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training in the lake who did not manage to consume any of the pills; he is very jealous of the white snake. One day, the white snake sees a beggar on the bridge who has caught a green snake and wants to dig out the snake's gall and sell it. The white snake transforms into a woman and buys the green snake from the beggar, thus saving the green snake's life. The green snake is grateful to the white snake and she regards the white snake as an elder sister. In the meantime, the terrapin spirit has accumulated enough powers to take on human form, so he transforms into a
Buddhist monk called Fahai.
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405:) meets a girl, her mother, and her grandmother; he falls in love with the mother — who is dressed in white — but the girl warns him that her mother has killed all her previous lovers. A Daoist exorcist exposes the mother as a white snake; her daughter is a black chicken and the grandmother an otter. He builds three stone
929:
Alternatively, the green snake (Xiaoqing) is less evolved, less well-trained compared to the white snake (Bai Suzhen), and thus less cognisant of what it means to be human. She is more animalistic and therefore sometimes at odds with Bai Suzhen, thus explaining their differences both in character and
793:
After coming back to life, Xu Xian is still fearful of his wife. He travels alone to
Jinshan Temple, where Fahai imprisons him, telling him that he must live in the temple in order to save himself from the snake demons. Bai Suzhen and Xiaoqing fight with Fahai to rescue Xu Xian. During the battle,
857:
into the lake. In the lake dwells a white snake spirit who has been practicing Taoist magical arts. She eats the pills and gains 500 years' worth of magical powers. She, therefore, feels grateful to Xu Xian, and their fates become intertwined. There is another terrapin (or tortoise) spirit also
876:
and returns home in glory to visit his parents. At the same time, Xiaoqing, who had spent the intervening years refining her powers, goes to the
Jinshan Temple to confront Fahai and defeats him. Bai Suzhen is freed from Leifeng Pagoda and reunited with her husband and son, while Fahai flees.
852:
from Lü Dongbin without knowing that they are actually immortality pills. After eating them, he does not feel hungry for the next three days so he goes back to ask the vendor why. Lü Dongbin laughs and carries Xu Xian to the bridge, where he flips him upside-down and causes him to vomit the
948:
or revisionist version of the story relates that Xu Xian and Bai Suzhen were actually immortals who fell in love and were banished from Heaven because celestial laws forbade their romance. They are reincarnated as a male human and a female white snake spirit respectively and their story
357:) meeting an attractive woman clad in white (whose aunt is clothed in blue-green). After mating with the beauty at her residence, he returns home and falls ill, his body dissolving into water. His family searches for the woman and discovers that she is a giant white snake.
802:
to help him. Bai Suzhen uses her powers to flood the temple, causing collateral damage in the process. However, her powers are limited because she is already pregnant with Xu Xian's child, so she fails to save her husband. Xiaoqing helps her escape back to
Hangzhou.
457:. In this tale the White Snake tries to enrich her husband, but unwittingly turns him into a crime suspect; when he tries to leave her, she threatens him with a flood. The story ends with the righteous monk Fahai trapping the demons under the
322:
The snake-woman motif possibly came from Indian folklore. In the earliest versions the white snake was depicted as an evil demon. Over the centuries, however, the legend has evolved from a horror tale to a romance story about forbidden love.
806:
Meanwhile, Xu Xian realizes that his wife's love for him is genuine and that he no longer cares if she is a snake. He manages to escape after persuading a sympathetic young monk to release him. When he reunites with his battered wife on
933:
Fahai is portrayed in a more sympathetic light as opposed to the traditional depiction of him as a vindictive and jealous villain: rigid and authoritarian, yet well-intentioned. His background story is also different in some
541:
is considered similar to Feng
Menglong's version, a major shift seemed to have occurred in texts from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Three long- or medium-length works from this period are: Fang Chengpei's
811:, where they first met, Xiaoqing is so furious at him that she intends to kill him, but Bai Suzhen stops her. Xu Xian expresses his regret, and both Bai Suzhen and Xiaoqing forgive him, Xiaoqing more reluctantly.
467:
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The green snake (Xiaoqing) is portrayed as a treacherous antagonist who betrays the white snake, as opposed to the traditional depiction of her as the white snake's close friend and confidant.
646:
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779:. Bai Suzhen unsuspectingly drinks the wine and reveals her true form as a large white snake. Xu Xian dies of shock after seeing that his wife is not human.
757:. Xu Xian lends them his umbrella because it is raining. Xu Xian and Bai Suzhen fall in love instantly and are eventually married. They open a medicine shop.
1412:
1068:
Wang, Eugene Y. (2003). "Tope and Topos: The
Leifeng Pagoda and the Discourse of the Demonic". In Zeitlin, Judith T.; Liu, Lydia H.; Widmer, Ellen (eds.).
1319:
880:
In a version Fahai hides inside the stomach of a crab. There is a saying that a crab's internal fat is orange because it resembles the color of Fahai's
2101:
1207:"Old Tales for New Times: Some Comments on the Cultural Translation of China's Four Great Folktales in the Twentieth Century 二十世紀中國四大民間故事的文化翻譯"
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The White Snake and Her Son: A Translation of the
Precious Scroll of Thunder Peak with Related Texts
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steals silver from the treasury of a corrupt magistrate to finance Bai Suzhen and Xu Xian's shop. (
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Snake
Sisters and Ghost Daughters: Feminist Adaptations of Traditional Tales in Chinese Fantasy
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began to portray the White Snake in a sympathetic perspective. Xi
Xuanzan had become Xu Xuan (
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Twenty years after his mother is buried under the pagoda, Xu
Mengjiao earns the position of
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Dialogues Between Two Worlds: Prophecy, Resurrection and the Imagination of the Otherworld
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and subjugates the creatures beneath them. Xi Xuanzan becomes a religious layman.
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345:; "Vast Records of the Strange"), from the early 9th century, contains a
284:. It is counted as one of China's Four Great Folktales, the others being
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The white snake was simply known as the "White Lady" or "White Maiden" (
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The story "Madam White Is Kept Forever Under the Thunder Peak Tower" (
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Bai Suzhen gives birth to their son, Xu Mengjiao (in some versions
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The Qing dynasty saw major transformations of the legend thanks to
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Writing and Materiality in China: Essays in Honor of Patrick Hanan
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is a Chinese legend centered around a romance between a man named
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Fashion/art film starring Daphne Guinness, directed by Indrani.
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Cowherd and Weaver and other most popular love legends in China
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vendor at the Broken Bridge. A boy called Xu Xian buys some
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531:(storytelling performances). While Huang Tubi (黃圖珌)'s 1738
527:
960:
List of media adaptations of the Legend of the White Snake
937:
Bai Suzhen is freed from Leifeng Pagoda because her son's
417:"Madam White Is Kept Forever Under the Thunder Peak Tower"
228:
443:), the Taoist exorcist had become a Buddhist monk named
889:
741:, respectively. They become best friends and travel to
652:
Bai Suzhen battles the guardians of the magical herb. (
207:
915:. The name "Bai Suzhen" was created in a later era.
894:The legend has been presented in a number of major
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1015:
387:), likely the first work to set the legend in the
2102:Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations
1177:
733:transform themselves into two young women called
2161:
381:); in it was "The Three Pagodas of West Lake" (
369:, some time before 1547, a collection of early
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1283:Oregon Shakespeare Festival, 2012 production
1273:Stories to Caution the World in Google Books
698:A furious Xiaoqing wants to kill Xu Xian on
670:Xiaoqing saves the pregnant Bai Suzhen from
1159:Lady White Snake: A Tale from Chinese Opera
1561:
1547:
1320:
1306:
142:
21:Legend of the White Snake (disambiguation)
1268:– Stage Performance from Penang, Malaysia
825:
399:. In this story, a man named Xi Xuanzan (
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
963:
309:
556:(1777); a thirteen-chapter novel (also
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2162:
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1088:
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566:, "Master of the Jade Mountain"), and
152:, Beijing, China, depicting the legend
1568:
1542:
1301:
1204:
1021:
794:Fahai calls on guardian deities like
790:. The herb restores Xu Xian to life.
749:), where they meet a young man named
576:, preface dated 1809), a transcribed
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1214:Taiwan Journal of East Asian Studies
1094:
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1036:
890:Modifications and alternate versions
56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
2048:Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio
1156:
1125:
1085:
1027:
13:
1650:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
1236:. eBook: Kindle Direct Publishing.
918:Some adaptations of the legend in
718:The following is one version from
14:
2226:
2069:What the Master Would Not Discuss
1241:
351:tale about a man named Li Huang (
305:
1479:New Legend of Madame White Snake
1456:The Sorcerer and the White Snake
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898:, films, and television series.
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609:his umbrella on a ferry boat in
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375:tales was printed by Hong Pian (
361:"The Three Pagodas of West Lake"
280:and a female snake spirit named
32:
2134:The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl
2127:Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy
1440:The Legend of the White Serpent
431:'s influential 1624 collection
299:The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl
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43:needs additional citations for
2095:Records of the Grand Historian
1178:References and further reading
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2062:In Search of the Supernatural
1978:Classic of Mountains and Seas
1503:The Legend of the White Snake
702:, but Bai Suzhen stops her. (
1288:White snake in dream meaning
1134:University of Michigan Press
1103:Wayne State University Press
912:Stories to Caution the World
476:Stories to Caution the World
434:Stories to Caution the World
7:
1389:The White Snake Enchantress
1003:Snakes in Chinese mythology
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314:The three stone pagodas of
67:"Legend of the White Snake"
10:
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2185:Female legendary creatures
1495:The Destiny of White Snake
1220:(1): 25–46. Archived from
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905:) in the original tale in
830:
560:, 1806) by Yushan Zhuren (
18:
2170:Legend of the White Snake
2148:Mulian Rescues His Mother
2120:Legend of the White Snake
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1095:Wang, Yue Cathy (2023).
1048:Scuola Normale Superiore
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461:("Thunder Peak Tower").
159:Traditional Chinese
2141:The Magic Lotus Lantern
2034:Investiture of the Gods
1205:—— (2012).
1184:Idema, Wilt L. (2009).
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173:Simplified Chinese
1956:Peaches of Immortality
1781:Chinese guardian lions
1704:Mythological creatures
1290:and interpretation at
1190:. Hackett Publishing.
1167:Pan Asian Publications
1129:The Global White Snake
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826:Subplots and spin-offs
782:Bai Suzhen travels to
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2041:The Sorcerer's Revolt
1629:Chinese folk religion
1266:Legend of White Snake
1255:at Wikimedia Commons
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958:Further information:
872:(top scholar) in the
674:during the Battle of
582:text by Chen Yuqian (
507:An illustration from
491:An illustration from
473:An illustration from
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1589:Godly world concepts
874:imperial examination
777:Dragon Boat Festival
725:A white snake and a
568:The Righteous Demons
509:The Righteous Demons
52:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
2190:Hangzhou in fiction
2055:Journey to the West
1292:snake dream meaning
1227:on October 6, 2014.
1126:Luo, Liang (2021).
1081:. pp. 496–497.
1037:Chen, Dong (2019).
753:on a ferry-boat in
2210:Jiangsu in fiction
2076:Heavenly Questions
1890:Gate of the Ghosts
1645:Gods and immortals
1609:Gods and immortals
1522:Madame White Snake
1232:Mao, Xian (2013).
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517:Qing dynasty texts
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2027:The Four Journeys
1570:Chinese mythology
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1487:Madam White Snake
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1251:Media related to
1161:. Illustrated by
1143:978-0-472-03860-2
1136:. p. 13-14.
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978:
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942:
935:
931:
927:
896:Chinese operas
891:
888:
863:
860:
832:
829:
827:
824:
820:Leifeng Pagoda
765:Jinshan Temple
715:
712:
704:Yangzhou opera
697:
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676:Jinshan Temple
669:
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623:
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558:Leifeng Pagoda
554:Leifeng Pagoda
539:Leifeng Pagoda
518:
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493:Leifeng Pagoda
490:
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459:Leifeng Pagoda
418:
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328:
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306:Early versions
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217:Yue: Cantonese
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190:Transcriptions
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16:Chinese legend
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2175:Shapeshifting
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1900:Jade Mountain
1898:
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1885:Eight Pillars
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1763:Spirit turtle
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1584:Creation myth
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1197:9781603843751
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1024:, p. 26.
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966:
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947:
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941:moved Heaven.
940:
936:
932:
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907:Feng Menglong
899:
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846:
841:
838:, one of the
837:
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817:
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809:Broken Bridge
804:
801:
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736:
732:
728:
723:
721:
720:Chinese opera
705:
701:
700:Broken Bridge
694:
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523:Chinese opera
511:(1869 print).
510:
503:
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487:
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478:
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429:Feng Menglong
414:
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389:Southern Song
374:
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209:Bái Shé Zhuàn
206:
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150:Summer Palace
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122:
119:
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100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
2195:Love stories
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1915:Moving Sands
1857:
1777:(Fox spirit)
1721:Azure Dragon
1711:Four Symbols
1520:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1432:Ouw Peh Tjoa
1430:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1387:
1328:
1265:
1245:
1233:
1222:the original
1217:
1213:
1186:
1158:
1152:
1128:
1121:
1097:
1070:
1063:
1051:. Retrieved
1039:
1022:Idema (2012)
1017:
939:filial piety
934:adaptations.
917:
910:
900:
893:
881:
879:
867:
865:
854:
849:
843:
834:
813:
805:
792:
781:
773:realgar wine
759:
724:
717:
679:
654:Peking opera
577:
567:
557:
553:
549:
538:
532:
526:
520:
508:
492:
474:
453:), who is a
432:
420:
395:, or modern
370:
367:Ming dynasty
364:
346:
336:
333:Tang-dynasty
330:
321:
297:
291:
285:
273:
271:
240:Southern Min
231:Baak Se Cyun
203:Hanyu Pinyin
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
25:
2013:Shenyi Jing
1827:Four Perils
1726:White Tiger
1675:Yan Emperor
1448:Green Snake
1424:Live-action
1405:Green Snake
1397:White Snake
968:Diorama at
954:Adaptations
775:during the
729:snake from
455:fish spirit
2164:Categories
1930:Weak River
1822:Fox spirit
1471:Television
1345:Bai Suzhen
1338:Characters
1053:January 6,
869:zhuangyuan
836:Lü Dongbin
800:Sangharama
735:Bai Suzhen
731:Mount Emei
727:blue-green
607:Bai Suzhen
327:"Li Huang"
282:Bai Suzhen
108:April 2021
78:newspapers
2088:Huainanzi
1985:Shi Yi Ji
1925:Red River
1775:Huli jing
1753:Fenghuang
1594:Astrology
1381:Animation
1365:Xu Shilin
816:Xu Shilin
769:Zhenjiang
755:West Lake
615:Yun opera
611:West Lake
479:(1624).
411:West Lake
316:West Lake
1758:Yinglong
1665:Shennong
1350:Xiaoqing
998:Melusine
977:See also
930:actions.
855:tangyuan
850:tangyuan
845:tangyuan
747:Hangzhou
739:Xiaoqing
632:Xiaoqing
424:白娘子永鎭雷峰塔
397:Hangzhou
391:capital
337:Boyi zhi
224:Jyutping
1992:Bowuzhi
1920:Penglai
1910:Longmen
1858:more...
1812:Wuzhiqi
1788:(Bixie)
1685:Chang'e
1660:Youchao
1599:Dragons
1514:Related
1355:Xu Xian
949:begins.
920:theater
831:Prequel
751:Xu Xian
603:Xu Xian
550:chuanqi
534:chuanqi
495:(1806).
409:in the
407:pagodas
365:In the
348:chuanqi
278:Xu Xian
247:Hokkien
92:scholar
2080:Chu Ci
1961:Xirang
1895:Fusang
1875:Buzhou
1868:Places
1847:Tianma
1807:Xiezhi
1802:Hundun
1797:Horses
1690:Hou Yi
1680:Chiyou
1624:Ghosts
1506:(2019)
1498:(2018)
1490:(2001)
1482:(1992)
1459:(2011)
1451:(1993)
1443:(1956)
1435:(1934)
1416:(2024)
1413:Afloat
1408:(2021)
1400:(2019)
1392:(1958)
1194:
1140:
1109:
946:retcon
883:kasaya
862:Sequel
796:Skanda
784:Kunlun
672:Skanda
605:lends
372:huaben
296:, and
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
1944:Items
1935:Youdu
1817:Yeren
1786:Pixiu
1748:Qilin
1695:Kuafu
1619:Pangu
1360:Fahai
1225:(PDF)
1210:(PDF)
1075:(PDF)
1044:(PDF)
1009:Notes
761:Fahai
681:Kunqu
579:tanci
552:play
537:play
445:Fahai
427:) in
384:西湖三塔記
99:JSTOR
85:books
1880:Diyu
1792:Nian
1770:Bixi
1614:Tian
1374:Film
1192:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1107:ISBN
1055:2024
798:and
745:(or
737:and
714:Plot
563:玉山主人
528:quyi
525:and
331:The
272:The
71:news
909:'s
903:白娘子
767:in
678:. (
613:. (
585:陳遇乾
573:義妖傳
545:方成培
402:奚宣贊
342:博異志
250:POJ
179:白蛇传
165:白蛇傳
54:by
2166::
1951:Gu
1216:.
1212:.
1165:.
1132:.
1105:.
1101:.
1087:^
1077:.
1029:^
944:A
886:.
722::
548:)
450:青青
440:許宣
378:洪楩
354:李黃
302:.
290:,
2082:)
2078:(
1833:)
1829:(
1562:e
1555:t
1548:v
1321:e
1314:t
1307:v
1294:.
1218:9
1200:.
1169:.
1146:.
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706:)
684:)
656:)
638:)
617:)
570:(
542:(
339:(
318:.
121:)
115:(
110:)
106:(
96:·
89:·
82:·
75:·
48:.
23:.
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