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legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws" and also "to disobey unjust laws". King stated that it is not morally wrong to disobey a law that pertains to one group of people differently from another. Alabama has used "all sorts of devious methods" to deny its black citizens their right to vote and thus preserve its unjust laws and broader system of white supremacy. Segregation laws are immoral and unjust "because segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality. It gives the segregator a false sense of superiority and the segregated a false sense of inferiority." Even some just laws, such as permit requirements for public marches, are unjust when they are used to uphold an unjust system.
106:(ACMHR) had met with the Senior Citizens Committee (SCC) following this protest in hopes to find a way to prevent larger forms of retaliation against segregation. The SCC, a white civic organization, had agreed during this meeting to remove all "Whites Only" signs from downtown department stores, however failed to carry this promise through. The citizens of Birmingham's efforts in desegregation caught King's attention, especially with their previous attempts resulting in failure or broken promises. Their desire to be active in fighting against racism is what made King certain that this was where he needed to begin his work.
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invited" by the SCLC's
Birmingham affiliate, "because injustice is here" in what was probably the most racially-divided city in the country, with its brutal police, unjust courts, and many "unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches". Referring to his belief that all communities and states were interrelated, King wrote, "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly
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253:" is not just, while any law that "uplifts human personality" is just. Segregation undermines human personality, ergo, is unjust. Furthermore, he wrote: "I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for law."
229:" Along similar lines, King also lamented the "myth concerning time" by which white moderates assumed that progress toward equal rights was inevitable and so assertive activism was unnecessary. King called it a "tragic misconception of time" to assume that its mere passage "will inevitably cure all ills". King wrote that progress takes time as well as the "tireless efforts" of dedicated people of good will.
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absolute misunderstanding from people of ill will. Lukewarm acceptance is much more bewildering than outright rejection." King asserted that the white church needed to take a principled stand or risk being "dismissed as an irrelevant social club". Regarding the black community, King wrote that we need not follow "the 'do-nothingism' of the complacent nor the hatred and despair of the Black nationalist."
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segregation". It is wrong to use immoral means to achieve moral ends but also "to use moral means to preserve immoral ends". Instead of the police, King praised the nonviolent demonstrators in
Birmingham "for their sublime courage, their willingness to suffer and their amazing discipline in the midst of great provocation. One day the South will recognize its real heroes."
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the white power structure without which true civil rights could never be achieved. Citing previous failed negotiations, King wrote that the black community was left with "no alternative". "We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed."
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great reformers were extremists: "So the question is not whether we will be extremists, but what kind of extremists we will be. Will we be extremists for hate or for love?" King's discussion of extremism implicitly responded to numerous "moderate" objections to the ongoing movement, such as US President
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with further examples from the past and present of what makes laws just or unjust: "A law is unjust if it is inflicted on a minority that, as a result of being denied the right to vote, had no part in enacting or devising the law." In terms of obedience to the law, King says citizens have "not only a
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Against the clergymen's assertion that demonstrations could be illegal, King argued that civil disobedience was not only justified in the face of unjust laws but also was necessary and even patriotic: "The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. I would be the first
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In the closing, King criticized the clergy's praise of the
Birmingham police for maintaining order nonviolently. The recent public displays of nonviolence by the police were in stark contrast to their typical treatment of black people and, as public relations, helped "to preserve the evil system of
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King expressed general frustration with both white moderates and certain "opposing forces in the Negro community". He wrote that white moderates, including clergymen, posed a challenge comparable to that of white supremacists: "Shallow understanding from people of good will is more frustrating than
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King addressed the accusation that the Civil Rights
Movement was "extreme" by first disputing the label but then accepting it. Compared to other movements at the time, King found himself as a moderate. However, in his devotion to his cause, King referred to himself as an extremist. Jesus and other
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on
October 16, 1961, to address the concerns of discrimination in the south and the lack of action the government was taking; President Kennedy seemed to be in support of desegregation, but was slow to take action, with Birmingham officials refusing to leave office in an effort to prevent a younger
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The clergymen also disapproved of tensions created by public actions such as sit-ins and marches. King confirmed that he and his fellow demonstrators were indeed using nonviolent direct action in order to create "constructive" tension. The tension was intended to compel meaningful negotiation with
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Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds." King also warned that if white people successfully rejected his nonviolent activists as rabble-rousing outside agitators, it could encourage millions of
African Americans to "seek solace and
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King began the letter by responding to the criticism that he and his fellow activists were "outsiders" causing trouble in the streets of
Birmingham. King referred to his responsibility as the leader of the SCLC, which had numerous affiliated organizations throughout the South. King wrote: "I was
192:" clergymen, who agreed that social injustices existed but argued that the battle against racial segregation should be fought solely in the courts, not the streets. He also criticized the assertion that African Americans ought to wait patiently while these battles were fought in the courts.
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145:(SCLC). On April 10, Circuit Judge W. A. Jenkins Jr. issued a blanket injunction against "parading, demonstrating, boycotting, trespassing and picketing". Leaders of the campaign announced they would disobey the ruling. On April 12, King was arrested with SCLC activist
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King wrote the first part of the letter on the margins of a newspaper, which was the only paper available to him. He then wrote more on bits and pieces of paper given to him by a trusty, which were given to his lawyers to take back to movement headquarters. Pastor
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generation of officials with less discriminatory beliefs being elected. These leaders in
Birmingham were legally not required to leave their office until 1965, meaning that something else had to be done to generate change. King, passionate for this change, created "
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The clergymen also disapproved of the timing of public actions. In response, King said that recent decisions by the SCLC to delay its efforts for tactical reasons showed that it was behaving responsibly. He also referred to the broader scope of history, when
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and his secretary Willie Pearl Mackey then began compiling and editing the literary jigsaw puzzle. He was eventually able to finish the letter on a pad of paper his lawyers were allowed to leave with him.
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to advocate obeying just laws. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. I would agree with
225:." Listing numerous ongoing injustices toward black people, including himself, King said, "Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to say, 'Wait.
21:
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rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts. Responding to being referred to as an "outsider", King writes: "Injustice anywhere is a threat to
164:", a statement by eight white Alabama clergymen against King and his methods. The letter provoked King, and he began to write a response to the newspaper itself. King writes in
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In a footnote introducing this chapter of the book, King wrote, "Although the text remains in substance unaltered, I have indulged in the author's prerogative of polishing it."
168:: "Begun on the margins of the newspaper in which the statement appeared while I was in jail, the letter was continued on scraps of writing paper supplied by a friendly Negro
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Panel discussion on "Letter from
Birmingham Jail" with Julian Bond, Stephen L. Carter, Gary Hall, Walter Isaacson, Eric L. Motley, and Natasha Trethewey, February 24, 2014
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221:" Declaring that African Americans had waited for the God-given and constitutional rights long enough, King quoted "one of our distinguished jurists" that "
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boycotted local downtown stores for eight weeks, which resulted in a decrease in sales by 40% and two stores desegregating their water fountains. The
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1002:, interviewed by Andrew Manis, Caanan Baptist Church, New York City: Transcription held at Birmingham Public Library, Birmingham, Alabama, p. 24
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1238:"VIDEO: Senator Doug Jones Leads Second Annual Bipartisan Reading of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Letter from Birmingham Jail on the Senate Floor"
712:, p. 40: "King was placed alone in a dark cell, with no mattress, and denied a phone call. Was Connor's aim, as some thought, to break him?".
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1216:"TUESDAY, APRIL 9: Senator Doug Jones to Lead Bipartisan Commemorative Reading of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s 1963 Letter from Birmingham Jail"
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Fulkerson, Richard P. (1979). "The Public Letter as a
Rhetorical Form: Structure, Logic, and Style in King's 'Letter from Birmingham Jail'".
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616:"A Case Study Analysis of the "Letter from Birmingham Jail": Conceptualizing the Conscience of King through the Lens of Paulo Freire"
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King was met with unusually harsh conditions in the Birmingham jail. An ally smuggled in a newspaper from April 12, which contained "
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chose not to publish it. Extensive excerpts from the letter were published, without King's consent, on May 19, 1963, in the
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Blessed Are the Peacemakers: Martin Luther King, Jr., Eight White Religious Leaders, and the "Letter from Birmingham Jail"
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in the United States. The letter has been described as "one of the most important historical documents penned by a modern
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273:'s claim that he could not meet with civil rights leaders because doing so would require him to meet with the
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under the headline "The Negro Is Your Brother". King included a version of the full text in his 1964 book
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118:", with 'C' standing for 'confrontation'. "Project C" was also referred to as the Birmingham campaign.
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349:. The letter gained more popularity as summer went on, and was reprinted in the July 1963 edition of
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245:" Anticipating the claim that one cannot determine such things, he again cited Christian theologian
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2009:
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Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King
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during his tenure there in 2019 and 2020, and passed the obligation to lead the reading to Sen.
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Snow, Malinda (1985). "Martin Luther King's 'Letter from Birmingham Jail' as Pauline Epistle".
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and reprinted around 50 times in 325 editions of 58 readers. These readers were published for
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ideologies, a development that will lead inevitably to a frightening racial nightmare."
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2017:
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327:. The complete letter was first published as "Letter from Birmingham City Jail" by the
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Greene, Helen Taylor; Gabbidon, Shaun L. (April 14, 2009). "Political Prisoners".
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King's letter, dated April 16, 1963, responded to several criticisms made by the "
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It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take
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172:, and concluded on a pad my attorneys were eventually permitted to leave me."
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Pursuit: The Journal of Undergraduate Research at the University of Tennessee
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1701:. Stanford, CA: The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute
1607:. Stanford, CA: The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute
1364:
Birmingham Revolution: Martin Luther King Jr.'s Epic Challenge to the Church
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Gospel of Freedom: Martin Luther King, Jr.'s 'Letter From Birmingham Jail'
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180:, arranged $ 160,000 to bail out King and the other jailed protestors.
153:, and other marchers, while thousands of African Americans dressed for
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began on April 3, 1963, with coordinated marches and sit-ins against
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King, Martin Luther; Jr (1991), "Letter from Birmingham City Jail",
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1302:
522:
5679:
501:"Semiotics and Martin Luther King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail""
389:(D-Alabama) led an annual bipartisan reading of the letter in the
355:
under the headline "Tears of Love" and the August 1963 edition of
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375:
61:
1136:
Reprinted in "Reporting Civil Rights, Part One", (pp. 777–794),
5204:
1785:
1737:
1730:, from The Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity
5690:
3939:
1405:
The Citizen Machine: Governing by Television in 1950s America
1060:
The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute
75:, was widely published, and became an important text for the
1542:
1267:. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press.
3152:
Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, Washington, D.C.
679:. Vol. 145, no. 101. April 11, 1963. p. 21
5389:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
5167:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
2783:
547:; Edwards, Rebecca; Self, Robert O. (January 5, 2011).
331:
in May 1963 and subsequently in the June 1963 issue of
5413:
African American founding fathers of the United States
3766:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
3631:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
3015:
African American founding fathers of the United States
911:
5644:
3238:
999:
Interview with Wyatt Walker, about Fred Shuttlesworth
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887:
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875:
873:
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844:
831:
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790:
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734:
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2925:
Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc.
753:"The Great Society: A New History with Amity Shlaes"
715:
5461:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
1684:
Full text in HTML at the University of Pennsylvania
1645:"Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nonviolent Resistance"
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899:
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841:
824:
812:
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249:by saying any law not rooted in "eternal law and
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3997:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
3987:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
3920:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
3811:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
2968:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1366:. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press.
1118:. Vol. 8, no. 4. pp. 10–16, 23.
5771:Christianity and politics in the United States
5466:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
3121:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, San Francisco
2446:King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis
437:
5374:List of lynching victims in the United States
3712:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
3224:
2392:Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act
2386:U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations
1930:Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?
1758:
1388:. New York: Signet Classic (published 2000).
1019:"Harvey Shapiro, Poet and Editor, Dies at 88"
16:Open letter written by Martin Luther King, Jr
3157:Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library, San Jose
1724:A Reading of the Letter from Birmingham Jail
613:
3841:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
2707:Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story
1786:Speeches, writings, movements, and protests
1577:Public Statement by Eight Alabama Clergymen
1421:
577:
139:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
104:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
83:", and is considered a classic document of
3890:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
3231:
3217:
3126:Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Compton)
1772:
1765:
1751:
614:Sails-Dunbar, Tremaine T. (January 2017).
581:Political Trials: Gordian Knots in the Law
498:
223:justice too long delayed is justice denied
5446:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
2476:The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306
1361:
1340:
471:Encyclopedia of African American Politics
5761:American political philosophy literature
5481:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
3521:University of Georgia desegregation riot
3189:Civil rights movement in popular culture
2995:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
2917:Civil rights movement in popular culture
1986:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
1402:
917:
292:
143:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
20:
5395:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
5132:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
5127:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
1834:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
1651:. National Endowment for the Humanities
1150:King, Martin Luther Jr. (August 1963).
1114:(1963). "Letter from Birmingham Jail".
444:. SAGE Publications. pp. 636–639.
5766:April 1963 events in the United States
5743:
5309:African-American women in the movement
3761:White House Conference on Civil Rights
3592:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
1464:
1190:
995:
750:
721:
709:
697:
644:, Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis,
639:
397:(D-Ohio) upon Jones' election defeat.
217:'Wait' has almost always meant 'Never.
3750:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
3212:
2956:
2425:
2346:
2067:
1784:
1746:
1281:
1202:
635:
633:
609:
607:
605:
578:Christenson, Ron (December 2, 2017).
506:Cardozo Studies in Law and Literature
464:
183:
5697:
5518:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
3982:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
3930:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
3876:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
3353:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
3278:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
1688:
1594:
1521:
1483:
1422:Oppenheimer, David Benjamin (1993).
1380:
1262:
1149:
1110:
1042:
983:
971:
959:
944:
932:
905:
893:
881:
864:
852:
835:
818:
806:
794:
777:
738:
343:, and the June 24, 1963, edition of
67:The letter, written in response to "
3925:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
3861:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
3531:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
3167:Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.
1062:. Stanford University. May 17, 2017
1013:
13:
5369:African-American churches attacked
3935:Montgomery Improvement Association
3910:Georgia Council on Human Relations
3895:Council of Federated Organizations
3866:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
3624:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
3582:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
3388:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
3292:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
3070:Statues of Martin Luther King Jr.
2957:
2806:King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew
2362:(now National Civil Rights Museum)
1514:
1116:Liberation: An Independent Monthly
1086:American Friends Service Committee
1082:"Letter from Birmingham City Jail"
630:
602:
550:America's History, Combined Volume
329:American Friends Service Committee
301:American Friends Service Committee
29:'s cell in Birmingham Jail at the
14:
5817:
5441:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
5314:Jews in the civil rights movement
2621:Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK
2347:
1677:
1140:1941–1963. The Library of America
431:
5723:
5706:
5678:
5666:
5654:
5635:Civil rights movement portal
5628:
5476:Freedom Riders National Monument
5218:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
3730:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
3689:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
3576:Second Emancipation Proclamation
2934:King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.
2813:"By the Time I Get to Arizona" (
1882:Second Emancipation Proclamation
1088:. April 16, 2021. Archived from
996:Walker, Wyatt (April 20, 1989),
751:Shlaes, Amity (March 20, 2020).
337:, the June 12, 1963, edition of
137:campaign was coordinated by the
42:Letter from Birmingham City Jail
5801:Works by Martin Luther King Jr.
5503:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
5491:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
3967:National Council of Negro Women
3905:Deacons for Defense and Justice
3066:Safe House Black History Museum
2985:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
1530:. Alabama Humanities Foundation
1255:
1244:, June 16, 2020, archived from
1230:
1222:, April 8, 2019, archived from
1208:
1143:
1130:
1104:
1074:
1056:""Letter from Birmingham Jail""
1048:
1007:
989:
759:. Interviewed by Peter Robinson
744:
650:10.4324/9780203003657_chapter_4
407:
5776:History of Birmingham, Alabama
3383:Mansfield school desegregation
3040:U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture
2018:Mississippi March Against Fear
1469:. New York: Bloomsbury Press.
665:
571:
537:
492:
458:
441:Encyclopedia of Race and Crime
288:
239:an unjust law is no law at all
52:written on April 16, 1963, by
1:
5513:National Voting Rights Museum
5456:Civil Rights Movement Archive
5255:Lynching in the United States
5142:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
3597:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
3570:University of Chicago sit-ins
3337:Davis v. Prince Edward County
2741:March! For Martin Luther King
1962:Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
1621:"Letter from Birmingham Jail"
1544:Carpenter, C. C. J.
1524:"Letter from Birmingham Jail"
1152:"Letter From Birmingham Jail"
420:
325:New York Post Sunday Magazine
90:
5508:National Civil Rights Museum
5364:March on Washington Movement
5349:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
3818:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
3005:National Civil Rights Museum
3000:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
1843:I've Been to the Mountaintop
1426:Walker v. City of Birmingham
425:
31:National Civil Rights Museum
7:
5693:Letter from Birmingham Jail
5152:"This Little Light of Mine"
3900:Dallas County Voters League
3846:Atlanta Negro Voters League
3609:Letter from Birmingham Jail
3316:Brown v. Board of Education
3142:sculpture, Portland, Oregon
3132:Landmark for Peace Memorial
2857:"Symphony of Brotherhood" (
2780:Pride (In the Name of Love)
2002:Selma to Montgomery marches
1901:Letter from Birmingham Jail
1695:Letter from Birmingham Jail
1601:Letter from Birmingham Jail
1486:Quarterly Journal of Speech
1430:Letter from Birmingham Jail
1407:. New York: The New Press.
1343:Quarterly Journal of Speech
642:CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE in focus
317:The New York Times Magazine
38:Letter from Birmingham Jail
10:
5822:
5791:Protestantism and politics
5486:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
5354:Holt Street Baptist Church
5324:16th Street Baptist Church
4308:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
3952:Nashville Student Movement
3882:An Appeal for Human Rights
3030:Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity
2973:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
2754:Martin Luther King's Dream
2068:
1522:Bass, S. Jonathan (2014).
1362:Gilbreath, Edward (2013).
1263:Bass, S. Jonathan (2001).
499:Tiefenbrun, Susan (1992).
149:, ACMHR and SCLC official
5624:
5526:
5428:
5242:
5175:
5117:
5096:
4983:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
4953:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
4025:
4017:Women's Political Council
4012:Wednesdays in Mississippi
4007:United Auto Workers (UAW)
3992:Southern Regional Council
3962:Northern Student Movement
3871:Committee for Freedom Now
3831:
3778:Memphis sanitation strike
3744:Voting Rights Act of 1965
3666:
3487:Savannah Protest Movement
3449:
3307:
3268:Journey of Reconciliation
3260:
3247:
3183:America in the King Years
2963:
2952:
2908:
2718:
2697:
2646:
2537:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2421:
2355:
2342:
2177:
2078:
2074:
2063:
2037:Memphis sanitation strike
1941:
1853:
1795:
1791:
1780:
1717:November 2, 2021, at the
1498:10.1080/00335638509383739
1465:Rieder, Jonathan (2013).
1355:10.1080/00335637909383465
111:President John F. Kennedy
46:The Negro Is Your Brother
3851:Atlanta Student Movement
3800:Civil Rights Act of 1968
3725:1964–1965 Scripto strike
3706:Civil Rights Act of 1964
3604:1963 Birmingham campaign
3497:Civil Rights Act of 1960
3421:Civil Rights Act of 1957
2990:National Historical Park
2728:Abraham, Martin and John
2206:(strategist / colleague)
2010:Chicago Freedom Movement
400:
5796:United States documents
5403:Voter Education Project
5157:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
4818:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
4253:Josephine Dobbs Clement
3679:Chester school protests
3674:Twenty-fourth Amendment
3636:Detroit Walk to Freedom
3378:Tallahassee bus boycott
3299:Baton Rouge bus boycott
3172:King County, Washington
3025:FBI–King suicide letter
1690:King, Martin Luther Jr.
1596:King, Martin Luther Jr.
1548:Durick, Joseph Aloysius
1528:Encyclopedia of Alabama
1403:McCarthy, Anna (2010).
1382:King, Martin Luther Jr.
1282:Bloom, Lynn Z. (1999).
1242:Doug Jones, U.S. Senate
1220:Doug Jones, U.S. Senate
1112:King, Martin Luther Jr.
382:between 1964 and 1968.
5616:Movement photographers
4858:Bernice Johnson Reagon
4578:Martin Luther King Sr.
4573:Martin Luther King Jr.
4143:William Holmes Borders
3915:Highlander Folk School
3805:Poor People's Campaign
3658:St. Augustine movement
3508:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
3431:Katz Drug Store sit-in
3402:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
3364:Montgomery bus boycott
3035:Season for Nonviolence
2848:"Never Alone Martin" (
2570:"Great X-Pectations" (
2506:King in the Wilderness
2127:Martin Luther King Sr.
2103:Martin Luther King III
2045:Poor People's Campaign
1994:St. Augustine movement
1954:Montgomery bus boycott
1774:Martin Luther King Jr.
1713:Full text at Stanford
1627:. 2017. Archived from
1193:, ch. "Free at Last?".
303:
54:Martin Luther King Jr.
40:", also known as the "
33:
27:Martin Luther King Jr.
5673:Civil rights movement
5451:Civil Rights Memorial
5339:Bethel Baptist Church
4988:Charles Kenzie Steele
4433:Audrey Faye Hendricks
4338:Myrlie Evers-Williams
4318:Patricia Stephens Due
4288:Abraham Lincoln Davis
4223:Colia Lafayette Clark
3977:Operation Breadbasket
3972:National Urban League
3719:Katzenbach v. McClung
3587:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
3240:Civil rights movement
2143:Christine King Farris
2135:Alberta Williams King
1920:Conscience for Change
1863:Stride Toward Freedom
1439:U.C. Davis Law Review
1424:"Martin Luther King,
673:"Negroes To Defy Ban"
340:The Christian Century
296:
77:civil rights movement
24:
5496:other King memorials
5471:Freedom Rides Museum
5408:1960s counterculture
5359:Edmund Pettus Bridge
5038:Walter Francis White
4943:Alexander D. Shimkin
3457:New Year's Day March
3426:Ministers' Manifesto
3273:Executive Order 9981
3194:Lee–Jackson–King Day
3147:Kennedy–King College
2606:"Return of the King"
1670:388 U.S. 307
1665:Walker v. Birmingham
1560:Harmon, Nolan Bailey
1328:on December 22, 2015
1092:on November 17, 2022
555:Bedford/St. Martin's
515:Taylor & Francis
358:The Atlantic Monthly
297:First edition (1963)
271:Dwight D. Eisenhower
5806:Birmingham campaign
5234:Mary McLeod Bethune
5195:Sermon on the Mount
5162:"We Shall Overcome"
4743:William Lewis Moore
4523:Frank Minis Johnson
4498:Richie Jean Jackson
4453:Donald L. Hollowell
4258:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
4063:Gwendolyn Armstrong
4058:William G. Anderson
4038:Victoria Gray Adams
4002:The Freedom Singers
3856:Black Panther Party
3641:March on Washington
3554:Garner v. Louisiana
3515:Boynton v. Virginia
3059:Hope Moving Forward
2824:Shed a Little Light
2587:New York Undercover
2582:"The Promised Land"
2409:Conspiracy theories
2190:(mentor, colleague)
1978:Birmingham campaign
1631:on October 19, 2017
1226:on January 11, 2020
1172:on January 20, 2020
1138:American Journalism
1017:(January 7, 2013).
677:The Tuscaloosa News
380:composition courses
178:United Auto Workers
176:, president of the
141:(ACMHR) and King's
133:in Birmingham. The
123:Birmingham campaign
96:Birmingham, Alabama
73:Birmingham campaign
5551:Michael Eric Dyson
5436:In popular culture
5319:Fifth Circuit Four
5303:Loving v. Virginia
5296:Hernandez v. Texas
5275:Buchanan v. Warley
5267:Separate but equal
5261:Plessy v. Ferguson
5224:Frederick Douglass
5058:Robert F. Williams
4968:Kelly Miller Smith
4948:Fred Shuttlesworth
4873:Frederick D. Reese
4853:George Raymond Jr.
4843:A. Philip Randolph
4823:Fay Bellamy Powell
4738:Queen Mother Moore
4623:Z. Alexander Looby
4568:Coretta Scott King
4513:Barbara Rose Johns
4493:Jimmie Lee Jackson
4418:William E. Harbour
4198:Stokely Carmichael
4113:Randolph Blackwell
3783:King assassination
3772:Loving v. Virginia
3756:March Against Fear
3736:How Long, Not Long
3614:Children's Crusade
3565:Cambridge movement
3502:Ax Handle Saturday
3467:Greensboro sit-ins
3394:Give Us the Ballot
3053:sculpture, Atlanta
2837:Up to the Mountain
2624:(2011 documentary)
2597:Selma, Lord, Selma
2519:(2020 documentary)
2509:(2018 documentary)
2479:(2008 documentary)
2456:Our Friend, Martin
2449:(1970 documentary)
2292:Fred Shuttlesworth
2087:Coretta Scott King
1825:How Long, Not Long
1807:Give Us the Ballot
1552:Grafman, Milton L.
1248:on October 5, 2020
1023:The New York Times
757:Hoover Institution
545:Henretta, James A.
304:
184:Summary and themes
151:Fred Shuttlesworth
131:racial segregation
85:civil disobedience
81:political prisoner
71:" during the 1963
34:
5642:
5641:
5419:Eyes on the Prize
5334:A.G. Gaston Motel
5329:Kelly Ingram Park
5289:Sweatt v. Painter
4973:Mary Louise Smith
4933:Cleveland Sellers
4918:Michael Schwerner
4883:Gloria Richardson
4663:Thurgood Marshall
4583:Bernard Lafayette
4313:John Wesley Dobbs
3827:
3826:
3546:Birmingham attack
3526:Rock Hill sit-ins
3477:Sibley Commission
3472:Nashville sit-ins
3344:Gebhart v. Belton
3330:Briggs v. Elliott
3323:Bolling v. Sharpe
3284:Sweatt v. Painter
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3177:Eponymous streets
3020:Authorship issues
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2710:(1957 comic book)
2573:A Different World
2550:(1978 miniseries)
2417:
2416:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2228:Bernard Lafayette
2159:James Albert King
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
1910:Why We Can't Wait
1590:– via Quia.
1568:Ramage, Edward V.
1564:Murray, George M.
1476:978-1-62040-058-6
1414:978-1-59558-498-4
1395:978-0-451-52753-0
1386:Why We Can't Wait
1373:978-0-8308-3769-4
1284:"The Essay Canon"
1274:978-0-8071-2655-4
896:, pp. 70–71.
780:, pp. 65–66.
659:978-0-203-32224-6
595:978-1-351-49857-9
564:978-0-312-38789-1
485:978-1-4381-3019-4
451:978-1-4522-6609-1
364:Why We Can't Wait
203:black nationalist
166:Why We Can't Wait
5813:
5736:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5719:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5699:
5683:
5682:
5671:
5670:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5650:
5633:
5632:
5596:Charles M. Payne
5581:Steven F. Lawson
5571:David Halberstam
5541:Clayborne Carson
5282:Hocutt v. Wilson
5229:W. E. B. Du Bois
5078:Sammy Younge Jr.
5063:Q. V. Williamson
5028:Wyatt Tee Walker
4893:Bernice Robinson
4838:Lincoln Ragsdale
4828:Rodney N. Powell
4723:Douglas E. Moore
4598:Sanford R. Leigh
4533:J. Charles Jones
4408:Fannie Lou Hamer
4323:Joseph Ellwanger
4283:Jonathan Daniels
4273:Claudette Colvin
4263:Annie Lee Cooper
4248:Kathleen Cleaver
4243:Eldridge Cleaver
4218:Shirley Chisholm
4108:Gloria Blackwell
3699:workers' murders
3646:"I Have a Dream"
3541:Anniston bombing
3492:Greenville Eight
3407:Little Rock Nine
3370:Browder v. Gayle
3258:
3257:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3114:Pueblo, Colorado
3045:Oval Office bust
2954:
2953:
2937:
2928:
2919:
2901:
2889:
2872:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2831:
2818:
2809:
2796:
2787:
2774:
2761:
2748:
2735:
2711:
2690:
2680:
2670:
2660:
2639:
2625:
2615:
2601:
2591:
2577:
2566:
2551:
2530:
2520:
2510:
2500:
2490:
2480:
2470:
2460:
2450:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2422:
2344:
2343:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2064:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1895:
1891:Strength to Love
1885:
1876:
1867:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1781:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1606:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1509:
1480:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1436:
1418:
1399:
1377:
1358:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1321:. Archived from
1288:
1278:
1250:
1249:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1166:. Archived from
1147:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1011:
1005:
1003:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
948:
942:
936:
930:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
868:
862:
856:
850:
839:
833:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
792:
781:
775:
769:
768:
766:
764:
748:
742:
736:
725:
719:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
688:
686:
684:
669:
663:
662:
637:
628:
627:
611:
600:
599:
575:
569:
568:
541:
535:
534:
496:
490:
489:
466:Smith, Robert C.
462:
456:
455:
435:
414:
411:
309:Wyatt Tee Walker
244:
228:
220:
216:
199:
190:A Call for Unity
162:A Call for Unity
69:A Call for Unity
5821:
5820:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5786:Prison writings
5751:1963 in Alabama
5741:
5740:
5739:
5729:
5724:
5722:
5712:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5698:sister projects
5695:at Knowledge's
5689:
5677:
5665:
5655:
5653:
5645:
5643:
5638:
5627:
5620:
5601:Thomas E. Ricks
5591:Diane McWhorter
5576:Vincent Harding
5561:Adam Fairclough
5528:
5522:
5424:
5379:Freedom Schools
5238:
5171:
5119:
5113:
5104:Omaha, Nebraska
5092:
5008:Hartman Turnbow
4998:Dorothy Tillman
4958:Glenn E. Smiley
4938:Charles Sherrod
4898:Jo Ann Robinson
4773:Charles Neblett
4763:Elijah Muhammad
4728:Harriette Moore
4688:Floyd McKissick
4673:Franklin McCain
4608:Stanley Levison
4473:T. R. M. Howard
4423:Vincent Harding
4353:Walter Fauntroy
4238:Xernona Clayton
4188:John H. Calhoun
4173:Aurelia Browder
4163:Stanley Branche
4158:Raylawni Branch
4138:Joseph E. Boone
4123:Ezell Blair Jr.
4118:Unita Blackwell
4093:Harry Belafonte
4033:Ralph Abernathy
4021:
3957:Nation of Islam
3833:
3823:
3662:
3619:Birmingham riot
3560:Albany Movement
3482:Atlanta sit-ins
3462:Sit-in movement
3445:
3441:Biloxi wade-ins
3413:Cooper v. Aaron
3303:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3207:
3198:
3061:statue, Atlanta
2959:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2915:
2904:
2892:
2875:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2834:
2821:
2812:
2799:
2790:
2777:
2764:
2751:
2738:
2725:
2714:
2704:
2693:
2683:
2673:
2666:The Mountaintop
2663:
2653:
2642:
2628:
2618:
2604:
2594:
2580:
2569:
2557:The First Store
2554:
2544:
2533:
2523:
2513:
2503:
2493:
2483:
2473:
2463:
2459:(1999 animated)
2453:
2443:
2428:
2413:
2351:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2188:Ralph Abernathy
2186:
2179:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2070:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1970:Albany Movement
1968:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1937:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1898:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1860:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1787:
1776:
1771:
1719:Wayback Machine
1704:
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1619:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1585:
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1572:Stallings, Earl
1533:
1531:
1517:
1515:Further reading
1512:
1477:
1455:
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1434:
1415:
1396:
1374:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1291:College English
1286:
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793:
784:
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762:
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749:
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728:
720:
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708:
704:
696:
692:
682:
680:
671:
670:
666:
660:
638:
631:
612:
603:
596:
576:
572:
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557:. p. 867.
542:
538:
497:
493:
486:
463:
459:
452:
436:
432:
428:
423:
418:
417:
412:
408:
403:
370:The letter was
352:The Progressive
298:
291:
242:
226:
218:
214:
197:
186:
147:Ralph Abernathy
93:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5819:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5756:1963 documents
5753:
5738:
5737:
5720:
5718:from Wikiquote
5691:
5688:
5687:
5675:
5663:
5640:
5639:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5611:Akinyele Umoja
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
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5578:
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5568:
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5200:Mahatma Gandhi
5197:
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5109:South Carolina
5106:
5100:
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5093:
5091:
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5085:
5080:
5075:
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5060:
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5048:Hosea Williams
5045:
5040:
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5033:Hollis Watkins
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
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4963:A. Maceo Smith
4960:
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4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4913:Bernie Sanders
4910:
4905:
4903:Angela Russell
4900:
4895:
4890:
4888:David Richmond
4885:
4880:
4878:Walter Reuther
4875:
4870:
4865:
4863:Cordell Reagon
4860:
4855:
4850:
4848:George Raymond
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
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4820:
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4808:Charles Person
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4778:Huey P. Newton
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4755:
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4745:
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4735:
4733:Harry T. Moore
4730:
4725:
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4718:Cecil B. Moore
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4698:James Meredith
4695:
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4528:Clarence Jones
4525:
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4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4468:Zilphia Horton
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4438:Lola Hendricks
4435:
4430:
4428:Dorothy Height
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4398:Lawrence Guyot
4395:
4390:
4388:Jack Greenberg
4385:
4380:
4375:
4373:Andrew Goodman
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4298:Joseph DeLaine
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4268:Dorothy Cotton
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4213:J. L. Chestnut
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4148:Amelia Boynton
4145:
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4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
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4090:
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4068:Arnold Aronson
4065:
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3753:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3727:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3694:Freedom Summer
3691:
3686:
3684:Bloody Tuesday
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3648:
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3479:
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3404:
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3309:
3305:
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3301:
3296:
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3255:
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3213:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
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3196:
3191:
3186:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3136:
3134:, Indianapolis
3128:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3068:
3063:
3055:
3051:Homage to King
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:Related topics
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2929:
2920:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2890:
2873:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2832:
2819:
2810:
2797:
2788:
2775:
2767:Happy Birthday
2762:
2749:
2736:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2694:
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2681:
2671:
2661:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2626:
2616:
2602:
2592:
2578:
2567:
2562:The Jeffersons
2552:
2541:
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2534:
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2511:
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2491:
2481:
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2412:
2411:
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2405:
2404:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2378:
2376:James Earl Ray
2373:
2368:
2363:
2360:Lorraine Motel
2356:
2353:
2352:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2320:
2316:Hosea Williams
2312:
2304:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2212:Dorothy Cotton
2208:
2200:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2139:
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2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2082:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2022:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1896:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1816:I Have a Dream
1811:
1801:
1799:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1731:
1721:
1711:
1686:
1679:
1678:External links
1676:
1674:
1673:
1661:
1641:
1617:
1592:
1540:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1492:(3): 318–334.
1481:
1475:
1462:
1445:(4): 791–833.
1419:
1413:
1400:
1394:
1378:
1372:
1359:
1349:(2): 121–136.
1338:
1303:10.2307/378920
1297:(4): 401–430.
1279:
1273:
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1254:
1252:
1251:
1229:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1142:
1129:
1103:
1073:
1047:
1045:, p. 140.
1035:
1006:
988:
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937:
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840:
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811:
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690:
664:
658:
629:
601:
594:
570:
563:
536:
523:10.2307/743322
491:
484:
478:. p. 43.
457:
450:
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424:
422:
419:
416:
415:
405:
404:
402:
399:
346:The New Leader
290:
287:
247:Thomas Aquinas
185:
182:
174:Walter Reuther
109:King met with
92:
89:
25:Recreation of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5818:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
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5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5735:from Wikidata
5734:
5733:
5721:
5717:
5716:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5694:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5662:
5661:United States
5652:
5651:
5648:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5623:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5606:Timothy Tyson
5604:
5602:
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5587:
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5582:
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5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5536:Taylor Branch
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5497:
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5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5384:Freedom songs
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
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5307:
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5304:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5293:
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5283:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5250:Jim Crow laws
5248:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5215:
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5180:
5178:
5174:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5147:"Oh, Freedom"
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5116:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5073:Whitney Young
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5053:Kale Williams
5051:
5049:
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5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:Albert Turner
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5003:A. P. Tureaud
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
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4964:
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4959:
4956:
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4951:
4949:
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4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4908:Bayard Rustin
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
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4861:
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4851:
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4834:
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4821:
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4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4758:William Moyer
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4693:Joseph McNeil
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4678:Charles McDew
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4668:Benjamin Mays
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4653:Vivian Malone
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4628:Joseph Lowery
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4553:Clyde Kennard
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4543:Vernon Jordan
4541:
4539:
4538:Matthew Jones
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4503:T. J. Jemison
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4488:Jesse Jackson
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4378:Robert Graetz
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4368:Golden Frinks
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4328:Charles Evers
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4278:Vernon Dahmer
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4233:Septima Clark
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4153:Bruce Boynton
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:James Baldwin
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4048:Mathew Ahmann
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3945:Youth Council
3943:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3830:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3536:Freedom Rides
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:Prior to 1954
3259:
3256:
3253:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2955:
2951:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2841:Patti Griffin
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2771:Stevie Wonder
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2611:The Boondocks
2607:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2349:Assassination
2345:
2341:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2284:Bayard Rustin
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:Benjamin Mays
2257:
2253:
2252:Joseph Lowery
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:Jesse Jackson
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2161:(grandfather)
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2062:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1187:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:Fox, Margalit
1010:
1001:
1000:
992:
986:, p. 83.
985:
980:
974:, p. 82.
973:
968:
962:, p. 80.
961:
956:
954:
947:, p. 73.
946:
941:
935:, p. 75.
934:
929:
927:
920:, p. 16.
919:
918:McCarthy 2010
914:
908:, p. 77.
907:
902:
895:
890:
884:, p. 71.
883:
878:
876:
874:
867:, p. 72.
866:
861:
855:, p. 74.
854:
849:
847:
845:
838:, p. 69.
837:
832:
830:
828:
821:, p. 68.
820:
815:
809:, p. 76.
808:
803:
797:, p. 65.
796:
791:
789:
787:
779:
774:
758:
754:
747:
741:, p. 64.
740:
735:
733:
731:
724:, p. 41.
723:
718:
711:
706:
700:, p. 38.
699:
694:
678:
674:
668:
661:
655:
651:
647:
643:
636:
634:
626:(1): 139–148.
625:
621:
617:
610:
608:
606:
597:
591:
587:
583:
582:
574:
566:
560:
556:
552:
551:
546:
540:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:
502:
495:
487:
481:
477:
476:Facts On File
473:
472:
467:
461:
453:
447:
443:
442:
434:
430:
410:
406:
398:
396:
395:Sherrod Brown
392:
388:
385:U.S. Senator
383:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
365:
360:
359:
354:
353:
348:
347:
342:
341:
336:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:An editor at
313:
310:
302:
295:
286:
282:
278:
276:
272:
266:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
240:
236:
235:St. Augustine
230:
224:
210:
206:
204:
193:
191:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
112:
107:
105:
101:
100:Miles College
97:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
64:everywhere."
63:
59:
58:direct action
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
28:
23:
19:
5781:Open letters
5730:
5713:
5692:
5626:
5566:David Garrow
5546:John Dittmer
5417:
5344:Brown Chapel
5301:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5259:
5216:
5068:Andrew Young
5023:A. T. Walden
5018:C. T. Vivian
4978:Maxine Smith
4813:Homer Plessy
4793:James Orange
4748:Irene Morgan
4703:William Ming
4683:Ralph McGill
4618:Viola Liuzzo
4603:Jim Letherer
4588:James Lawson
4518:Vernon Johns
4508:Esau Jenkins
4463:Myles Horton
4413:Fred Hampton
4403:Prathia Hall
4393:Dick Gregory
4363:Marie Foster
4358:James Forman
4348:James Farmer
4333:Medgar Evers
4293:Angela Davis
4228:Ramsey Clark
4208:James Chaney
4203:Johnnie Carr
4183:Ralph Bunche
4178:H. Rap Brown
4168:Ruby Bridges
4128:Joanne Bland
4103:Claude Black
4083:Marion Barry
4053:Muhammad Ali
3880:
3816:
3809:
3770:
3748:
3717:
3710:
3608:
3552:
3513:
3506:
3436:Kissing Case
3411:
3368:
3351:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3290:
3282:
3181:
3139:
3131:
3058:
3050:
2932:
2923:
2896:(Common and
2871:(1995 album)
2866:
2859:Miri Ben-Ari
2828:James Taylor
2815:Public Enemy
2802:King Holiday
2705:
2684:
2674:
2664:
2654:
2635:
2629:
2619:
2609:
2595:
2585:
2571:
2560:
2546:
2524:
2514:
2504:
2495:
2484:
2474:
2465:
2454:
2444:
2381:Jack Kershaw
2324:Andrew Young
2308:Wyatt Walker
2300:C. T. Vivian
2276:James Orange
2236:James Lawson
2119:Bernice King
2095:Yolanda King
2029:War movement
2026:Anti-Vietnam
1945:and protests
1928:
1918:
1908:
1900:
1889:
1873:What Is Man?
1861:
1703:. Retrieved
1694:
1672: (1967).
1664:
1653:. Retrieved
1648:
1633:. Retrieved
1629:the original
1624:
1609:. Retrieved
1600:
1584:. Retrieved
1576:
1556:Hardin, Paul
1532:. Retrieved
1527:
1489:
1485:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1442:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1404:
1385:
1363:
1346:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1323:the original
1294:
1290:
1264:
1256:Bibliography
1246:the original
1241:
1232:
1224:the original
1219:
1210:
1198:
1186:
1174:. Retrieved
1169:the original
1156:The Atlantic
1155:
1145:
1137:
1132:
1115:
1106:
1094:. Retrieved
1090:the original
1085:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1059:
1050:
1038:
1026:. Retrieved
1022:
1009:
998:
991:
979:
967:
940:
913:
901:
889:
860:
814:
802:
773:
761:. Retrieved
756:
746:
717:
705:
693:
681:. Retrieved
676:
667:
641:
623:
619:
580:
573:
549:
539:
510:
504:
494:
470:
460:
440:
433:
409:
384:
372:anthologized
369:
362:
356:
350:
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267:
262:Paul Tillich
258:Martin Buber
255:
231:
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201:security in
194:
187:
165:
159:
120:
108:
94:
66:
45:
41:
37:
35:
18:
5586:Doug McAdam
5556:Chuck Fager
5183:Nonviolence
5088:James Zwerg
5083:Bob Zellner
5043:Roy Wilkins
4993:Hank Thomas
4928:Pete Seeger
4923:Bobby Seale
4788:Jack O'Dell
4783:Edgar Nixon
4713:Amzie Moore
4708:Jack Minnis
4648:Mae Mallory
4633:Clara Luper
4593:Bernard Lee
4483:Cecil Ivory
4478:Ruby Hurley
4448:Oliver Hill
4443:Aaron Henry
4343:Chuck Fager
4303:Dave Dennis
4193:Guy Carawan
4133:Julian Bond
4098:James Bevel
4088:Daisy Bates
3359:Emmett Till
3242:(1954–1968)
3104:Mexico City
3094:Jersey City
2898:John Legend
2850:Jason Upton
2698:Illustrated
2686:All the Way
2656:The Meeting
2529:(2023 film)
2499:(2016 film)
2496:All the Way
2489:(2014 film)
2469:(2001 film)
2397:Loyd Jowers
2326:(colleague)
2318:(colleague)
2310:(colleague)
2302:(colleague)
2294:(colleague)
2278:(colleague)
2270:(colleague)
2254:(colleague)
2246:(colleague)
2238:(colleague)
2230:(colleague)
2214:(colleague)
2204:James Bevel
2198:(colleague)
2167:Alveda King
2111:Dexter King
1996:(1963–1964)
1972:(1961–1962)
1956:(1955–1956)
1705:October 12,
1655:October 12,
1649:EDSITEment!
1635:October 12,
1611:October 12,
1586:October 12,
1534:October 12,
1456:October 12,
1332:January 18,
1191:Rieder 2013
1028:October 12,
722:Rieder 2013
710:Rieder 2013
698:Rieder 2013
517:: 255–287.
289:Publication
256:King cited
251:natural law
157:looked on.
155:Good Friday
50:open letter
5745:Categories
5715:Quotations
5529:historians
5210:Satyagraha
5176:Influences
4868:James Reeb
4803:James Peck
4798:Rosa Parks
4768:Diane Nash
4638:Danny Lyon
4613:John Lewis
4558:A. D. King
4458:James Hood
4073:Ella Baker
4043:Zev Aelony
3162:Paris park
2884:featuring
2745:John Fahey
2538:Television
2268:Diane Nash
2244:John Lewis
2196:Ella Baker
2151:A. D. King
2121:(daughter)
2097:(daughter)
1428:, and the
1203:Bloom 1999
421:References
387:Doug Jones
334:Liberation
135:nonviolent
91:Background
5188:Padayatra
5137:"Kumbaya"
5097:By region
4753:Bob Moses
4658:Bob Mants
4643:Malcolm X
4563:C.B. King
4383:Fred Gray
4026:Activists
3667:1964–1968
3450:1960–1963
3308:1954–1959
3140:The Dream
3099:Milwaukee
2886:will.i.am
2286:(advisor)
2222:(protégé)
2153:(brother)
1943:Movements
1506:1479-5779
1451:0197-4564
1311:0010-0994
1164:1072-7825
1124:0024-189X
1043:Bass 2001
984:King 1964
972:King 1964
960:King 1964
945:King 1964
933:King 1964
906:King 1964
894:King 1964
882:King 1964
865:King 1964
853:King 1964
836:King 1964
819:King 1964
807:King 1964
795:King 1964
778:King 1964
739:King 1964
586:Routledge
426:Footnotes
116:Project C
48:", is an
5118:Movement
4548:Tom Kahn
3832:Activist
3252:timeline
2262:(mentor)
2145:(sister)
2137:(mother)
2129:(father)
1903:" (1963)
1875:" (1959)
1854:Writings
1845:" (1968)
1836:" (1967)
1827:" (1965)
1818:" (1963)
1809:" (1957)
1797:Speeches
1715:Archived
1692:(1963).
1625:Bhamwiki
1598:(1963).
1574:(1963).
1384:(1964).
1176:July 28,
763:March 2,
683:March 2,
468:(2003).
5685:Society
5647:Portals
5243:Related
4833:Al Raby
3788:funeral
3651:Big Six
3089:Houston
3074:Atlanta
3010:Big Six
2978:passage
2909:Related
2894:"Glory"
2878:A Dream
2758:Strawbs
2676:I Dream
2638:, 2024)
2614:, 2006)
2590:, 1997)
2576:, 1993)
2565:, 1980)
2516:MLK/FBI
2466:Boycott
2371:Funeral
2180:leaders
2169:(niece)
1728:YouTube
378:-level
376:college
62:justice
44:" and "
5429:Legacy
5205:Ahimsa
3834:groups
3295:(1950)
3287:(1950)
3248:Events
3109:Newark
3084:Denver
3079:Boston
2882:Common
2795:" (U2)
2689:(2012)
2679:(2010)
2669:(2009)
2659:(1987)
2631:Genius
2600:(1999)
2526:Rustin
2388:(HSCA)
2089:(wife)
2079:Family
2069:People
2047:(1968)
2039:(1968)
2031:(1967)
2020:(1966)
2012:(1966)
2004:(1965)
1988:(1963)
1980:(1963)
1964:(1957)
1933:(1967)
1923:(1967)
1913:(1964)
1894:(1963)
1866:(1958)
1738:C-SPAN
1668:,
1504:
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1096:May 5,
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656:
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391:Senate
299:publ.
237:that '
198:
170:trusty
127:racism
5527:Noted
5120:songs
3940:NAACP
3793:riots
2719:Music
2647:Plays
2636:MLK/X
2486:Selma
2427:Media
2402:Trial
2366:Riots
2178:Other
2113:(son)
2105:(son)
1699:(PDF)
1605:(PDF)
1581:(PDF)
1435:(PDF)
1326:(PDF)
1315:JSTOR
1287:(PDF)
527:JSTOR
513:(2).
401:Notes
321:Times
36:The "
5732:Data
2732:Dion
2547:King
2437:Film
1707:2017
1657:2017
1637:2017
1613:2017
1588:2017
1536:2017
1502:ISSN
1471:ISBN
1458:2017
1447:ISSN
1409:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1334:2012
1307:ISSN
1269:ISBN
1178:2024
1160:ISSN
1120:ISSN
1098:2022
1068:2022
1030:2017
765:2022
685:2022
654:ISBN
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446:ISBN
260:and
129:and
121:The
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2793:MLK
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1494:doi
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519:doi
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