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produces varies depending on the size of the seahorse. Six hundred and fifty eggs can be carried by a single male at one time. The eggs are 1.5 mm in diameter. When the eggs are being incubated within the male's pouch, the embryos are provided oxygen via an extensive capillary system. Through this system, the sodium and calcium levels can be altered in order to maintain homeostasis within the pouch environment. When the embryos are approaching birth, the pouch environment is very similar to the seawater. The gestation period lasts for 20–21 days. When the time finally approaches, the male latches his prehensile tail onto a supportive object while he braces back and forth, until the developed seahorses escape from the pouch. The bracing continues until all seahorses have successfully escaped the pouch. However, unhatched seahorses that have died will create a gas within the male's pouch. Soon after, the male seahorse inevitably floats to the surface, only to become easy prey in the marine food chain.
471:. The tail curls forward and is seldom aligned. When a lined seahorse is very young (two weeks to four weeks), the tail is extremely limber. The snout length is approximately half the head length of the lined seahorse. The cheek spines, located diagonally down from the eye on either side may be single or double. In total, the lined seahorse has eleven trunk rings, 34–39 tail rings, 16–20 dorsal fin rays, and 14–18 pectoral fin rays. The pectoral fin is level with the eye on each back side of the lined seahorse's head. The dorsal fin is located on the back of the skeleton and is level with the stomach–chest area. Female dorsal fins are slightly larger than the male's and are located lower on the back. The eyes of the lined seahorse can concentrate together, or they can operate independently of one another. The lined seahorse may be considered sexually mature as early as four months; however, it is typically about eight months. The minimum size of a sexually mature lined seahorse is 5.6 cm.
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to orange, red, and yellow. They tend to be paler on their front side. However, their colors change due to altercations in their environment, diet, anxiety or stress level, and/or mood. The lined seahorse is brawny and upright in appearance. They have an armor-like body composed of approximately fifty bony plates. Together these bony plates form the outer skeleton of the species. It is common for the species to have white lines outlining the neck area—hence its common name, "lined seahorse"—and for tiny white dots to be present on the tail. The prehensile tail consists of numerous rings and the first, third, fifth, seventh, and eleventh may protrude farther outward than the remaining. The prehensile tail following the bony plates is utilized by the seahorse to grasp onto its environment composed of seaweed and
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surroundings, which they do rather easily. The lined seahorse's eyes can move independently of one another, allowing it to effectively scan its surroundings. The species is sexually dimorphic and it is easy to distinguish between a male and female lined seahorse. The males are larger and also have longer tails. The lined seahorse is monogamous and performs ritual dances every morning to reestablish the bond with its mate. In addition, they create clicking sounds while embracing their partner. This action occurs when they initially find their mate. The intensity of their bond is also conveyed in how they handle the death of their partner: If either the male or female should die, the mate does not automatically replace the deceased mate with a new one. Often, it fails to find a new mate in its short lifespan.
669:. Unfortunately, some captive parental males have been known to cannibalize small number of its own fry, or juveniles, following its release into natural habitat. In order to ambush its prey, the seahorse employs color changes to camouflage itself with its surrounding environment, locates the prey, and then jerks its head upward, forcing the prey in the right position to be sucked in through its tubular snout. The lined seahorse is highly accurate, especially if its prey is within one inch from its snout. Overall, this process is quick and accurate. A growing lined seahorse may feed continuously for up to ten hours a day, engulfing approximately 3,600 baby
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760:. The coronet resembles a star pattern and is attached rather loosely and has sharp edges. As the seahorse lifts its head, the edge of the skull slides beneath the coronet and out when the seahorse bows its head. As the skull's edge slides beneath and out from the coronet, a clicking sound is produced. Mating seahorses swim slowly together, alternating their clicking sounds, until they embrace one another. Once the male and female seahorse embrace, the sounds from both the male and female unify, becoming indistinguishable from one another. This action creates a louder, consecutive sound, further establishing their bond.
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hundreds that are hatched. In captivity, the species maintained a vertical growth rate of 0.55 mm a day for 100 days. Male juveniles develop pouches when they are 5–7 months old. The juvenile seahorses quickly develop the characteristic of the adult lined seahorse. After birth, courtship begins once again. Breeding occurs in the months of May through
October in the Chesapeake Bay. July is when the lined seahorse population is the greatest in Florida.
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740:: the male and female seahorses choose partners that they will continue to mate with for their lifetime. The monogamous characteristics of the lined seahorse include ritual dances with their partner that they perform every morning. These dances establish their permanent relationship as mates. If a male or female lined seahorse should lose their partner for any reason, it takes time before they replace their mate.
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study showed that the highest survival and growth rate of juveniles occurred at 28 to 29 degrees
Celsius in captivity. In addition to temperature, there is also a large range of salinity concentration depending on the location that affect the species. The most common salinity is 25 to 35 ppt. In captivity, the species is most commonly kept at 35 ppt. The
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Juveniles are approximately 11 mm at birth for three days and are considered embryos until they are capable of swimming on their own. Juveniles do not reach maximum size until they are 8–10 months of age. It is estimated by scientists that only about two juveniles grow up to be adults out of the
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Lined seahorses are weak swimmers; they swim in an erect position. In comparison to their fins, the lined seahorse's body is too large, another reason why they are poor swimmers. They do not swim for long periods of time, nor do they travel far distances, unless they are migrating. The lined seahorse
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The minimum habitat requirements for captive lined seahorses consist of a tank 18 inches vertical in height and 20 to 25 gallons for a pair, 30 to 40 gallons for two pairs. The tank should be kept at a constant temperature between 22 and 25 degrees
Celsius (72 and 77 degrees Fahrenheit). The ph
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tails than the females. In the wild, the lined seahorse has a lifespan of one to four years; however, in captivity their lifespan usually reaches the full four years. Four years is the maximum age reported for the species. They have a broad color spectrum, ranging from black, grey, brown, and green,
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In addition to monogamy, the lined seahorse also cues into sound-making in the mating process. The seahorses have a crown-like bony crest called a coronet located on the backside of their head at the edge of the skull. Each coronet is unique to the organism, just as a fingerprint is unique to every
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Like with other seahorses, the male lined seahorse is the caregiver. During intercourse, the female sprays her eggs into the male's brood pouch where the eggs will incubate for 20–21 days. When the juveniles are ready to hatch, the male attaches its tail to a stationary structure and begins to arch
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Like all species of seahorses, the lined seahorse reproduces sexually, laying eggs every season. In addition, the male is the parent that looks after the newborn seahorses. The reproduction process begins at the initiation of the courtship process. Courtship extends for a couple of days and during
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development, brood size, and juvenile development and survival. Many lined seahorses experience temperature fluctuations during the daily tide cycles, the different seasons of each year, and due to precipitation or runoff. Adults have the ability to migrate to deeper waters during cold seasons. A
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During intercourse, the female sprays her eggs into the males pouch, which is called a "brood pouch", where they are fertilized and sealed. Females clutch size can be equal to or greater than one thousand and the males' brood size can range from 97 to 1,552 eggs. The number of eggs the female
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Lined seahorses feed mainly on minute crustaceans and brine shrimp, which they suck in through their snout. They are able to suck their prey by creating a current of water leading directly into its snout. Since seahorses are weak swimmers, they must ambush their prey by blending into their
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The species is found in depths of water up to seventy-three meters. Adults can be found swimming freely in the water column or attached to a stationary object. Juveniles usually swim near the surface. The habitat of the lined seahorse consists of marine vegetation, such as suspended
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The habitat of the lined seahorse is diminishing due to coastal growth and pollution, which ultimately is the cause of the decreasing population. The lined seahorse is also used as
Chinese medicine and is common in the aquarium trade, contributing to its "vulnerable" status.
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its back, back and forth, releasing the juveniles into the water column. The juveniles are approximately 11 mm at birth. They quickly begin to learn and mimic the behavior of its parent. Courtship between the male and female parents begins immediately after birth.
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propels its body forward with its dorsal and pectoral fins, which they move rapidly back and forth. These fins are also utilized in directing their bodies throughout the water and beat twenty to thirty times per second, making them almost invisible at first glance.
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is a very common species of the aquarium trade, which also affects the population remaining in the wild, though the vast majority for sale in the aquarium trade are captive-reared. The lined seahorse is also used for ornamental decoration and for
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this process, both the male and female may change to a pale color. The male enlarges his pouch to indicate his desire to pursue the female. Once they are established as monogamous mates though dances and clicking sounds, intercourse takes place.
462:, meaning there are distinct differences in appearances of males and females; most notably the brood pouch located on the male's abdomen which it utilized in reproduction. Males are also slightly larger in size and have longer
801:, or by purposeful catch, the lined seahorse's population is starting to dwindle, by values of at least thirty percent, probably since 1996 when changes in its population size were noted. The
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seem to be of a different species; however, more research is needed to determine this proposal. The lined seahorse is native to the following locations: Nova Scotia, Canada, United States,
458:. The lined seahorse is a diurnal species that ranges in length from 12 cm to 17 cm; the maximum length reported for the species is 19 cm. The seahorse is sexually
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as well. In the winter, the seahorses are more prominent in deeper waters, versus warmer months, where they are usually found in shallow waters attached to vegetation.
621:. Depending on the season, the species can be found in shallow waters or deep waters along beaches, oyster beds, and banks covered in vegetation, as well as in bays or
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tactics reduce their risk of becoming prey, their poor swimming abilities increase their likelihood of being consumed by their predators, especially large fish.
810:. Despite being a popular seahorse for aquarium trade and Chinese medicine, it is only suspected that the species could be a potential candidate for commercial
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species should be fed multiple times throughout the day, rather than less amount of larger meals. In captivity, the lined seahorse is often fed live or frozen
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assessment, indicating no significant improvements in protective factors. Due to loss or harm to their habitat by pollution and coastal development,
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species can be found in myriad colors, from greys and blacks to reds, greens, and oranges. The lined seahorse lives in the western
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The lined seahorse is an easy going species and will not be a threat to other fish that could possibly be in an
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The lined seahorse utilizes its elongated snout in order to consume its prey, consisting primarily of minute
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In this front view of the lined seahorse, the eyes can be seen; they can move independently of one another.
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The lined seahorse species was listed as vulnerable since 1996 and was listed as vulnerable in the 2003
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838:. The seahorse thrives in an environment with objects it can hide around and attach its tail to. The
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species with an approximate length of 15 cm (5.9 inches) and lifespan of one to four years. The
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but it is not clear that a population has become established in the waters around that archipelago.
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A unique characteristic of the lined seahorse (and other species of seahorse) is their practice of
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value should remain between 8.1 and 8.4 and the specific gravity between 1.020 and 1.025.
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There are many parasites and infections known to affect the lined seahorse, including
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This image shows the prehensile tail utilized in reproduction by the male seahorse.
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1279:"Lined Seahorse Profile – Facts, care info, pictures and more on H. erectus"
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dwells varies with the different latitudes. Temperature has an effect on
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in 1810. "Hippocampus" translates into "horse or sea monster" in
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Poseidon's Steed: The Story of
Seahorses, From Myth to Reality
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1046:. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department.
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The lined seahorse range spans from the northern point of
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This image shows the bony structure of the lined seahorse.
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681:The predators of the lined seahorse include crabs,
374:, is a species of fish that belongs to the family
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1173:. Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce 2009.
1057:Rosamond Gifford Zoo Volunteers (July 23, 2005).
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971:Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810 Lined Seahorse
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645:is the only species of seahorse native to the
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410:. It swims in an erect position and uses its
1139:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1083:. Seahorse Source, Inc. 2005. Archived from
747:The fins help guide and propel the seahorse.
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1223:. Chesapeake Bay Program (Bay Field Guide).
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992:. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 136.
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487:. They can be found on the east coast of
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1117:Gardiner, Nick, University of Michigan.
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905:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
446:The lined seahorse was first named
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1238:. Project Seahorse. Archived from
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418:fins for guidance while swimming.
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632:The temperature in which the
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1236:"Introduction to seahorses"
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1266:. Aquatic Community. 2004.
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1277:Hauter, Stan and Debbie.
232:Hippocampus laevicaudatus
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586:Its habitats are marine
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398:and as far south as the
221:Hippocampus fascicularis
1234:Project Seahorse Team.
677:Predators and parasites
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286:Hippocampus punctulatus
1642:Fish described in 1810
1121:. Animal Diversity Web
986:Scales, Helen (2009).
967:Froese, R.; Pauly, D.
854:, adult brine shrimp,
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312:Hippocampus tetragonus
240:Hippocampus marginalis
1314:on Sealife Collection
1171:"Hippocampus erectus"
1119:"Hippocampus erectus"
912:: e.T10066A20191442.
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335:Syngnathus tetragonus
260:Hippocampus hudsonius
941:"Appendices | CITES"
870:, and frozen krill.
324:Hippocampus villosus
297:Hippocampus stylifer
271:Hippocampus kincaidi
248:Hippocampus brunneus
1622:Hippocampus (genus)
1389:hippocampus-erectus
1376:Hippocampus_erectus
1362:Hippocampus erectus
1332:Hippocampus erectus
898:Hippocampus erectus
894:Pollom, R. (2017).
860:caprellid amphipods
448:Hippocampus Erectus
364:Hippocampus erectus
343:Syngnathus caballus
196:Hippocampus erectus
40:Conservation status
1087:on 1 November 2011
1042:Bester, Cathleen.
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728:(Glugea heraldi).
716:(Uronemamarinum),
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999:978-1-101-13376-7
705:. Although their
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1242:on 2012-04-02
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1024:. p. 34.
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818:Aquarium life
815:
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796:
786:
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761:
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741:
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723:
722:myxosporidian
719:
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485:South America
482:
472:
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456:ancient Greek
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187:Binomial name
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1331:
1287:
1281:. About.com.
1272:
1244:. Retrieved
1240:the original
1229:
1169:Sweat, L.H.
1123:. Retrieved
1089:. Retrieved
1085:the original
1081:"H. erectus"
1052:
1021:
1015:
1003:. Retrieved
988:
981:
970:
948:. Retrieved
944:
935:
923:. Retrieved
909:
903:
897:
852:grass shrimp
848:Mysis shrimp
839:
833:
821:
802:
792:
789:Conservation
783:
779:
775:
764:Reproduction
754:
750:
735:
711:
680:
671:brine shrimp
656:
642:
633:
631:
623:salt marshes
603:
585:
478:
452:George Perry
447:
445:
428:
424:
420:
387:
379:
376:Syngnathidae
371:
367:
363:
359:
357:
342:
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311:
296:
285:
270:
259:
247:
239:
231:
220:
195:
193:
177:
176:
164:
154:Syngnathidae
18:
1501:NatureServe
1449:iNaturalist
1356:Wikispecies
975:. FishBase.
925:19 November
812:aquaculture
703:dolphinfish
667:zooplankton
659:crustaceans
590:and marine
493:Connecticut
481:Nova Scotia
434:Description
165:Hippocampus
73:Appendix II
1611:Categories
1310:Photos of
1246:2011-11-14
1197:Bayville.
1125:31 October
1091:31 October
950:2022-01-14
874:References
840:H. erectus
803:H. erectus
707:camouflage
643:H. erectus
634:H. erectus
588:intertidal
569:Costa Rica
539:, Mexico (
517:New Jersey
464:prehensile
388:H. erectus
380:H. erectus
243:Kaup, 1856
235:Kaup, 1856
55:Vulnerable
945:cites.org
856:gammarids
720:, fungi,
718:nematodes
627:crab pots
619:mangroves
607:Sargassum
577:Guatemala
565:Nicaragua
509:Louisiana
460:dimorphic
408:Venezuela
400:Caribbean
347:Larrañaga
290:Guichenot
172:Species:
110:Kingdom:
104:Eukaryota
1566:Species+
1506:2.100460
1467:10834163
1423:FishBase
1347:Q2578911
1341:Wikidata
1135:cite web
844:nauplius
836:aquarium
738:monogamy
732:Behavior
714:ciliates
691:seabirds
663:mollusks
611:seagrass
561:Honduras
541:Veracruz
521:New York
513:Maryland
497:Delaware
416:pectoral
317:Mitchill
275:Townsend
212:Synonyms
150:Family:
124:Chordata
120:Phylum:
114:Animalia
100:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1581:2301290
1441:5201075
615:sponges
592:neritic
545:Yucatán
533:Bermuda
505:Georgia
501:Florida
489:America
384:diurnal
328:GĂĽnther
319:, 1814)
305:Gilbert
279:Barbour
160:Genus:
140:Order:
130:Class:
75: (
58: (
1594:159445
1578:uBio:
1558:630161
1545:159445
1532:596951
1519:109281
1480:166488
1384:ARKive
1005:9 June
996:
724:, and
701:, and
695:sharks
687:skates
665:, and
617:, and
581:Azores
573:Panama
557:Belize
529:Brazil
523:, and
412:dorsal
406:, and
404:Mexico
396:Canada
349:, 1923
330:, 1880
307:, 1882
301:Jordan
292:, 1853
281:, 1906
266:, 1842
255:, 1906
227:, 1856
205:, 1810
1589:WoRMS
1493:10066
1462:IRMNG
1454:54540
1415:3LZLD
1402:66233
1202:(PDF)
1062:(PDF)
866:fish
864:krill
758:human
638:gonad
549:Haiti
469:coral
382:is a
264:DeKay
203:Perry
77:CITES
71:CITES
1571:6834
1540:OBIS
1514:NCBI
1488:IUCN
1475:ITIS
1436:GBIF
1428:3283
1397:BOLD
1141:link
1127:2011
1093:2011
1007:2019
994:ISBN
927:2021
910:2017
858:and
795:IUCN
699:tuna
683:rays
653:Diet
537:Cuba
414:and
358:The
303:and
277:and
253:Bean
225:Kaup
1410:CoL
1371:ADW
914:doi
868:fry
846:or
547:),
491:in
450:by
378:.
370:or
366:),
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