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addition, deletion or rearrangement of scenes; or the tech and/or preview period (if there was a preview period) was too short to accommodate as thorough a cueing as was needed (this is particularly common in dance productions). If significant changes need to be made, the LD will come in and make them, however, if only smaller changes are needed, the LD may opt to send the ALD. If a show runs for a particularly long time then the LD may come in periodically to check the focus of each lighting instrument and if they are retaining their color (some gel, especially saturated gel, loses its richness and can fade or 'burn out' over time). The LD may also sit in on a performance to make sure that the cues are still being called at the right place and time. The goal is often to finish by the opening of the show, but what is most important is that the LD and the directors believe that the design is finished to each's satisfaction. If that happens to be by opening night, then after opening no changes are normally made to that particular production run at that venue. The general maintenance of the lighting rig then becomes the responsibility of the master electrician.
445:(CGI) that represent their ideas. The lighting designer enters the light plot into the visualization software and then enters the ground plan of the theater and set design, giving as much three-dimensional data as possible (which helps in creating complete renderings). This creates a 3D model in computer space that can be lit and manipulated. Using the software, the LD can use the lights from his plot to create actual lighting in the 3D model with the ability to define parameters such as color, focus, gobo, beam angle etc. The designer can then take renderings or "snapshots" of various looks that can then be printed out and shown to the director and other members of the design team.
377:, a remote lighting console, a computer monitor connected to the light board (so they can see what the board op is doing), and a headset, though in smaller theatres this is less common. There may be a time allowed for pre-lighting or "pre-cueing", a practice that is often done with people known as Light Walkers who stand in for performers so the LD can see what the light looks like on bodies. At an arranged time, the performers arrive and the production is worked through in chronological order, with occasional stops to correct sound, lighting, entrances, etc.; known as a "cue-to-cue" or
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1/4" scale, and the lighting designer can then take the fiber optic cables and attach them to scaled-down lighting units that can accurately replicate the beam angles of specified lighting fixtures. These 'mini lights' can then be attached to cross pieces simulating different lighting positions. Fiber optic fixtures have the capacity to simulate attributes of full scale theatrical lighting fixtures including; color, beam angle, intensity, and gobos. The most sophisticated fiber optic systems are controllable through computer software or a
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attends these notes calls if units are hung or rehung and require additional focusing. The LD or assistant lighting director (also known as the ALD, see below for description) will be in charge if in attendance. If the only work to be done is maintenance (i.e. changing a lamp or burnt out gel) then the production or master electrician will be in charge and will direct the electrics crew.
373:, who will either be seated alongside them at a portable control console or talk via headset to the control room. At the tech table, the LD will generally use a Magic Sheet, which is a pictorial layout of how the lights relate to the stage, so they can have quick access to channel numbers that control particular lighting instruments. The LD may also have a copy of the light plot and
365:, who will interface with the theater's master electrician, for directing the theater's electrics crew in the realization of their designs during the technical rehearsals. After the Electricians have hung, circuited, and patched the lighting units, the LD will direct the focusing (pointing, shaping and sizing of the light beams) and gelling (coloring) of each unit.
329:, shop orders, and focus charts. Cue sheets communicate the placement of cues that the LD has created for the show, using artistic terminology rather than technical language, and information on exactly when each cue is called so that the stage manager and the assistants know when and where to call the cue. Cue sheets are of the most value to stage management.
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instruments. The lighting designer, in this situation, commonly works directly with this small team, fulfilling the role of both master electrician and lighting designer. Many times the designer will directly participate in the focusing of lights. The same crew will generally also program cues and operate the
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occur. The LD will also ensure that they have an accurate plan of the theatre's lighting positions and a list of their equipment, as well as an accurate copy of the set design, especially the ground plan and section. The LD must consider the show's mood and the director's vision in creating a lighting design.
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Once the show is open to the public, the lighting designer will often stay and watch several performances of the show, making notes each night and making desired changes the next day during notes call. If the show is still in previews, then the LD will make changes, but once the production officially
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to discuss ideas for the show and establish budget and scheduling details. The LD will also attend several later rehearsals to observe the way the actors are being directed to use the stage area ('blocking') during different scenes and will receive updates from the stage manager on any changes that
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To help the LD communicate artistic vision, they may employ renderings, storyboards, photographs, reproductions of artwork, or mockups of effects to help communicate how the lighting should look. Various forms of paperwork are essential for the LD to successfully communicate their design to various
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In addition to computer visualization, either full-scale or small-scale mockups are a good method for depicting a lighting designer's ideas. Fiber optic systems such as LightBox or Luxam allow a users to light a scale model of the set. For example, a set designer can create a model of the set in
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with a ticketed audience. During this time, if the cueing is finished, the LD will sit in the audience and take notes on what works and what needs changing. At this point, the stage manager will begin to take over the work of calling cues for the light board op to follow. Generally, the LD will
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is the production's technical aspects, the LD may require the performers to pause ("hold") frequently. Nevertheless, any errors of focusing or changes to the lighting plan are corrected only when the performers are not onstage. These changes take place during 'work' or 'note' calls. The LD only
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It is uncommon for a small theatre to have a very large technical crew, as there is less work to do. Many times, the lighting crew of a small theater will consist of a single lighting designer and one to three people, who collectively are in charge of hanging, focusing, and patching all lighting
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The assistant lighting designer (assistant LD) assists the lighting designer and associate lighting designer. Depending on the particular arrangement the ALD may report directly to the LD, or they may in essence be the
Associate's assistant. There also may be more than one assistant on a show
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show, a touring production and most regional and small productions the LD is usually an outside freelance specialist hired early in the production process. Smaller theater companies may have a resident lighting designer responsible for most of the company's productions or rely on a variety of
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Changes should not be made after the lighting design is finished, and never without the LD's approval. There may be times when changes are necessary after the production has officially opened. Reasons for changes after opening night include: casting changes; significant changes in blocking;
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packages to create accurate and easily readable drafted plots that can be swiftly updated as necessary. The LD will discuss the plot with the show's production manager and the theatre's master electrician or technical director to make sure there are no unforeseen problems during load-in.
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As previously mentioned, it is difficult to fully communicate the intent of a lighting design before all the lights are installed and all the cues are written. With the advancement in computer processing and visualization software, lighting designers are now able to create
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The associate lighting designer (associate LD) will assist the lighting designer in creating and executing the lighting design. While the duties that an LD may expect the associate LD to perform may differ from person to person, usually the Ass't LD will do the following:
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is a scale drawing that communicates the location of lighting fixtures and lighting positions so a team of electricians can independently install the lighting system. Next to each instrument on the plan will be information for any
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The associate is generally authorized to speak on behalf of the LD and can make creative and design decisions when needed (and when authorized by the LD). This is one of the biggest differences between the
Associate and the
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are operated by the same person, depending on the complexity of the show. The lighting designer may also take on other roles in addition to lights when they are finished hanging lights and programming cues on the board.
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After focus has occurred the LD usually sits at a temporary desk (tech table) in the theater (typically on the center line in the middle of the house) where they have a good view of the stage and work with the
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The LD will read the script carefully and make notes on changes in place and time between scene—and will have meetings (called design or production meetings) with the director, designers, stage manager, and
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with the board operator when a monitor is not available. Changes will often occur during notes call, but if serious problems occur, the performance may be halted and the issue will be resolved.
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If needed, the
Associate may need to take the set drawings and put them into a CAD program to be manipulated by the LD (however, this job is usually given to the assistant LD if there is one).
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to create the lighting, atmosphere, and time of day for the production in response to the text while keeping in mind issues of visibility, safety, and cost. The LD also works closely with the
287:, the job of a lighting designer can be much more diverse, and they can be found working on rock and pop tours, corporate launches, art installations, or lighting effects at sporting events.
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Assist the LD in generating the light plot and channel hookup. If the plot is to be computer generated, the ALD is the one who physically enters the information into the computer.
345:, or other accessories that need to go with it, and its channel number. Often, paperwork listing all of this information is also generated by using a program such as
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381:. The lighting designer will work constantly with the board operator to refine the lighting states as the technical rehearsal continues, but because the focus of a
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If the production is large or especially complex, the lighting designer may hire additional lighting professionals to help execute the design.
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Attend rehearsals with or in place of LD and take notes of specific design ideas and tasks that the lighting department needs to accomplish
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level, the LD will occasionally be responsible for much of the hands-on technical work (such as hanging instruments, programming the
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Stage lighting design in
Britain: the emergence of the lighting designer, 1881-1950, by Nigel H. Morgan, on books.google.com
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stay on the headset, and may still have a monitor connected to the light board in case of problems, or will be in the
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The ALD may run errands for the LD such as picking up supplies or getting the light plot printed in large format.
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The assistant LD may be in charge of running focus, and may even direct where the lights are to be focused.
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After the tech process, the performance may (or may not, depending on time constraints) go into
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The role of the lighting designer varies greatly within professional and amateur theater. For a
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The lighting designer is responsible, in conjunction with the production's independently hired
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Lighting Design: The Art, the Craft, the Life, by Richard Pilbrow on books.google.com
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This article is about lighting design in theatre. For lighting design in architecture, see
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production team members. Examples of typical paperwork include cue sheets, light plots,
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during load-in, focus, and technical rehearsals. Professional LDs generally use special
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A Practical Guide to Stage
Lighting, By Steven Louis Shelley, on books.google.com
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programming, if show control systems are used in that production. Outside
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Assist the LD in generating the light plot, channel hookup and sketches
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opens, normally, the lighting designer will not make further changes.
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Attend design and production meetings with the LD or the associate LD
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freelance or even volunteer help to light their productions. At the
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depending on the size of the production. The ALD will usually:
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Attend design and production meetings with or in place of the LD
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In rare instances the ALD may be the light board operator.
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during rehearsals and performances. In some cases, the
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The ALD will help the
Associate LD in running focus.
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239:Lighting at the 2005 Classical Spectacular Concert
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231:was lit using conventional lighting instruments.
157:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
663:northern.edu, A brief history of stage lighting
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466:Additional members of the lighting design team
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80:The examples and perspective in this article
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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436:Advances in visualization and presentation
16:Person responsible for lighting on a stage
206:Learn how and when to remove this message
188:Learn how and when to remove this message
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
2615:Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)
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449:Mockups and lighting scale models
41:This article has multiple issues.
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936:Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight
393:without a ticketed audience or
49:or discuss these issues on the
3007:Landscape and garden designers
2569:Chartered Society of Designers
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601:
1:
2640:Prince Philip Designers Prize
1283:Architectural lighting design
608:Principles of Lighting Design
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574:Architectural lighting design
21:Architectural lighting design
2446:Electronic design automation
2429:Virtual home design software
1401:Automotive suspension design
7:
1305:Environmental impact design
657:Stage Lighting for Students
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504:Assistant lighting designer
474:Associate lighting designer
94:, discuss the issue on the
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2584:International Forum Design
1954:Engineering design process
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569:List of lighting designers
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443:computer-generated images
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2541:Industrial design rights
2529:Fashion design copyright
2441:Design quality indicator
1890:Creative problem-solving
1681:Electrical system design
1537:Sonic interaction design
1448:Photographic lens design
1322:Healthy community design
913:Theatrical smoke and fog
888:Lighting control console
655:stagelightingprimer.com,
143:This article includes a
2737:New product development
2702:Enterprise architecture
2630:IF Product Design Award
2589:Design Research Society
2141:Reliability engineering
172:more precise citations.
3022:Theatrical occupations
3017:Television terminology
3012:Mass media occupations
3002:Filmmaking occupations
2193:Top-down and bottom-up
1542:User experience design
1443:Packaging and labeling
1416:Electric guitar design
1354:Landscape architecture
363:production electrician
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2722:Innovation management
2605:European Design Award
2371:Intellectual property
2188:Theory of constraints
2151:Responsibility-driven
1991:For manufacturability
1895:Creativity techniques
1733:Nuclear weapon design
1547:User interface design
1411:Corrugated box design
1332:Interior architecture
535:Track and coordinate
355:computer-aided design
291:During pre-production
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2767:Unintelligent design
2747:Philosophy of design
2461:Design specification
2414:Comprehensive layout
1986:For behaviour change
1959:Probabilistic design
1721:Power network design
1258:Visual merchandising
1215:Instructional design
1193:Postage stamp design
946:Intelligent lighting
371:light board operator
327:instrument schedules
100:create a new article
92:improve this article
82:may not represent a
2687:Creative industries
2610:German Design Award
2519:Design infringement
2404:Architectural model
1743:Organization design
1738:Nucleic acid design
1686:Experimental design
1239:Traffic sign design
903:Stage pin connector
837:Lighting technician
757:Technical direction
2997:Design occupations
2987:Lighting engineers
2982:Lighting designers
2752:Process simulation
2727:Intelligent design
2051:Intelligence-based
2046:Integrated topside
1976:Framework-oriented
1661:Behavioural design
1532:Information design
1210:Information design
842:Master electrician
584:Master Electrician
579:Landscape lighting
351:master electrician
318:production manager
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145:list of references
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1944:Ecological design
1820:Activity-centered
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1572:Public art design
1510:Video game design
1488:Experience design
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1438:Motorcycle design
1396:Automotive design
1300:Ecological design
1178:Film title design
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893:Socapex connector
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1865:Concept-oriented
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1753:Processor design
1728:Mechanism design
1696:Geometric design
1656:Algorithm design
1596:Jewellery design
1527:Immersive design
1421:Furniture design
1366:Landscape design
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846:
832:Lighting design
807:
761:
742:Scenic painting
721:
714:
705:
696:
651:
614:
613:
606:
602:
597:
559:
552:
549:
506:
476:
468:
451:
438:
416:
391:dress rehearsal
293:
212:
201:
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183:
177:
174:
163:
149:related reading
139:
135:
124:
113:
107:
104:
89:
76:
72:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3045:
3035:
3034:
3032:Stage lighting
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2967:
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2964:
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2949:
2942:
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2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
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2807:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2780:
2779:
2777:Wicked problem
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
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2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:Related topics
2654:
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2650:
2649:
2646:
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2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
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2607:
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2592:
2591:
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2581:
2579:Design Council
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2546:European Union
2538:
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2521:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2503:
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2267:
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2264:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2227:
2225:Usage-centered
2222:
2221:
2220:
2218:Design for All
2210:
2205:
2200:
2198:Transformation
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2146:Research-based
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2111:Platform-based
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2061:KISS principle
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
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1971:Fault-tolerant
1968:
1966:Error-tolerant
1963:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1949:Energy neutral
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1929:
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1914:
1909:
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1905:Design fiction
1897:
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1788:Systems design
1785:
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1770:
1765:
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1758:Protein design
1755:
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1748:Process design
1745:
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1711:Circuit design
1703:
1698:
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1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
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1639:
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1633:Textile design
1630:
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1615:
1610:
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1591:Costume design
1586:Fashion design
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1468:Service design
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1460:
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1453:Product design
1450:
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1398:
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1371:Spatial design
1368:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1349:Keyline design
1346:
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1344:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1318:
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1315:Computer-aided
1307:
1302:
1297:
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1264:
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1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
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1200:
1195:
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1183:Graphic design
1180:
1175:
1173:Exhibit design
1170:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1140:
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1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1114:
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1080:
1071:
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1054:
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1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1026:Costume design
1022:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
991:
989:
981:
980:
977:
976:
974:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
931:Beam projector
927:
925:
919:
918:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
873:Color scroller
870:
865:
860:
854:
852:
848:
847:
845:
844:
839:
834:
828:
826:
819:
817:Stage lighting
813:
812:
809:
808:
806:
805:
800:
798:Scenery wagons
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
769:
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739:
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724:
716:
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710:
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672:
666:
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649:External links
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612:
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586:
581:
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561:Theatre portal
548:
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412:
379:tech rehearsal
375:channel hookup
292:
289:
285:stage lighting
273:sound designer
214:
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196:
195:
153:external links
142:
140:
133:
126:
125:
86:of the subject
84:worldwide view
79:
77:
70:
65:
39:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3044:
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2898:
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2892:specification
2890:
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2873:
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2868:
2865:
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2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:architectural
2803:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:Visualization
2770:
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2760:
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2755:
2753:
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2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:Cultural icon
2690:
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2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
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2666:
2659:
2655:
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2600:
2596:
2590:
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2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:Organizations
2555:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:Design patent
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2514:Design around
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2489:
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2479:
2477:
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2410:
2407:
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2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2374:Organizations
2373:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2345:
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2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2235:User-centered
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:Tableless web
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
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2159:
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2154:
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2144:
2142:
2139:
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2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:Participatory
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
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2069:
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2059:
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2039:
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2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:For Six Sigma
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
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1940:
1939:Domain-driven
1937:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1927:architect-led
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1896:
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1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:Configuration
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1835:Brainstorming
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1807:
1803:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:Social design
1766:
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1699:
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1694:
1692:
1691:Filter design
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1666:Boiler design
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1618:Scenic design
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:Floral design
1601:
1597:
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1310:Garden design
1308:
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1303:
1301:
1298:
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1293:Passive solar
1291:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
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1268:Environmental
1265:
1259:
1256:
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1251:
1249:
1245:
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1230:Retail design
1228:
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1199:
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1148:Communication
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1023:
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1005:Prompt corner
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747:Scenic design
745:
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541:
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532:during focus.
531:
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2136:Regenerative
2116:Policy-based
2076:Mind mapping
1981:For assembly
1922:Design–build
1840:By committee
1825:Adaptive web
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1581:glass design
1579: /
1564:applied arts
1505:Level design
1376:Urban design
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2001:For testing
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1701:Work design
1676:Drug design
1648:engineering
1522:Icon design
1500:Game design
1478:Interaction
1426:Sustainable
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1163:Book design
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1137:Disciplines
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2960:Wiktionary
2953:Wikisource
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1810:Approaches
1552:Web design
1406:CMF design
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987:management
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788:Fly system
720:Theatrical
712:Scene shop
699:Stagecraft
595:References
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2946:Wikiquote
2932:Wikibooks
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2066:Low-level
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966:Spotlight
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2795:classic
2783:Design
2697:.design
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1577:Ceramic
1235:Signage
1118:Outline
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908:Top hat
863:C-clamp
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752:Rigging
722:scenery
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2887:review
2867:museum
2790:change
2598:Awards
2471:Sketch
2456:Mockup
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2307:marker
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1188:Motion
1150:design
1107:Design
825:Fields
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2006:For X
1642:Other
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