1133:, who reported on its content a year later, after Powell had joined the Supreme Court. Anderson alleged that Powell was trying to undermine the democratic system; however, in terms of business's view of itself in relation to government and public interest groups, the memo could be alternatively read to simply convey conventional thinking among businessmen at the time. The explicit goal of the memo was not to destroy democracy, though its emphasis on political institution-building as a concentration of big business power, particularly updating the Chamber's efforts to influence federal policy, has had that effect. Here, it was a major force in motivating the Chamber and other groups to modernize their efforts to lobby the federal government. Following the memo's directives, conservative
51:
1355:(who had already died) and William J. Brennan Jr. (who voluntarily granted Snepp access) and confirmed his suspicion that Powell had been the author of the per curiam opinion. Snepp later pointed out that Powell had misstated the factual record and had not reviewed the actual case file (Powell was in the habit of writing opinions based on the briefs alone) and that the only justice who even looked at the case file was John Paul Stevens, who relied upon it in composing his dissent. From his days in counterintelligence during World War II, Powell believed in the need for government secrecy and urged the same position on his colleagues during the Court's consideration of 1974's
1177:, persuaded him that joining the Court was his duty to the nation. One of the primary concerns that Powell had was the effect leaving his law firm and joining the high court would have on his personal financial status, as he enjoyed a very lucrative private practice at his law firm. Another of Powell's major concerns was that as a corporate attorney, he would be unfamiliar with many of the issues that would come before the Supreme Court, which, as now, heard very few corporate law cases. Powell feared that would place him at a disadvantage and make it unlikely that he would be able to influence his colleagues.
342:
3870:
3190:
377:
4058:
1835:
1103:"constant surveillance" of textbook and television content, as well as a purge of left-wing elements. He named consumer advocate Nader as the chief antagonist of American business. Powell urged conservatives to undertake a sustained media-outreach program, including funding neoliberal scholars, publishing books, papers, popular magazines, and scholarly journals, and influencing public opinion.
1436:(1987), where he voted to uphold the death penalty against a study that demonstrated that, except as punishment for the most violent of crimes, murderers sentenced for killing white victims were up to forty times more likely to receive the death penalty than people who killed black victims. In an interview with his biographer, he stated that he no longer supported the death penalty.
3970:
429:
1418:
558 (2003). In 1990, after his retirement from the Court, he said, "I think I made a mistake in the
Hardwick case," marking one of the few times a justice expressed regret for one of his previous rulings. Scholars would later conclude that Powell unknowingly hired more gay clerks than any other
630:
where he became president of his fraternity, managing editor of the student newspaper, and a member of the yearbook staff. His major was in commerce, but he also studied law. Powell had always planned on becoming a lawyer because he viewed their roles as shaping history. He graduated in 1929 with a
1102:
Powell argued, "The most disquieting voices joining the chorus of criticism came from perfectly respectable elements of society: from the college campus, the pulpit, the media, the intellectual and literary journals, the arts and sciences, and from politicians." In the memorandum, Powell advocated
915:
The
Richmond School Board had no authority at the time to force integration, however, as control over attendance policies had been transferred to the state government. Powell, like most white Southern leaders of his day, did not speak out against the state's defiance, but he fostered close working
1249:
sentenced the rapist to death. Justice Powell, acknowledging that the woman had been raped, expressed the view that "the victim sustain serious or lasting injury" and voted to set the death penalty aside. In that same case, Powell also wrote to rebuke the plurality's statement that "for the rape
856:
was first published and distributed to all attorneys who joined the ABA that year. In its preface, Powell wrote, "The basic concept of freedom under law, which underlies our entire structure of government, can only be sustained by a strong and independent bar. It is plainly in the public interest
1110:, which shifted the direction of First Amendment law by declaring that corporate financial influence of elections by independent expenditures should be protected with the same vigor as individual political speech. Much of the future Court opinion in
427:
1452:, as "truly distinguished" because of his "qualities of temperament and character," which "made it possible for him, more than any contemporary, to perform his tasks in accordance with the modest, restrained, yet creative model of judging."
663:
degree from
Harvard Law School in 1932, wrote a LL.M. thesis entitled "Relation between the Virginia Court of Appeals and the State Corporation Commission", and was one of two U.S. Supreme Court justices to have earned an LL.M. degree.
420:
1370:
holding that a Texas law forbidding illegal immigrant children from public education was unconstitutional. Powell had a mixed record in deciding cases, but joined the Court's four liberal
Justices to declare the law unconstitutional.
428:
1035:
in 1964. The
Carthage Foundation pursued Powell's vision of a pro-business, anti-socialist, minimally government-regulated America based on what he thought America had been in the heyday of early American industrialism, before the
851:
From 1961 to 1962 Powell served as Chair of the
American Bar Association's Standing Committee on the Economics of Law Practice, which later evolved into the ABA Law Practice Division. During his tenure as chair of the committee,
1250:
victim, life may not be nearly so happy as it was, but it is not over and normally is not beyond repair," instead stating that "ome victims are so grievously injured physically or psychologically that life is beyond repair."
1141:. This rise of conservative lobbying led to the conservative intellectual movement and its increasing influence over mainstream political discourse, starting in the 1970s and 1980s, and due chiefly to the works of the
742:
Slated for assignment as an instructor at the facility near
Harrisburg, he worked instead on several special projects for the AAF headquarters until February 1944. He was then assigned to the Intelligence staff of the
1018:
The memo called for corporate
America to become more aggressive in molding society's thinking about business, government, politics and law in the U.S. It inspired wealthy heirs of earlier American industrialists, the
1396:, advised him to uphold the ban, and Powell, who believed he had never met a gay person, not realizing that one of his own clerks was a closeted homosexual, voted to uphold Georgia's sodomy law. However, he, in a
1879:
1196:). On the day of Powell's swearing-in, when Rehnquist's wife Nan asked Josephine Powell if this was the most exciting day of her life, Josephine said, "No, it is the worst day of my life. I am about to cry."
2033:
860:
From 1964 to 1965 he was elected
President of the ABA. Powell led the way in attempting to provide legal services to the poor, and he made a key decision to cooperate with the federal government's
2286:
1575:
2097:
4177:
4197:
4127:
3160:
2952:
1590:
2968:
2936:
2192:
755:
that "Personally, I consider this very fortunate indeed as the German people are being taught for the first time in modern history what it means to have war on their own soil."
507:
became the blueprint for the rise of the
American conservative movement and the formation of a network of influential right-wing think tanks and lobbying organizations, such as
3176:
1580:
1749:
Biographical encyclopedia of the Supreme Court : the lives and legal philosophies of the justices / edited by Melvin I. Urofsky. Washington, D.C. : CQ Press, c2006.
3144:
3128:
3112:
3080:
3032:
1585:
3096:
3048:
3016:
3000:
2984:
892:
and was its chairman from 1952 to 1961. Powell presided over the school board at a time when the Commonwealth of Virginia was locked in a campaign of defiance against the
2228:
1216:
stance on abortion stemmed from an incident during his tenure at his Richmond law firm, when the girlfriend of one of Powell's office staff bled to death from an illegal
4217:
4202:
4137:
3209:
3064:
2836:
461:
65:
2733:
2343:"Address to the Nation Announcing Intention To Nominate Lewis F. Powell Jr. and William H. Rehnquist To Be Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States"
2920:
1658:
1570:
1883:
4087:
1184:
to the Court on the same day, October 21, 1971. Powell's nomination generated no controversy and he took over the seat of Hugo Black after being confirmed by the
2418:
1351:
and its requirement for preclearance of all his published writings with the CIA for the rest of his life. In 1997, Snepp gained access to the files of Justices
1263:
plan which was designed to racially integrate 53 Detroit area public school districts across district lines. They had inadvertently become segregated due to
3907:
2567:
2523:
2498:
2473:
2445:
1411:
1381:
1162:
857:
that the economic health of the legal profession be safeguarded. One of the means toward this end is to improve the efficiency and productivity of lawyers."
4162:
4077:
1400:, expressed concern at the length of the prison terms prescribed by the law, criticizing them as excessive. The Court, 17 years later, expressly overruled
904:
2030:
4172:
2000:
2270:
4004:
1695:
2071:
1961:
3994:
1327:
1319:
2144:
1528:
1027:(from the cough medicine dynasty) to use their private charitable foundations, which did not have to report their political activities, to join the
4082:
1865:
1280:, who, joined by three other progressive justices, would have upheld affirmative action programs under a lenient judicial test, and the opinion of
1272:
578:
4192:
4047:
1444:
Powell was nearly 80 years old when he retired from his position as Supreme Court justice in June 1987. His career on the bench was described by
1335:
1301:(1978), which overturned a Massachusetts law restricting corporate contributions to referendum campaigns not directly related to their business.
1245:(1977), a convicted murderer escaped from prison and, in the course of committing an armed robbery and other offenses, raped an adult woman. The
2094:
902:(1954), which desegregated public schools. Powell's law firm, although not Powell himself, represented one of the defendant school districts in
4072:
1112:
1318:
restricted the use of federal funds for abortion. The Court also held that the funding restrictions of the Hyde Amendment did not violate the
584:
2588:
1557:
748:
1720:
1323:
652:
472:
1832:
1791:
1771:
1011:
who railed against the growing scientific evidence linking smoking to cancer deaths. He argued, unsuccessfully, that tobacco companies'
4182:
4142:
837:
2189:
4187:
4157:
3900:
2876:
2493:
1520:
wrote, "For those who seek a model of human kindness, decency, exemplary behavior, and integrity, there will never be a better man."
1297:
712:
560:
924:, some of whom offered key support for Powell's Supreme Court nomination. In 1990, Powell swore in Virginia's first black governor,
4152:
977:
blueprint for conservative business interests to retake America. It was based in part on Powell's reaction to the work of activist
626:
Powell was born in Suffolk, Virginia in 1907, the son of Mary Lewis (Gwathmey) and Louis Franklin Powell. Powell set out to attend
1292:" to be applied to affirmative action programs but hinted that some affirmative action programs might pass Constitutional muster.
1284:, joined by three other justices, who would have struck down the university's use of racial quotas at issue in the case under the
1501:
1072:
245:
4167:
2220:
794:
2723:
4122:
2649:
2614:
2325:
2280:
2170:
2014:
1914:
1622:
1076:
512:
1648:
1527:, Washington and Lee University School of Law, where they are open for research, subject to certain restrictions. A wing at
1489:
asked Powell to swear him in as governor of Virginia, and the first elected African-American governor in the United States.
3893:
1460:
868:, where he was both a trustee and general counsel. From 1964 until his court appointment in 1971 he was a board member of
778:, and that the use of such information did not reveal the source, which would have alerted that the code had been broken.
731:
and was later assigned to the Headquarters of the Northwest African Air Forces. There, Powell served in Sicily during the
3427:
3415:
2350:
1099:
manifesto" designed to identify threats to the established economic order following the democratic upsurge of the 1960s.
771:
961:
On August 23, 1971, prior to accepting Nixon's nomination to the Supreme Court, Powell was commissioned by his neighbor
4147:
2899:
2886:
1618:
893:
2251:
2545:
Irreparable Harm: A Firsthand Account of How One Agent Took On the CIA in an Epic Battle Over Secrecy and Free Speech
2410:
1213:
966:
1015:
rights were being infringed when news organizations were not giving credence to the cancer denials of the industry.
3475:
1314:
are not required to fund medically necessary abortions for which federal reimbursement was not available after the
873:
255:
969:, to write a confidential memorandum for the chamber entitled "Attack on the American Free Enterprise System," an
4132:
1479:
548:
50:
31:
17:
3235:
2138:
2114:
1052:
645:
2869:
2760:
1142:
627:
480:
302:
1971:
1681:
1556:
signed into law an act of Congress renaming the Federal courthouse at Richmond, Virginia, in his honor, the
1239:(1976), which allowed the return of capital punishment but only with strengthened procedural safeguards. In
686:
In 1936, he married Josephine Pierce Rucker with whom he had three daughters and one son. She died in 1996.
671:, and the two served together on the Virginia State Board of Education in the 1960s. Powell was a member of
4037:
2061:
1267:
to the suburbs. The majority ruled against the busing because the schools hadn't been segregated by law.
4207:
3289:
1024:
932:
898:
861:
437:
2761:"Reaping The Whirlwind: The norm of reciprocity and the law of aerial bombardment during World War II"
1095:
refers to the memo as "a neoliberal call to arms." Political scientist Aaron Good describes it as an "
4212:
3525:
2854:
1276:(1978), joined by no other justice in full, represented a compromise between the opinions of Justice
1124:
732:
3457:
3259:
2862:
1285:
1096:
956:
806:
720:
136:
3709:
3697:
3391:
3385:
3283:
2596:
2106:
2006:
1064:
889:
782:
508:
380:
1691:
1455:
He was succeeded by Anthony Kennedy. Kennedy was the third nominee for his position. The first,
888:
Powell played an important role in local community affairs. From 1951 to 1961, he served on the
3771:
3703:
3575:
3253:
3043:
1517:
1357:
1199:
Lewis Powell served from January 7, 1972, until June 26, 1987, when he retired from the Court.
1134:
921:
724:
460:(September 19, 1907 – August 25, 1998) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an
2317:
1906:
1717:
3849:
3599:
3506:
3451:
3421:
3409:
3331:
3039:
2571:
2527:
2502:
2477:
2449:
2141:
1788:
1768:
1415:
1385:
1217:
1166:
1041:
1032:
865:
708:
1123:
Although written confidentially for Sydnor at the Chamber of Commerce, it was discovered by
4117:
4112:
3954:
3930:
3916:
3605:
3550:
3543:
3487:
3445:
3071:
2480:
2452:
2372:
1464:
1185:
962:
833:
825:
759:
744:
488:
3869:
3189:
1500:, at 4:30 in the morning of August 25, 1998, at the age of 90. He is buried in Richmond's
1173:). In 1971, Nixon asked him again. Powell was unsure, but Nixon and his Attorney General,
816:
for more than a quarter of a century at Hunton, Williams, Gay, Powell and Gibson, a large
8:
3944:
3801:
3637:
3625:
3563:
3557:
3537:
3379:
3055:
1653:
1534:
1468:
1449:
1255:
1170:
1129:
1079:(ALEC), and inspired the U.S. Chamber of Commerce to become far more politically active.
1060:
1028:
987:
596:
3649:
3587:
3403:
3271:
2728:
2672:
2574:
2530:
2505:
2130:
2002:
The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era
1948:
Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right
1397:
1376:
1344:
1277:
1230:
1020:
991:, put a focus on the auto industry putting profit ahead of safety, which triggered the
952:
869:
821:
752:
704:
700:
614:
492:
476:
357:
316:
234:
159:
4042:
3959:
3843:
3765:
3758:
3739:
3667:
3643:
3593:
3499:
3493:
3469:
3433:
3343:
3337:
3151:
2798:
2645:
2619:
2321:
2310:
2276:
2166:
2134:
2110:
2010:
1910:
1899:
1432:
1406:
1393:
1352:
1281:
1225:
1181:
1004:
995:. Powell saw it as an undermining of the power of private business and a step toward
992:
877:
790:
572:
500:
468:
400:
217:
738:
In August 1943, he was assigned to the Intelligence staff of the Army Air Forces in
3679:
3513:
3135:
2943:
2468:
2440:
1738:
Relation between the Virginia Court of Appeals and the State Corporation Commission
1687:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1174:
1037:
1008:
1000:
944:
813:
739:
680:
668:
632:
554:
310:
306:
2624:
1614:
667:
He was elected president of the student body as an undergraduate with the help of
3949:
3837:
3819:
3795:
3783:
3727:
3661:
3612:
3481:
3397:
3361:
3229:
3155:
3087:
3023:
2991:
2947:
2846:
2639:
2518:
2196:
2148:
2101:
2037:
1839:
1795:
1775:
1724:
1306:
1289:
1012:
786:
728:
672:
636:
602:
528:
408:
404:
112:
1153:
In 1969, Nixon asked him to join the Supreme Court following the resignation of
1007:
from 1964 until his appointment to the Supreme Court made him a champion of the
3984:
3807:
3777:
3745:
3715:
3691:
3673:
3581:
3531:
3519:
3319:
3313:
3301:
3241:
3103:
3007:
2975:
2963:
2931:
1950:(Kindle Locations 1381–1382). Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
1880:"American Bar Association Law Practice Division Leadership Directory 2013-2014"
1866:"A president and a justice: The shaping of securities law at the Supreme Court"
1538:
1486:
1445:
1315:
1193:
1158:
1068:
982:
970:
948:
925:
751:. While there Colonel Powell wrote in the aftermath of the 13–15 February 1945
716:
660:
641:
320:
3885:
2342:
1758:
Mosby G. Perrow Jr. Obituary--"The Daily Advance," Lynchburg, VA May 31, 1973.
4106:
4023:
3989:
3969:
3569:
3373:
3367:
3355:
3247:
3222:
3171:
2959:
2927:
2562:
1644:
1493:
1475:
both as a college undergraduate and with his students while a law professor.
1420:
1366:
1260:
1088:
829:
762:
project, as one of the officers designated to monitor the use of intercepted
676:
656:
608:
566:
535:
524:
516:
496:
347:
88:
1051:
The Powell Memorandum ultimately came to be a blueprint for the rise of the
3831:
3813:
3789:
3685:
3655:
3619:
3307:
3277:
3265:
3167:
3139:
3123:
3107:
3075:
3027:
2803:
2548:
2216:
2185:
1996:
1553:
1264:
1092:
1084:
917:
727:, which moved to England later that year. He served in North Africa during
543:
484:
390:
1478:
Following his retirement from the high court, he sat regularly on various
1430:
Powell also expressed post-retirement regret over his majority opinion in
3825:
3721:
3463:
3349:
3325:
3295:
3119:
3091:
3011:
2995:
2979:
2610:
2057:
1456:
1389:
1348:
1304:
In spite of supporting legal abortion, Powell ruled with the majority in
1208:
1138:
1056:
978:
845:
775:
774:
and ensured that the use of Ultra information was in compliance with the
763:
590:
1471:, withdrew his name from consideration after admitting to having smoked
376:
3733:
3631:
3059:
2829:
2794:
2066:
2042:
1943:
1524:
1392:. He was reportedly conflicted over how to vote. A conservative clerk,
1340:
1154:
1106:
This memo foreshadowed a number of Powell's court opinions, especially
841:
817:
539:
520:
100:
2884:
2809:
582:(1978). He notably joined the majority in controversial cases such as
4057:
3439:
2915:
1576:
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 1)
1542:
1497:
1472:
996:
1683:
Powell, Lewis F. (1907 - 1998), U.S. Supreme Court Justices, Lawyers
2911:
2201:
1311:
1233:
statutes, was a key mover behind the Court's compromise opinion in
1203:
1189:
1045:
974:
523:. He retired from the Court during the administration of President
1531:, home of W&L Law, which houses his papers, is named for him.
2031:
The Lewis Powell Memo - Corporate Blueprint to Dominate Democracy
767:
2813:
1686:. American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press.
2272:
Lobbying America: The Politics of Business from Nixon To Nafta
1581:
List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office
1165:
was appointed instead (following Senate rejections of Judges
1591:
United States Supreme Court cases during the Rehnquist Court
703:
but was rejected because of poor eyesight, so he joined the
2837:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
2641:
Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians v. The Supreme Court
1080:
872:
and acted as a contact point for the tobacco industry with
462:
associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
66:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
1571:
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
1523:
Powell's personal and official papers were donated to his
2483: (1977) (Powell, J., concurring and dissenting).
2455: (1977) (Powell, J., concurring and dissenting).
1966:
1586:
United States Supreme Court cases during the Burger Court
1055:
and the formation of a network of influential right-wing
534:
His tenure largely overlapped with that of Chief Justice
435:
Lewis F. Powell Jr. delivers the opinion of the Court in
4198:
United States federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon
4128:
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
2690:
2190:
How the Corporations Broke Ralph Nader and America, Too
1813:
519:
appointed Powell to succeed the late Associate Justice
2268:
1423:, the gay attorney who argued in favor of overturning
2378:
1801:
797:
with bronze palm. He was discharged in October 1945.
30:"Justice Powell" redirects here. For other uses, see
4178:
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
2724:"Lewis Powell, Crucial Centrist Justice, Dies at 90"
2463:
2461:
2390:
1388:
186 (1986), in which the Court upheld Georgia's
905:
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
2411:"Rob Portman, Nancy Reagan and the Empathy Deficit"
1615:"Members of the Supreme Court of the United States"
1364:In 1982, Powell joined the 5–4 majority opinion in
1188:89–1 on December 6, 1971 (the lone "nay" came from
4218:Washington and Lee University School of Law alumni
4203:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
4138:Burials at Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)
2309:
1898:
1439:
1148:
3860:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States
2458:
2307:
1901:Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary
1718:Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary
1202:Powell voted with the 7–2 majority who legalized
883:
880:and various tobacco companies in numerous cases.
864:. Powell was also involved in the development of
4104:
1310:(1980), which held that states participating in
1288:. Powell's opinion striking down the law urged "
1273:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
1023:(whose money came from an oil fortune), and the
699:During World War II, he first tried to join the
579:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
3915:
1789:With Heroic Truth: The Life of Edward R. Murrow
1643:
1467:after a bitter confirmation fight. The second,
965:, a close friend and education director of the
916:relationships with many black leaders, such as
876:. Through his law firm, Powell represented the
576:(1987), and he wrote an influential opinion in
2638:Price, Deborah; Murdoch, Joyce (May 9, 2002).
2275:. Princeton University Press. pp. 59–60.
2165:. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 278.
1609:
1607:
1113:Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
820:Virginia law firm, with its primary office in
694:
3929:
3901:
2870:
2252:How the right wing captured the Supreme Court
2221:"Powell Memorandum: Plan for Corporate Power"
1547:Serving Justice: A Supreme Court Clerk's View
828:. Powell practiced primarily in the areas of
715:in 1942, he completed training at bases near
711:officer. After receiving his commission as a
585:United States v. United States District Court
119:Chairman of Virginia State Board of Education
2637:
2269:Benjamin C. Waterhouse (November 24, 2013).
1558:Lewis F. Powell Jr. United States Courthouse
1343:upholding the lower court's imposition of a
749:United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe
504:
4163:People associated with Hunton Andrews Kurth
2349:. University of California, Santa Barbara.
2160:
1962:"Attack of American Free Enterprise System"
1604:
653:Washington and Lee University School of Law
621:
473:Washington and Lee University School of Law
4173:Presidents of the American Bar Association
3908:
3894:
2877:
2863:
2721:
1991:
1989:
938:
805:In 1941, Powell served as Chairman of the
49:
27:US Supreme Court justice from 1972 to 1987
2494:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
2375:, Vol. 117, Page 44857 (December 6, 1971)
1921:lewis powell virginia board of education.
1692:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1101206
1679:
1649:"Retired Justice Lewis Powell Dies at 90"
1298:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
1108:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
561:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
2778:
2696:
2587:Mencimer, Stephanie (July–August 2001).
2586:
2396:
2384:
2308:Woodward, Bob; Armstrong, Scott (1981).
1960:Powell, Lewis F. Jr. (August 23, 1971).
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1819:
1545:for Justice Powell, wrote a book titled
1427:, is a former clerk for Justice Powell.
1157:, but Powell turned him down, and Judge
1059:and lobbying organizations, such as the
931:From 1961 to 1969, Powell served on the
78:January 7, 1972 – June 26, 1987
2781:Justice Lewis F Powell, Jr: A biography
2758:
2609:
2215:
1995:
1986:
1807:
1448:, a professor of constitutional law at
1116:relied on the same arguments raised in
1073:Manhattan Institute for Policy Research
280: 1936; died 1996)
14:
4193:United States Army Air Forces officers
4105:
3208:
2768:Melbourne Journal of International Law
2736:from the original on February 14, 2017
2312:The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court
2231:from the original on November 10, 2019
2074:from the original on December 20, 2013
2056:
1959:
1680:Yarbrough, Tinsley E. (January 2001).
1137:greatly increased, pouring money into
4021:
3928:
3889:
3207:
2897:
2858:
2722:Greenhouse, Linda (August 26, 1998).
2542:
2340:
2289:from the original on November 8, 2021
1926:
1661:from the original on January 12, 2021
1295:Powell wrote the majority opinion in
1223:Powell, who dissented in the case of
1077:American Legislative Exchange Council
935:; he was chairman from 1968 to 1969.
781:Powell advanced through the ranks to
679:. At a leadership conference, he met
644:. He also was named recipient of the
513:American Legislative Exchange Council
499:and representing clients such as the
2408:
1896:
908:, which was consolidated later into
2353:from the original on March 10, 2016
2341:Nixon, Richard (October 21, 1971).
2259:, Hightower Lowdown, March 31, 2022
1647:; Barbash, Fred (August 26, 1998).
1625:from the original on April 29, 2010
747:and then the Intelligence staff of
24:
3868:
3188:
2898:
2887:Supreme Court of the United States
2421:from the original on July 28, 2014
2062:"How Wall Street Occupied America"
1698:from the original on April 2, 2015
1619:Supreme Court of the United States
1253:He joined the majority opinion in
1091:in the US to this memo. Historian
648:for "generous service to others".
527:, and was eventually succeeded by
25:
4229:
4183:Recipients of the Legion of Merit
4143:Deaths from pneumonia in Virginia
4022:
2788:
2615:"Infamous Sodomy Law Struck Down"
683:, and they became close friends.
176:Chairman of Richmond School Board
4188:School board members in Virginia
4158:Military personnel from Virginia
4056:
3968:
2804:FBI file on Lewis F. Powell, Jr.
2712:(1989), Algonquin Books, p. 193.
2095:A Brief History of Neoliberalism
1374:Powell was the deciding vote in
874:Virginia Commonwealth University
546:. His majority opinions include
425:
375:
340:
4153:Lawyers from Richmond, Virginia
2752:
2715:
2702:
2665:
2631:
2603:
2580:
2555:
2536:
2511:
2486:
2433:
2402:
2365:
2347:The American Presidency Project
2334:
2301:
2262:
2243:
2209:
2179:
2154:
2120:
2086:
2050:
2029:Charlie Cray (23 August 2011).
2023:
1953:
1890:
1872:
1858:
1845:
1825:
1496:area of Richmond, Virginia, of
1492:Powell died at his home in the
1480:United States Courts of Appeals
1440:Retirement and death, 1987–1998
1163:Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals
1149:Supreme Court tenure, 1972–1987
1003:and a director on the board of
800:
549:United States v. Brignoni-Ponce
277:
32:Justice Powell (disambiguation)
2409:Conn, Steven (March 4, 2013).
1781:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1730:
1710:
1673:
1637:
1053:American conservative movement
884:Virginia government, 1951–1970
832:, especially in the fields of
646:Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award
13:
1:
4168:People from Suffolk, Virginia
1597:
1333:In the controversial case of
1145:and the Heritage Foundation.
1143:American Enterprise Institute
766:communications. He worked in
628:Washington and Lee University
538:, and Powell was often a key
481:United States Army Air Forces
471:, he graduated from both the
303:Washington and Lee University
4123:20th-century American judges
2779:Jeffries, John C Jr (1994).
1259:(1974), which struck down a
7:
2644:. Basic Books. p. 23.
2147:September 15, 2015, at the
1833:Justice Lewis F. Powell Jr.
1769:Justice Lewis F. Powell Jr.
1563:
1549:describing the experience.
1339:(1980), the Court issued a
1180:Nixon nominated Powell and
1025:Smith Richardson Foundation
933:Virginia Board of Education
899:Brown v. Board of Education
809:'s Young Lawyers Division.
758:Powell was assigned to the
695:Military service, 1939–1945
421:Lewis F. Powell Jr.'s voice
10:
4234:
2783:. Charles Scribner's Sons.
2100:December 11, 2014, at the
993:American consumer movement
942:
862:Legal Services Corporation
438:Chiarella v. United States
29:
4148:Harvard Law School alumni
4065:
4054:
4030:
4017:
3977:
3966:
3937:
3924:
3866:
3216:
3203:
3186:
2906:
2893:
2843:
2834:
2826:
2821:
2206:Retrieved 1 January 2014.
2047:Retrieved 1 January 2014.
1905:. Facts on File. p.
1897:Hall, Timothy L. (2001).
1507:
1270:His plurality opinion in
848:and railroad litigation.
733:Allied invasion of Sicily
723:. He was assigned to the
689:
458:Lewis Franklin Powell Jr.
451:
414:
396:
386:
371:
363:
353:
335:
330:
295:
287:
261:
251:
241:
224:
205:Lewis Franklin Powell Jr.
200:
195:
191:
180:
175:
165:
153:
142:
134:
123:
118:
106:
94:
82:
71:
64:
60:
48:
41:
2613:(December 16–22, 1998).
2257:How to Capture the Court
2195:January 3, 2014, at the
2036:January 2, 2014, at the
1286:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1206:in the United States in
967:U.S. Chamber of Commerce
957:Inverted totalitarianism
807:American Bar Association
721:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
622:Early life and education
137:American Bar Association
2710:The Style of a Law Firm
2589:"High Court Homophobia"
2107:Oxford University Press
2007:Oxford University Press
1838:March 23, 2017, at the
1794:March 23, 2017, at the
1774:March 23, 2017, at the
1723:March 23, 2017, at the
1065:The Heritage Foundation
999:. His experiences as a
981:, whose 1965 exposé on
939:Powell Memorandum, 1971
725:319th Bombardment Group
509:The Heritage Foundation
442:Recorded March 18, 1980
267:Josephine Pierce Rucker
55:Official portrait, 1976
4133:American Presbyterians
3873:
3193:
2759:Bennett, John (2019).
2708:Freeman, Anne Hobson:
2599:on September 20, 2005.
2593:The Washington Monthly
2316:. Avon Books. p.
1886:on September 20, 2021.
1831:John Calvin Jeffries,
1767:John Calvin Jeffries,
1514:The Majesty of the Law
1358:United States v. Nixon
1347:upon former CIA agent
1229:(1972), striking down
655:and in 1931 graduated
505:1971 Powell Memorandum
491:, a large law firm in
3931:Hunton & Williams
3872:
3192:
3040:Edward Douglass White
2677:Georgetown Law School
2543:Snepp, Frank (1999).
2225:Progressive Power Lab
2126:Kevin Doogan (2009).
2092:David Harvey (2005).
1736:Lewis F. Powell Jr.,
1218:self-induced abortion
1167:Clement F. Haynsworth
1097:inverted totalitarian
1042:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1033:Richard Mellon Scaife
890:Richmond School Board
866:Colonial Williamsburg
838:securities regulation
834:business acquisitions
772:Mediterranean Theater
651:Powell then attended
515:. In 1971, President
489:Hunton & Williams
364:Years of service
3917:Hunton Andrews Kurth
3072:Charles Evans Hughes
2373:Congressional Record
2219:(November 6, 2019).
2161:Good, Aaron (2022).
2060:(November 2, 2011).
2009:. pp. 108–110.
1842:, 2001, pages 60-114
1787:Norman Finkelstein,
1706:– via oup.com.
1482:around the country.
1465:United States Senate
1324:Establishment Clause
963:Eugene B. Sydnor Jr.
854:The Lawyers Handbook
826:Hunton Andrews Kurth
3056:William Howard Taft
2795:Lewis F. Powell Jr.
2551:. pp. 349–350.
2415:The Huffington Post
1855:, 1997–1998, p. 18.
1654:The Washington Post
1552:In 1993, President
1535:J. Harvie Wilkinson
1518:Sandra Day O'Connor
1469:Douglas H. Ginsburg
1450:Stanford Law School
1256:Milliken v. Bradley
1171:G. Harrold Carswell
1130:The Washington Post
1127:, a columnist with
1087:traces the rise of
1061:Business Roundtable
1029:Carthage Foundation
988:Unsafe at Any Speed
785:, and received the
675:fraternity and the
597:Milliken v. Bradley
464:from 1972 to 1987.
43:Lewis F. Powell Jr.
4208:Virginia Democrats
3874:
3210:Associate justices
3194:
2729:The New York Times
2627:on March 11, 2003.
2163:American Exception
1974:on January 4, 2012
1868:. August 29, 2023.
1512:In her 2002 book,
1502:Hollywood Cemetery
1398:concurring opinion
1377:Bowers v. Hardwick
1345:constructive trust
1278:William J. Brennan
1231:capital punishment
1021:Earhart Foundation
953:Merchants of Doubt
753:Bombing of Dresden
705:US Army Air Forces
701:United States Navy
615:Bowers v. Hardwick
493:Richmond, Virginia
479:and served in the
477:Harvard Law School
358:United States Army
317:Harvard University
246:Hollywood Cemetery
235:Richmond, Virginia
215:September 19, 1907
160:Walter Early Craig
135:88th President of
4100:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4066:Second generation
4013:
4012:
3978:Second generation
3883:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3199:
3198:
3152:William Rehnquist
2853:
2852:
2844:Succeeded by
2651:978-0-465-01514-6
2620:The Village Voice
2327:978-0-380-52183-8
2282:978-0-691-14916-5
2172:978-1-5107-6913-7
2016:978-0-19-751964-6
1916:978-0-8160-4194-7
1716:Timothy L. Hall,
1537:, a judge on the
1529:Sydney Lewis Hall
1433:McCleskey v. Kemp
1407:Lawrence v. Texas
1394:Michael W. Mosman
1353:Thurgood Marshall
1282:John Paul Stevens
1226:Furman v. Georgia
1212:(1973). Powell's
1182:William Rehnquist
878:Tobacco Institute
791:Bronze Star Medal
745:Department of War
573:McCleskey v. Kemp
501:Tobacco Institute
469:Suffolk, Virginia
455:
454:
430:
218:Suffolk, Virginia
16:(Redirected from
4225:
4213:Virginia lawyers
4060:
4031:First generation
4019:
4018:
3972:
3938:First generation
3926:
3925:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3862:
3762:
3616:
3554:
3510:
3226:
3205:
3204:
3136:Warren E. Burger
2944:Oliver Ellsworth
2895:
2894:
2885:Justices of the
2879:
2872:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2827:Preceded by
2819:
2818:
2806:at vault.fbi.gov
2784:
2775:
2765:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2719:
2713:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2623:. Archived from
2607:
2601:
2600:
2595:. Archived from
2584:
2578:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2540:
2534:
2515:
2509:
2490:
2484:
2469:Coker v. Georgia
2465:
2456:
2441:Coker v. Georgia
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2315:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2266:
2260:
2249:Hightower, Jim,
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2213:
2207:
2188:(5 April 2010).
2183:
2177:
2176:
2158:
2152:
2124:
2118:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2054:
2048:
2027:
2021:
2020:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1970:. Archived from
1957:
1951:
1941:
1924:
1923:
1904:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1882:. Archived from
1876:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1785:
1779:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1727:, 2001, page 393
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1611:
1247:State of Georgia
1242:Coker v. Georgia
1236:Gregg v. Georgia
1175:John N. Mitchell
1040:and the rise of
1038:Great Depression
1009:tobacco industry
1001:corporate lawyer
945:Crony capitalism
740:Washington, D.C.
713:first lieutenant
681:Edward R. Murrow
669:Mosby Perrow Jr.
659:. He received a
555:Gregg v. Georgia
487:. He worked for
432:
431:
379:
346:
344:
343:
331:Military service
281:
279:
231:
214:
212:
196:Personal details
185:
168:
156:
147:
128:
109:
97:
85:
76:
53:
39:
38:
21:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4092:
4061:
4052:
4026:
4009:
3973:
3964:
3933:
3920:
3914:
3884:
3875:
3864:
3863:
3857:
3855:
3757:
3698:J. M. Harlan II
3611:
3549:
3505:
3221:
3212:
3195:
3184:
3183:
3088:Harlan F. Stone
3024:Melville Fuller
2992:Salmon P. Chase
2902:
2889:
2883:
2849:
2847:Anthony Kennedy
2840:
2832:
2791:
2763:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2720:
2716:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2673:"Paul M. Smith"
2671:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2636:
2632:
2608:
2604:
2585:
2581:
2560:
2556:
2541:
2537:
2519:Harris v. McRae
2516:
2512:
2491:
2487:
2466:
2459:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2407:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2283:
2267:
2263:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2214:
2210:
2197:Wayback Machine
2184:
2180:
2173:
2159:
2155:
2149:Wayback Machine
2128:New Capitalism.
2125:
2121:
2102:Wayback Machine
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2055:
2051:
2038:Wayback Machine
2028:
2024:
2017:
1994:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1958:
1954:
1942:
1927:
1917:
1895:
1891:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1846:
1840:Wayback Machine
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1798:, 2005, page 36
1796:Wayback Machine
1786:
1782:
1778:, 2001, page 31
1776:Wayback Machine
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1731:
1725:Wayback Machine
1715:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1566:
1510:
1442:
1328:First Amendment
1320:Fifth Amendment
1307:Harris v. McRae
1290:strict scrutiny
1151:
1013:First Amendment
959:
941:
896:'s decision in
886:
824:, now known as
803:
795:Croix de Guerre
787:Legion of Merit
729:Operation Torch
697:
692:
673:Phi Kappa Sigma
637:magna cum laude
624:
603:Harris v. McRae
529:Anthony Kennedy
447:
446:
445:
444:
443:
441:
433:
426:
423:
409:Croix de Guerre
407:
405:Legion of Merit
403:
341:
339:
326:
283:
275:
271:
268:
252:Political party
233:
229:
228:August 25, 1998
216:
210:
208:
207:
206:
186:
181:
166:
154:
148:
143:
129:
124:
113:Anthony Kennedy
107:
95:
83:
77:
72:
56:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Lewis F. Powell
15:
12:
11:
5:
4231:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3922:
3921:
3913:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3890:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3867:
3865:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3852:(2022–present)
3847:
3846:(2020–present)
3841:
3840:(2018–present)
3835:
3834:(2017–present)
3829:
3828:(2010–present)
3823:
3822:(2009–present)
3817:
3816:(2006–present)
3811:
3805:
3799:
3798:(1991–present)
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3165:
3149:
3133:
3117:
3104:Fred M. Vinson
3101:
3085:
3069:
3053:
3037:
3021:
3008:Morrison Waite
3005:
2989:
2976:Roger B. Taney
2973:
2957:
2941:
2925:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2900:Chief justices
2891:
2890:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2822:Legal offices
2817:
2816:
2807:
2801:
2790:
2789:External links
2787:
2786:
2785:
2776:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2714:
2701:
2699:, p. 451.
2689:
2664:
2650:
2630:
2602:
2579:
2554:
2535:
2510:
2485:
2457:
2432:
2401:
2389:
2377:
2364:
2333:
2326:
2300:
2281:
2261:
2242:
2208:
2178:
2171:
2153:
2119:
2085:
2049:
2022:
2015:
1985:
1952:
1946:(2016-01-19).
1925:
1915:
1889:
1871:
1857:
1844:
1824:
1822:, p. 102.
1812:
1800:
1780:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1729:
1709:
1672:
1645:Biskupic, Joan
1636:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1539:Fourth Circuit
1509:
1506:
1487:Douglas Wilder
1446:Gerald Gunther
1441:
1438:
1316:Hyde Amendment
1194:Fred R. Harris
1159:Harry Blackmun
1150:
1147:
1069:Cato Institute
1005:Phillip Morris
983:General Motors
971:anti-Communist
949:Corporatocracy
940:
937:
926:Douglas Wilder
885:
882:
802:
799:
717:Miami, Florida
696:
693:
691:
688:
661:Master of Laws
642:Phi Beta Kappa
623:
620:
495:, focusing on
453:
452:
449:
448:
434:
424:
419:
418:
417:
416:
415:
412:
411:
398:
394:
393:
388:
384:
383:
373:
369:
368:
365:
361:
360:
355:
354:Branch/service
351:
350:
337:
333:
332:
328:
327:
325:
324:
314:
299:
297:
293:
292:
289:
285:
284:
273:
269:
266:
265:
263:
259:
258:
253:
249:
248:
243:
239:
238:
232:(aged 90)
226:
222:
221:
204:
202:
198:
197:
193:
192:
189:
188:
178:
177:
173:
172:
171:Edward W. Kuhn
169:
163:
162:
157:
151:
150:
140:
139:
132:
131:
121:
120:
116:
115:
110:
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
69:
68:
62:
61:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4230:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4024:Andrews Kurth
4020:
4016:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3911:
3906:
3904:
3899:
3897:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3871:
3861:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:* (1972–1986)
3760:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:* (1925–1941)
3614:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:* (1910–1916)
3552:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:* (1894–1910)
3508:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:* (1790–1791)
3224:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2960:John Marshall
2958:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2928:John Rutledge
2926:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2705:
2698:
2697:Jeffries 1994
2693:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2563:Plyler v. Doe
2558:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2397:Jeffries 1994
2393:
2386:
2385:Jeffries 1994
2381:
2374:
2368:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2304:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2265:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:Radford, Phil
2212:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2089:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1997:Gerstle, Gary
1992:
1990:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1867:
1861:
1854:
1853:YLD Directory
1848:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1820:Jeffries 1994
1816:
1810:, p. 36.
1809:
1804:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1740:, n.p.,. 1932
1739:
1733:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1603:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1541:, and former
1540:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1494:Windsor Farms
1490:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1421:Paul M. Smith
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:Plyler v. Doe
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1336:Snepp v. U.S.
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1261:school busing
1258:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1125:Jack Anderson
1121:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:neoliberalism
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1031:, founded by
1030:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
958:
954:
950:
946:
936:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
913:
911:
907:
906:
901:
900:
895:
894:Supreme Court
891:
881:
879:
875:
871:
870:Philip Morris
867:
863:
858:
855:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:corporate law
827:
823:
819:
815:
812:Powell was a
810:
808:
798:
796:
793:, and French
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
687:
684:
682:
678:
677:Sigma Society
674:
670:
665:
662:
658:
657:valedictorian
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
638:
634:
629:
619:
617:
616:
611:
610:
609:Plyler v. Doe
605:
604:
599:
598:
593:
592:
587:
586:
581:
580:
575:
574:
569:
568:
567:Solem v. Helm
563:
562:
557:
556:
551:
550:
545:
541:
537:
536:Warren Burger
532:
530:
526:
525:Ronald Reagan
522:
518:
517:Richard Nixon
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:corporate law
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
450:
440:
439:
422:
413:
410:
406:
402:
399:
395:
392:
389:
385:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
359:
356:
352:
349:
348:United States
338:
334:
329:
322:
318:
315:
312:
308:
304:
301:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
264:
260:
257:
254:
250:
247:
244:
242:Resting place
240:
236:
227:
223:
219:
203:
199:
194:
190:
184:
179:
174:
170:
164:
161:
158:
152:
146:
141:
138:
133:
127:
122:
117:
114:
111:
105:
102:
99:
93:
90:
89:Richard Nixon
87:
81:
75:
70:
67:
63:
59:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3999:
3859:
3751:
3558:Van Devanter
3446:J. M. Harlan
3175:
3172:2005–present
3168:John Roberts
3159:
3143:
3127:
3111:
3095:
3079:
3063:
3047:
3031:
3015:
2999:
2983:
2967:
2951:
2935:
2919:
2835:
2780:
2771:
2767:
2753:Bibliography
2740:February 17,
2738:. Retrieved
2727:
2717:
2709:
2704:
2692:
2680:. Retrieved
2676:
2667:
2655:. Retrieved
2640:
2633:
2625:the original
2618:
2611:Hentoff, Nat
2605:
2597:the original
2592:
2582:
2577: (1982).
2561:
2557:
2549:Random House
2547:. New York:
2544:
2538:
2533: (1980).
2517:
2513:
2508: (1978).
2492:
2488:
2467:
2439:
2435:
2423:. Retrieved
2414:
2404:
2392:
2387:, p. 1.
2380:
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2346:
2336:
2311:
2303:
2291:. Retrieved
2271:
2264:
2256:
2250:
2245:
2235:November 10,
2233:. Retrieved
2224:
2211:
2200:
2186:Chris Hedges
2181:
2162:
2156:
2127:
2122:
2093:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2065:
2058:Moyers, Bill
2052:
2041:
2025:
2001:
1976:. Retrieved
1972:the original
1965:
1955:
1947:
1920:
1900:
1892:
1884:the original
1874:
1860:
1852:
1847:
1827:
1815:
1808:Bennett 2019
1803:
1783:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1737:
1732:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1682:
1675:
1665:September 3,
1663:. Retrieved
1652:
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1554:Bill Clinton
1551:
1546:
1533:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1454:
1443:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1405:
1401:
1375:
1373:
1365:
1363:
1356:
1334:
1332:
1305:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1271:
1269:
1265:white flight
1254:
1252:
1240:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1179:
1152:
1128:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1093:Gary Gerstle
1085:David Harvey
1050:
1017:
986:
960:
930:
918:civil rights
914:
909:
903:
897:
887:
859:
853:
850:
811:
804:
801:Legal career
780:
757:
737:
709:Intelligence
698:
685:
666:
650:
635:
625:
613:
612:(1982), and
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
570:(1983), and
565:
559:
553:
547:
544:Burger Court
533:
485:World War II
466:
457:
456:
436:
391:World War II
387:Battles/wars
230:(1998-08-25)
182:
167:Succeeded by
144:
125:
108:Succeeded by
84:Nominated by
73:
36:
4118:1998 deaths
4113:1907 births
3810:(1994–2022)
3804:(1993–2020)
3792:(1990–2009)
3786:(1988–2018)
3780:(1986–2016)
3774:(1981–2006)
3768:(1975–2010)
3754:(1972–1987)
3748:(1970–1994)
3742:(1967–1991)
3740:T. Marshall
3736:(1965–1969)
3730:(1962–1965)
3724:(1962–1993)
3718:(1958–1981)
3712:(1957–1962)
3706:(1956–1990)
3700:(1955–1971)
3694:(1949–1956)
3688:(1949–1967)
3682:(1945–1958)
3676:(1943–1949)
3674:W. Rutledge
3670:(1941–1954)
3664:(1941–1942)
3658:(1940–1949)
3652:(1939–1975)
3646:(1939–1962)
3644:Frankfurter
3640:(1938–1957)
3634:(1937–1971)
3628:(1932–1938)
3622:(1930–1945)
3608:(1923–1930)
3602:(1923–1939)
3596:(1922–1938)
3590:(1916–1922)
3584:(1916–1939)
3578:(1914–1941)
3572:(1912–1922)
3566:(1911–1916)
3560:(1911–1937)
3546:(1910–1914)
3540:(1906–1910)
3534:(1903–1922)
3528:(1902–1932)
3522:(1898–1925)
3516:(1896–1909)
3502:(1893–1895)
3496:(1892–1903)
3490:(1891–1906)
3484:(1890–1910)
3478:(1888–1893)
3472:(1882–1893)
3466:(1882–1902)
3460:(1881–1889)
3454:(1881–1887)
3448:(1877–1911)
3442:(1873–1882)
3436:(1870–1892)
3430:(1870–1880)
3424:(1863–1897)
3418:(1862–1877)
3412:(1862–1890)
3406:(1862–1881)
3400:(1858–1881)
3394:(1853–1861)
3388:(1851–1857)
3382:(1846–1870)
3376:(1845–1851)
3370:(1845–1872)
3364:(1842–1860)
3358:(1838–1852)
3352:(1837–1865)
3346:(1836–1841)
3340:(1835–1867)
3334:(1830–1844)
3328:(1829–1861)
3322:(1826–1828)
3316:(1823–1843)
3310:(1812–1845)
3304:(1811–1835)
3298:(1807–1826)
3292:(1807–1823)
3286:(1804–1834)
3280:(1800–1804)
3274:(1798–1829)
3268:(1796–1811)
3262:(1793–1806)
3256:(1792–1793)
3250:(1790–1799)
3244:(1790–1795)
3238:(1789–1798)
3232:(1790–1810)
3223:J. Rutledge
3120:Earl Warren
2810:Appearances
2293:October 26,
1944:Mayer, Jane
1457:Robert Bork
1390:sodomy laws
1349:Frank Snepp
1209:Roe v. Wade
1139:think-tanks
1135:foundations
1057:think tanks
979:Ralph Nader
922:Oliver Hill
846:real estate
776:laws of war
770:and in the
591:Roe v. Wade
401:Bronze Star
155:Preceded by
96:Preceded by
4107:Categories
3950:Hunton Jr.
3850:K. Jackson
3668:R. Jackson
3620:O. Roberts
3594:Sutherland
3576:McReynolds
3500:H. Jackson
3470:Blatchford
3290:Livingston
3284:W. Johnson
3272:Washington
3254:T. Johnson
2841:1972–1987
2830:Hugo Black
2139:0745633250
2115:0199283273
2078:January 1,
2067:The Nation
2043:Greenpeace
1598:References
1525:alma mater
1516:, Justice
1341:per curiam
1214:pro-choice
1155:Abe Fortas
1083:professor
943:See also:
842:bankruptcy
818:white shoe
540:swing vote
521:Hugo Black
336:Allegiance
256:Democratic
211:1907-09-19
101:Hugo Black
4048:Streetman
3985:Hunton IV
3838:Kavanaugh
3820:Sotomayor
3759:Rehnquist
3710:Whittaker
3156:1986–2005
3140:1969–1986
3124:1953–1969
3108:1946–1953
3092:1941–1946
3076:1930–1941
3060:1921–1930
3044:1910–1921
3028:1888–1910
3012:1874–1888
2996:1864–1873
2980:1836–1864
2964:1801–1835
2948:1796–1800
2916:1789–1795
2682:August 5,
1629:April 26,
1543:law clerk
1498:pneumonia
1485:In 1990,
1473:marijuana
1419:Justice.
1192:Democrat
997:socialism
973:and anti-
558:(1976),
367:1942–1945
296:Education
187:1952–1961
183:In office
149:1964–1965
145:In office
130:1968–1969
126:In office
74:In office
4078:Campbell
3960:Anderson
3955:Williams
3802:Ginsburg
3772:O'Connor
3746:Blackmun
3728:Goldberg
3722:B. White
3582:Brandeis
3564:J. Lamar
3507:E. White
3476:L. Lamar
3458:Matthews
3398:Clifford
3392:Campbell
3374:Woodbury
3356:McKinley
3314:Thompson
3266:S. Chase
3260:Paterson
2912:John Jay
2734:Archived
2481:584, 603
2453:584, 601
2425:April 7,
2419:Archived
2357:March 1,
2351:Archived
2287:Archived
2229:Archived
2202:Truthdig
2193:Archived
2145:Archived
2098:Archived
2072:Archived
2034:Archived
1999:(2022).
1978:March 1,
1851:A.B.A.,
1836:Archived
1792:Archived
1772:Archived
1721:Archived
1702:June 24,
1696:Archived
1659:Archived
1623:Archived
1564:See also
1461:rejected
1312:Medicaid
1204:abortion
1190:Oklahoma
1118:Bellotti
1075:and the
1046:New Deal
975:New Deal
822:Richmond
618:(1986).
606:(1980),
600:(1974),
594:(1973),
588:(1972),
564:(1978),
552:(1975),
511:and the
467:Born in
288:Children
4083:Bradley
4038:Andrews
3945:Munford
3844:Barrett
3832:Gorsuch
3784:Kennedy
3766:Stevens
3716:Stewart
3704:Brennan
3650:Douglas
3626:Cardozo
3606:Sanford
3520:McKenna
3514:Peckham
3434:Bradley
3344:Barbour
3332:Baldwin
3320:Trimble
3248:Iredell
3230:Cushing
2774:: 1–44.
2657:July 6,
1463:by the
1326:of the
1322:or the
1161:of the
920:lawyer
814:partner
783:colonel
768:England
542:on the
483:during
381:Colonel
282:
274:
270:
4005:Gibson
4000:Powell
3919:people
3808:Breyer
3796:Thomas
3790:Souter
3778:Scalia
3752:Powell
3734:Fortas
3692:Minton
3680:Burton
3662:Byrnes
3656:Murphy
3600:Butler
3588:Clarke
3570:Pitney
3551:Hughes
3544:Lurton
3526:Holmes
3494:Shiras
3482:Brewer
3428:Strong
3410:Miller
3404:Swayne
3386:Curtis
3368:Nelson
3362:Daniel
3350:Catron
3326:McLean
3302:Duvall
3236:Wilson
2814:C-SPAN
2648:
2566:,
2522:,
2497:,
2472:,
2444:,
2324:
2279:
2169:
2137:
2131:Polity
2117:p. 43.
2113:
2013:
1913:
1508:Legacy
1459:, was
1425:Bowers
1402:Bowers
1186:Senate
1067:, the
955:, and
707:as an
690:Career
503:. His
397:Awards
345:
262:Spouse
237:, U.S.
220:, U.S.
4088:Jones
4073:Kurth
3995:Moore
3826:Kagan
3814:Alito
3686:Clark
3632:Black
3613:Stone
3538:Moody
3488:Brown
3452:Woods
3422:Field
3416:Davis
3380:Grier
3338:Wayne
3308:Story
3278:Moore
3242:Blair
3177:cases
3161:cases
3145:cases
3129:cases
3113:cases
3097:cases
3081:cases
3065:cases
3049:cases
3033:cases
3017:cases
3001:cases
2985:cases
2969:cases
2953:cases
2937:cases
2921:cases
2764:(PDF)
2570:
2526:
2501:
2476:
2448:
2371:1971
2142:p. 34
1414:
1384:
910:Brown
760:Ultra
276:(
272:
4043:Ball
3638:Reed
3464:Gray
3440:Hunt
3296:Todd
2932:1795
2799:IMDb
2742:2017
2684:2022
2659:2022
2646:ISBN
2572:U.S.
2528:U.S.
2503:U.S.
2478:U.S.
2450:U.S.
2427:2013
2359:2016
2322:ISBN
2295:2020
2277:ISBN
2237:2019
2167:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2111:ISBN
2080:2014
2011:ISBN
1980:2016
1911:ISBN
1704:2015
1667:2017
1631:2010
1416:U.S.
1386:U.S.
1169:and
1081:CUNY
764:Axis
719:and
640:and
633:B.A.
475:and
372:Rank
225:Died
201:Born
3990:Gay
3532:Day
2812:on
2797:at
2575:202
2568:457
2531:297
2524:448
2506:765
2499:435
2474:433
2446:433
2318:188
1967:PBS
1907:393
1688:doi
1412:539
1404:in
1382:478
1044:'s
321:LLM
311:LLB
4109::
3174:,
3158:,
3142:,
3126:,
3110:,
3094:,
3078:,
3062:,
3046:,
3030:,
3014:,
2998:,
2982:,
2966:,
2950:,
2934:,
2918:,
2772:20
2770:.
2766:.
2732:.
2726:.
2675:.
2617:.
2591:.
2460:^
2417:.
2413:.
2345:.
2320:.
2285:.
2255:,
2227:.
2223:.
2199:.
2133:.
2109:.
2070:.
2064:.
2040:.
2005:.
1988:^
1964:.
1928:^
1919:.
1909:.
1694:.
1657:.
1651:.
1621:.
1617:.
1606:^
1560:.
1504:.
1410:,
1380:,
1361:.
1330:.
1220:.
1120:.
1071:,
1063:,
1048:.
985:,
951:,
947:,
928:.
912:.
844:,
840:,
836:,
789:,
735:.
531:.
309:,
307:BA
278:m.
3909:e
3902:t
3895:v
3858:*
3180:)
3170:(
3164:)
3154:(
3148:)
3138:(
3132:)
3122:(
3116:)
3106:(
3100:)
3090:(
3084:)
3074:(
3068:)
3058:(
3052:)
3042:(
3036:)
3026:(
3020:)
3010:(
3004:)
2994:(
2988:)
2978:(
2972:)
2962:(
2956:)
2946:(
2940:)
2930:(
2924:)
2914:(
2878:e
2871:t
2864:v
2744:.
2686:.
2661:.
2429:.
2399:.
2361:.
2330:.
2297:.
2239:.
2204:.
2175:.
2151:.
2104:.
2082:.
2045:.
2019:.
1982:.
1690::
1669:.
1633:.
323:)
319:(
313:)
305:(
291:4
213:)
209:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
