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as a historical example of
Belarusians supporting Poland, Kalinowski writes, "As our parents two hundred years ago already said, 'If you have God and His commandments in your heart, help thy neighbour'". He calls on Belarusians to fight Russia by any possible means, including "a knife, an ax, or
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slavery do not go together." The alternative to education, Kalinowski claims, is the destruction of
Belarusian identity by Russia. His final remarks advocate that Belarusians to go into battle in the event of any Polish uprising, saying:
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Go and fight with the whole people for your human and national rights, for your faith, for your native land. For I say to you from beneath the gallows, my people, you will only then live happily, when no
Russian remains over
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were written in a patriotic tone, calling on
Belarusians to resist the Russian Empire by any means. In the first letter, Kalinowski criticises the concept of the
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In the second letter, which is significantly shorter than the first, Kalinowski calls on
Belarusians to educate themselves, saying that "true science and
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to the greatest extent possible, including through military action. Since
Kalinowski's death, the letters have become a defining text of
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414:"Where Are You, Kastuś Kalinoŭski?": Overt and Covert References to Kalinoŭski and His Fate in the Work of Young Belarusian Poets"
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and calls for unity between Jews (referred to by
Kalinowski in the letters as "the brother") and Belarusians, criticising
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shortly before his public execution by
Russian authorities. The contents of the letters call on Belarusians to resist the
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241:Двесці лет таму назад, а бацькі нашы ляпей ужэ казалі: "Калі маеш Бога ў сэрцу і прыказ Яго, памагай бліжнему"
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The letters have also had an important impact on
Belarusian literature. Particularly since the
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will be difficult the longer the
Russian Empire rules over the former Commonwealth. Citing the
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To the Belarusian People: Konstanty Kalinowski's Letters from Beneath the Gallows
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297:"Kastus Kalinouski: Leader of the National Uprising in Byelorussia 1863-64"
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Da bielaruskaha narodu. List z-pad šybienicy Kanstancina Kalinoŭskaha
145:Да беларускага народу. Ліст з-пад шыбеніцы Канстанціна Каліноўскага
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After Kalinowski's execution, the letters were first published in
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and antisemitism as driving Jews to oppose the restoration of the
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329:[Kanstancin Kalinoŭski in the light of documentation].
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387:[Our fighting "beneath the gallows"].
333:(in Belarusian). 23 July 2009. Archived from
327:"Канстанцін Каліноўскі ў сьвятле дакумэнтаў"
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86:Letters from the Beneath the Gallows
18:1864 letters by Konstanty Kalinowski
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383:Luneva, Lyubov (24 January 2023).
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295:Horosko, Leo (16 December 1965).
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461:Belarusian independence movement
41:Letters from Beneath the Gallows
186:Letter from Beneath the Gallows
165:dissolution of the Soviet Union
385:"Наши споры «из-под виселицы»"
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192:Letters from the Gallows
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21:Not to be confused with
267:"Пісьмы з-пад шыбеніцы"
158:Belarusian nationalists
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74:Belarusian nationalism
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263:Kalinowski, Konstanty
207:Пісьмы з-пад шыбеніцы
139:, under the title of
135:by Polish politician
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61:Listy z-pad šybienicy
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337:on 15 September 2009
66:Konstanty Kalinowski
50:Лісты з-пад шыбеніцы
106:Polish–Ottoman Wars
357:"Kalinowski Forum"
315:– via Brill.
90:All-Russian nation
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451:1864 essays
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46:Belarusian
430:17 August
397:17 August
368:17 August
341:17 August
307:(1): 34.
277:17 August
109:poison".
55:romanized
80:Contents
94:pogroms
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390:Belsat
362:Seimas
127:Legacy
114:Moskal
417:(PDF)
331:Arche
204:Also
183:Also
171:Notes
133:Paris
432:2023
399:2023
370:2023
343:2023
279:2023
228:brat
220:брат
122:you!
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