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mathematical economics. Although he retired from full-time teaching in 1988, Hurwicz taught graduate school as professor emeritus most recently in the fall of 2006. In 2007 his ongoing research was described by the
University of Minnesota as "comparison and analysis of systems and techniques of economic organization, welfare economics, game-theoretic implementation of social choice goals, and modeling economic institutions."
1321:
554:. From January 1942 until June 1946, he was a research associate for the Cowles Commission. Joining full-time in October 1950 until January 1951, he was a visiting professor, assuming Koopmans' classes in the Department of Economics, and led the commission's research on theory of resource allocation. He was also a research professor of economics and mathematical statistics at the
919:, to discover the best and most efficient means to reach a desired outcome, taking into account individuals' knowledge and self-interest, which may be hidden or private. Mechanism design has been used to model negotiations and taxation, voting and elections, to design auctions such as those for communications bandwidth, elections and labor talks and for pricing stock options.
1335:
833:, a global initiative created to inform public policy by supporting and promoting frontier economic research and by communicating findings to leading academics, policymakers, and business executives around the world. Funds raised by the Institute are used to attract and retain preeminent faculty and, in part, to support graduate student research.
911:." During a telephone interview, a representative of the Nobel Foundation told Hurwicz and his wife that Hurwicz was the oldest person to win the Nobel Prize. Hurwicz said, "I hope that others who deserve it also got it." When asked which of all the applications of mechanism design he was most pleased to see he said
922:
Unable to attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in
Stockholm because of his poor health, Hurwicz received the prize in Minneapolis. Accompanied by Evelyn, his spouse of six decades, and his family, he was the guest of honor at a convocation held on the campus of the University of Minnesota presided over by
573:
to the
University of Minnesota in 1951, where he became a professor of economics and mathematics in the School of Business Administration. He spent most of the rest of his career there, but it was interspersed with studies and teaching elsewhere in the United States and Asia. In 1955 and again in
656:
Earlier economists often avoided analytic modeling of economic institutions. Hurwicz's work was instrumental in showing how economic models can provide a framework for the analysis of systems, such as capitalism and socialism, and how the incentives in such systems affect members of society. The
637:
Back at
Minnesota, Hurwicz became chairman of the Statistics Department in 1961, Regents Professor of Economics in 1969, and Curtis L. Carlson Regents Professor of Economics in 1989. He taught subjects ranging from theory to welfare economics, public economics, mechanisms and institutions and
645:. His published works in these fields date back to 1944. He is internationally renowned for his pioneering research on economic theory, particularly in the areas of mechanism and institutional design and mathematical economics. In the 1950s, he worked with
685:" (2001, with Stanley Reiter) and "Advances in Mathematical Economics" (2003, with Marcel K. Richter). Hurwicz presented the Fisher-Schultz (1963), Richard T. Ely (1972), David Kinley (1989) and Colin Clark (1997) lectures.
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that
Hurwicz developed changed the way many economists thought about outcomes, explaining why centrally planned economies may fail and how incentives for individuals make a difference in decision making.
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in 1954. These four approaches– Laplace, Wald, Hurwicz and Savage– have been studied, corrected and applied for over fifty years by many different people including John Milnor,
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His interests included linguistics, archaeology, biochemistry and music. His activities outside the field of economics included research in meteorology and membership in the
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681:(1987, with David Schmeidler and Hugo Sonnenschein). His most recent articles were published in the journals "Economic Theory" (2003, with Thomas Marschak), "
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444:' method of allocating delegates among competing groups, which is still used today by political parties. He remained an active Democrat, and attended his
8607:
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has an endowed chair named for
Hurwicz, the Leonid Hurwicz Collegiate Professor of Complex Systems, Political Science, and Economics, currently held by
9357:
3512:
1753:
9342:
9337:
9317:
1581:
522:, he was a member of the faculty of the Institute of Meteorology and taught statistics in the Department of Economics. About 1942 his advisors were
9131:
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386:, as he again became a refugee when Germany invaded Poland in 1939. His parents and brother fled Warsaw, only to be arrested and sent to Soviet
9402:
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3439:
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Commission on
Weather Modification. He was a member of the American Academy of Independent Scholars (1979) and a Distinguished Scholar of the
649:
on non-linear programming; in 1972 Arrow became the youngest person to receive the Nobel
Economics prize. Hurwicz was the graduate advisor to
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and there in 1959 published "Optimality and
Informational Efficiency in Resource Allocation Processes" on mechanism design. He taught at
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9242:
931:, Swedish ambassador to the United States, personally awarded the Economics Prize to Professor Hurwicz. His wife died in 2016 aged 93.
707:
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888:
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794:. Hurwicz's criterion gives each decision a value which is "a weighted sum of its worst and best possible outcomes" represented as
798:
and known as an index of pessimism or optimism. Variations have been proposed ever since and some corrections came very soon from
9327:
3776:
1734:
1657:
730:
603:
2695:
1982:
1891:
1778:
9322:
3505:
1464:"Sample Chapter for von Neumann, John & Morgenstern, Oskar. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Commemorative Edition)"
9277:
9237:
7540:
3628:
2399:
2372:
2343:
2288:
2137:
1875:
1129:, Stanford mathematical studies in the social sciences, IV, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, pp. 27–47,
703:
503:
300:
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2011:
1463:
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9282:
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495:. Hurwicz had no degree in economics. In 2007 he said, "Whatever economics I learned I learned by listening and learning."
1703:
272:, and showed how desired outcomes can be achieved by using incentive compatible mechanism design. Hurwicz shared the 2007
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2046:
445:
421:, as his teaching assistant during the 1940s. They married on July 19, 1944 and later lived at a number of locations in
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3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3498:
2442:
2300:
1302:
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2257:. International Symposium on Imprecise Probability: Theories and Applications (conference proceedings via sipta.org)
2184:
1386:
9397:
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437:
1584:. Legislature of the State of Minnesota (image via University of Minnesota, umn.edu). 9 April 2007. Archived from
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1961:
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Hurwicz served on the editorial board of several journals. He co-edited and contributed to two collections for
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ran for president of the United States, Hurwicz served in 1968 as a McCarthy delegate from
Minnesota to the
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He was hospitalized in mid-June 2008, suffering from renal failure. He died a week later in Minneapolis.
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Hurwicz, Leonid (1960), "Optimality and informational efficiency in resource allocation processes", in
1087:(1977), "Appendix: An optimality criterion for decision-making under ignorance", in Arrow, Kenneth J.;
757:
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141:
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7751:
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4104:
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2651:
2216:"Shackle versus Savage: non-probabilistic alternatives to subjective probability theory in the 1950s"
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Hurwicz was educated and grew up in Poland, and became a refugee in the United States after Hitler
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7569:
6430:
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2283:. Dover Publications via Amazon Reader, Look Inside. pp. xvii +304–305 per Ellsberg p. 180.
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1937:
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Hurwicz, Leonid (May 1969). "On the concept and possibility of informational decentralization".
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2632:. Department of Economics, University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts: 6–9. Archived from
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1626:. Department of Economics, University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts: 6–9. Archived from
837:
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2736:"What is Mechanism Design? Explaining the research that won the 2007 Nobel Prize in Economics"
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Mathematical models in the social sciences, 1959: Proceedings of the first Stanford symposium
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in 1990 in Behavioral and Social Science, presented to him by President of the United States
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Convention and a member of the Democratic Party Platform Committee. He helped design the '
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2222:(452). Università degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento di Economia Politica. Archived from
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2019:
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722:, "for his pioneering work on the theory of modern decentralized allocation mechanisms".
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at the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics at the University of Chicago, now the
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is thought about to this day in the area of decision making called "under uncertainty."
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Hurwicz, Leonid (July 1947). "Some problems arising in estimating economic relations".
986:
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864:
642:
551:
488:
371:
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316:
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2367:. New York, N.Y.: Garland Publishing via Amazon Reader, Search Inside. pp. xxii.
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in 1947 and in 1969 was the society's president. Hurwicz was elected a Fellow of the
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527:
467:, where he discovered his future vocation in economics class. He then studied at the
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312:
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2334:. The Mathematical Association of America via Amazon Reader Search Inside. pp.
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and was a pioneer in its application. Interactions of individuals and institutions,
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2187:. Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Economics. Archived from
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of Economics in 1969, and Curtis L. Carlson Professor of Economics in 1989. He was
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566:. Hurwicz continued to be a consultant to the Cowles Commission until about 1961.
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2422:"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2007"
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are among those who have delivered the lecture since it was inaugurated in 1992.
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1962:"University of Minnesota Professor Leonid Hurwicz wins Nobel Prize in economics"
1228:(March 1975). "A stochastic decentralized resource allocation process: Part I".
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Hurwicz, Leonid (May 1973). "The design of mechanisms for resource allocation".
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between 1942 and 1946. In 1946 he became an associate professor of economics at
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Uncertainty and expectations in economics: essays in honour of G.L.S. Shackle
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927:. Immediately following a live broadcast of the Nobel Prize awards ceremony,
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594:. In the United States he was a visiting professor at Harvard (1969), at the
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1958 Hurwicz was a visiting professor, and a fellow on the second visit, at
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Hurwicz Lecture originally presented at the North American meetings of the
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is given to the Minnesota Economic Association (as is the Heller lecture).
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284:) for his seminal work on mechanism design. Hurwicz was one of the oldest
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8766:
8546:
8349:
8344:
8324:
8120:
8105:
7914:
7884:
7819:
7809:
7639:
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6140:
6034:
5978:
5657:
5248:
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5035:
4993:
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4497:
4459:
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3522:
3358:
3342:
3270:
3155:
3087:
2991:
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2188:
1390:
960:
892:
641:
Hurwicz's interests included mathematical economics and modeling and the
507:
399:
367:
339:
304:
277:
261:
7518:
2252:"Information Processing under Imprecise Risk with the Hurwicz criterion"
1917:"Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics: Staff Lists, 1955–Present"
1582:"A house resolution honoring Professor Leo Hurwicz on his 90th birthday"
224:
9169:
8856:
8826:
8175:
7829:
7220:
6859:
6520:
6296:
6191:
6148:
5763:
5726:
4949:
4750:
4698:
4209:
3443:
3398:
2888:
2693:
2605:. University of Minnesota (econ.umn.edu). 14 April 2007. Archived from
1709:. University of Minnesota (econ.umn.edu). 14 April 2007. Archived from
1251:
1221:
1212:
1156:
1021:
990:
954:
550:
in 1945–1946. In 1946 he became an associate professor of economics at
387:
2759:
from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
2598:, Contemporary Issues and Ideas in Social Sciences, Vol 4, No 2 (2008)
1779:"Five-Year Report, 1942–46, XII. Biographical and Bibliographic Notes"
1556:"Leonid Hurwicz—commanding intellect, humble soul, Nobel Prize winner"
967:
Hurwicz, Leonid (April 1946). "Theory of the firm and of investment".
413:
Hurwicz hired Evelyn Jensen (born October 31, 1923), who grew up on a
350:
are analyzed and understood today using the models Hurwicz developed.
8080:
8000:
7824:
6283:
6053:
4403:
3791:
2698:. History of Economic Thought Website, The New School. Archived from
2678:. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from
2091:
Fundamental Theory of Institutions: A Lecture in Honor of Leo Hurwicz
1057:
Appendix: An optimality criterion for decision-making under ignorance
915:. The winners applied game theory, a field advanced by mathematician
414:
379:
253:
6091:
1243:
1095:, Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 461–472,
1013:
982:
941:
Hurwicz, Leonid (December 1945). "The theory of economic behavior".
459:
Encouraged by his father to study law, in 1938 Hurwicz received his
8515:
8015:
3795:
2606:
1704:"Perspectives on Leo Hurwicz, A Celebration of 90 Years (timeline)"
790:
that year. Hurwicz combined Wald's ideas with work done in 1812 by
403:
332:
9288:
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni
1035:
Hurwicz's optimality criterion for decision making under ignorance
8236:
8226:
7904:
3587:
2246:
338:
Hurwicz was among the first economists to recognize the value of
30:
1868:
An Empirically-Based Microeconomics (Raffaele Mattioli Lectures)
487:. After moving to the United States he continued his studies at
417:
farm and was, at the time, an undergraduate in economics at the
2472:
2465:
1781:. Cowles Foundation, Yale University. 1942–1946. Archived from
1320:
480:
395:
383:
375:
363:
359:
88:
54:
2123:
1522:"Three Share Nobel in Economics for Work on Social Mechanisms"
8005:
2603:"Perspectives on Leo Hurwicz (conference program and photos)"
2274:
2213:
378:. Hurwicz and his family experienced persecution by both the
347:
2497:
614:
in (2002). He was a visiting distinguished professor at the
1938:"Guide to the Leonid Hurwicz papers, 1911-2008 and undated"
1461:
9388:
Distinguished fellows of the American Economic Association
1894:. Cowles Foundation, Yale University. 1951. Archived from
1266:
Hurwicz, Leonid (May 1995). "What is the Coase Theorem?".
562:
through the University of Chicago and a consultant to the
425:. They had four children: Sarah, Michael, Ruth and Maxim.
9293:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
8622:
2696:"Major Works of Leonid Hurwicz, in Leonid Hurwicz, 1917–"
252:; August 21, 1917 – June 24, 2008) was a Polish–American
1256:
Cowles Commission Discussion Paper: Economics No. 2112,
2672:"The Economics Nobel: Giving Adam Smith a Helping Hand"
2500:"Hurwicz, Maskin and Myerson Win Nobel Economics Prize"
1964:(Press release). Regents of the University of Minnesota
1802:
1151:(2). American Economic Association via JSTOR: 513–524.
949:(5). American Economic Association via JSTOR: 909–925.
335:) at the University of Minnesota when he died in 2008.
16:
Polish–American economist and mathematician (1917–2008)
2552:"Minnesota's newest Nobel Laureate receives his prize"
2387:
1942:
David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library
1805:"Russian-born U.S. economist oldest-ever Nobel winner"
454:
295:. In 1941, Hurwicz worked as a research assistant for
2279:
Games and Decisions: Introduction and Critical Survey
764:(2004). He was an honorary visiting professor of the
9258:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2363:
Risk, Ambiguity And Decision (Studies in Philosophy)
2132:. Cambridge University Press. pp. Frontmatter.
1316:
1207:(2). American Economic Association via JSTOR: 1–30.
1201:
The American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings
1145:
The American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings
710:
and in 1977 was named a Distinguished Fellow of the
374:. Soon after Leonid's birth, the family returned to
2466:Tong, Vinnie (Associated Press) (15 October 2007).
2424:(Press release). Nobel Foundation. October 15, 2007
2331:
Game Theory and Strategy (New Mathematical Library)
2327:
1219:
693:
2498:Bergman, Jonas; Kennedy, Simon (15 October 2007).
2360:
2276:
2125:
2049:. UMN News, Regents of the University of Minnesota
1494:
729:Economic Commission in 1948 and the United States
514:during the war, Hurwicz taught electronics to the
3807:
2781:Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
2242:
2240:
1865:
1238:(2). The Econometric Society via JSTOR: 187–221.
1008:(3). The Econometric Society via JSTOR: 236–240.
977:(2). The Econometric Society via JSTOR: 109–136.
9219:
6092:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
2620:
2358:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2124:Hurwicz, Leonid; Reiter, Stanley (22 May 2006).
2044:
1884:
1614:
1655:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1387:"American Jewish Recipients of the Nobel Prize"
744:Hurwicz received six honorary doctorates, from
3520:
2522:"U professor to receive his Nobel Prize today"
2237:
1168:(1972), "Decision making under ignorance", in
288:, having received the prize at the age of 90.
8608:
7534:
3777:
3506:
2825:
2694:Fonseca, Gonçalo L. (author and maintainer).
2311:
2202:
2185:"Academic Exchange with Foreign Institutions"
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1462:Kuhn, Harold (introduction) (7 August 2007).
1286:
766:Huazhong University of Science and Technology
2845:Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences
2326:John Milnor credits Hurwicz with this idea.
2214:Zappia, Carlo; Basili, Marcello (May 2005).
1569:
1466:. Princeton University Press. Archived from
1163:
1082:
1059:. Cambridge Books Online. pp. 461–472.
1050:
1028:
825:In 2010, the College of Liberal Arts at the
498:In 1941 Hurwicz was a research assistant to
2669:
2519:
2394:. Princeton University Press. p. 290.
2391:The Nature and Growth of Modern Mathematics
2268:
2040:
2038:
2036:
1870:. Cambridge University Press. p. 193.
1838:
1803:Chiacu, Doina (Reuters) (15 October 2007).
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1553:
1519:
882:
706:in 1965. In 1974 he was inducted into the
485:Graduate Institute of International Studies
138:Graduate Institute of International Studies
8615:
8601:
7541:
7527:
3784:
3770:
3513:
3499:
2832:
2818:
2583:
2549:
1848:. Cowles Foundation, Yale University. 1942
1764:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1431:
748:(1980), the University of Chicago (1993),
410:. His family eventually joined him there.
29:
9358:21st-century American non-fiction writers
7548:
3594:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2491:
2275:Luce, R. Duncan; Raiffa, Howard (1989) .
2060:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
889:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
432:Commission on Weather Modification. When
394:in 1938, at the time of Nazi invasion on
274:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
9343:Illinois Institute of Technology faculty
9338:Alumni of the London School of Economics
9318:American people of Polish-Jewish descent
5501:
2733:
2575:Leonid Hurwicz Papers at Duke University
2328:Straffin, Philip D. (5 September 1996).
2033:
1866:Simon, Herbert A. (28 September 1998) .
1679:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1297:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1093:Studies in resource allocation processes
733:in 1954. In 1964 he was a member of the
671:Studies in Resource Allocation Processes
620:
541:
406:and finally in 1940 he emigrated to the
4071:
3793:United States National Medal of Science
2461:
2459:
2165:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2160:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter H"
2087:
2081:
2047:"University professor wins Nobel Prize"
1796:
1735:"Leonid Hurwicz won Nobel in economics"
1644:
1427:
1425:
1265:
1198:
1142:
1112:
997:
966:
940:
604:University of California, Santa Barbara
9373:Academic staff of Bangalore University
9220:
2468:"U.S. Trio Wins Nobel Economics Prize"
2381:
2018:. Nobelprize.org. 2007. Archived from
1751:
1658:"U economics prof awarded Nobel Prize"
1599:
1495:Higgins, Charlotte (15 October 2007).
1481:
311:. He was a research associate for the
9403:Polish emigrants to the United States
9378:Presidents of the Econometric Society
8596:
7522:
6621:
6620:
6090:
5500:
5014:
4070:
3806:
3765:
3494:
2813:
2596:Leonid Hurwicz (1917–2008): A Tribute
2250:; Jeleva, Meglena (16–19 July 2007).
1859:
1754:"Leonid Hurwicz, 90, Nobel Economist"
1538:
704:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
504:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
301:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
247:
2623:"Intelligent Designer (cover story)"
2456:
2445:. Nobel Foundation. October 15, 2007
2152:
2045:Morrison, Deanne (15 October 2007).
1989:. cepa.newschool.edu. Archived from
1975:
1434:"US trio wins Nobel Economics Prize"
1422:
907:"for having laid the foundations of
887:In October 2007, Hurwicz shared the
849:Leonid Hurwicz Distinguished Lecture
771:
698:Hurwicz was elected a fellow of the
688:
679:Social Goals and Social Organization
9348:Jewish American non-fiction writers
9298:National Medal of Science laureates
2004:
1656:Horwath, Justin (16 October 2007).
1513:
1497:"Americans win Nobel for economics"
455:Education and early academic career
448:in February 2008 at the age of 90.
13:
9353:20th-century American male writers
9263:Fellows of the Econometric Society
7590:First-player and second-player win
2097:. University of Chicago. p. 2
831:Heller-Hurwicz Economics Institute
739:California Institute of Technology
653:, who received the prize in 2000.
608:California Institute of Technology
596:University of California, Berkeley
582:in 1965 and, during the 1980s, at
390:. Hurwicz, who had graduated from
14:
9414:
9243:American male non-fiction writers
2568:
750:Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
510:at the University of Chicago. At
9368:21st-century American economists
9363:20th-century American economists
7697:Coalition-proof Nash equilibrium
2088:Myerson, Roger B. (2007-02-28).
1347:
1333:
1319:
694:Memberships and honorary degrees
512:Illinois Institute of Technology
353:
9333:University of Minnesota faculty
2921:Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich
2670:Cho, Adrian (15 October 2007).
2543:
2513:
2435:
2414:
2388:Kramer, Edna Ernestine (1982).
2352:
2320:
2305:
2177:
2117:
1987:The history of Economic Thought
1983:"Major Works of Leonid Hurwicz"
1954:
1930:
1909:
1745:
1727:
1554:Hughes, Art (15 October 2007).
934:
818:, in a field some date back to
625:Twin of Heller Hall, named for
602:twice in 1988 and 1989, at the
268:. He originated the concept of
9328:University of Illinois faculty
7707:Evolutionarily stable strategy
2621:Clement, Douglas (Fall 2006).
2314:Statistical Decision Functions
1752:Grimes, William (2008-06-26).
1615:Clement, Douglas (Fall 2006).
1455:
1432:Ohlin, Pia (15 October 2007).
1404:
1379:
1368:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
1:
9323:University of Chicago faculty
7635:Simultaneous action selection
5015:
3808:Behavioral and social science
2734:Tabarrok, Alex (2007-10-16).
2590:Who Will Guard the Guardians?
2443:"Leonid Hurwicz – Interviews"
2128:Designing Economic Mechanisms
1373:
1327:Business and economics portal
1294:Designing economic mechanisms
776:First presented in 1950, the
712:American Economic Association
9278:University of Chicago alumni
9238:Nobel laureates in Economics
8567:List of games in game theory
7747:Quantal response equilibrium
7737:Perfect Bayesian equilibrium
7672:Bayes correlated equilibrium
2588:including the Nobel Lecture
2068:"All Laureates in Economics"
1416:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
1280:10.1016/0922-1425(94)00038-U
1065:10.1017/CBO9780511752940.015
943:The American Economic Review
897:Institute for Advanced Study
768:School of Economics (1984).
708:National Academy of Sciences
518:. From 1942 to 1944, at the
7:
9303:Scientists from Minneapolis
9283:University of Warsaw alumni
9188:Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg
8036:Optional prisoner's dilemma
7767:Self-confirming equilibrium
2757:Biography of Leonid Hurwicz
1312:
1268:Japan and the World Economy
735:National Science Foundation
629:, Department of Economics,
586:, People's University (now
10:
9419:
9308:Jewish American economists
8501:Principal variation search
8217:Aumann's agreement theorem
7880:Strategy-stealing argument
7792:Trembling hand equilibrium
7722:Markov perfect equilibrium
7717:Mertens-stable equilibrium
6696:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
2913:Friedrich August von Hayek
2520:Walsh, Paul (2007-12-10).
2016:Frequently Asked Questions
1520:Lohr, Steve (2007-10-16).
758:Warsaw School of Economics
667:Cambridge University Press
588:Renmin University of China
469:London School of Economics
142:London School of Economics
9393:Economists from Minnesota
9273:Harvard University alumni
9046:
8878:
8717:
8634:
8537:Combinatorial game theory
8524:
8483:
8265:
8209:
8196:Princess and monster game
7991:
7893:
7800:
7752:Quasi-perfect equilibrium
7677:Bayesian Nash equilibrium
7658:
7557:
7458:
7307:
7156:
6977:
6783:
6631:
6627:
6616:
6550:
6452:
6341:
6252:
6173:
6101:
6097:
6086:
6043:
5952:
5844:
5735:
5671:William Hayward Pickering
5616:
5511:
5507:
5496:
5422:
5314:
5168:
5044:
5025:
5021:
5010:
4921:
4730:
4544:
4362:
4218:
4081:
4077:
4066:
4023:
3964:
3876:
3836:
3817:
3813:
3802:
3689:
3658:
3627:
3602:
3573:
3566:(Zimbabwe/United Kingdom)
3549:
3530:
3311:Christopher A. Pissarides
3185:
2934:
2851:
2798:
2778:
2770:
2765:
2550:Art Hughes (2007-12-10).
2359:Ellsberg, Daniel (2001).
731:National Research Council
716:National Medal of Science
683:Review of Economic Design
569:Hurwicz was recruited by
564:U.S. Bureau of the Budget
249:[lɛˈɔɲitˈxurvitʂ]
234:
223:
212:National Medal of Science
207:
197:
179:
147:
129:
107:
102:
98:
84:
65:
40:
28:
21:
9248:American Nobel laureates
8552:Evolutionary game theory
8285:Antoine Augustin Cournot
8171:Guess 2/3 of the average
7968:Strictly determined game
7762:Satisfaction equilibrium
7580:Escalation of commitment
7120:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
6566:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
4197:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
2554:. Minnesota Public Radio
2526:Minneapolis Star-Tribune
2316:. John Wiley & Sons.
1558:. Minnesota Public Radio
883:Nobel Prize in Economics
483:where he studied at the
398:was in London, moved to
370:a few months before the
260:, known for his work in
9398:RAND Corporation people
8557:Glossary of game theory
8156:Stackelberg competition
7782:Strong Nash equilibrium
6431:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
4349:George Ledyard Stebbins
4270:James Augustine Shannon
2112:University of Minnesota
909:mechanism design theory
827:University of Minnesota
746:Northwestern University
714:. Hurwicz received the
659:incentive compatibility
631:University of Minnesota
600:Northwestern University
592:University of Indonesia
321:University of Minnesota
270:incentive compatibility
229:IDEAS / RePEc
112:University of Minnesota
9268:Information economists
9253:Polish Nobel laureates
8582:Tragedy of the commons
8562:List of game theorists
8542:Confrontation analysis
8252:Sprague–Grundy theorem
7772:Sequential equilibrium
7692:Correlated equilibrium
6888:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
6875:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
5831:Harry George Drickamer
5777:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
5451:M. Frederick Hawthorne
5325:John D. Baldeschwieler
4565:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
4247:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
3695:Nobel Prize recipients
3670:(Poland/United States)
3629:Physiology or Medicine
2312:Wald, Abraham (1950).
2070:. Nobelprize.org. 2007
1892:"Report for 1950–1951"
1617:"Intelligent Designer"
1274:(1). Elsevier: 49–74.
1172:; Ford, J. L. (eds.),
1037:. Technical Report 6.
838:University of Michigan
634:
616:University of Illinois
612:University of Michigan
558:, a consultant to the
556:University of Illinois
516:U.S. Army Signal Corps
479:. In 1939 he moved to
293:invaded Poland in 1939
77:Minneapolis, Minnesota
8970:Jean-Michel Grandmont
8355:Jean-François Mertens
7479:Sylvester James Gates
6865:William Alfred Fowler
6847:Robert Rathbun Wilson
6660:Robert Burns Woodward
5472:Geraldine L. Richmond
5220:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
4503:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
4432:Vernon B. Mountcastle
4288:Sterling B. Hendricks
4105:Marshall W. Nirenberg
4100:Theodosius Dobzhansky
3948:William Julius Wilson
3032:James M. Buchanan Jr.
2676:ScienceNOW Daily News
1176:, Oxford / New York:
923:university president
905:University of Chicago
800:Leonard Jimmie Savage
762:Universität Bielefeld
624:
548:Guggenheim Fellowship
542:Teaching and research
520:University of Chicago
493:University of Chicago
419:University of Chicago
319:. Hurwicz joined the
309:University of Chicago
245:Polish pronunciation:
124:University of Chicago
9019:Robert E. Lucas, Jr.
8989:Jean-Jacques Laffont
8484:Search optimizations
8360:Jennifer Tour Chayes
8247:Revelation principle
8242:Purification theorem
8181:Nash bargaining game
8146:Bertrand competition
8131:El Farol Bar problem
8096:Electronic mail game
8061:Lewis signaling game
7605:Hierarchy of beliefs
7450:Warren M. Washington
7414:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
7323:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
7268:Martin Schwarzschild
7049:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
7041:J. Robert Schrieffer
7011:E. Margaret Burbidge
6855:Nicolaas Bloembergen
6832:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
6711:Vladimir K. Zworykin
6463:John Griggs Thompson
6386:Martin David Kruskal
6226:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
5699:Erwin Wilhelm Müller
5653:Ralph Brazelton Peck
5608:Jack St. Clair Kilby
5535:John Robinson Pierce
5502:Engineering sciences
5433:Jacqueline K. Barton
5288:George M. Whitesides
5207:Dudley R. Herschbach
5145:Richard B. Bernstein
5114:Walter H. Stockmayer
4662:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
4593:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
4483:Stanley Norman Cohen
4470:Rita Levi-Montalcini
4306:Keith Roberts Porter
4169:Alfred H. Sturtevant
4164:Michael Heidelberger
4136:Fritz Albert Lipmann
3295:Oliver E. Williamson
2925:Tjalling C. Koopmans
2652:"Intelligent design"
1438:Agence France Presse
1355:United States portal
792:Pierre-Simon Laplace
580:Bangalore University
465:University of Warsaw
358:Hurwicz was born in
217:Nobel Memorial Prize
134:University of Warsaw
9127:Jean-Charles Rochet
8958:Anthony B. Atkinson
8678:John Maynard Keynes
8628:Econometric Society
8532:Bounded rationality
8151:Cournot competition
8101:Rock paper scissors
8076:Battle of the sexes
8066:Volunteer's dilemma
7938:Perfect information
7865:Dominant strategies
7702:Epsilon-equilibrium
7585:Extensive-form game
7500:Shirley Ann Jackson
7419:Charles P. Slichter
7263:Marshall Rosenbluth
7255:Wallace S. Broecker
7208:Eugene M. Shoemaker
6969:Victor F. Weisskopf
6916:Herbert S. Gutowsky
6898:Edgar Bright Wilson
6739:George Kistiakowsky
6357:Stephen Cole Kleene
5868:George H. Heilmeier
5855:Mildred Dresselhaus
5746:Edward H. Heinemann
5676:Frederick E. Terman
5640:Richard T. Whitcomb
5561:Clarence L. Johnson
5522:Theodore von Kármán
5409:Stephen J. Benkovic
5388:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
5375:Marvin H. Caruthers
5330:Ralph F. Hirschmann
5270:Darleane C. Hoffman
5160:Harden M. McConnell
5101:Frank H. Westheimer
4913:Stanley B. Prusiner
4877:Robert J. Lefkowitz
4636:Howard Martin Temin
4493:Maurice R. Hilleman
4488:Joseph L. Goldstein
4427:Donald A. Henderson
4344:Earl Reece Stadtman
4329:Elizabeth C. Crosby
4293:Orville Alvin Vogel
4123:Donald D. Van Slyke
4072:Biological sciences
3323:Christopher A. Sims
3251:Thomas C. Schelling
3223:Robert F. Engle III
3124:Robert E. Lucas Jr.
2972:Theodore W. Schultz
2630:Minnesota Economics
2108:Econometric Society
2022:on October 15, 2007
1662:The Minnesota Daily
1624:Minnesota Economics
1049:Also available as:
1039:Stanford University
700:Econometric Society
576:Stanford University
546:Hurwicz received a
8904:Franklin M. Fisher
8821:Hendrik Houthakker
8511:Paranoid algorithm
8491:Alpha–beta pruning
8370:John Maynard Smith
8201:Rendezvous problem
8041:Traveler's dilemma
8031:Gift-exchange game
8026:Prisoner's dilemma
7943:Large Poisson game
7910:Bargaining problem
7815:Backward induction
7787:Subgame perfection
7742:Proper equilibrium
7372:G. Brent Dalrymple
7190:Arthur L. Schawlow
7097:James A. Van Allen
6988:Philip W. Anderson
6944:Richard P. Feynman
6870:Linus Carl Pauling
6505:Dennis P. Sullivan
6062:John B. Goodenough
5995:Edwin N. Lightfoot
5963:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
5944:Kenneth N. Stevens
5712:Raymond D. Mindlin
5635:Harold E. Edgerton
5480:A. Paul Alivisatos
5359:Stephen J. Lippard
5338:Ernest R. Davidson
5275:Harold S. Johnston
5109:William S. Johnson
5073:George C. Pimentel
4908:Susan L. Lindquist
4890:Francis S. Collins
4784:Victor A. McKusick
4759:Francisco J. Ayala
4741:Nancy C. Andreasen
4691:Robert A. Weinberg
4465:Har Gobind Khorana
4450:Michael E. DeBakey
4437:George Emil Palade
4409:Wendell L. Roelofs
4399:Howard L. Bachrach
4229:Barbara McClintock
4131:Edward F. Knipling
3239:Edward C. Prescott
3227:Clive W.J. Granger
3203:Joseph E. Stiglitz
3176:Daniel L. McFadden
3064:Harry M. Markowitz
2787:Served alongside:
2725:has generic name (
2582:on Nobelprize.org
2295:Original release:
2248:Jaffray, Jean-Yves
1830:has generic name (
1758:The New York Times
1526:The New York Times
1470:on 16 October 2007
1444:on 17 October 2007
1363:List of economists
1182:Augustus M. Kelley
865:Edward C. Prescott
788:decision functions
643:theory of the firm
635:
552:Iowa State College
489:Harvard University
372:October Revolution
329:Regents' Professor
325:Regents' Professor
323:in 1951, becoming
317:Iowa State College
116:Iowa State College
9313:Polish economists
9215:
9214:
9206:Eliana La Ferrara
9097:Lars Peter Hansen
9085:Thomas J. Sargent
8995:Andreu Mas-Colell
8964:Hugo Sonnenschein
8922:James A. Mirrlees
8791:Franco Modigliani
8708:Tjalling Koopmans
8666:Joseph Schumpeter
8590:
8589:
8496:Aspiration window
8465:Suzanne Scotchmer
8420:Oskar Morgenstern
8315:Donald B. Gillies
8257:Zermelo's theorem
8186:Induction puzzles
8141:Fair cake-cutting
8116:Public goods game
8046:Coordination game
7920:Intransitive game
7850:Forward induction
7732:Pareto efficiency
7712:Gibbs equilibrium
7682:Berge equilibrium
7630:Simultaneous game
7516:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7445:Esther M. Conwell
7385:Robert N. Clayton
7377:Riccardo Giacconi
7341:Raymond Davis Jr.
7229:Albert Overhauser
7172:Edwin M. McMillan
7133:Arnold O. Beckman
7110:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
7087:Paul C. Lauterbur
7064:Robert Hofstadter
7016:Maurice Goldhaber
7003:Charles H. Townes
6954:Edward M. Purcell
6921:Frederick Rossini
6775:Wolfgang Panofsky
6706:John H. Van Vleck
6622:Physical sciences
6612:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6574:Solomon W. Golomb
6534:Andrew J. Viterbi
6529:Leonard Kleinrock
6476:Calyampudi R. Rao
6444:Ronald R. Coifman
6352:George F. Carrier
6333:Donald C. Spencer
6328:Saunders Mac Lane
6263:Marshall H. Stone
6213:Shiing-Shen Chern
6120:Solomon Lefschetz
6082:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6019:David J. Wineland
5987:John M. Prausnitz
5928:C. Kumar N. Patel
5923:James L. Flanagan
5891:John Roy Whinnery
5878:H. Guyford Stever
5860:Nick Holonyak Jr.
5823:George W. Housner
5818:Willis M. Hawkins
5813:Daniel C. Drucker
5795:Robert Byron Bird
5787:Bernard M. Oliver
5694:Peter C. Goldmark
5681:Wernher von Braun
5627:George E. Mueller
5600:Nathan M. Newmark
5595:J. Presper Eckert
5574:Claude E. Shannon
5543:Charles S. Draper
5492:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5459:Judith P. Klinman
5343:Gábor A. Somorjai
5254:Isabella L. Karle
5241:George S. Hammond
5202:Gertrude B. Elion
5155:Rudolph A. Marcus
5006:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4932:Ralph L. Brinster
4851:Torsten N. Wiesel
4828:Norman E. Borlaug
4815:Solomon H. Snyder
4810:J. Michael Bishop
4769:Mario R. Capecchi
4649:Salome G. Waelsch
4580:E. Donnall Thomas
4455:Theodor O. Diener
4354:Paul Alfred Weiss
4182:Bernard B. Brodie
4118:George G. Simpson
4062:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4007:Michael I. Posner
3908:Eleanor J. Gibson
3860:George J. Stigler
3828:Neal Elgar Miller
3759:
3758:
3660:Economic Sciences
3488:
3487:
3387:Richard H. Thaler
3351:Robert J. Shiller
3347:Lars Peter Hansen
3319:Thomas J. Sargent
3307:Dale T. Mortensen
3199:A. Michael Spence
3195:George A. Akerlof
3164:Robert A. Mundell
3132:James A. Mirrlees
3100:Douglass C. North
3072:William F. Sharpe
3024:Franco Modigliani
3000:George J. Stigler
2984:Lawrence R. Klein
2873:Paul A. Samuelson
2808:
2807:
2799:Succeeded by
2740:Reasononline news
2658:. 18 October 2007
2401:978-0-691-02372-4
2374:978-0-8153-4022-5
2345:978-0-88385-637-6
2290:978-0-486-65943-5
2139:978-0-521-83641-8
2012:"Nobel Laureates"
1919:. Yale University
1877:978-0-521-62412-1
1846:"Report for 1942"
1287:Hurwicz, Leonid;
1220:Hurwicz, Leonid;
1166:Arrow, Kenneth J.
1164:Hurwicz, Leonid;
1115:Arrow, Kenneth J.
1085:Arrow, Kenneth J.
1083:Hurwicz, Leonid;
1053:Arrow, Kenneth J.
1051:Hurwicz, Leonid;
1031:Arrow, Kenneth J.
1029:Hurwicz, Leonid;
913:welfare economics
779:Hurwicz criterion
772:Named for Hurwicz
725:He served on the
720:George H. W. Bush
689:Awards and honors
532:Cowles Foundation
528:Tjalling Koopmans
442:walking subcaucus
392:Warsaw University
366:, to a family of
313:Cowles Commission
238:
237:
184:Tjalling Koopmans
166:Richard B. McHugh
154:Clifford Hildreth
120:Cowles Commission
9410:
9182:Orazio Attanasio
9140:James J. Heckman
9135:
9109:Roger B. Myerson
9091:Richard Blundell
9079:Ariel Rubinstein
9068:
9031:Robert B. Wilson
9007:Christopher Sims
8978:
8809:Michio Morishima
8797:Edmond Malinvaud
8743:Wassily Leontief
8654:Harold Hotelling
8648:François Divisia
8617:
8610:
8603:
8594:
8593:
8577:Topological game
8572:No-win situation
8470:Thomas Schelling
8450:Robert B. Wilson
8410:Merrill M. Flood
8380:John von Neumann
8290:Ariel Rubinstein
8275:Albert W. Tucker
8126:War of attrition
8086:Matching pennies
7727:Nash equilibrium
7650:Mechanism design
7615:Normal-form game
7570:Cooperative game
7543:
7536:
7529:
7520:
7519:
7328:Gilbert F. White
7273:George Wetherill
7167:Allan M. Cormack
7125:Jack Steinberger
7105:D. Allan Bromley
7054:H. Richard Crane
7031:Frederick Reines
7021:Helmut Landsberg
6936:George Uhlenbeck
6837:Vladimir Haensel
6799:Allan R. Sandage
6770:Herbert C. Brown
6752:Herbert Friedman
6678:Leon M. Lederman
6650:Julian Schwinger
6629:
6628:
6618:
6617:
6587:Alexandre Chorin
6561:Richard A. Tapia
6542:David B. Mumford
6370:Alberto Calderón
6315:Joseph B. Keller
6302:Michael Freedman
6271:Herman Goldstine
6125:H. Marston Morse
6099:
6098:
6088:
6087:
6027:Rudolf E. Kálmán
6011:Robert S. Langer
6003:Jan D. Achenbach
5836:Herbert E. Grier
5587:Igor I. Sikorsky
5548:Othmar H. Ammann
5509:
5508:
5498:
5497:
5464:Jerrold Meinwald
5233:Norman Hackerman
5212:Glenn T. Seaborg
5127:William O. Baker
5055:F. Albert Cotton
5023:
5022:
5012:
5011:
4989:Mary-Claire King
4882:Bert W. O'Malley
4838:Thomas E. Starzl
4833:Phillip A. Sharp
4820:Charles Yanofsky
4802:Evelyn M. Witkin
4797:James E. Darnell
4623:Paul C. Zamecnik
4588:Mary Ellen Avery
4560:Herbert W. Boyer
4555:Baruj Benacerraf
4526:Joshua Lederberg
4516:Viktor Hamburger
4478:Michael S. Brown
4324:Robert H. Burris
4079:
4078:
4068:
4067:
4015:Mortimer Mishkin
3940:William K. Estes
3924:Roger N. Shepard
3916:Robert K. Merton
3900:George A. Miller
3847:Herbert A. Simon
3815:
3814:
3804:
3803:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3697:
3645:(United Kingdom)
3515:
3508:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3481:
3473:
3471:Philip H. Dybvig
3454:
3435:
3433:Robert B. Wilson
3420:
3410:Abhijit Banerjee
3401:
3395:William Nordhaus
3389:
3381:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3337:
3335:Lloyd S. Shapley
3325:
3313:
3303:Peter A. Diamond
3297:
3285:
3277:
3275:Roger B. Myerson
3261:
3259:Edmund S. Phelps
3253:
3247:Robert J. Aumann
3241:
3229:
3217:
3205:
3178:
3172:James J. Heckman
3166:
3158:
3150:
3148:Myron S. Scholes
3144:Robert C. Merton
3138:
3126:
3118:
3112:John F. Nash Jr.
3108:John C. Harsanyi
3102:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3068:Merton H. Miller
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2976:Sir Arthur Lewis
2966:
2964:Herbert A. Simon
2958:
2946:
2927:
2915:
2903:
2901:Wassily Leontief
2895:
2893:Kenneth J. Arrow
2883:
2875:
2867:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2794:Roger B. Myerson
2774:Edmund S. Phelps
2771:Preceded by
2763:
2762:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2638:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2594:Soumyen Sikdar,
2587:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2528:. Archived from
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2476:. Archived from
2463:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2366:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2303:
2294:
2282:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2256:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2211:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2131:
2121:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2042:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1775:
1762:
1761:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1664:. Archived from
1653:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1632:
1621:
1612:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1578:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1551:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1492:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1440:. Archived from
1429:
1420:
1419:
1412:"Leonid Hurwicz"
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1389:. Archived from
1383:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1341:Biography portal
1338:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1308:
1283:
1255:
1216:
1195:
1160:
1139:
1105:
1078:
1042:
1025:
994:
958:
925:Robert Bruininks
917:John Forbes Nash
804:G. L. S. Shackle
598:(1976–1977), at
584:Tokyo University
560:RAND Corporation
463:degree from the
438:Democratic Party
266:mechanism design
251:
246:
202:Mechanism design
170:Leigh Tesfatsion
72:
59:Russian Republic
50:
48:
33:
19:
18:
9418:
9417:
9413:
9412:
9411:
9409:
9408:
9407:
9383:Polish refugees
9218:
9217:
9216:
9211:
9194:Guido Tabellini
9146:Manuel Arellano
9129:
9121:Bengt Holmström
9103:Torsten Persson
9062:
9042:
9037:Elhanan Helpman
9013:Roger Guesnerie
9001:Takashi Negishi
8972:
8940:Daniel McFadden
8910:J. Denis Sargan
8892:Lionel McKenzie
8874:
8761:Trygve Haavelmo
8713:
8672:Wesley Mitchell
8630:
8621:
8591:
8586:
8520:
8506:max^n algorithm
8479:
8475:William Vickrey
8435:Reinhard Selten
8390:Kenneth Binmore
8305:David K. Levine
8300:Daniel Kahneman
8267:
8261:
8237:Negamax theorem
8227:Minimax theorem
8205:
8166:Diner's dilemma
8021:All-pay auction
7987:
7973:Stochastic game
7925:Mean-field game
7896:
7889:
7860:Markov strategy
7796:
7662:
7654:
7625:Sequential game
7610:Information set
7595:Game complexity
7565:Congestion game
7553:
7547:
7517:
7504:
7492:Sean C. Solomon
7454:
7406:Daniel Kleppner
7398:Lonnie Thompson
7393:Ralph A. Alpher
7359:W. Jason Morgan
7346:Charles Keeling
7336:Marvin L. Cohen
7303:
7286:John N. Bahcall
7281:Don L. Anderson
7247:Peter Goldreich
7200:Steven Weinberg
7152:
7082:Walter Elsasser
7059:Herman Feshbach
6973:
6911:Samuel Goudsmit
6903:Chien-Shiung Wu
6842:Frederick Seitz
6809:John A. Wheeler
6794:Robert H. Dicke
6779:
6642:Luis W. Alvarez
6623:
6604:
6592:David Blackwell
6546:
6497:Carl R. de Boor
6468:Karen Uhlenbeck
6448:
6402:Louis Nirenberg
6337:
6310:Ralph E. Gomory
6248:
6244:Donald E. Knuth
6231:Hassler Whitney
6169:
6093:
6074:
6039:
5971:Andreas Acrivos
5948:
5936:Eli Ruckenstein
5915:Hermann A. Haus
5886:Calvin F. Quate
5873:Luna B. Leopold
5840:
5731:
5717:Robert N. Noyce
5707:Emmett N. Leith
5666:Manson Benedict
5648:Rudolf Kompfner
5612:
5566:Warren K. Lewis
5503:
5484:
5418:
5380:Peter B. Dervan
5351:John I. Brauman
5310:
5262:Norman Davidson
5189:John D. Roberts
5164:
5132:Konrad E. Bloch
5078:Richard N. Zare
5040:
5017:
4998:
4955:Sallie Chisholm
4937:Rudolf Jaenisch
4917:
4900:J. Craig Venter
4859:Rita R. Colwell
4726:
4712:David Baltimore
4603:Robert W. Kates
4575:David G. Nathan
4570:Edward B. Lewis
4540:
4536:Harland G. Wood
4531:Roger W. Sperry
4386:Glenn W. Burton
4358:
4334:Arthur Kornberg
4301:Roger Guillemin
4278:Hallowell Davis
4242:Daniel I. Arnon
4234:Albert B. Sabin
4214:
4187:Detlev W. Bronk
4159:Harry F. Harlow
4154:Kenneth S. Cole
4141:William C. Rose
4113:Francis P. Rous
4073:
4054:
4019:
3999:Gordon H. Bower
3960:
3956:Robert M. Solow
3872:
3868:Milton Friedman
3832:
3809:
3798:
3790:
3760:
3755:
3693:
3685:
3682:(United States)
3676:(United States)
3654:
3651:(United States)
3649:Oliver Smithies
3639:(United States)
3623:
3598:
3590:(United States)
3569:
3545:
3526:
3519:
3489:
3484:
3476:
3467:Douglas Diamond
3457:
3438:
3423:
3404:
3392:
3384:
3379:Bengt Holmström
3372:
3364:
3356:
3340:
3328:
3316:
3300:
3288:
3280:
3264:
3256:
3244:
3235:Finn E. Kydland
3232:
3220:
3215:Vernon L. Smith
3211:Daniel Kahneman
3208:
3192:
3181:
3169:
3161:
3153:
3141:
3136:William Vickrey
3129:
3121:
3116:Reinhard Selten
3105:
3096:Robert W. Fogel
3093:
3085:
3080:Ronald H. Coase
3077:
3061:
3056:Trygve Haavelmo
3053:
3045:
3040:Robert M. Solow
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2969:
2961:
2949:
2944:Milton Friedman
2941:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2898:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2858:
2847:
2838:
2804:
2786:
2784:
2776:
2748:
2746:
2744:Reason Magazine
2722:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2685:
2683:
2661:
2659:
2650:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2625:
2612:
2610:
2601:
2571:
2566:
2557:
2555:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2518:
2514:
2505:
2503:
2502:. Bloomberg L.P
2496:
2492:
2483:
2481:
2464:
2457:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2325:
2321:
2310:
2306:
2291:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2245:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2122:
2118:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2023:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1996:
1994:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1827:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1807:. Reuters Group
1801:
1797:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1765:
1750:
1746:
1739:startribune.com
1733:
1732:
1728:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1680:
1671:
1669:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1619:
1613:
1600:
1591:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1552:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1493:
1482:
1473:
1471:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1445:
1430:
1423:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1305:
1289:Reiter, Stanley
1244:10.2307/1913581
1226:Reiter, Stanley
1192:
1178:Basil Blackwell
1137:
1123:Suppes, Patrick
1103:
1089:Hurwicz, Leonid
1075:
1014:10.2307/1905482
983:10.2307/1905363
937:
885:
820:Jacob Bernoulli
808:Daniel Ellsberg
774:
754:Keio University
696:
691:
651:Daniel McFadden
610:(1999) and the
544:
536:Yale University
477:Friedrich Hayek
473:Nicholas Kaldor
457:
446:precinct caucus
434:Eugene McCarthy
356:
286:Nobel Laureates
244:
215:
192:Friedrich Hayek
190:
186:
172:
168:
164:
162:Daniel McFadden
160:
156:
149:
140:
136:
130:Alma mater
122:
118:
114:
103:Academic career
80:
79:, United States
74:
70:
61:
52:
51:August 21, 1917
46:
44:
36:
35:Hurwicz in 2005
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9416:
9406:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9213:
9212:
9210:
9209:
9203:
9197:
9191:
9185:
9179:
9176:Stephen Morris
9173:
9167:
9164:Drew Fudenberg
9161:
9155:
9149:
9143:
9137:
9124:
9118:
9112:
9106:
9100:
9094:
9088:
9082:
9076:
9070:
9057:
9050:
9048:
9044:
9043:
9041:
9040:
9034:
9028:
9022:
9016:
9010:
9004:
8998:
8992:
8986:
8980:
8967:
8961:
8955:
8952:Dale Jorgenson
8949:
8943:
8937:
8934:Amartya K. Sen
8931:
8925:
8919:
8913:
8907:
8901:
8895:
8889:
8886:Hirofumi Uzawa
8882:
8880:
8876:
8875:
8873:
8872:
8866:
8860:
8854:
8848:
8842:
8836:
8833:Leonid Hurwicz
8830:
8824:
8818:
8812:
8806:
8800:
8794:
8788:
8782:
8779:Lawrence Klein
8776:
8773:Marcel Boiteux
8770:
8764:
8758:
8752:
8746:
8740:
8734:
8731:Paul Samuelson
8728:
8725:R. G. D. Allen
8721:
8719:
8715:
8714:
8712:
8711:
8705:
8699:
8693:
8687:
8684:Jacob Marschak
8681:
8675:
8669:
8663:
8657:
8651:
8645:
8638:
8636:
8632:
8631:
8620:
8619:
8612:
8605:
8597:
8588:
8587:
8585:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8528:
8526:
8522:
8521:
8519:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8487:
8485:
8481:
8480:
8478:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8440:Robert Axelrod
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8415:Olga Bondareva
8412:
8407:
8405:Melvin Dresher
8402:
8397:
8395:Leonid Hurwicz
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8330:Harold W. Kuhn
8327:
8322:
8320:Drew Fudenberg
8317:
8312:
8310:David M. Kreps
8307:
8302:
8297:
8295:Claude Shannon
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8271:
8269:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8232:Nash's theorem
8229:
8224:
8219:
8213:
8211:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8091:Ultimatum game
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8071:Dollar auction
8068:
8063:
8058:
8056:Centipede game
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8011:Infinite chess
8008:
8003:
7997:
7995:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7985:
7980:
7978:Symmetric game
7975:
7970:
7965:
7963:Signaling game
7960:
7958:Screening game
7955:
7950:
7948:Potential game
7945:
7940:
7935:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7901:
7899:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7875:Mixed strategy
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7806:
7804:
7798:
7797:
7795:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7757:Risk dominance
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7668:
7666:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7600:Graphical game
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7561:
7559:
7555:
7554:
7546:
7545:
7538:
7531:
7523:
7514:
7513:
7510:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7502:
7497:
7494:
7489:
7487:Burton Richter
7484:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7462:
7460:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7440:Yakir Aharonov
7437:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7408:
7403:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7387:
7382:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7354:Richard Garwin
7351:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7318:Willis E. Lamb
7315:
7311:
7309:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7257:
7252:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7210:
7205:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7160:
7158:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7077:Philip Abelson
7074:
7071:
7069:Chen-Ning Yang
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7043:
7038:
7036:Bruno B. Rossi
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6993:Yoichiro Nambu
6990:
6985:
6981:
6979:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6804:John C. Slater
6801:
6796:
6791:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6691:Jacob Bjerknes
6688:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6644:
6639:
6635:
6633:
6625:
6624:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6554:
6552:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6523:
6518:
6515:
6510:
6507:
6502:
6499:
6494:
6491:
6489:James G. Glimm
6486:
6483:
6481:Elias M. Stein
6478:
6473:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6433:
6428:
6425:
6423:Shing-Tung Yau
6420:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6404:
6399:
6396:
6391:
6388:
6383:
6380:
6375:
6372:
6367:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6291:
6289:Antoni Zygmund
6286:
6281:
6278:
6276:Isadore Singer
6273:
6268:
6265:
6260:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6241:
6239:Joseph L. Doob
6236:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6220:
6218:George Dantzig
6215:
6210:
6208:John W. Backus
6205:
6202:
6197:
6194:
6189:
6186:
6184:Richard Brauer
6181:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6165:William Feller
6162:
6159:
6154:
6151:
6146:
6143:
6138:
6135:
6130:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6114:
6112:Norbert Wiener
6109:
6105:
6103:
6095:
6094:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6070:Thomas Kailath
6067:
6064:
6059:
6056:
6051:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6029:
6024:
6021:
6016:
6013:
6008:
6005:
6000:
5997:
5992:
5989:
5984:
5981:
5976:
5973:
5968:
5965:
5960:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5938:
5933:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5917:
5912:
5909:
5904:
5901:
5896:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5807:
5802:
5800:H. Bolton Seed
5797:
5792:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5753:
5751:Donald L. Katz
5748:
5743:
5739:
5737:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5722:Earl R. Parker
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5576:
5571:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5556:Hugh L. Dryden
5553:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5524:
5519:
5515:
5513:
5505:
5504:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5474:
5469:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5440:
5438:Peter J. Stang
5435:
5430:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5414:Marye Anne Fox
5411:
5406:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5390:
5385:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5369:
5367:Tobin J. Marks
5364:
5361:
5356:
5353:
5348:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5296:Stuart A. Rice
5293:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5264:
5259:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5243:
5238:
5235:
5230:
5228:Donald J. Cram
5225:
5222:
5217:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5197:Ronald Breslow
5194:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5139:
5137:Elias J. Corey
5134:
5129:
5124:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5103:
5098:
5096:Carl S. Marvel
5093:
5088:
5083:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5068:Roald Hoffmann
5065:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5027:
5019:
5018:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4984:Stanley Falkow
4981:
4978:
4976:Rakesh K. Jain
4973:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4779:Gene E. Likens
4776:
4771:
4766:
4764:George F. Bass
4761:
4756:
4753:
4748:
4746:Peter H. Raven
4743:
4738:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4680:
4675:
4672:
4670:Alexander Rich
4667:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4651:
4646:
4644:Daniel Nathans
4641:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4625:
4620:
4618:Folke K. Skoog
4615:
4610:
4608:Salvador Luria
4605:
4600:
4598:Elvin A. Kabat
4595:
4590:
4585:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4511:Katherine Esau
4508:
4505:
4500:
4498:Eric R. Kandel
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4444:
4442:Joan A. Steitz
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4416:
4414:Berta Scharrer
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4381:Seymour Benzer
4378:
4375:
4373:Philip Handler
4370:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4260:Erwin Chargaff
4257:
4255:Britton Chance
4252:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4205:Robert Huebner
4202:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4094:
4092:C. B. van Niel
4089:
4085:
4083:
4075:
4074:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4050:Albert Bandura
4047:
4044:
4042:Robert Axelrod
4039:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4009:
4004:
4001:
3996:
3993:
3988:
3985:
3983:R. Duncan Luce
3980:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3942:
3937:
3934:
3932:Paul Samuelson
3929:
3926:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3894:
3892:Patrick Suppes
3889:
3887:Leonid Hurwicz
3884:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3668:Leonid Hurwicz
3664:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3637:Mario Capecchi
3633:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3618:Peter Grünberg
3615:
3608:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3584:
3582:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3558:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3536:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3495:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3479:Claudia Goldin
3474:
3455:
3448:Joshua Angrist
3436:
3421:
3418:Michael Kremer
3402:
3390:
3382:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3343:Eugene F. Fama
3338:
3326:
3314:
3298:
3286:
3278:
3271:Eric S. Maskin
3267:Leonid Hurwicz
3262:
3254:
3242:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3139:
3127:
3119:
3103:
3091:
3088:Gary S. Becker
3083:
3075:
3059:
3051:
3048:Maurice Allais
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2967:
2959:
2956:James E. Meade
2947:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2896:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2790:Eric S. Maskin
2777:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2731:
2691:
2667:
2648:
2618:
2599:
2592:
2580:Leonid Hurwicz
2577:
2570:
2569:External links
2567:
2565:
2564:
2542:
2512:
2490:
2455:
2434:
2413:
2400:
2380:
2373:
2351:
2344:
2319:
2304:
2289:
2267:
2236:
2201:
2176:
2151:
2138:
2116:
2114:on 2006-06-22.
2080:
2059:
2032:
2003:
1974:
1953:
1929:
1908:
1883:
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1303:
1284:
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1190:
1161:
1140:
1135:
1119:Karlin, Samuel
1109:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1079:
1073:
1044:
1043:
1026:
995:
964:
959:Exposition on
936:
933:
929:Jonas Hafström
884:
881:
812:R. Duncan Luce
773:
770:
727:United Nations
695:
692:
690:
687:
543:
540:
524:Jacob Marschak
500:Paul Samuelson
456:
453:
355:
352:
331:of Economics (
297:Paul Samuelson
241:Leonid Hurwicz
236:
235:
232:
231:
221:
220:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
188:Jacob Marschak
181:
177:
176:
158:Stanley Reiter
151:
145:
144:
131:
127:
126:
109:
105:
104:
100:
99:
96:
95:
86:
82:
81:
75:
73:(aged 90)
67:
63:
62:
53:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
23:Leonid Hurwicz
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9415:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
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9186:
9183:
9180:
9177:
9174:
9171:
9168:
9165:
9162:
9159:
9156:
9153:
9152:Robert Porter
9150:
9147:
9144:
9141:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9125:
9122:
9119:
9116:
9115:John H. Moore
9113:
9110:
9107:
9104:
9101:
9098:
9095:
9092:
9089:
9086:
9083:
9080:
9077:
9074:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9058:
9055:
9054:Avinash Dixit
9052:
9051:
9049:
9045:
9038:
9035:
9032:
9029:
9026:
9023:
9020:
9017:
9014:
9011:
9008:
9005:
9002:
8999:
8996:
8993:
8990:
8987:
8984:
8983:Peter Diamond
8981:
8976:
8971:
8968:
8965:
8962:
8959:
8956:
8953:
8950:
8947:
8946:Michael Bruno
8944:
8941:
8938:
8935:
8932:
8929:
8928:Herbert Scarf
8926:
8923:
8920:
8917:
8914:
8911:
8908:
8905:
8902:
8899:
8896:
8893:
8890:
8887:
8884:
8883:
8881:
8877:
8870:
8869:Zvi Griliches
8867:
8864:
8861:
8858:
8855:
8852:
8849:
8846:
8845:Gérard Debreu
8843:
8840:
8839:Jacques Drèze
8837:
8834:
8831:
8828:
8825:
8822:
8819:
8816:
8813:
8810:
8807:
8804:
8801:
8798:
8795:
8792:
8789:
8786:
8783:
8780:
8777:
8774:
8771:
8768:
8765:
8762:
8759:
8756:
8755:Kenneth Arrow
8753:
8750:
8749:Richard Stone
8747:
8744:
8741:
8738:
8735:
8732:
8729:
8726:
8723:
8722:
8720:
8716:
8709:
8706:
8703:
8702:Ragnar Frisch
8700:
8697:
8694:
8691:
8690:Jan Tinbergen
8688:
8685:
8682:
8679:
8676:
8673:
8670:
8667:
8664:
8661:
8660:Arthur Bowley
8658:
8655:
8652:
8649:
8646:
8643:
8642:Irving Fisher
8640:
8639:
8637:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8618:
8613:
8611:
8606:
8604:
8599:
8598:
8595:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8529:
8527:
8525:Miscellaneous
8523:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8488:
8486:
8482:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8460:Samuel Bowles
8458:
8456:
8455:Roger Myerson
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8445:Robert Aumann
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8400:Lloyd Shapley
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8385:Kenneth Arrow
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8365:John Harsanyi
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8335:Herbert Simon
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8264:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8214:
8212:
8208:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8136:Fair division
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8111:Dictator game
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7994:
7990:
7984:
7983:Zero-sum game
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7953:Repeated game
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7898:
7892:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7870:Pure strategy
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7835:De-escalation
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7803:
7799:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7777:Shapley value
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7645:Succinct game
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7544:
7539:
7537:
7532:
7530:
7525:
7524:
7521:
7501:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7457:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7432:James E. Gunn
7430:
7428:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7364:Edward Witten
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7306:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7182:Roger Revelle
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7155:
7149:
7148:Henry Stommel
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7138:Eugene Parker
7136:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6998:Edward Teller
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6976:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6964:Lyman Spitzer
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6883:Hans A. Bethe
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6827:Maurice Ewing
6825:
6823:
6822:Carl Djerassi
6820:
6817:
6815:
6814:Saul Winstein
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6782:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6762:Eugene Wigner
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6747:Paul Bartlett
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6734:Louis Hammett
6732:
6730:
6729:Gregory Breit
6727:
6725:
6724:Francis Birch
6722:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6683:William Rubey
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6619:
6615:
6601:
6600:Michael Artin
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6513:Bradley Efron
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6439:Felix Browder
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6415:Stephen Smale
6413:
6411:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6362:John McCarthy
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6340:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6323:Samuel Karlin
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6133:Oscar Zariski
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6107:
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5899:Alfred Y. Cho
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4846:Anthony Fauci
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4177:Horace Barker
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4034:Anne Treisman
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3991:Kenneth Arrow
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3331:Alvin E. Roth
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3291:Elinor Ostrom
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2723:|author=
2716:
2702:on 2007-10-17
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2682:on 2007-10-18
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2656:The Economist
2653:
2649:
2639:on 2007-10-25
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2609:on 2007-10-25
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2532:on 2007-12-11
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1633:on 2007-10-25
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1393:on 2011-10-09
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1170:Carter, C. F.
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866:
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861:Roger Myerson
858:
854:
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845:
843:
842:Scott E. Page
839:
834:
832:
829:launched the
828:
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816:Howard Raiffa
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571:Walter Heller
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68:
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32:
27:
20:
9200:Rosa Matzkin
9047:2001–present
8916:Marc Nerlove
8898:János Kornai
8863:Don Patinkin
8851:W. M. Gorman
8832:
8803:Robert Solow
8696:Charles Roos
8430:Peyton Young
8425:Paul Milgrom
8394:
8340:Hervé Moulin
8280:Amos Tversky
8222:Folk theorem
7933:-player game
7930:
7855:Grim trigger
7474:Sandra Faber
7469:Sidney Drell
7299:Leo Kadanoff
7294:James Cronin
7242:Hans Dehmelt
7177:Robert Pound
7143:Robert Sharp
6959:John Sinfelt
6926:Verner Suomi
6893:Lewis Sarett
6757:Lars Onsager
6701:Henry Eyring
6668:John Bardeen
6410:Richard Karp
6378:Allen Newell
6157:Jerzy Neyman
5782:Tung-Yen Lin
5759:Bill Hewlett
5689:Morris Cohen
5283:John W. Cahn
5184:Karl Folkers
4945:Lucy Shapiro
4895:Elaine Fuchs
4774:Ann Graybiel
4704:Janet Rowley
4686:James Watson
4678:Ruth Patrick
4521:Philip Leder
4391:Mildred Cohn
4339:Severo Ochoa
4316:E. O. Wilson
3886:
3725:
3667:
3643:Martin Evans
3540:Gerhard Ertl
3463:Ben Bernanke
3452:Guido Imbens
3429:Paul Milgrom
3414:Esther Duflo
3367:Angus Deaton
3283:Paul Krugman
3266:
3186:2001–present
2952:Bertil Ohlin
2802:Paul Krugman
2788:
2785:2007
2779:
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2739:
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1005:
1001:Econometrica
999:
974:
970:Econometrica
968:
946:
942:
935:Publications
921:
886:
877:Neil Wallace
873:Nancy Stokey
857:Robert Lucas
853:John Ledyard
848:
846:
835:
824:
795:
784:Abraham Wald
777:
775:
743:
724:
697:
678:
673:(1978, with
670:
664:
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640:
636:
606:(1998), the
568:
545:
497:
458:
450:
427:
412:
357:
337:
290:
240:
239:
71:(2008-06-24)
9233:2008 deaths
9228:1917 births
9158:Eddie Dekel
9130: [
9073:Eric Maskin
9063: [
9060:Guy Laroque
9025:Jean Tirole
8973: [
8815:Herman Wold
8785:Henri Theil
8767:James Tobin
8680:(1944–1945)
8674:(1942–1943)
8668:(1940–1941)
8662:(1938–1939)
8656:(1936–1937)
8644:(1931–1934)
8547:Coopetition
8350:Jean Tirole
8345:John Conway
8325:Eric Maskin
8121:Blotto game
8106:Pirate game
7915:Global game
7885:Tit for tat
7820:Bid shading
7810:Appeasement
7660:Equilibrium
7640:Solved game
7575:Determinacy
7558:Definitions
7551:game theory
7427:Berni Alder
7234:Frank Press
7115:Walter Kohn
7092:George Pake
7026:Walter Munk
6949:Herman Mark
6931:Henry Taube
6719:Jesse Beams
6673:Peter Debye
6655:Harold Urey
6579:Barry Mazur
6141:John Milnor
6035:Amnon Yariv
5979:Leo Beranek
5805:Ernst Weber
5658:Abel Wolman
5249:Thomas Cech
5179:Elkan Blout
5119:Max Tishler
5036:Roger Adams
4994:Simon Levin
4460:Harry Eagle
4283:Paul Gyorgy
3975:Gary Becker
3674:Eric Maskin
3612:Albert Fert
3523:Nobel Prize
3375:Oliver Hart
3359:Jean Tirole
3156:Amartya Sen
2992:James Tobin
1222:Radner, Roy
961:game theory
893:Eric Maskin
869:James Quirk
760:(1994) and
633:, West Bank
508:Oskar Lange
423:Minneapolis
400:Switzerland
388:labor camps
368:Polish Jews
340:game theory
305:Oskar Lange
278:Eric Maskin
262:game theory
225:Information
108:Institution
85:Citizenship
9222:Categories
9170:Tim Besley
8857:Roy Radner
8827:Frank Hahn
8624:Presidents
8191:Trust game
8176:Kuhn poker
7845:Escalation
7840:Deterrence
7830:Cheap talk
7802:Strategies
7620:Preference
7549:Topics of
7221:Vera Rubin
6860:Paul Flory
6521:Hyman Bass
6394:John Cocke
6297:Raoul Bott
6200:Kurt Gödel
6192:John Tukey
6149:Paul Cohen
5764:George Low
5727:Simon Ramo
4950:Leroy Hood
4751:Carl Woese
4699:Bruce Ames
4210:Ernst Mayr
3551:Literature
3444:David Card
3399:Paul Romer
2749:2007-12-11
2706:2007-10-16
2686:2007-10-19
2662:2007-10-18
2643:2007-10-16
2613:2007-10-16
2558:2007-12-10
2536:2007-12-10
2506:2007-10-15
2484:2007-10-15
2449:2007-10-25
2428:2007-10-25
2407:2007-10-19
2261:2007-10-19
2230:2007-10-19
2195:2007-10-16
2145:2007-10-16
2101:2007-10-15
2074:2007-10-16
2053:2007-10-15
2026:2007-10-16
1997:2007-10-15
1968:2007-10-15
1947:2016-11-15
1923:2007-10-20
1902:2007-10-16
1852:2007-10-16
1811:2007-10-15
1789:2007-10-16
1720:2007-10-16
1672:2007-10-16
1637:2007-10-16
1592:2007-10-16
1562:2007-10-15
1531:2007-10-19
1506:2007-10-15
1474:2007-10-20
1448:2007-10-15
1397:2009-09-23
1374:References
786:published
657:theory of
590:) and the
380:Bolsheviks
180:Influences
47:1917-08-21
8879:1976–2000
8718:1951–1975
8635:1931–1950
8375:John Nash
8081:Stag hunt
7825:Collusion
7216:Val Fitch
6284:Peter Lax
6054:Shu Chien
5301:John Ross
5016:Chemistry
4404:Paul Berg
3796:laureates
3620:(Germany)
3542:(Germany)
3532:Chemistry
3525:laureates
2935:1976–2000
2852:1969–1975
2841:Laureates
2110:, at the
1820:cite news
618:in 2001.
415:Wisconsin
254:economist
8737:René Roy
8516:Lazy SMP
8210:Theorems
8161:Deadlock
8016:Checkers
7897:of games
7664:concepts
7195:Ed Stone
4192:Jay Lush
3614:(France)
2715:cite web
2220:Quaderni
1501:BBC News
1313:See also
1291:(2008).
1125:(eds.),
1091:(eds.),
1081:and as:
1055:(1977).
1033:(1953).
963:classic.
855:(2007),
756:(1993),
752:(1989),
741:(1984).
491:and the
404:Portugal
402:then to
333:Emeritus
150:students
148:Doctoral
93:American
8626:of the
8268:figures
8051:Chicken
7905:Auction
7895:Classes
3604:Physics
3588:Al Gore
2843:of the
2766:Awards
2169:7 April
1252:1913581
1213:1817047
1157:1823704
1022:1905482
991:1905363
955:1812602
903:of the
895:of the
506:and to
502:at the
344:markets
307:at the
299:at the
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9202:(2023)
9196:(2022)
9190:(2021)
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9178:(2019)
9172:(2018)
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364:Russia
360:Moscow
276:(with
219:(2007)
214:(1990)
208:Awards
89:Polish
55:Moscow
9134:]
9067:]
8977:]
8006:Chess
7993:Games
7459:2010s
7308:2000s
7157:1990s
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3965:2000s
3877:1990s
3837:1980s
3818:1960s
3726:2007
3575:Peace
3521:2007
2637:(PDF)
2626:(PDF)
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2255:(PDF)
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2095:(PDF)
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1631:(PDF)
1620:(PDF)
1259:(pdf)
1248:JSTOR
1209:JSTOR
1153:JSTOR
1018:JSTOR
987:JSTOR
951:JSTOR
891:with
471:with
461:LL.M.
384:Nazis
348:trade
7687:Core
7496:2014
7483:2012
7465:2011
7436:2009
7423:2008
7410:2007
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5064:1983
5051:1982
5032:1964
4980:2014
4972:2013
4959:2012
4941:2011
4928:2010
4904:2009
4886:2008
4873:2007
4855:2006
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4755:2001
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4682:1997
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4507:1989
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4127:1966
4109:1965
4096:1964
4088:1963
4046:2015
4038:2014
4030:2011
4011:2009
4003:2008
3995:2005
3987:2004
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3971:2000
3952:1999
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3936:1997
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3904:1992
3896:1991
3883:1990
3864:1988
3851:1987
3843:1986
3824:1964
3751:2012
3746:2011
3741:2010
3736:2009
3731:2008
3721:2006
3716:2005
3711:2004
3706:2003
3701:2002
3579:2007
3555:2007
3459:2022
3440:2021
3425:2020
3406:2019
2727:help
2396:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2340:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2285:ISBN
2171:2011
2134:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1832:help
1299:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1131:ISBN
1097:ISBN
1069:ISBN
899:and
875:and
847:The
836:The
814:and
526:and
475:and
382:and
346:and
303:and
280:and
264:and
256:and
66:Died
41:Born
8266:Key
1276:doi
1240:doi
1061:doi
1010:doi
979:doi
534:at
430:NSF
227:at
9224::
9132:ru
9065:fr
8975:de
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