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but initiates a manhunt for
Christmas after Brown claims that Christmas is black. The manhunt is fruitless until Christmas arrives undisguised in Mottstown, a neighboring town; he is on his way back to Jefferson, no longer running. In Mottstown, he is arrested and jailed, then moved to Jefferson. His grandparents arrive in town and visit Gail Hightower, the disgraced former minister of the town and friend of Byron Bunch. Bunch tries to convince Hightower to give the imprisoned Joe Christmas an alibi, but Hightower initially refuses. Though his grandfather wants Christmas lynched, his grandmother visits him in the Jefferson jail and advises him to seek help from Hightower. As police escort him to the local court, Christmas breaks free and runs to Hightower's house. A childishly cruel white vigilante, Percy Grimm, follows him there and, over Hightower's protest, shoots and castrates Christmas. Having redeemed himself at last, Hightower is then depicted as falling into a deathlike swoon, his whole life flashing before his eyes, including the past adventures of his
551:, often explore the persistent obsession with blood and race in the South that have carried over from the antebellum era to the 21st century. Christmas has light skin but is viewed as a foreigner by the people he meets, and the children in the orphanage in which he was raised called him "nigger." Chapter 6 begins with the oft-cited sentence: "Memory believes before knowing remembers," and gives an account of the five-year-old Christmas amongst the uniform denim of the other children. The first reference to him though is not by these children but by the dietitian who gave him a dollar to not tell about her amorous adventure with an intern doctor. However suspicion must fall on Doc Hines, Joe's deranged grandfather, who placed him in the orphanage and stays on as the boilerman. It is he who may have whispered the lie about the little boy's origins to the other children. Because of this, Joe Christmas is fixated on the idea that he has some African American blood, which Faulkner never confirms, and views his parentage as an
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the field of narrative but missed or ignored the regional details and interconnectedness of the characters and setting to other works by the author. Some reviewers saw
Faulkner's narrative techniques not as innovations but as errors, offering Faulkner recommendations on how to improve his style and admonishing him for his European modernist "tricks". Critics were also displeased with the violence depicted in the novel, pejoratively labeling it "gothic fantasy," despite the fact that lynching was a reality in the South. In spite of these complaints, the novel came to be viewed positively because of its violence and dark themes, as this was a contrast to the
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focusing on Lena Grove and the other on Joe
Christmas, a technique that Faulkner continued to use in other works. The narrative is not structured in any particular order, as it is often interrupted by lengthy flashbacks and constantly shifts from one character to another. This lack of organization and narrative continuity was viewed negatively by some critics. As in his other novels, Faulkner employs elements of oral storytelling, allowing different characters to lend voice to the narrative in their own distinct Southern idiom. Unlike some of the other Yoknapatawpha County novels,
222:, ready to marry her. Those who help her along her four-week trek are skeptical that Lucas Burch will be found, or that he will keep his promise when she catches up with him. When she arrives in Jefferson, Lucas is there, but he has changed his name to Joe Brown. Looking for Lucas, sweet, trusting Lena meets shy, mild-mannered Byron Bunch, who falls in love with Lena but feels honor-bound to help her find Joe Brown. Thoughtful and quietly religious, Byron is superior to Brown in every way, but his shyness prevents him from revealing his feelings to Lena.
522:. As Virginia V. James Hlavsa points out, each chapter in Faulkner corresponds to themes in John. For example, echoing John's famous, "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God", is Lena's insistent faith in the "word" of Lucas, who is, after all, the father. John 5, the healing of the lame man by immersion, is echoed by Christmas's repeatedly being immersed in liquids. The teaching in the temple in John 7 is echoed by McEachern's attempts to teach Christmas his
457:... in August in Mississippi there's a few days somewhere about the middle of the month when suddenly there's a foretaste of fall, it's cool, there's a lambence, a soft, a luminous quality to the light, as though it came not from just today but from back in the old classic times. It might have fauns and satyrs and the gods andβfrom Greece, from Olympus in it somewhere. It lasts just for a day or two, then it's gone
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daygranaried leaf and grass blade reluctant suspire, making still a little light on earth though night itself has come." The story that would eventually become the novel, started by
Faulkner in 1931, was originally titled "Dark House" and began with Hightower sitting at a dark window in his home. However, after a casual remark by his wife Estelle on the quality of the light in August, Faulkner changed the title.
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braver, smaller Byron, then skillfully hops a moving train and disappears. At the end of the story, an anonymous man is talking to his wife about two strangers he picked up on a trip to
Tennessee, recounting that the woman had a child and the man was not the father. This was Lena and Byron, who were conducting a half-hearted search for Brown, and they are eventually dropped off in Tennessee.
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589:—who are mostly from the lower classes, with the exception of Reverend Hightower and Joanna Burden—are united by poverty and Puritanical values that cause them to regard an unwed mother like Lena Grove with disdain. Faulkner shows the restrictiveness and aggression of their Puritanical zeal, which has caused them to become "deformed" in their struggle against nature.
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in order to see their extreme reactions and becomes violent when one white
Northern woman reacts nonchalantly. Though Christmas is guilty of violent crimes, Faulkner emphasizes that he is under the sway of social and psychological forces that are beyond his control and force him to reenact the part of the mythical black murderer and rapist from Southern history.
243:. Though their relationship is passionate at first, Joanna begins menopause and turns to religion, which frustrates and angers Christmas. At the end of her relationship with Christmas, Joanna tries to force him, at gunpoint, to kneel and pray. Joanna is murdered soon after: her throat is slit and she is nearly decapitated.
189:, prejudiced rural society. Early reception of the novel was mixed, with some reviewers critical of Faulkner's style and subject matter. However, over time, the novel has come to be considered one of the most important literary works by Faulkner and one of the best English-language novels of the 20th century.
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Christmas exemplifies how existing outside of categorization, being neither black nor white, is perceived as a threat by society that can only be reconciled with violence. He is also perceived as neither male nor female, just as Joanna Burden, whom
Faulkner portrays as "masculinized," is also neither
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was recognized early on as being "a major text, central to any understanding or evaluation of his career as a whole." He argues that many of the early
American critics, most of whom were urban Northerners who viewed the South as backward and reactionary, focused on Faulkner's technical innovation in
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Mr. McEachern – the adoptive father of Joe
Christmas. He is a devout Presbyterian who tries to instill religion, even with repeated, abusive whipping, in the young defiant orphan he has adopted. He disapproves of Christmas's growing disobedience and is himself beaten (and presumably killed) in
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Joe
Christmas – a man who came to Jefferson three years prior to the events in the novel. He lives in a cabin on the property of Joanna Burden and has a secret sexual relationship with her. Although he has light skin and is an orphan with no knowledge of his family background, he believes that
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in the South. It begins with the journey of Lena Grove, a young pregnant white woman from Doane's Mill, Alabama, who is trying to find Lucas Burch, the father of her unborn child. He has been fired from his job in Doane's Mill and moved to Mississippi, promising to send word to her when he has a new
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that has tainted his body and actions since birth. Because of his obsessive struggle with his twin identities, black and white, Christmas lives his life always on the road. The secret of his blackness is one that he abhors as well as cherishes; he often willingly tells white people that he is black
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The novel leaves readers uncertain whether Joe Christmas or Joe Brown is the murderer. Brown is Christmas' business partner in bootlegging and is leaving Joanna's burning house when a passing farmer stops to investigate and pull Joanna's body from the fire. The sheriff at first suspects Joe Brown,
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ancestry. Consumed with rage, he is a bitter outcast who wanders between black and white society, constantly provoking fights with blacks and whites alike. Christmas comes to Jefferson three years prior to the central events of the novel and gets a job at the mill where Byron, and later Joe Brown,
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society depicted in the novel, Lena Grove is able to travel safely and be cared for by people who hate and mistrust her, because she plays on the conventional rule that men are responsible for a woman's wellbeing. Thus, she is the only stranger who is not alienated and destroyed by the people of
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through minor or anonymous characters. Joanna Burden and Reverend Hightower are hounded by the people of Jefferson for years, in a failed effort to make them leave town. Byron Bunch, though more accepted in Jefferson, is still viewed as a mystery or simply overlooked. Both Joe Christmas and Lena
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more firmly grounded in the tradition of the latter. The novel is characteristic of the modernist fascination with polarities—light and dark, good and evil—the burden of history on the present, and the splintering of personal identity. The plot is also divided into dual currents, one
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Eupheus "Doc" Hines – the grandfather of Joe Christmas. He hates Christmas and gives him away to an orphanage when he is born, staying on as a janitor there in order to monitor the boy. Later, when he hears that Christmas is being held on suspicion of murdering Joanna Burden, he travels to
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Lucas Burch/Joe Brown – the young man who fathered Lena's child in Alabama and ran away when she told him she was pregnant. He has been living in Jefferson with Joe Christmas in a cabin on Joanna Burden's property under the name Joe Brown and working with Christmas and Byron at the planing
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Before Christmas' escape attempt, Hightower delivers Lena's child in the cabin where Brown and Christmas had been staying before the murder, and Byron arranges for Brown/Burch to come and see her. Brown deserts Lena once again, but Byron follows him and challenges him to a fight. Brown beats the
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Within the novel itself, the title is alluded to when Gail Hightower sits at his study window waiting for his recurring vision of his grandfather's last raid. The vision always occurs in "that instant when all light has failed out of the sky and it would be night save for that faint light which
166:, the novel centers on two strangers, a pregnant white woman and a man who passes as white but who believes himself to be of mixed ethnicity. In a series of flashbacks, the story reveals how these two people are connected to another man who has deeply impacted both their lives.
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Mrs. Hines – the grandmother of Joe Christmas. She has never seen Christmas after the night of his birth and travels to Jefferson to ensure that her husband does not successfully have him lynched, because she wants to see him again once more before he is tried for
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When it was first published in 1932, the novel was moderately successful; 11,000 copies were initially printed, with a total of four printings by the end of the year, although a significant number of copies from the fourth printing had not been sold by 1936. In 1935,
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The job at the mill is a cover for Christmas's bootlegging operation, which is illegal under Prohibition. He has a sexual relationship with Joanna Burden, an older woman who descended from a formerly powerful abolitionist family whom the town despises as
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occurs in John 19, the same chapter in which Christmas is slain and castrated. However, the Christian references are dark and disturbing—Lena is obviously not a virgin, Christmas is an enraged murderer—and may be more appropriately viewed as
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Byron Bunch – a bachelor who works at the planing mill in Jefferson, who meets and falls in love with Lena when she arrives in town. She has been told that a man named Bunch works at the mill and assumes it is Lucas Burch, because the name sounds
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use of the word "light" to mean giving birth—typically used to describe when a cow will give birth and be "light" again—and connect this to Lena's pregnancy. Speaking of his choice of title, Faulkner denied this interpretation and stated,
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job. Not hearing from Burch and harassed by her older brother for her illegitimate pregnancy, Lena walks and hitchhikes to Jefferson, Mississippi, a town in Faulkner's fictional Yoknapatawpha County. There she expects to find Lucas working at another
311:. She is unmarried, lives alone in a manor house outside of Jefferson, and is secretly engaged in a sexual relationship with Joe Christmas. She is murdered, presumably by Christmas, at the start of the novel, and her house is burned down.
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The novel then switches to the second plot strand, the story of Lucas Burch/Joe Brown's partner Joe Christmas. The surly, psychopathic Christmas has been on the run for years, ever since at least injuring, perhaps even killing his strict
584:
as in most of the other novels set in Yoknapatawpha County, Faulkner focuses mainly on poor white Southerners, both from the upper and lower classes, who struggle to survive in the ruined post-war economy of the South. The characters in
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male nor female and is rejected by her community. Because of this, an early critic concluded that blackness and women were the "'twin Furies of the Faulknerian deep Southern Waste Land'" and reflected Faulkner's animosity toward life.
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Milly Hines – the teenage mother of Joe Christmas. She conceives after a tryst with a member of a traveling circus, whom she claims is Mexican. She dies in childbirth after Eupheus Hines refuses to call a doctor for
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Grove are orphans, strangers in town, and social outcasts, though the former draws anger and violence from the community, while the latter is looked down upon but receives generous assistance in her travels. According to
413:, such as the dilapidated plantation house and the focus on mystery and horror, as self-conscious modernist commentary on man's "warped relationship with the past" and the impossibility of determining true identity.
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The dietitian – a woman who worked at the orphanage where Joe Christmas was raised. After he accidentally sees her with a man in her room, she tries unsuccessfully to have him transferred to an all-black
28:
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translated the novel into French. In the same year, it was translated into German along with several other of Faulkner's novels and short stories. These works initially met with approval from the
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Gail Hightower – the former minister of Jefferson, forced to retire after his wife was discovered to be having an affair in Memphis and committed suicide. He is a friend and mentor to Byron.
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one of his parents is of African-American ancestry, and this secret has caused him to be a habitual wanderer. He is employed at the planing mill until he begins to make a profit as a bootlegger.
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a rage by Joe Christmas when he is 18. This abusive relationship of his childhood sheds important light on the formation of Christmas as a tortured and often cruel personality in his adulthood.
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The title refers to the fire of the house that is at the center of the story. The whole novel revolves around one event, the fire, which is visible for miles around, and happens in August.
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Culture, Translation, and Intertextuality: An Exploratory Rereading of Cultural-Religious Southern Elements in William Faulkner's Light in August and its Translations in Finnish
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Mrs. McEachern – the adoptive mother of Joe Christmas. She tries to protect Christmas, though he hates her and pulls away from her attempts to be kind to him.
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All of the protagonists in the novel are misfits and social outcasts surrounded by an impersonal and largely antagonistic rural community, which is represented
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Mr. Armstid – a man who picks up Lena on her way to Jefferson, lets her spend the night at his house, and then gives her a ride to the city on his wagon.
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whom the adolescent Joe Christmas falls in love with and proposes to on the night that he kills his father at a local dance. She scorns him and leaves him.
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Gavin Stevens – an educated man and district attorney who lives in Jefferson and offers commentary on some of the events at the end of the novel.
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Lena Grove – a young pregnant woman from Alabama who has traveled to Jefferson while looking for Lucas Burch, the father of her unborn child.
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view of women in the novel posits that men have lost their innocent connection to the natural world, while women instinctively possess it.
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There are a variety of parallels with Christian scripture in the novel. The life and death of Joe Christmas is reminiscent of the
617:; soon after, however, Faulkner's works were banned by the Nazis, and post-war German criticism reappraised him as an optimistic
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181:. By focusing on characters who are misfits, outcasts, or otherwise marginalized in their community, he portrays the clash of
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is characterized as a Southern gothic novel, a genre also exemplified by the works of Faulkner's contemporary
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censors and received much attention from German literary critics, because they assumed that Faulkner was a
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Mrs. Armstid – Armstid's wife, who gives Lena money in spite of her disdain for the young woman.
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According to Daniel Joseph Singal, Faulkner's literary style gradually developed from 19th century
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figure. Christian imagery such as the urn, the wheel, and the shadow, can be found throughout.
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However, while women and minorities are both viewed as "subversive" and are restricted by the
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Joanna Burden – the sole survivor in Jefferson of a family of abolitionists from
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adopted father. Although he has light skin, Christmas suspects that he is of
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Jefferson with his wife and begins to incite a lynch mob to kill Christmas.
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grandfather, who was killed while stealing chickens from a farmer's shed.
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reflection of the full spectrum of social alienation in modern society.
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The novel is set in the American South in the 1930s, during the time of
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177:, Faulkner explores themes of race, sex, class, and religion in the
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In a loose, unstructured modernist narrative style that draws from
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Faulkner is considered one of the foremost American writers on
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narration, but also incorporates dialogue and an omniscient
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The Myth of Aunt Jemima: Representations of Race and Region
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American Gothic: New Interventions in a National Narrative
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Faulkner's Artistic Vision: The Bizarre and the Terrible
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TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005
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280:segregation of black and white people in the South
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1204:Kartiganer, Donald M.; Abadie, Ann J. (1999).
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1118:Hamblin, Robert W.; Peek, Charles A. (1999).
360:Percy Grimm – the captain of the State
350:Bobbie – a waitress at a restaurant in
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1189:. Continuum International Publishing Group.
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882:
870:
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488:, this opposition between Joe and Lena is a
1304:William Faulkner: The Making of a Modernist
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1062:William Faulkner: The Yoknapatawpha Country
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364:who kills Joe Christmas and castrates him.
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1874:William Clark Falkner (great-grandfather)
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504:, Lena and her fatherless child parallel
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1187:American Gothic Fiction: An Introduction
1143:Faulkner and the Thoroughly Modern Novel
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1223:Martin, Robert K.; Savoy, Eric (2009).
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613:positively depicting the struggle for
508:and Christ, and Byron Bunch acts as a
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1041:Student Companion to William Faulkner
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401:, and by later Southern writers like
162:Set in the author's present day, the
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1382:. Helsinki: University of Helsinki.
1099:Fowler, Doreen; Abadie, Ann (2007).
1065:. Louisiana State University Press.
1348:Lacayo, Richard (16 October 2005).
1286:. University Press of Mississippi.
1103:. University of Mississippi Press.
1082:Light in August. The Corrected Text
645:magazine included the novel in its
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13:
1369:
1326:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press.
1139:Hlavsa, Virginia V. James (1991).
14:
2012:
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1284:Reading Faulkner: Light in August
637:Southern literature of the time.
1307:. Univ of North Carolina Press.
1170:. University of Virginia Press.
1147:. University of Virginia Press.
307:who came to Jefferson after the
1121:A William Faulkner Encyclopedia
538:
1948:PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction
1301:Singal, Daniel Joseph (1997).
1248:. Cambridge University Press.
1208:. Univ. Press of Mississippi.
1206:Faulkner and the Natural World
1124:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1044:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1038:Anderson, John Dennis (2007).
296:mill. He is also a bootlegger.
16:1932 novel by William Faulkner
1:
1245:New Essays on Light in August
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518:has 21 chapters, as does the
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258:
1227:. University of Iowa Press.
919:Kartiganer & Abadie 1999
592:
547:, and his novels, including
272:Segregated movie theater in
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1954:Fiction, Film, and Faulkner
1889:William Faulkner Foundation
1604:If I Forget Thee, Jerusalem
1322:Yamaguchi, RyΕ«ichi (2004).
1185:Lloyd-Smith, Allan (2004).
10:
2017:
2001:Nonlinear narrative novels
1981:Novels by William Faulkner
1282:Ruppersburg, Hugh (1994).
1242:Millgate, Michael (1987).
1080:Faulkner, William (1990).
1986:Novels set in Mississippi
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1419:at Digital Yoknapatawpha
1059:Brooks, Cleanth (1963).
883:Fowler & Abadie 2007
871:Fowler & Abadie 2007
859:Fowler & Abadie 2007
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440:
437:that develop the story.
429:does not rely solely on
1263:Roberts, Diane (1994).
970:Hamblin & Peek 1999
835:Hamblin & Peek 1999
820:Hamblin & Peek 1999
793:Hamblin & Peek 1999
706:Martin & Savoy 2009
600:Maurice-Edgar Coindreau
431:stream-of-consciousness
276:, in 1937, a result of
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1991:Southern Gothic novels
1884:Papers and manuscripts
1548:The Sound and the Fury
463:
390:
281:
202:
185:individuals against a
1943:Faux Faulkner contest
1787:Shingles for the Lord
1376:Jukko, Risto (2016).
1350:"All-TIME 100 Novels"
455:
435:third-person narrator
376:
271:
200:
1976:1932 American novels
1938:Southern Renaissance
1894:Yoknapatawpha County
1829:To Have and Have Not
1628:Intruder in the Dust
1440:Yoknapatawpha County
1267:. Psychology Press.
1162:Karem, Jeff (2004).
316:Secondary characters
151:. It belongs to the
972:, pp. 146β147.
720:, pp. 357β360.
420:to modernist, with
383:Oxford, Mississippi
369:Style and structure
274:Leland, Mississippi
147:by American author
23:
1354:TIME Entertainment
619:Christian humanist
576:Class and religion
520:Gospel of St. John
496:Christian allegory
391:
282:
215:racial segregation
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171:Christian allegory
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1963:
1962:
1705:Collected Stories
1636:Requiem for a Nun
1588:Absalom, Absalom!
1540:Flags in the Dust
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1449:Absalom, Absalom!
1445:Succeeded by
1389:978-951-51-2483-8
1314:978-0-8078-4831-9
1255:978-0-521-31332-2
1234:978-1-58729-349-8
1131:978-0-313-29851-6
1110:978-1-93411-057-7
1101:Faulkner and Race
1084:. Vintage Books.
1051:978-0-313-33439-9
933:, pp. 67β68.
897:, pp. 57β59.
810:, pp. 49β50.
708:, pp. 57β59.
502:passion of Christ
403:Flannery O'Connor
175:oral storytelling
159:literary genres.
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2008:
1996:Modernist novels
1856:The Wishing Tree
1848:Children's books
1821:Submarine Patrol
1766:Mountain Victory
1759:That Evening Sun
1731:A Rose for Emily
1596:The Unvanquished
1492:William Faulkner
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1427:Preceded by
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697:
691:
685:
682:Lloyd-Smith 2004
679:
673:
670:Ruppersburg 1994
667:
582:Light in August,
460:
399:Carson McCullers
377:Faulkner's home
264:Major characters
232:African American
149:William Faulkner
124:Followed by
111:Preceded by
82:Publication date
75:Smith & Haas
43:William Faulkner
31:
24:
22:Light in August
20:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1966:
1965:
1964:
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1904:Quentin Compson
1862:
1843:
1792:
1724:Landing in Luck
1711:
1697:Knight's Gambit
1680:
1674:
1572:Light in August
1507:
1494:
1489:
1458:
1452:
1434:
1417:Light in August
1405:Light in August
1400:
1390:
1372:
1370:Further reading
1359:
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1334:
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869:
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861:, pp. 2β4.
857:
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541:
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477:
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443:
427:Light in August
422:Light in August
395:Light in August
387:Light in August
371:
318:
266:
261:
213:that legalized
195:
164:interwar period
153:Southern gothic
140:Light in August
103:
83:
61:Southern Gothic
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2014:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1931:Snopes trilogy
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1899:Compson family
1891:
1886:
1881:
1879:Rowan Oak home
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1752:Spotted Horses
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1620:Go Down, Moses
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1556:As I Lay Dying
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1438:Novels set in
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1398:External links
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761:
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733:Yamaguchi 2004
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710:
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1019:
1014:
1008:, p. 36.
1007:
1002:
996:, p. 35.
995:
990:
984:, p. 15.
983:
982:Millgate 1987
978:
971:
966:
960:, p. 12.
959:
958:Millgate 1987
954:
952:
945:, p. 47.
944:
939:
932:
927:
920:
915:
909:, p. 18.
908:
907:Millgate 1987
903:
896:
891:
884:
879:
873:, p. 21.
872:
867:
860:
855:
848:
843:
836:
831:
829:
822:, p. 69.
821:
816:
809:
804:
802:
794:
789:
783:, p. 60.
782:
781:Faulkner 1990
777:
770:
765:
759:, p. 11.
758:
757:Anderson 2007
753:
747:, p. 10.
746:
745:Millgate 1987
741:
734:
729:
727:
719:
714:
707:
702:
696:, p. 37.
695:
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684:, p. 61.
683:
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615:racial purity
612:
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481:metonymically
467:
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407:Truman Capote
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241:carpetbaggers
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211:Jim Crow laws
208:
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150:
146:
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132:
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126:
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113:
109:
105:
102:
101:Dewey Decimal
97:
93:
89:
85:
79:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
44:
41:
37:
33:First edition
30:
25:
19:
1952:
1854:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1780:The Tall Men
1773:Barn Burning
1703:
1695:
1687:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1594:
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1571:
1570:
1562:
1554:
1546:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1503:Bibliography
1457:
1447:
1437:
1430:
1416:
1404:
1378:
1358:. Retrieved
1353:
1323:
1303:
1283:
1264:
1244:
1224:
1205:
1186:
1165:
1142:
1120:
1100:
1081:
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1040:
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
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938:
926:
914:
902:
890:
878:
866:
854:
842:
815:
788:
776:
764:
752:
740:
713:
701:
694:Roberts 1994
689:
677:
672:, p. 3.
646:
641:
639:
625:
623:
608:conservative
596:
586:
581:
579:
562:
558:
553:original sin
548:
542:
539:Race and sex
515:
514:
499:
478:
464:
456:
447:
444:
426:
421:
415:
394:
392:
386:
253:
245:
237:
228:Presbyterian
224:
220:planing mill
204:
168:
161:
139:
138:
137:
127:
114:
18:
1916:Ikkemotubbe
1797:Screenplays
1681:collections
1679:Short story
1668:The Reivers
1660:The Mansion
1360:18 November
1018:Lacayo 2005
943:Brooks 1963
931:Brooks 1963
895:Brooks 1963
847:Hlavsa 1991
808:Brooks 1963
769:Brooks 1963
718:Singal 1997
631:sentimental
565:patriarchal
528:crucifixion
305:New England
249:Confederate
207:Prohibition
187:Puritanical
1970:Categories
1738:Red Leaves
1612:The Hamlet
1528:Mosquitoes
1410:Faded Page
1356:. Time Inc
1027:References
1006:Karem 2004
994:Karem 2004
475:Alienation
450:colloquial
341:orphanage.
259:Characters
145:1932 novel
1564:Sanctuary
1431:Sanctuary
593:Reception
524:catechism
418:Victorian
379:Rowan Oak
309:Civil War
183:alienated
157:modernist
116:Sanctuary
71:Publisher
65:modernist
1789:" (1943)
1782:" (1941)
1775:" (1939)
1768:" (1932)
1761:" (1931)
1754:" (1931)
1747:" (1931)
1740:" (1930)
1733:" (1930)
1726:" (1919)
1689:These 13
1652:The Town
1536:Sartoris
1412:(Canada)
635:romantic
611:agrarian
570:romantic
490:pastoral
289:similar.
49:Language
1867:Related
1644:A Fable
352:Memphis
326:murder.
278:de jure
235:work.
52:English
1859:(1927)
1840:(1945)
1832:(1944)
1824:(1938)
1816:(1933)
1808:(1932)
1708:(1950)
1700:(1949)
1692:(1931)
1671:(1962)
1663:(1959)
1655:(1957)
1647:(1954)
1639:(1951)
1631:(1948)
1623:(1942)
1615:(1940)
1607:(1939)
1599:(1938)
1591:(1936)
1583:(1935)
1575:(1932)
1567:(1931)
1559:(1930)
1551:(1929)
1531:(1927)
1523:(1926)
1512:Novels
1386:
1330:
1311:
1290:
1271:
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1231:
1212:
1193:
1174:
1151:
1128:
1107:
1088:
1069:
1048:
526:. The
510:Joseph
470:Themes
459:
411:tropes
405:, and
131:
118:
106:813.52
39:Author
1805:Flesh
1580:Pylon
1032:Books
653:Notes
533:pagan
441:Title
143:is a
129:Pylon
91:Pages
57:Genre
1384:ISBN
1362:2012
1328:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1269:ISBN
1250:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1210:ISBN
1191:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1105:ISBN
1086:ISBN
1067:ISBN
1046:ISBN
642:Time
604:Nazi
506:Mary
330:her.
209:and
193:Plot
173:and
155:and
86:1932
1408:at
1342:Web
580:In
381:in
94:480
1972::
1538:/
1352:.
950:^
827:^
800:^
725:^
660:^
649:.
633:,
63:,
1785:"
1778:"
1771:"
1764:"
1757:"
1750:"
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1736:"
1729:"
1722:"
1484:e
1477:t
1470:v
1392:.
1364:.
1336:.
1317:.
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1258:.
1237:.
1218:.
1199:.
1180:.
1157:.
1134:.
1113:.
1094:.
1075:.
1054:.
1020:.
849:.
389:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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