 2797:doi 2569:180 2320:." 2190:): 1243:ɜːr 1100:'s 1074:in 930:or 820:by 471:sic 203:tin 184:ink 3945:: 3685:. 3659:. 3629:. 3599:. 3575:: 3571:. 3548:. 3532:; 3514:. 3506:. 3485:. 3449:. 3426:. 3418:. 3410:. 3402:. 3392:69 3390:. 3341:. 3281:. 3267:. 3250:. 3217:. 3187:. 3179:. 3167:. 3150:. 3119:. 3091:. 3059:. 3039:. 3005:. 2957:. 2924:. 2887:. 2864:. 2856:. 2835:. 2811:. 2803:. 2791:. 2771:. 2735:. 2646:. 2642:. 2546:. 2528:. 2428:^ 2380:. 2376:. 2282:^ 2267:^ 2252:^ 2236:. 2232:. 2182:. 2167:^ 2146:. 2092:^ 2032:. 1978:. 1911:. 1860:37 1848:^ 1841:36 1825:39 1813:^ 1782:^ 1763:38 1695:^ 1672:30 1658:^ 1639:32 1611:^ 1582:^ 1567:^ 1560:29 1548:^ 1541:25 1529:^ 1522:35 1449:. 1445:. 1418:. 1414:. 1379:^ 1331:^ 1313:de 1237:ən 1231:uː 1215:; 1096:. 1054:. 1046:, 1038:, 1001:, 949:. 907:, 626:. 595:. 583:. 572:. 433:de 422:de 401:de 354:de 342:c. 339:b. 332:c. 329:b. 288:. 171:, 135:c. 68:, 58:c. 3891:e 3884:t 3877:v 3811:: 3759:: 3720:. 3693:. 3669:. 3639:. 3609:. 3579:. 3558:. 3524:. 3510:: 3493:. 3459:. 3434:. 3398:: 3372:. 3351:. 3315:. 3289:. 3258:. 3227:. 3195:. 3175:: 3169:7 3158:. 3129:. 3099:. 3047:. 3013:. 2965:. 2934:. 2895:. 2874:. 2845:. 2819:. 2799:: 2793:6 2779:. 2745:. 2707:. 2680:. 2658:. 2627:. 2571:. 2532:. 2513:. 2487:. 2392:. 2363:. 2316:" 2246:. 2215:. 2194:. 2186:( 2150:. 2104:. 2053:. 2040:. 1990:. 1927:. 1862:. 1843:. 1827:. 1796:. 1765:. 1725:. 1690:. 1674:. 1641:. 1562:. 1543:. 1524:. 1507:. 1461:. 1430:. 1249:/ 1246:ɡ 1240:b 1234:t 1228:ɡ 1225:ˈ 1222:/ 918:( 371:( 321:' 315:' 307:( 133:( 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index