163:
the amount of nicotine required to satisfy their cravings. Compensatory behavior most often occurs when a smoker switches from regular cigarettes to light cigarettes. Numerous scientific studies reveal that the smoker compensates for the lower concentration of nicotine by actively changing his or her smoking habits. Smokers adjust their smoking techniques by smoking their cigarettes "more intensively". More intensive smoking is achieved by taking larger, more rapid, and more frequent puffs, by inhaling more deeply, by smoking more cigarettes per day, and/or by reflexively blocking the cigarette's filter. Due to these compensatory smoking behaviors, smokers of light cigarettes inhale significantly more nicotine and tar than what is measured by the ISO machine-smoking method.
159:
nicotine and tar. When smoked by human smokers, in contrast, this filter is usually covered by smokers' lips and fingers. Consequently, the filter holes are closed and the light cigarette actually becomes equivalent to a regular cigarette. Some tobacco manufacturers also increased the length of the paper wrap which covers the cigarette filter; this modification serves to decrease the number of "puffs" available to the machine test and limits the amount of tobacco that is machine "smoked". In reality, however, the tobacco found under this paper wrap which is not "smoked" by machine is still available to and smoked by the human smoker.
110:
in regular cigarettes, tobacco companies promoted "relative product safety" in order to convince smokers to continue smoking. Because filtered cigarettes were depicted as relatively safer and less harmful, smokers who were concerned about tobacco's negative health impacts were led to believe that by switching to filtered cigarettes, they would minimize smoking's detrimental impact on their health. As a result, millions of smokers switched to filtered cigarettes instead of quitting altogether. By 1960, filtered cigarettes had become the leading tobacco product.
1607:
207:
119:
in the introduction and heavy promotion of "light" cigarettes during the 1970s. The newly designed light cigarette employed a special filter perforated with small holes; these perforated filters allegedly offset the concentration of inhaled harmful smoke with clean air. Most important to the tobacco industry, however, was that light cigarettes produced lower tar and nicotine levels when tested with the FTC's smoking machines.
1165:
1617:
150:(ISO) machine-smoking method. While the FTC has always recognized that the smoking machine cannot accurately replicate human smoking and that no two human smokers smoke in the same way, the FTC did not initially recognize the tobacco industry's ability to design cigarettes that yielded low levels of tar and nicotine when machine-smoked, but yielded much higher levels when smoked by a human being.
105:, 1952, 1954; Hammond and Horn, 1958). In response to these studies and their perceived threat to the tobacco industry's future profitability, tobacco companies experimented with new modifications to the cigarette design. By altering the cigarette design, tobacco companies hoped to create a "safer" cigarette that would better appeal to their increasingly health-conscious consumers.
185:
cigarettes. These results differ greatly from those obtained in earlier studies by
Benowitz and others, where filter-based nicotine reduction was found to result in compensatory smoking behaviours. According to a USCF article on the study, Benowitz wanted to simulate a societal scenario in which the nicotine content of cigarettes would be progressively regulated downward.
128:
were the rational choice for smokers who cared about their health. As a result of these implicit and widespread health claims, the popularity of light and low-tar cigarettes grew considerably. In fact, the market share of light cigarettes grew from 2.0 percent in 1967 to 83.5 percent of the tobacco market in 2005.
141:
Packages of light, mild, and low-tar cigarettes are often labeled as being "lower tar and nicotine" and also list tar and nicotine levels that are lower than those found on the packages of regular cigarettes. The lower tar and nicotine numbers found on cigarette packages represent the levels produced
118:
In addition to promoting the filtered cigarette as the answer to smokers' health concerns, the tobacco industry also poured resources into developing a cigarette that would produce lower machine-measured tar and nicotine yields when tested by the
Federal Trade Commission (FTC). This endeavor resulted
171:
According to the 2004 Surgeon
General's report, "Smoking cigarettes with lower machine-measured yields of tar and nicotine provides no clear benefit to health." The tobacco industry's own internal documents also reveal that cigarette manufacturers are aware of the difference between machine-measured
73:
Belief among the general public that "light" cigarettes are less harmful and less addictive is pervasive and problematic to public health efforts. Usage of descriptors such as "light" or "mild" has thus been banned in the
European Union, Australia, Malaysia, Philippines, the United States, and other
65:
smoke with clean air. In ultra-light cigarettes, the filter's perforations are even larger, and on the smoking machine, they produce an even smaller smoke-to-air ratio. However, smokers react to the reduced resistance by inhaling more deeply, and tend to cover the holes with their fingers and mouth.
224:
Critics of the legislation question whether it will have a significant impact on today's pervasive tobacco market in the United States. For one, the bill does not specify acceptable words for differentiating light cigarettes from other cigarettes. Cigarette manufacturers quickly responded to this
220:
as "the most sweeping tobacco-control measure ever passed by
Congress". This legislation directly impacted the marketing and consumption of light tobacco products. In addition to giving the FDA regulatory power over all tobacco products, the bill severely restricted the tobacco industry's previous
109:
were introduced in the early 1950s. It was one of the industry's first design modifications, and filters would become essential to the later development of light and low-tar products. Claiming that filtered cigarettes literally "filtered out" much of the harmful tar and carcinogenic particles found
162:
The human act of "compensating" is perhaps the most important area in which the ISO machine-smoking method yields misleading results. Unlike machines, human smokers are often heavily addicted to the nicotine in cigarettes, and consequently, smokers alter their smoking behaviors in order to consume
127:
By 1997, the advertising of light cigarettes constituted fifty percent of the tobacco industry's advertising spending. Through heavy marketing, the tobacco industry succeeded in leading its consumer base to believe that light products were safer than regular brands, and thus, that these products
158:
Light cigarettes essentially fool smoking machines through several techniques. A light cigarette's filter perforated by tiny holes, for instance, is uncovered when smoked by machine, and consequently, the cigarette smoke is heavily diluted with air and causes the machines to report low levels of
184:
found that smokers who were switched to cigarettes with tobacco that contained progressively less nicotine did not compensate by smoking more cigarettes, although a significant minority of the smokers in the research withdrew from the study citing a dislike of the taste of the reduced-nicotine
53:, or other chemicals as "inhaled" by a "smoking machine". However, the scientific evidence is that switching from regular to light or low-tar cigarettes does not reduce the health risks of smoking or lower the smoker's exposure to the nicotine, tar, and carcinogens present in cigarette smoke.
192:
article, the US FDA has backed low-nicotine cigarette research as it weighs its new regulatory power. That new power includes the power to regulate the level of nicotine in cigarettes and was given to the FDA by the 2009 Tobacco
Control Act.
229:, for example, is now Camel Blue. Nik Modi, a tobacco industry analyst, concedes that prohibiting terms like "light" and "low-tar" will hardly affect the tobacco market because smokers have already "become acclimated to color-coding."
221:
marketing strategies, many of which relied on making implicit health claims about their products. According to the bill, cigarette manufacturers are also forbidden from using product descriptors such as "light", "low-tar", and "mild".
740:
257:
found that while legislation had a minor impact in challenging misleading perceptions of ventilated cigarettes among smokers in the short term, by 2005 the change in belief had changed no more than in the
56:
The filter design, which may include perforated holes, is one of the main differences between light and regular cigarettes. When attached to a smoking machine, the small holes in the sides of the filter
986:
Monograph 13 ed. : U.S. Dept. of Health and Human
Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 2001. Smoking and Tobacco Control. Web. 22 Apr. 2010. <
976:(2007) Statement of Cathy Backinger, Ph.D. Acting Chief, Tobacco Control Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services <
822:"What happened to smokers' beliefs about light cigarettes when "light/mild" brand descriptors were banned in the UK? Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey"
934:
Gilpin, Elizabeth A.; Emery, Sherry; White, Martha M.; Pierce, John P. (2002). "Does
Tobacco Industry Marketing of 'light' Cigarettes Give Smokers a Rationale for Postponing Quitting?".
525:
146:
in 1967, the smoking machine test method was created to determine the yield of a cigarette by "smoking" it in a standardized fashion by machine; this test method is also known as the
74:
countries. Tobacco manufacturers now use color-coding to allow consumers to differentiate between regular and light brands, using lighter colors and silver for "light" cigarettes.
513:. National Cancer Institute tobacco control monograph series. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. p. 684.
172:
levels of nicotine and tar, and those actually inhaled by smokers. The industry is also aware of the compensatory behaviors that smokers engage in when smoking light cigarettes.
238:
927:
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820:
Borland, R; Fong, G T; Yong, H-H; Cummings, K M; Hammond, D; King, B; Siahpush, M; McNeill, A; Hastings, G; O'Connor, R J; Elton-Marshall, T; Zanna, M P (2008).
364:
241:, which banned the use of terms such as "light", "mild" and "low-tar" with regards to tobacco products, was the first major piece of legislation from the
1482:
70:, and some may increase it; they are designed to give better readings in a smoking-machine test while minimally reducing what human smokers inhale.
1379:
147:
1544:
977:
721:
97:
The 1950s gave birth to numerous scientific studies that proved the link between cigarettes and cancer (see Wynder and Graham, 1950;
1265:
928:
http://www.philipmorrisusa.com/en/cms/Products/Cigarettes/Health_Issues/Cigarettes_with_Brand_Descriptors/default.aspx?src=search
17:
210:
A cigarette and a pack of
Marlboro Silver Pack (previously called Ultra Lights until the "light" name was banned as deceitful)
1477:
1101:
1064:
1577:
1529:
1069:
1534:
785:
1333:
1308:
524:
McNeill, Ann; Gravely, Shannon; Hitchman, Sara C; Bauld, Linda; Hammond, David; Hartmann-Boyce, Jamie (2017-04-27).
1519:
1384:
1275:
1196:
967:
283:"Cigarette filter ventilation is a defective design because of misleading taste, bigger puffs, and blocked vents"
883:
Benowitz, Neal L.; Peyton Jacob, III; Bernert, John T.; Wilson, Margaret; Wang, Langing; Dempsey, Delia (2005).
1630:
355:
Monograph 13: Risks associated with smoking cigarettes with low tar machine-measured yields of tar and nicotine
1457:
1472:
1406:
1462:
1052:
998:
262:, which at the time did not have any regulation regarding "light" descriptors of ventilated cigarettes.
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https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/legislative/hearings/2007-testing-light-low-tar-tobacco-products.pdf
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67:
354:
1651:
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1094:
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1040:
The cigarette century: The rise, fall, and deadly persistence of the product that defined
America.
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1504:
75:
1587:
1549:
1424:
1374:
1348:
984:
Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine-measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine.
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885:"Carcinogen Exposure during Short-term Switching from Regular to "Light" Cigarettes"
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In June 2009, the United States Senate passed anti-smoking legislation described by
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Cigarette that delivers a lower concentration of chemicals than regular cigarettes
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1323:
1285:
1252:
246:
997:
Rep. no. 10.17. National Cancer Institute, 17 Aug. 2004. Web. 18 Apr. 2010. <
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1217:
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250:
153:
968:
https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-06-11-tobacco-control-bill_N.htm
298:
1645:
1303:
1186:
845:
741:"FDA backs low-nicotine cigarette research as it weighs new regulatory power"
443:"Adolescents' beliefs about the risks involved in smoking "light" cigarettes"
259:
181:
955:
908:
863:
837:
569:
468:
459:
442:
316:
226:
98:
995:
NCI Fact Sheet: The Truth About "Light" Cigarettes: Questions and Answers.
1440:
142:
when machine "smoked" by a smoking machine test method. Developed by the
58:
722:"Cigarettes Made from Tobacco with Less Nicotine May Help Smokers Quit"
500:
Davis, Ronald M.; Gilpin, Elizabeth A.; Loken, Barbara; Viswanath, K.;
330:
42:
974:"Research Findings Concerning So-Called Low Tar or 'Light' Cigarettes"
550:
206:
176:
Research into low-nicotine cigarettes and effects on smoking frequency
1110:
999:
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Tobacco/light-cigarettes
962:
Koch, Wendy. "Senate Passes the Most Sweeping Tobacco-control Bill."
216:
50:
1164:
1059:
1227:
1212:
1181:
882:
62:
45:. These cigarette brands may be listed as having lower levels of
249:. This came into effect on 30 September 2003 for members of the
41:
cigarettes) are considered to have a milder flavor than regular
1270:
1139:
78:
does not appear to be helpful in reducing marketing influence.
225:
loophole by strategically color-coding their products so that
113:
1154:
1079:
1074:
1391:
523:
507:
The role of the media in promoting and reducing tobacco use
441:
Kropp, Rhonda Y.; Halpern-Felsher, Bonnie L. (2004–2010).
425:
922:"Cigarettes with Brand Descriptors - Philip Morris USA."
499:
440:
1555:
Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
988:
http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/brp/tcrb/monographs/13/
819:
933:
331:"Nicotine, Tar, And Co Content Of Domestic Cigarettes"
180:
A recent small-scale study led by nicotine researcher
365:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
280:
526:"Tobacco packaging design for reducing tobacco use"
1007:"Senate Approves Tight Regulation Over Cigarettes"
154:Cigarette modifications and "compensatory" smoking
1054:NCI Factsheet: The Truth About "Light" Cigarettes
1643:
966:USA Today, 11 June 2009. Web. 18 Apr. 2010. <
281:Kozlowski, L. T.; O'Connor, R. J. (2002-03-01).
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66:None of these ventilation techniques reduce
1545:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
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1266:Cigarette smoking among college students
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1065:Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
919:(2009). 28 Aug. 2009. Web. 6 Apr. 2010.
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813:
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530:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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402:U.S. National Institute of Health, 2004
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993:U.S. National Institutes of Health.
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33:(labeled in certain jurisdictions as
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810:
757:
576:
1530:Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement
475:
86:
24:
1535:Tobacco packaging warning messages
1163:
1027:
915:Benson, Peter. "Safe Cigarettes."
25:
1668:
1309:Cigarette smoking for weight loss
1046:
232:
114:Creation of the "light" cigarette
1615:
1606:
1605:
1583:Countries by tobacco consumption
1520:Smoking bans in private vehicles
1070:ISO Tobacco and Tobacco Products
889:Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
710:qtd. in NCI's Smoking 2007, p. 7
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131:
1276:Smoking in association football
1060:Legacy Tobacco Document Library
936:Nicotine & Tobacco Research
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720:Norris, Jeffrey (2002-07-04).
542:10.1002/14651858.CD011244.pub2
434:
196:
13:
1:
1005:Wilson, Duff (11 June 2009).
901:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-04-0667
876:
239:Directive on Tobacco Products
1407:Nicotine replacement therapy
739:Dennis, Brady (2013-07-30).
7:
1578:Cigarette smoke carcinogens
948:10.1080/1462220021000032870
786:"Tobacco control in the EU"
10:
1673:
137:ISO machine-smoking method
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81:
1601:
1565:
1510:Plain cigarette packaging
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1415:
1357:
1334:Schizophrenia and smoking
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1205:
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1161:
1117:
1038:Brandt, Allan M. 2007.
360:National Cancer Institute
299:10.1136/tc.11.suppl_1.i40
1525:Tobacco control movement
677:NCI's Smoking 2007, p. 5
646:NCI's Smoking 2007, p. 4
628:NCI's Smoking 2007, p. 2
265:
1435:Disinformation playbook
926:Web. 22 Apr. 2010. <
431:NCI's Smoking 2007, p.7
76:Plain tobacco packaging
18:Lights (cigarette type)
1425:Cultivation of tobacco
1375:Heated tobacco product
1349:Tobacco harm reduction
1168:
1042:New York: Basic Books.
838:10.1136/tc.2007.023812
460:10.1542/peds.2004-0893
211:
167:Scientific conclusions
1631:Electronic cigarettes
1167:
502:Wakefield, Melanie A.
209:
31:Ventilated cigarettes
1397:Electronic cigarette
637:Gilpin 2002, p. S148
188:According to a 2013
1505:Cigarette smuggling
1430:Tobacco advertising
1314:Nicotine dependence
1075:How To Quit Smoking
793:European Commission
422:Benowitz 2005, p. 1
293:(suppl 1): 40–i50.
243:European Commission
1319:Nicotine poisoning
1169:
1034:Nicotine marketing
1012:The New York Times
924:Philip Morris USA.
237:The 2001 European
212:
1639:
1638:
1515:Legal smoking age
1491:
1490:
1344:Smoking cessation
1281:Smoking fetishism
917:Dialect Anthropol
775:qtd. in Koch 2009
253:. A study on the
107:Cigarette filters
16:(Redirected from
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1619:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1573:Cigarette brands
1540:Tobacco politics
1448:
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1417:Tobacco industry
1370:Herbal cigarette
1358:Related products
1339:Sidestream smoke
1329:Third-hand smoke
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1498:and the law
1478:Philippines
1441:Big Tobacco
1380:Composition
1238:Receptacles
1206:Peripherals
799:. p. 2
592:2001, p. 16
197:Legislation
1646:Categories
1496:Government
1451:By country
1175:Components
1111:Cigarettes
964:USA Today.
877:References
803:2018-10-01
750:2018-02-01
701:2001, p. 5
689:2001, p. 3
663:2001, p. 2
551:1893/25412
447:Pediatrics
363:(Report).
336:2 November
245:regarding
43:cigarettes
1458:Argentina
1197:Additives
1130:Fire-safe
846:0964-4563
766:Duff 2009
490:Koch 2009
217:USA Today
1611:Category
1473:Pakistan
1135:Flavored
1018:22 April
956:12573176
909:15941944
864:18426868
570:28447363
504:(2008).
469:15466070
317:11893814
51:nicotine
1657:Tobacco
1626:Smoking
1621:Commons
1253:Culture
1228:Lighter
1213:Ashtray
1182:Tobacco
1150:Menthol
1125:Fashion
855:4658347
561:6478110
367:. 2001.
308:1766061
82:History
63:tobacco
1550:MPOWER
1468:Malawi
1271:Loosie
1223:Holder
1192:Filter
1145:Lights
1140:Kretek
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59:dilute
1566:Lists
1463:Egypt
1155:Beedi
1118:Types
1001:>.
990:>.
980:>.
970:>.
930:>.
789:(PDF)
511:(PDF)
266:Notes
35:Light
1392:Snus
1385:List
1233:Pack
1218:Case
1020:2010
952:PMID
905:PMID
860:PMID
842:ISSN
699:Risk
687:Risk
661:Risk
590:Risk
566:PMID
534:2017
465:PMID
338:2013
313:PMID
103:Hill
101:and
99:Doll
61:the
39:Mild
944:doi
897:doi
850:PMC
834:doi
556:PMC
546:hdl
538:doi
455:doi
451:114
303:PMC
295:doi
144:FTC
47:tar
37:or
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