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176:. James O. Clephane led the funeral procession of his friend and employer, President Abraham Lincoln, down Pennsylvania Avenue as a civic marshal, and was followed by "three hundred marshals and assistant marshals, eleven Major-Generals, eighty-four Brigadier- Generals, twelve hundred other military officers, one hundred and fifty naval officers including Vice Admiral Farragut, and one hundred and eight Senators and mem- bers of Congress. In the procession were eighteen thousand. The witnesses were estimated at one hundred and fifty thousand."
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500:, and occupied an influential role in Washington's high political society. James O. Clephane and Lewis maintained close relations with President Lincoln and his family. Lewis Clephane is also credited with founding the Republican Party and early abolitionist efforts amid majority pro-slavery elites in Washington. Further, Lewis Clephane went on to be the publisher of pro-Lincoln newspaper, The
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called, and asked
Clephane for financial backing for the venture. Clephane, in turn, tried out each of the models of what would become the typewriter. Clephane subjected them to such unsparing tests that he destroyed them, one after another, as fast as they could be made and sent to him. His judgements were similarly caustic, causing Sholes to lose his patience and temper.
527:, which became their primary seat. They constructed the castle in 1590, and the ruins of the castle still bear the date's inscription. The castle was handed through generations until 1804, when Major General William McLean Douglas Clephane sold the castle and barony lands prior to passing away. It is now called Carslogie House.
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It produced print by lithography, which was problematic. Clephane made the suggestion of using stereography instead, and
Mergenthaler began to research this approach, for which Clephane provided financial backing. By 1879, it was still in development. Mergenthaler designed a line casting machine, but
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might well point. But all the subterfuges practiced today in the winning of friends and the influencing of people would have availed
Clephane little without his dynamic, irrepressible faith. He had a kind of Napoleonic power that seemed to go with his little stature. Men flocked about him and he led
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Said he to
Densmore: "I am through with Clephane!" Densmore's comment was: "This candid fault-finding is just what we need. We had better have it now than after we begin manufacturing. Where Clephane points out a weak lever or rod let us make it strong. Where a spacer or an inker works stiffly, let
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by the prosecution. He was one of several individuals who testified about a speech that
Johnson had made in Washington, D.C., on August 18, 1866. Clephane had, at the time of the speech, made a report on it as a phonographic reporter. Along with the other witnesses, he corroborated that the wording
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Clephane was intent upon his problem. He was constantly stretching out his antennae for new ideas. It is not surprising that such a man should provide a center for gadget-fanciers. It is more so that this center, once established, became such a magnet for investors. Perhaps it was the great idea
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began to pursue commercial development of their machine, they realized that stenographers would be among the first and most important users, and sent experimental versions to many stenographers, one of whom was
Clephane. The pair had tried previously to develop a "writing machine" as they were
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the material and prepare it for publication. "I want to bridge the gap between the typewriter and the printed page" he declared in 1872, and began to pursue the invention of a machine for typesetting. Along with
Charles T. Moore, he devised a machine which cast type from
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By 1883, the machine was perfected and patented in 1884. Meanwhile, Clephane had formed the
National Typographic Company for manufacturing it, with a capitalization of $ 1 million and named Mergenthaler as manager of its Baltimore factory. The company became the
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in the Locke Steel Belt
Company, the Linomatrix Machine Company, the National Typographic Company, the Aurora Mining Company, the Horton Basket Machine Company, the Fowler-Henkle Printing Press Company, the Oddur Machine Company, in several of which he was the
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578:, but would remain a stenographer despite earning a law degree. It was in his work with courts and the President that Clephane discovered the inefficiencies of type-writing, specifically the tediousness of duplicating transcripts, as was required.
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was working at the time. Mergenthaler immediately suggested casting the type from a metal matrix instead, and set to work on a typesetting machine, spending a year redesigning it until in the summer of 1877 he felt he had a working prototype.
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Sholes took this advice and improved the machine at every iteration, until they were satisfied that
Clephane had taught them everything he could. The first seven typewriters ever sold were built for Clephane's own employees. The historian
327:, Colonel W. G. Moore. Moore then testified that the corrections made by him were corrections he had made without the approval of Johnson, and only related to the language used, and did not change the sense of the reports.
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identified this fact that "it had been developed under the fire of an unrelenting critic" as one of the circumstances that distinguished the Sholes typewriter. Clephane's contribution has also been used as an example for
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Although the typewriter would go into commercial production only in 1873, Clephane recognised that it would solve part of his problems, as notes could now be transcribed quickly, but it would still take long to
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then tore up the plans in frustration. Clephane encouraged him to continue; he remained confident in the value of the invention despite all the scepticism and financial embarrassments that accompanied it.
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union. Clephane Sr. was a member of the Original Inhabitants of Washington D.C., an elite group of original men with deep societal and political ties for generations in the nation's capital.
677:, at the time. His widow Pauline Medina Clephane died aged 87 in 1935, leaving two daughters: Pauline Duryee (née Clephane) and Sarah "Sadie" Clephane, and a son: Malcolm Walcott Clephane.
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603:, seeing great success in his financier work following the successful inventions from years prior and directorships in subsequent mechanical printing companies, such as
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matrices indented by mechanically assembled characters, but it had numerous defects which they were unable to rectify. Moore approached August Hahl in 1876, with whom
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303:. He was "one of the leading stenographers during the eventful days of the civil war and subsequently". He was called to testify at the trial of Andrew Johnson.
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them forward toward the avatar. If any faltered, Clephane would kick him back on his feet. He was harsh, merciless, dominant when the idea was before him.
1917:
983:
Extracts from the Journal of the United States Senate In All Cases of Impeachment Presented By The United States House of Representatives (1798-1904)
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of New York, New Jersey, West Virginia, and other iterations that had paid its stockholders and founders dividends over a three-year period of over
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1912:
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357:—a popular New York City suburb for financiers during the late 19th century. His work as a venture capitalist would continue at his office on
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writer and developer of early shorthand writing systems. His exceptional ability brought him early in contact with such men as President
203:, was largely due to his initiative and investment. He is known as the "unsung hero of the development of the typewriter and Linotype."
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The history of the typewriter, successor to the pen: An illustrated account of the origin, rise, and development of the writing machine
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There were many patents for "writing machines" throughout the 19th century, but the only one to become commercially successful was the
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James O. Clephane was known to be a superb typist, and worked as a stenographer for high courts in Washington, D.C., as well as in
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who was the guardian of Clephane's cousin, Margaret Clephane. She would go on to marry Spencer Compton and become the second
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Lewis Clephane would remain in Washington, D.C., as a key figure in the city's upper echelon, and becoming a co-founder of
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which drew the support. There was much, to be sure, in the persuasive personality of Clephane—a personality to which Mr.
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119,000,000 (in 2023 dollars). His family moved to an estate in Englewood, New Jersey and are consistently listed in the
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The Standard American Encyclopedia of Arts, Sciences, History, Biography, Geography, Statistics, and General Knowledge
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The Clephane family can be traced back to the family's noble roots, with their initial settlement in what is now
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744:"The Invention of the Linotype Machine (Jienne Alhaideri '13) - From Tablet to Tablet: A History of the Book"
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alongside Col. B. B. French. The procession had an estimated 18,000 participants and 150,000 spectators.
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J.O. Clephane served as the lead civic marshal in the procession through Washington, D.C. following
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Besides the typewriter and the linotype machine, he was also involved in the development of the
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The Clephane family was prominent among elites in Washington, D.C. James O. Clephane's brother
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Clephane was involved in improving, promoting and supporting several inventions during the
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throughout the 19th and 20th century, as was Lewis Clephane's family in Washington, D.C.
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391:. Clephane had an indirect but important part to play in its development and perfection.
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quickly and produce multiple copies, as was required. Thus he was enthusiastic when the
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850:"DEATH OF JAMES CLEPHANE.; An Aged Resident and the Oldest Typographer in Washington",
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James Clephane Sr. emigrated to America in 1817, and subsequently moved to what is now
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was successfully completed and commercialized by his colleagues and business associate
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724:"JAMES O. CLEPHANE DEAD.; Development of Linotype Machine Largely Due to His Efforts."
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James Ogilvie Clephane's father, James Clephane Sr., is known to have been close with
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986:. Congressional serial set. Washington Government Printing Office. 1912. p. 244.
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on Thanksgiving Day (November 24) in 1910, and died six days later. He was living in
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us make it work smoothly. Then, depend upon Clephane for all the praise we deserve."
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of Washington, D.C. His son, Walter Clephane, would remain prominent and lived in
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249:, served as the D.C. postmaster general—selected by his confidant and President
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Clephane, Walter C. (1918). "Lewis Clephane: A Pioneer Washington Republican".
1030:, vol. 7, New York: The Standard American Publishing Company, p. 2572
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1340:"Carslogie House | Castle in Cupar parish, Fife | Stravaiging around Scotland"
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The Linotype Machine: Thomas Edison called it the "Eighth Wonder of the World"
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in 1885. It had its first "commercial demonstration" on July 3, 1886, before
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His role in surprisingly many inventions is explained by Roger Burlingame:
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1282:"Abraham Lincoln Letter Signed Signed to Samuel Chase | Raab Collection"
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while in Edinburgh, and was for some time the president of the Columbia
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Romano, Frank (2014). "Mackey's 1936 History of the Linotype Company".
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Glover, Charles C. (1960). "A Brief History of the Metropolitan Club".
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while in Edinburgh. He was for some time the president of the Columbia
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199:", and the development of mechanical typesetting, including the first
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Men and Women of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporaries
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227:. James Clephane Sr. emigrated to America in 1817, was a printer and
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Clark, Allen C. (1925). "Abraham Lincoln in the National Capital".
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In the late 19th century, James Ogilvie Clephane relocated to the
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1948:
Testifying witnesses of the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson
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Engines of Democracy: Inventions and Society in Mature America
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Clephane would eventually move his family from their downtown
148:(February 21, 1842 – November 30, 1910) was an American
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1476:(illustrated ed.), Ayer Publishing, pp. 150–154,
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Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C
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Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C
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Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C
970:, vol. 1, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1868
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Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C
608:
798:
Romano, Frank (2014). "Mergenthaler Linotype Chronology".
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until October 1910 when he was succeeded by Norman Dodge.
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Records - Columbia Historical Society of Washington, D.C.
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While a court reporter, he began to seek easier ways to
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Inventor, politician, court reporter, venture capitalist
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Trial of Andrew Johnson, President of the United States
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Intellectual Property Law for Engineers and Scientists
1002:. Spirit Of Jefferson at Newspapers.com. April 7, 1868
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Romano, Frank J (June 1, 2003), "Bridging the gap",
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who had assisted in setting up the first edition of
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920:An Overview of the History of the Linotype Machine
553:who had assisted in printing the first edition of
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253:. The family was prominent in Washington, D.C.,
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1056:Reprinted by Post-era Books, Arcadia, CA, 1985.
418:'s recommendation that manufacturers work with
223:in 1790, to a noble family dating back to the
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703:, New York: L.R. Hamersly & Company, 1909
117:Mrs. Peter Stanford Duryee (Pauline Clephane)
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639:of the country". In addition, he was also a
574:'s cabinet. He would also go on to pass the
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495:United States Department of the Treasury by
323:of their reports had been corrected by the
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299:, where his duties were chiefly that of a
245:union. James O. Clephane's older brother,
152:, bar-admitted stenographer who served in
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1918:Businesspeople from Englewood, New Jersey
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769:"Abraham Lincoln in the National Capital"
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264:James O. Clephane was a highly competent
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1148:, vol. 27, no. 6, p. 48,
195:. He has been called the "father of the
1256:"Boston Stock Market: Financial Notes."
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946:"Old Washington. The Typos of 1820-30."
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1933:Businesspeople from Washington, D.C.
1928:19th-century American businesspeople
1075:, New York: Henry Holt and Company,
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361:at 45 Broadway, New York, New York.
1868:Impeachment managers investigation
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836:, Columbia Historical Society, 1918
16:American businessman and politician
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1228:Spear, Michael (August 15, 1996),
523:, the Clephanes acquired lands of
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1959:
1569:Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson
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519:. Between 1200 and the Battle of
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944:Croggon, James (June 28, 1913),
583:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
474:Clephane remained a Director of
282:United States Secretary of State
1943:Inventors from Washington, D.C.
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1439:History of the Linotype Company
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1175:, July 13, 1936, archived from
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802:. RIT Press. pp. 305–324.
800:History of the Linotype Company
502:National Republican (newspaper)
128:James Clephane and Anne Ogilvie
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1765:Witnesses for the prosecution
1511:, p. 21, February 1, 1935
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732:, p. 11, December 1, 1910
594:Chevy Chase (Washington, D.C.)
211:James O. Clephane was born in
1:
1441:. RIT Press. pp. 49–74.
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635:, making "one of the leading
605:Mergenthaler Linotype Company
482:Family History and Reputation
476:Mergenthaler Linotype Company
455:Mergenthaler Printing Company
422:in developing their product.
371:Sholes and Glidden typewriter
364:
325:president's private secretary
261:, and into the 20th century.
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1923:American venture capitalists
7:
1938:High society (social class)
1364:"Carslogie House | Canmore"
1202:, Wiley-IEEE, p. 156,
1196:Rockman, Howard B. (2004),
1045:, London: Guilbert Putnam,
1010:– via Newspapers.com.
506:K Street (Washington, D.C.)
306:On April 3, 1868, Clephane
257:post-Civil War, during the
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1964:
1812:Witnesses for the defense
1470:Burlingame, Roger (1976),
1072:Leading American Inventors
906:, p. 3, June 28, 1880
601:New York metropolitan area
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318:, having been called as a
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1503:"MRS. JAMES O. CLEPHANE."
648:. He also published some
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1841:William Tecumseh Sherman
767:Clark, Allen C. (1925).
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114:Malcolm Walcott Clephane
1660:Swing Around the Circle
1627:Articles of impeachment
1095:Tenner, Edward (2003).
999:"The Impeachment Trial"
549:; He was a printer and
536:Marquess of Northampton
84:Pauline Medina Harrison
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426:Mechanical typesetting
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160:to Secretary of State
146:James Ogilvie Clephane
1146:Electronic Publishing
1069:Iles, George (1912),
675:Englewood, New Jersey
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521:Battle of Bannockburn
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355:Englewood, New Jersey
312:the impeachment trial
111:Sarah Levina Clephane
1816:William W. Armstrong
1747:William S. Groesbeck
1733:President's counsel
1638:Tenure of Office Act
1457:chapter 1314659
1179:on December 15, 2008
1104:The Wilson Quarterly
1041:Mares, G.C. (1909),
818:chapter 1314674
297:District of Columbia
1878:Profiles in Courage
1836:Frederick W. Seward
1779:William E. Chandler
1752:Thomas A. R. Nelson
1685:Presiding officer:
1655:Command of Army Act
1344:www.stravaiging.com
1286:The Raab Collection
1022:Ridpath, John Clark
853:The Washington Post
525:Castle of Carslogie
515:directly after the
442:Ottmar Mergenthaler
289:admitted to the bar
1826:Richard T. Merrick
1774:Walter A. Burleigh
1742:Benjamin R. Curtis
1700:George S. Boutwell
1508:The New York Times
1418:. 60/62: 266–277.
1264:, October 20, 1910
1261:The New York Times
1238:on January 9, 2009
903:The New York Times
856:, December 2, 1880
729:The New York Times
629:board of directors
627:and served on the
381:Christopher Sholes
344:Christopher Sholes
166:venture capitalist
1890:
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1883:Tennessee Johnson
1831:Alexander Randall
1804:James K. Moorhead
1784:James O. Clephane
1737:William M. Evarts
1680:Impeachment trial
1670:Hamilton Ward Sr.
1553:impeachment trial
1453:Project MUSE
1448:978-1-933360-75-1
1209:978-0-471-44998-0
814:Project MUSE
809:978-1-933360-75-1
650:travel literature
590:Metropolitan Club
285:William H. Seward
158:private secretary
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55:November 30, 1910
41:February 21, 1832
23:James O. Clephane
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555:Sir Walter Scott
547:Washington, D.C.
543:Judiciary Square
532:Sir Walter Scott
469:Linotype machine
464:New York Tribune
351:Washington, D.C.
233:Sir Walter Scott
213:Washington, D.C.
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613:Social Register
576:Bar examination
572:Abraham Lincoln
517:Norman Conquest
498:Salmon P. Chase
484:
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416:Eric von Hippel
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287:, and was then
274:Abraham Lincoln
251:Abraham Lincoln
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396:James Densmore
369:Main article:
366:
363:
334:his notes and
316:Andrew Johnson
278:chief of staff
272:and President
270:James Buchanan
247:Lewis Clephane
208:
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162:William Seward
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1631:Dismissal of
1630:
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1616:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:First inquiry
1588:
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1288:. 10 May 1861
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940:
927:on 2009-02-20
926:
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917:Brown, Rick,
913:
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637:phonographers
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565:Typographical
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459:Whitelaw Reid
456:
450:
446:
443:
439:
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423:
421:
417:
412:
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386:
383:, along with
382:
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360:
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313:
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293:Supreme Court
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243:Typographical
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174:New York City
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71:Occupation(s)
69:
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63:Englewood, NJ
54:
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1695:John Bingham
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1285:
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1259:
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1198:
1191:
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1177:the original
1170:
1161:
1145:
1139:
1110:(2): 12–15.
1107:
1103:
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992:
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374:
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336:legal briefs
329:
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301:stenographer
263:
255:high society
236:
210:
178:
156:'s cabinet,
145:
144:
57:(1910-11-30)
1908:1910 deaths
1903:1842 births
1873:Vinnie Ream
1665:John Covode
1619:Impeachment
1549:Impeachment
1319:: 263–277.
875:ClanCentral
625:graphophone
551:typographer
508:Northwest.
411:George Iles
359:Wall Street
229:typographer
189:graphophone
1897:Categories
1489:2009-01-15
1373:2022-06-09
1349:2022-06-09
1292:2022-06-08
1268:2009-01-07
1242:2009-01-07
1215:2009-01-07
1183:2009-01-07
1124:A103377021
931:2009-01-06
880:2022-06-08
753:2022-06-08
681:References
420:lead users
377:typewriter
365:Typewriter
340:typewriter
332:transcribe
259:Gilded Age
207:Early days
201:typewriter
191:, and the
185:typewriter
181:Gilded Age
1583:Inquiries
1395:: 1–174.
1154:1097-9190
1131:197240126
785:0897-9049
779:: 1–174.
646:president
308:testified
266:shorthand
217:Edinburgh
139:(sibling)
133:Relatives
125:Parent(s)
1573:Timeline
1424:40067230
1401:40067199
1325:40067107
1127:ProQuest
1116:40261178
641:director
560:Waverley
513:Scotland
238:Waverley
221:Scotland
168:in both
150:inventor
105:Children
1006:22 July
461:of the
433:typeset
389:Glidden
320:witness
295:in the
291:of the
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187:, the
172:, and
164:, and
79:Spouse
1862:Other
1420:JSTOR
1397:JSTOR
1321:JSTOR
1112:JSTOR
1100:(PDF)
619:Other
385:Soule
280:) to
93:(
89:
1551:and
1478:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1204:ISBN
1172:Time
1150:ISSN
1120:Gale
1077:ISBN
1047:ISBN
1008:2022
804:ISBN
781:ISSN
609:US$
387:and
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52:Died
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489:—
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
