Lawyer - Knowledge

1701: 1264: 1544: 1382: 553: 1108: 965: 1632: 1576:. However, Athenian orators faced serious structural obstacles. First, there was a rule that individuals were supposed to plead their own cases, which was soon bypassed by the increasing tendency of individuals to ask a "friend" for assistance. However, around the middle of the fourth century, the Athenians disposed of the perfunctory request for a friend. Second, a more serious obstacle, which the Athenian orators never completely overcame, was the rule that no one could take a fee to plead the cause of another. This law was widely disregarded in practice, but was never abolished, which meant that orators could 3474:, eds. Lawrence M. Friedman and Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, 414–478 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 459. For example, a 1997 study found that not a single law school in Venezuela had bothered to integrate any part of the Convention on Children's Rights into its curriculum, even though Venezuela had signed the treaty in 1990 and subsequently modified its domestic laws to bring them into compliance. Rather than embark on curriculum reform, Venezuelan law schools now offer special postgraduate courses so that recent graduates can bring their legal knowledge up-to-date with current law. 1222:

litigants was an afterthought. Even in civil law countries like Norway which have partially self-regulating professions, the Ministry of Justice is the sole issuer of licenses, and makes its own independent re-evaluation of a lawyer's fitness to practice after a lawyer has been expelled from the Advocates' Association. Brazil is an unusual exception in that its national Order of Advocates has become a fully self-regulating institution with direct control over licensing and has successfully resisted government attempts to place it under the control of the Ministry of Labor.

728:, for example, the Patent and Trademark Office may not speak with anyone but the applicant's attorney about pending applications, and all documents filed in connection with a pending application are automatically accorded attorney-client privilege. The European Patent Office has a similar policy. In contrast, many countries in the world do not recognize attorney-client privilege for work product related to intellectual property, or have only very limited recognition of the privilege. These countries include 4312:, 27 November 1984, 1. This article rebuts the common complaint of too many lawyers in the U.S. by pointing out that it is virtually impossible for a plaintiff to prevail in the vast majority of countries with less lawyers, like Japan, because there are simply not enough lawyers or judges to go around. Even wrongful death cases with clear evidence of fault can drag on for decades in Japan. Thus, any reduction in the number of lawyers would result in reduced enforcement of individual rights. 1490: 930: 6579: 6593: 426: 5327: 5378: 52: 5361: 5344: 875:

same time. Where law is taught as an undergraduate degree, legal training after law school may comprise advanced examinations, apprenticeships, and additional coursework at special government institutes. For example, in many English common law jurisdictions, individuals with a law degree have to undergo further education and professional training before qualifying as a lawyer, such as the

859: 1628:). Roman judges and governors would routinely consult with an advisory panel of jurisconsults before rendering a decision, and advocates and ordinary people also went to jurisconsults for legal opinions. The Romans were the first to have a class of people who spent their days thinking about legal problems, and this is why their law developed in a systematic and technical way. 1655:, jurisconsults and advocates were unregulated, since the former were amateurs and the latter were technically illegal. Any citizen could call himself an advocate or a legal expert, though whether people believed him would depend upon his personal reputation. This changed once Claudius legalized the legal profession. By the start of the 362:

attorney) is a lawyer who prepares cases and gives advice on legal subjects. In some jurisdictions, solicitors also represent people in court. Fused professions, where lawyers have rights of both barristers and solicitors, have emerged in other former English common law jurisdictions, such as the United States, India, and Pakistan.

4260:: Greenwood Press, 1976), 624–625. According to this source, the strong anti-lawyer sentiment of the period was rather ironic, since lawyers were actually so scarce in the American colonies that a 1715 Massachusetts law forbade litigants from retaining two lawyers because of the risk of depriving one's opponent of counsel. 1758:, and in 1280 the mayor's court of the city of London promulgated regulations concerning admission procedures, including the administering of an oath. And in 1345, the French crown promulgated a royal ordinance which set forth 24 rules governing advocates, of which 12 were integrated into the oath to be taken by them. 2427:. Accessed May 26, 2008. (report by the German Federal Ministry of Education analysing the Chronicle of Higher Education from the U.S. and stating that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); Encyclopædia Britannica. (2002). "Encyclopædia Britannica", 3:962:1a. (the J.D. is listed among other doctorate degrees). 1692:) appeared in the late Roman Empire. Like their modern-day descendants, the civil law notaries, they were responsible for drafting wills, conveyances, and contracts. They were ubiquitous and most villages had one. In Roman times, notaries were widely considered to be inferior to advocates and jury consults. 1711:

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the onset of the Early Middle Ages, the legal profession of Western Europe collapsed. As James Brundage has explained: ", no one in Western Europe could properly be described as a professional lawyer or a professional canonist in anything like the modern

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in advance. Recent studies suggest that when lawyers charge a fixed fee rather than billing by the hour, they work less hard on behalf of clients, and clients get worse outcomes. In many countries there are fee-shifting arrangements by which the loser must pay the winner's fees and costs; the United

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with Angelo Dondi briefly examined the "regulations attempting to suppress lawyer misconduct" and noted that their similarity around the world was paralleled by a "remarkable consistency" in certain "persistent grievances" about lawyers that transcends both time and locale, from the Bible to medieval

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Some countries, like Italy, regulate lawyers at the regional level, and a few, like Belgium, even regulate them at the local level (that is, they are licensed and regulated by the local equivalent of bar associations but can advocate in courts nationwide). In Germany, lawyers are admitted to regional

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Some countries admit and regulate lawyers at the national level, so that a lawyer, once licensed, can argue cases in any court in the land. This can be seen in countries including New Zealand, Japan, and Belgium. Others, especially those with federal governments, tend to regulate lawyers at the state

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In most civil law countries, lawyers generally structure their legal education around their chosen specialty; the boundaries between different types of lawyers are carefully defined and hard to cross. After one earns a law degree, career mobility may be severely constrained. For example, unlike their

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The educational prerequisites for becoming a lawyer vary greatly across countries. In some countries, law is an undergraduate degree culminating in a bachelors or masters degree in law. In some of these jurisdictions, it is common or even required for students to earn another bachelor's degree at the

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The title of doctor has traditionally not been used to address lawyers in England or other common law countries. Until 1846, lawyers in England were trained by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court, with no undergraduate degree being required. Although the most common law degree in the United States

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In some jurisdictions descended from the English common law tradition, including England and Wales, there are often two kinds of lawyers. A barrister (also known as an advocate or counselor) is a lawyer who typically specializes in arguing before courts, particularly in higher courts. A solicitor (or

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that they were merely an ordinary citizen generously helping out a friend for free, and thus they could never organize into a real profession. If one narrows the definition of lawyers to people who could practice the legal profession openly and legally, then the first lawyers would be the orators of

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In contrast, common law lawyers have traditionally regulated themselves through institutions where the influence of non-lawyers, if any, was weak and indirect, despite nominal state control. Such institutions have been traditionally dominated by private practitioners who opposed strong state control

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work in law firms. Those who offer their services to members of the general public—as opposed to those working in-house — are generally self-employed. Most work in groupings known as "sets" or "chambers", where some administrative and marketing costs are shared. An important effect of this different

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In other jurisdictions, particularly the United States and Canada, law is taught at the graduate level following the completion of an unrelated bachelors degree. In America, the American Bar Association decides which law schools to approve for the purposes of admission to the bar. Law schools in the

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their professions into a single type of lawyer. Most countries in this category are common law countries, though France, a civil law country, merged its jurists in 1990 and 1991 in response to Anglo-American competition. In countries with fused professions, a lawyer is usually permitted to carry out

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countries historically went the farthest towards total state control, with all communist lawyers forced to practice in collectives by the mid-1950s. China is a prime example: technically, the People's Republic of China did not have lawyers, and instead had only poorly trained, state-employed "legal

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In some countries, litigants have the option of arguing on their own behalf. In other countries, like Venezuela, no one may appear before a judge unless represented by a lawyer. The advantage of the latter regime is that lawyers are familiar with the court's customs and procedures, making the legal

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lawyers who specialize in providing legal services to the indigent. France and Spain even have formal fee structures by which lawyers are compensated by the government for legal aid cases on a per-case basis. A similar system, though not as extensive or generous, operates in Australia, Canada, and

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in 1780 and in France in 1789, though both countries eventually realized that their judicial systems could not function efficiently without lawyers. Complaints about too many lawyers were common in both England and the United States in the 1840s, Germany in the 1910s, and in Australia, Canada, the

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of justice. However, the concept of the self-regulating profession has been criticized as a sham which serves to legitimize the professional monopoly while protecting the profession from public scrutiny. In some jurisdictions, mechanisms have been astonishingly ineffective, and penalties have been

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Many companies choose to file their applications in the United States or Europe first, and then file for protection in other countries where attorney-client privilege is not recognized. This allows them to keep their work product confidential while they are still in the process of perfecting their

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In South Africa and India, lawyers who have been admitted to the bar may use the title "Advocate", abbreviated to "Adv" in written correspondence. Lawyers who have completed two years of clerkship with a principal Attorney and passed all four board exams may be admitted as an "Attorney". Likewise,

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Historically, the role of lawyers can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Greece and Rome. In modern times, the practice of law includes activities such as representing clients in criminal or civil court, advising on business transactions, protecting intellectual property, and ensuring

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imposed a requirement that new advocates seeking admission had to produce testimonials from their teachers; and by the sixth century, a regular course of legal study lasting about four years was required for admission. Claudius's fee ceiling lasted all the way into the Byzantine period, though by

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Some studies have shown that suicide rates among lawyers in certain jurisdictions may be as much as six times higher than the average population, and commentators suggest that the low opinion the public has of lawyers, combined with their own high ideals of justice, which in practice they may see

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are trained and employed as part of the judiciary. They are law-trained jurists, but may not necessarily be lawyers in the sense that the word is used in the common law world. In common law countries, prosecutors are usually lawyers holding regular licenses who work for the government office that

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The trend in industrialized countries since the 1970s has been to greatly restrict the role of clerks and scriveners in patent and trademark work, and to require these functions to be performed only by lawyers or other licensed agents. This ensures that all work product in such cases receives the

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In England, only solicitors were traditionally in direct contact with the client, but barristers nowadays may apply for rights to liaise with clients directly. The solicitor retained a barrister if one was necessary and acted as an intermediary between the barrister and the client. In most cases

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where the lawyer gets to know the client personally, following which the lawyer discovers the facts of the client's case, clarifies what the client wants to accomplish, and shapes the client's expectations as to what actually can be accomplished. The second to last step begins to develop various

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Some countries, particularly industrialized ones, have a traditional preference for full-time law programs, while in developing countries, students often work full- or part-time to pay the tuition and fees of their part-time law programs. Law schools in developing countries share several common

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In most civil law countries, the government has traditionally exercised tight control over the legal profession in order to ensure a steady supply of loyal judges and bureaucrats. That is, lawyers were expected first and foremost to serve the state, and the availability of counsel for private

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Some countries grant licenses to non-resident lawyers, who may then appear regularly on behalf of foreign clients. Others require all lawyers to live in the jurisdiction or to even hold national citizenship as a prerequisite for receiving a license to practice. But the trend in industrialized

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In many countries, lawyers are general practitioners who represent clients in a broad field of legal matters. In others, there has been a tendency since the start of the 20th century for lawyers to specialize early in their careers. In countries where specialization is prevalent, many lawyers

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By the fourth century, advocates had to be enrolled on the bar of a court to argue before it, they could only be attached to one court at a time, and there were restrictions on how many advocates could be enrolled at a particular court. By the 380s, advocates were studying law in addition to

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The legal profession's return was marked by the renewed efforts of church and state to regulate it. In 1231, two French councils mandated that lawyers had to swear an oath of admission before practicing before the bishop's courts in their regions, and a similar oath was promulgated by the

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Some countries require a formal apprenticeship with an experienced practitioner, while others do not. A few jurisdictions still allow an apprenticeship in place of any kind of formal legal education, though the number of persons who actually become lawyers that way is increasingly rare.

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is contemplated or is in progress. In these jurisdictions, even conveyancers and corporate in-house counsel must first get a license to practice, though they may actually spend very little of their careers in court. Some jurisdictions have made the violation of such a rule the crime of

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In the United States, lawyers typically earn between $ 45,000 and $ 160,000 per year, although earnings vary by age, experience, and practice setting. Solo practitioners typically earn less than lawyers in corporate law firms but more than those working for state or local government.

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The methods and quality of legal education vary widely. Some countries require extensive clinical training in the form of apprenticeships or special clinical courses. Others, like Venezuela, do not. A few countries prefer to teach through assigned readings of judicial opinions (the

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Lawyers working directly on the payroll of governments, nonprofits, and corporations usually earn a regular annual salary. In many countries, with the notable exception of Germany, lawyers can also volunteer their labor in the service of worthy causes through an arrangement called

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Anglo-American counterparts, it is difficult for German judges to leave the bench and become advocates in private practice. Another interesting example is France, where for much of the 20th century, all judiciary officials were graduates of an elite professional school for judges.

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Depending on the country, the education required to become a lawyer can range from completing an undergraduate law degree to undergoing postgraduate education and professional training. In many jurisdictions, passing a bar examination is also necessary before one can practice law.

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Because each country has traditionally had its own method of dividing up legal work among its legal professionals, it has been difficult to formulate accurate generalizations that cover all the countries with multiple legal professions. Other kinds of legal practitioners include:

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problems, such as an over reliance on practicing judges and lawyers who treat teaching as a part-time commitment, a concomitant scarcity of full-time law professors), incompetent faculty with underqualified credentials, and textbooks that lag behind the current state of the law.

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in the 11th century, were all law degrees and doctorates. Therefore, in many southern European countries, including Portugal, Italy and Malta, lawyers have traditionally been addressed as "doctor", a practice which was transferred to many countries in South America and

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transactions must be carried out by a lawyer. Historically, conveyancing accounted for about half of English solicitors' income, though this has since changed, and a 1978 study showed that conveyancing "accounts for as much as 80 percent of solicitor-client contact in

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In common law countries with divided legal professions, barristers traditionally belong to the bar council (or an Inn of Court) and solicitors belong to the law society. In the English-speaking world, the largest mandatory professional association of lawyers is the

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must be formally registered with a government agency in order to receive maximum protection under the law. The division of such work among lawyers, licensed non-lawyer jurists/agents, and ordinary clerks or scriveners varies greatly from one country to the next.

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Legal advice is the application of abstract principles of law to the concrete facts of the client's case to advise the client about what they should do next. In some jurisdictions, only a properly licensed lawyer may provide legal advice to clients for good

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In some countries, the negotiating and drafting of contracts is considered to be similar to the provision of legal advice, so that it is subject to the licensing requirement explained above. In others, jurists or notaries may negotiate or draft contracts.

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Working as a lawyer generally involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific problems. Some lawyers also work primarily in upholding the rule of law, human rights, and the interests of the legal profession.

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In other countries, jurists who hold law degrees are allowed to provide legal advice to individuals or to corporations, and it is irrelevant if they lack a license and cannot appear in court. Some countries go further; in England and Wales, there is

1143:. In civil law countries, comparable organizations are known as Orders of Advocates, Chambers of Advocates, Colleges of Advocates, Faculties of Advocates, or similar names. Generally, a nonmember caught practicing law may be liable for the crime of 599:

will obtain the facts of the case from the client and then brief a barrister, usually in writing. The barrister then researches and drafts the necessary court pleadings, which will be filed and served by the solicitor, and orally argues the case.

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Although it is common for former American judges to return to private practice, it is highly controversial for them to suggest that they still retain any judicial powers (for example, by wearing judicial robes in advertisements). Brad McElhinny,

2840:, 9 October 2001, 1. This brief article explains the uneasy tension between solicitors and barristers, and the loopholes that have developed. For example, a barrister need not accept a case if the fee is too low or the barrister is just too busy. 365:

On the other hand, civil law jurisdictions do not have "lawyers" in terms of a single general-purpose legal services provider. Rather, their legal professions consist of a large number of different kinds of legally-trained persons, known as

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A key difference among countries is whether lawyers should be regulated solely by an independent judiciary and its subordinate institutions (a self-regulating legal profession), or whether lawyers should be subject to supervision by the

2401:"Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients", "Info brief, Science Resource Statistics" NSF 06-312, 2006, p. 7. (under "Data notes" mentions that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); San Diego County Bar Association (1969). 632:(who were merged into the main legal profession in 1991). In other countries, like the United States, lawyers have been effectively barred by statute from certain types of administrative hearings in order to preserve their informality. 574:

In some jurisdictions, there are specialist lawyers who have exclusive rights of audience before a court. In others, particularly fused legal jurisdictions, there are lawyers who specialize in courtroom advocacy but who do not have a

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Often, lawyers brief a court in writing on the issues in a case before the issues can be orally argued. They may have to perform extensive research into relevant facts. Also, they draft legal papers and prepare for an oral argument.

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barristers were obliged, under what is known as the "cab rank rule", to accept instructions for a case in an area in which they held themselves out as practicing, at a court at which they normally appeared and at their usual rates.

1659:, the legal profession had become well-established, heavily regulated, and highly stratified. The centralization and bureaucratization of the profession was apparently gradual at first, but accelerated during the reign of Emperor 1126:

Other jurisdictions, by statute, tradition, or court order, have granted such powers to a professional association which all lawyers must belong to. In the U.S., such associations are known as mandatory, integrated, or unified

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Generally, geographic limitations can be troublesome for a lawyer who discovers that his client's cause requires him to litigate in a court beyond the normal geographic scope of his license. Although most courts have special

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system), as well as consumer protection nonprofit organizations and Public Assistance Agencies subsidized by local governments. In Germany, mandatory fee structures have enabled widespread implementation of affordable

1457:, trade unions and political parties provide what can be characterized as legal aid services. Some legal aid in Belgium is also provided by young lawyer apprentices subsidized by local bar associations (known as the 3794:, published in Smith, S.D and Ahiaga-Dagbui, D.D (eds), Procs 29th Annual ARCOM Conference, 2–4 September 2013, Reading, UK, Association of Researchers in Construction Management, 493-502, accessed 15 March 2023 4552: 1616:, not law, and the judges before whom they argued were also not legally trained. But very early on, unlike Athens, Rome developed a class of specialists who were learned in the law, known as jurisconsults ( 1159:

or provincial level; this is the case in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Switzerland, to name a few. Brazil is the most well-known federal government that regulates lawyers at the national level.

2405:. Accessed May 26, 2008. (under "other references" discusses differences between academic and professional doctorate, and statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); University of Utah (2006). 1291:. In the aftermath of Watergate, legal self-help books became popular among those who wished to solve their legal problems without having to deal with lawyers. Lawyer jokes also soared in popularity in 603:

In Spanish civil law, the procurator merely signs and presents the papers to the court, but it is the advocate who drafts the papers and argues the case. In other civil law jurisdictions, like Japan, a

1742:, imposed a similar oath in his civil courts. By 1250, the nucleus of a new legal profession had clearly formed. The new trend towards professionalization culminated in a controversial proposal at the 1251:

Voluntary lawyer associations may exist at all geographic levels from the provincial to the global. Some associations are termed voluntary bar associations. In some countries, lawyers have also formed

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that range in size from 1 to 10 lawyers. The United States, United Kingdom and Australia are exceptions, home to several firms with more than 1,000 lawyers after a wave of mergers in the late 1990s.

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equivalents) are allowed, as of 2004, in Canada, England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, the Dominican Republic, Greece, France, Brazil, Japan, and the United States.

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as Section 511 of the proposed New York Code of Civil Procedure of 1848, which was the first attempt in the United States at a comprehensive statement of a lawyer's professional duties.

827:, and any other documents that ensure the efficient disposition of a person's property after death. In some civil law countries, this responsibility is handled by civil law notaries. 1193:

struck down a citizenship requirement on equality rights grounds in 1989, and similarly, American citizenship and residency requirements were struck down as unconstitutional by the

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may be used instead. In some civil law jurisdictions, real estate transactions are handled by civil law notaries. In England and Wales, a special class of legal professionals–the

748:. As a result, great care must be taken in these countries to protect intellectual property, as any work product related to a pending application may be disclosed to the public. 4703:

Schwall, Benjamin (2015-06-25). "High-Powered Attorney Incentives: A Look at the New Indigent Defense System in South Carolina". Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network.

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or clerk may fill out court forms and draft simple papers for laypersons who cannot afford or do not need attorneys, and advise them on how to manage and argue their own cases.

4611: 1754:. The civil courts in England also joined the trend towards professionalization; in 1275 a statute was enacted that prescribed punishment for professional lawyers guilty of 1030:. In developing countries like India, a large majority of law students never actually practice, but simply use their law degree as a foundation for careers in other fields. 1601:, who legalized advocacy as a profession and allowed the Roman advocates to become the first lawyers who could practice openly—but he also imposed a fee ceiling of 10,000 1271:

Hostility towards the legal profession is a widespread phenomenon. For example, William Shakespeare famously wrote, "The first thing we do, let's kill all the lawyers" in

458:, most J.D. holders in the United States do not use the title "doctor". It is, however, common for lawyers in the United States to use the honorific suffix "Esq." (for " 3262: 1761:

The French medieval oaths were widely influential and of enduring importance; for example, they directly influenced the structure of the advocates' oath adopted by the

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denied, increase the depression rates of those in this profession. Additionally, lawyers are twice as likely to suffer from addiction to alcohol and other drugs.

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dedicated a chapter to "Myths, Fictions, and Realities" about law and illustrated the perennial criticism of lawyers as "amoral guns for hire" with a quote from

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Lee Rousso, "Japan's New Patent Attorney Law Breaches Barrier Between The 'Legal' And 'Quasi-Legal' Professions: Integrity Of Japanese Patent Practice At Risk?"

1640: 1231: 1636: 1620:). Jurisconsults were wealthy amateurs who dabbled in law as an intellectual hobby; they did not make their primary living from it. They gave legal opinions ( 1430:, "for the common good"). Traditionally such work was performed on behalf of the poor, but in some countries it has now expanded to many other causes such as 4776: 3242:

Anonymous, "Careers in the legal profession offer a variety of opportunities: While we may not think about it often, the legal system affects us every day",

2746: 2731: 2713:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 258–294 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 263; and Boigeol, "The Rise of Lawyers", 206. 1332:

England to dynastic China. The authors then generalized these common complaints about lawyers as being classified into five "general categories" as follows:

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countries, especially those with fused professions, lawyers have many options over the course of their careers. Besides private practice, they can become a

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In a few civil law countries, such as Sweden, the legal profession is not rigorously bifurcated and everyone within it can easily change roles and arenas.

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system more efficient for all involved. Unrepresented parties often damage their own credibility or slow the court down as a result of their inexperience.

4519: 4463: 911:). Many others focus on theoretical aspects of law, leaving the professional and practical training of lawyers to apprenticeship and employment contexts. 1750:

ecclesiastical courts should require an oath of admission. Although not adopted by the council, it was highly influential in many such courts throughout

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with a complexity in its legal professions similar to that of civil law jurisdictions, but then evolved by the 19th century to a single division between

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who are licensed to practice in the courts. In some civil law countries, a similar distinction to the common law tradition exists between advocates and

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States is the major exception, although in turn, its legislators have carved out many exceptions to the so-called "American Rule" of no fee shifting.

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In other countries, legal aid specialists are practically nonexistent. This may be because non-lawyers are allowed to provide such services; in both

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Lawyers are paid for their work in a variety of ways. In private practice, they may work for an hourly fee according to a billable hour structure, a

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as priests. From 1190 to 1230, however, there was a crucial shift in which some men began to practice canon law as a lifelong profession in itself.

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A British political cartoon showing a barrister and a solicitor throwing black paint at a woman sitting at the feet of a statue representing Justice

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of the profession on the grounds that it would endanger the ability of lawyers to zealously and competently advocate their clients' causes in the

944:" to certain institutions, so that merely earning a degree or credential from those institutions is the primary qualification for practicing law. 4804:

Matthias Kilian and Francis Regan, "Legal expenses insurance and legal aid—two sides of the same coin? The experience from Germany and Sweden",

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In some jurisdictions, either the judiciary or the Ministry of Justice directly supervises the admission, licensing, and regulation of lawyers.

450:. In some jurisdictions, the term "doctor" has since fallen into disuse, but it is still in use in many countries within and outside of Europe. 2166:

Benoit Bastard and Laura Cardia-Vonèche, "The Lawyers of Geneva: an Analysis of Change in the Legal Profession", trans. by Richard L. Abel, in

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does not have any admission requirements for in-house counsel. Sometimes civil law notaries are allowed to give legal advice, as in Belgium.

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Some large businesses employ their own legal staff in a legal department. Other organizations buy in legal services from outside companies.

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VI, 5 and 7 for this point. For more information about the complex political affair that forced Emperor Claudius to decide this issue, see

2549: 2519: 628:. In a few countries, there is a special category of jurists with a monopoly over this form of advocacy; for example, France formerly had 2339:

Florida Bar News.In Italy J.D. holders use the title of Dottore, but lawyers who have qualified for the bar only use the style Avvocato.

899:" and passing the bar examination, without having to attend law school first, although very few people actually become lawyers that way. 4493: 4440: 3981: 1336:

abuse of litigation in various ways, including using dilatory tactics and false evidence and making frivolous arguments to the courts

285:, as well as the lawyer's area of practice. In many jurisdictions, the legal profession is divided into various branches — including 3791: 2451: 6560: 4608: 2420: 1479: 2440: 1597:

A law enacted in 204 BC barred Roman advocates from taking fees, but the law was widely ignored. The ban on fees was abolished by

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where barristers in the same chambers work for opposing sides in a case, and in some specialized chambers this is commonplace.

2409: 2055: 1700: 790:." In most common law jurisdictions outside of the United States, this monopoly arose from an 1804 law that was introduced by 274:

is a person who is qualified to offer advice about the law, draft legal documents, or represent individuals in legal matters.

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Junqueira, 92. According to this source, as of 2003, there were 901 law firms with more than 50 lawyers in the United States.

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Sergio Lopez-Ayllon and Hector Fix-Fierro, " 'Faraway, So Close!' The Rule of Law and Legal Change in Mexico: 1970–2000", in

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for the raising of fees on the certification of legal professionals such as barristers, solicitors, attorneys, and notaries.

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William T. Gallagher, "Ideologies of Professionalism and the Politics of Self-Regulation in the California State Bar",

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In many countries, non-jurist accountants may provide what is technically legal advice in tax and accounting matters.

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is used to refer to advocates and attorneys at law, although as an informal title its status is not protected by law.

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Alan A. Paterson, "The Legal Profession in Scotland: An Endangered Species or a Problem Case for Market Theory?" in

3427:, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 369–382 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 375. 2977:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 225–257 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 227. 2920:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 200–224 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 201. 2892:

Unauthorized Practice Handbook: A Compilation of Statutes, Cases, and Commentary on the Unauthorized Practice of Law

2881:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 400–442 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 401. 2865:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 124–159 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 124. 2623:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 380–399 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 387. 2416:. Accessed May 28, 2008. (the J.D. degree is listed under doctorate degrees); German Federal Ministry of Education. 2196:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 336–368 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 338. 2183:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 369–379 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 369. 2170:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 295–335 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 297. 2148:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 160–199 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 164. 2029:, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 318–368 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 324. 2016:, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 244–317 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 250. 2003:, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 123–185 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 124. 1543: 948:

allows anyone with a law degree to practice law. However, in a large number of countries, a law student must pass a

6100: 5969: 1735: 1719: 876: 3524:, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 76–122 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 89. 2135:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 54–123 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 91. 6653: 6555: 5902: 5803: 2447:, Disciplinary Rule 2–102(E). Cornell University Law School, LLI. Accessed February 10, 2009. Peter H. Geraghty. 2340: 2144:

Kahei Rokumoto, "The Present State of Japanese Practicing Attorneys: On the Way to Full Professionalization?" in

1475: 4369:

For examples of legal self-help books written by lawyers which concede that the profession has a bad image, see

3380:, eds. Lawrence M. Friedman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, 285–351 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 324. 6062: 5696: 4460: 2229: 1999:

Harry W. Arthurs, Richard Weisman, and Frederick H. Zemans, "Canadian Lawyers: A Peculiar Professionalism", in

968: 282: 3792:

A case study of joint procurement and provision of legal services to a group of a universities in the Midlands

3620:

criticized for using robe in ad: Group files State Bar complaint about the way former justice seeks clients",

3452:, eds. Lawrence M. Friedman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, 64–107 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 89. 2042:

eds. Lawrence M. Friedman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, 185–219 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 208.

5415: 5258: 3314: 1845: 430: 190: 17: 4108:, eds. Jens I. Drolhammer and Michael Pfeifer, 127–136 (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2001), 128–129. 3717: 2370:, Pace University School of Law Faculty Publications, 1981, 57 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 429, pp. 430, 432, 434, 436 6222: 5701: 4646: 3182:, eds. Lawrence M. Friedman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, 1–19 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 6. 1144: 674: 3139:

Simon Domberger and Avrom Sherr, "The Impact of Competition on Pricing and Quality of Legal Services", in

6217: 5216: 4874: 1397: 1381: 1182: 4574: 4104:

Michael J. Moser, "Globalization and Legal Services in China: Current Status and Future Directions", in

4011:, vol. 17, eds. Dennis Campbell and Susan Cotter, 223–268 (London: Kluwer Law International, 1995), 233. 3700:

Herbert M. Kritzer, "The fracturing legal profession: the case of plaintiffs' personal injury lawyers",

624:

administrative agencies which oversee such things. As a result, some lawyers have become specialists in

6643: 6192: 5691: 3178:

Lawrence M. Friedman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, "Latin Legal Cultures in the Age of Globalization", in

3143:

eds. Matthew Bishop, John Kay, Colin Mayer, 119–137 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 121–122.

1865: 1825: 1189:

countries since the 1970s has been to abolish citizenship and residency restrictions. For example, the

5333: 2394: 2012:

David Weisbrot, "The Australian Legal Profession: From Provincial Family Firms to Multinationals", in

1785: 1201:

made similar decisions in 1974 and 1977 striking down citizenship restrictions in Belgium and France.

6275: 4689:(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), 258–259. According to this source, contingency fees (or 4472: 1957: 1924: 1765:

in 1816. In turn, the 1816 Geneva oath served as the inspiration for the attorney's oath drafted by

1316: 1198: 924: 557: 539:

Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title "Avvocato", abbreviated in "Avv."

164: 4729: 4520:"June, Daniel, "Increase of Kentucky Lawyer Suicides Exposes the Unique Stresses of the Profession"" 3588:

Specialized Justice: Courts, Administrative Tribunals, and a Cross-National Theory of Specialization

2493: 1107: 563:

Some lawyers, particularly barristers and advocates, argue the legal cases of clients case before a

437:

Historically, lawyers in most European countries were addressed with the title of doctor. The first

6648: 6070: 6052: 4382: 3105: 2316: 1631: 1112: 995: 964: 791: 709: 552: 6404: 2619:

Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, "The Venezuelan Legal Profession: Lawyers in an Inegalitarian Society", in

2380: 6445: 6232: 5721: 5706: 5081: 4962: 4092:

Timothy J. Tyler, "Judging the Past: Germany's Post-Unification Lawyers' Admissions Review Law",

3347:

Law School Confidential: A Complete Guide to the Law School Experience, By Students, for Students

3097: 2600: 2192:

Vittorio Olgiati and Valerio Pocar, "The Italian Legal Profession: An Institutional Dilemma", in

2179:

Carlos Viladás Jene, "The Legal Profession in Spain: An Understudied but Booming Occupation", in

1945: 1463: 1328: 1190: 1152: 1046:

specialize in representing one side in one particular area of the law; thus, it is common in the

841: 31: 4545:"Seven Reasons Why Practicing Law Might Be More Stressful Than Spending 18 Months in a POW Camp" 2391: 6500: 6485: 2545: 1743: 933: 5281: 4708: 2767:

Fact Investigation: A Practical Guide to Interviewing, Counseling, and Case Theory Development

1559:, except that, unlike solicitors, civil law notaries do not practice litigation to any degree. 645:

claims or defenses for the client. Lastly, the lawyer explains her or his fees to the client.

6638: 6604: 6197: 5875: 5686: 4780: 4716: 4490: 4437: 4402:

Gayle White, "So, a lawyer, a skunk and a catfish walk into a bar...: No shortage of jokes",

4257: 3622: 3470:

Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, "Venezuela, 1958–1999: The Legal System in an Impaired Democracy", in

2750: 2735: 2217: 1929: 713: 617: 442: 3423:

J.S. Gandhi, "Past and Present: A Sociological Portrait of the Indian Legal Profession", in

6325: 5671: 4390: 2741: (1938) (upholding limitation on attorneys' fees in veterans' benefits cases to $ 10); 2610:(preventing attorneys from appearing in small claims court except as parties or witnesses). 2225: 1953: 1919: 1870: 1093: 1010:. There are also many non-legal jobs for which legal training is good preparation, such as 808: 1185:

rules, as well as the possibility of other differences in substantive and procedural law.

8: 6480: 5620: 5537: 3166: 3053:, 176; Hazard, 90–93; Murray, 325; and Pérez-Perdomo, "Venezuelan Legal Profession", 387. 2448: 2025:

Georgina Murray, "New Zealand Lawyers: From Colonial GPs to the Servants of Capital", in

1979:

The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America

1340: 1211: 1076:, with the exception of English barristers. The vast majority of law firms worldwide are 1015: 863: 2417: 325:

Some jurisdictions have multiple types of lawyers, while others only have one or two.

6295: 5954: 5808: 5793: 5771: 5515: 5495: 5448: 5438: 5367: 4783: 3109: 2858: 2753: 2649: 2437: 1766: 1682: 1606: 1239: 1194: 1163:

bars and may appear for clients before all courts nationwide with the exception of the

625: 391: 4867:"We provide professional legal advice and representation to those who can't afford it" 2738: 2709:

Anne Boigeol, "The French Bar: The Difficulties of Unifying a Divided Profession", in

640:

In some fused common law jurisdictions, the client-lawyer relationship begins with an

6280: 6202: 6040: 5783: 5778: 5731: 5656: 5650: 5490: 5408: 5287: 4743: 4704: 4429: 4252:

Gerald W. Gawalt, "Sources of Anti-Lawyer Sentiment in Massachusetts, 1740–1840", in

4066:

Maria da Gloria Bonelli, "Lawyers' Associations and the Brazilian State, 1843–1997",

3591: 3448:

Eliane Botelho Junqueira, "Brazil: The Road of Conflict Bound for Total Justice", in

3312:

G. Jeffrey MacDonald, "The self-made lawyer: Not every attorney goes to law school",

1961: 1897: 1876: 1739: 1714: 1704: 1431: 1376: 1288: 1181:

rules for such occasions, the lawyer will still have to deal with a different set of

1019: 941: 438: 136: 38: 5146:

James A. Brundage, "The Rise of the Professional Jurist in the Thirteenth Century",

4687:

Risks, Reputations, and Rewards: Contingency Fee Legal Practice in the United States

2874: 2647:

Alan Feuer, "Lawyering by Laymen: More Litigants Are Taking a Do-It-Yourself Tack",

2406: 1663:. At the same time, the jurisconsults went into decline during the imperial period. 6633: 6285: 6252: 5751: 5615: 5610: 5575: 5060: 4079:

Kandis Scott, "Decollectivization and Democracy: Current Law Practice in Romania",

3617: 3367:

Blankenburg, 132; Friedman and Pérez-Perdomo, 6; Hazard, 124–128; and Olgiati, 345.

3102:

Lawyers and the Courts: A Sociological Study of the English Legal System, 1750–1965

3093: 2634: 2290:. New York: Encyclopedia Press. Accessed May 26, 2008. García y García, A. (1992). 2066: 1800: 1762: 1656: 1548: 1422: 1320:

that summarized the noun as: "LAWYER, n. One skilled in circumvention of the law."

1292: 1215: 1118: 936:, admitted to the California Bar through an examination before attending law school 641: 621: 375: 348: 298: 254: 132: 56: 2361:

The Path of Legal Education from Edward to Langdell: A History of Insular Reaction

6534: 6507: 6495: 6475: 6409: 6387: 6367: 6362: 6342: 6207: 6187: 6182: 6085: 6045: 5756: 5681: 5605: 5590: 5510: 5267: 4634: 4615: 4497: 4467: 4444: 4353: 4028: 4007:

Mary C. Daly, "Ethical and Liability Issues in International Legal Practice", in

3721: 2849:

Arthurs, 125; Johnsen, 74; and Pérez-Perdomo, "Venezuelan Legal Profession", 387.

2607: 2587: 2455: 2444: 2424: 2418:"U.S. Higher Education / Evaluation of the Almanac Chronicle of Higher Education" 2413: 2398: 2387: 2367: 2360: 2347: 2323: 2298: 2287: 1850: 1835: 1723: 1676:. It was widely evaded, either through demands for maintenance and expenses or a 1668: 1412: 1408: 1352: 1287:

Public distrust of lawyers reached record heights in the United States after the

1230:

workers" prior to the enactment of a comprehensive reform package in 1996 by the

1128: 1051: 971: 949: 908: 904: 853: 787: 466: 411: 386: 238: 234: 101: 81: 3205: 1734:

in London in 1237. During the same decade, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

1667:

rhetoric, thus reducing the need for a separate class of jurisconsults; in 460,

1508: 417:

While some jurisdictions regulate the use of the title "lawyer", others do not.

6611: 6419: 6337: 5926: 5892: 5843: 5828: 5600: 5505: 5485: 5475: 4627: 4456: 4417: 4370: 4021: 2931:

Multidisciplinary Practices and Partnerships: Lawyers, Consultants, and Clients

2128: 1673: 1648: 1552: 1311: 1307: 1077: 892: 741: 576: 490: 347:

Several countries that originally had two or more legal professions have since

144: 5057:

The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey

4847:

Arthurs, 161; Murray, 342; Pérez-Perdomo, 392; Schuyt, 211; and Weisbrot, 288.

6627: 6465: 6424: 6310: 6290: 6262: 6212: 6177: 6151: 6146: 6139: 6090: 6030: 5870: 5860: 5818: 5741: 5736: 5666: 5625: 5549: 4422:

Adventures in Law and Justice: Exploring Big Legal Questions in Everyday Life

4404: 4332: 4296:

Marc Galanter, "Predators and Parasites: Lawyer-Bashing and Civil Justice, "

2805: 2280: 2092:"Rule 5.5: Unauthorized Practice of Law; Multijurisdictional Practice of Law" 1840: 1718:

was compiled) onward, a small but increasing number of men became experts in

1581: 1580:

present themselves as legal professionals or experts. They had to uphold the

1296: 1132: 1047: 1007: 770: 745: 725: 665: 250: 148: 4915:

Lawyers and Litigants in Ancient Athens: The Genesis of the Legal Profession

978:

The career structure of lawyers varies widely from one country to the next.

769:

Conveyancing is the drafting of the documents necessary for the transfer of

6597: 6347: 6315: 6270: 6008: 6003: 5974: 5887: 5865: 5833: 5766: 5746: 5640: 5580: 5570: 5522: 5480: 5458: 5401: 4324: 4164:, 135 and 250; Arthurs, 146; Hazard, 135; Paterson, 104; and Weisbrot, 284. 4020:

For a classic explanation of the self-regulating legal profession, see the

3244: 2255:

The Patent Guide: A Friendly Guide to Protecting and Profiting from Patents

1933: 1855: 1815: 1790: 1731: 1707:

overseeing a medieval court, from an illustrated manuscript of a legal code

1652: 1586: 1443: 1177: 1023: 952:(or a series of such examinations) before receiving a license to practice. 884: 796: 778: 658: 455: 278: 198: 152: 2861:

and Ulrike Schultz, "German Advocates: A Highly Regulated Profession", in

2040:

Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization: Latin America and Latin Europe,

1568:

The earliest people who could be described as "lawyers" were probably the

803:

In others, the use of a lawyer is optional and banks, title companies, or

6519: 6460: 6450: 6247: 6242: 6080: 5981: 5897: 5856: 5823: 5788: 5711: 5635: 5585: 5500: 5350: 4175:

English Lawyers Between Market and State: The Politics of Professionalism

3653:

Bernard Michael Ortwein II, "The Swedish Legal System: An Introduction",

3472:

Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization: Latin America and Latin Europe

3450:

Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization: Latin America and Latin Europe

3378:

Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization: Latin America and Latin Europe

3180:

Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization: Latin America and Latin Europe

1805: 1722:

but only in furtherance of other occupational goals, such as serving the

1512: 1252: 1140: 1136: 929: 896: 782: 595:

In split common law jurisdictions, the usual division of labor is that a

494: 396: 333: 294: 60: 4385:, Merritt Publishing, 1996), 2; and Stuart Kahan and Robert M. Cavallo, 6583: 6512: 6392: 6330: 6075: 5996: 5991: 5949: 5931: 5919: 5880: 5726: 5716: 5676: 5661: 5645: 5595: 5532: 5527: 3689:

Profit and the Practice of Law: What's Happened to the Legal Profession

1820: 1612:

Like their Greek contemporaries, early Roman advocates were trained in

1602: 1027: 1011: 1003: 991: 987: 907:) followed by intense in-class cross-examination by the professor (the 888: 867: 836: 820: 482: 425: 329: 262: 258: 242: 218: 182: 5384: 2407:

University of Utah – The Graduate School – Graduate Handbook

6490: 6455: 6397: 6372: 6237: 6134: 6122: 6107: 6095: 6023: 5941: 5914: 5798: 2836: 2769:(Louisville, CO: National Institute for Trial Advocacy, 2000), 13–44. 1810: 1755: 1556: 1438: 1346: 1226: 1131:. In the Commonwealth of Nations, similar organizations are known as 1084: 824: 705: 686: 605: 596: 406: 341: 337: 290: 286: 246: 214: 210: 194: 186: 97: 89: 6578: 3028:

Arthurs, 125; and Pérez-Perdomo, "Venezuelan Legal Profession", 387.

2520:"Tytuł "mecenas" zarezerwowany jest dla adwokatów i radców prawnych" 1087:

in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and some states in Australia do

6539: 6524: 6227: 6112: 5909: 5453: 4477: 4308:

Stephen D. Easton, "Fewer Lawyers? Try Getting Your Day in Court",

3559:, 214; Arthurs, 131; Gandhi, 374; Merryman, 102, and Weisbrot, 277. 1830: 1678: 1613: 1598: 1281: 1073: 1069: 1063: 371: 302: 230: 117: 85: 51: 2916:

Kees Schuyt, "The Rise of Lawyers in the Dutch Welfare State", in

819:

In many countries, only lawyers have the legal authority to draft

6429: 6377: 6357: 6305: 6117: 6035: 5851: 5813: 5761: 4979: 3824:

Boigeol, "The French Bar", 271; Merryman, 106, and Junqueira, 89.

3714: 3009: 2467: 1860: 1795: 1660: 1569: 1454: 1276: 804: 669: 498: 478: 459: 93: 1119:

Mandatory licensing and membership in professional organizations

811:–is also allowed to carry out conveyancing services for reward. 6529: 6127: 6018: 6013: 5959: 5630: 5077: 2583: 1751: 1573: 945: 830: 701: 526: 474: 470: 401: 367: 226: 4866: 4628:

Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics

2632:

Gordon Kent, "Lawyerless Litigants: Is Justice Being Served?"

2131:, "The Professionalization of Legal Counseling in Norway", in 1981:, 3rd ed. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007),102–103. 1609:

complained that there was no money in working as an advocate.

6470: 6414: 6320: 6161: 5964: 5463: 5309: 2812:, 8th ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 336. 2390:. Accessed May 26, 2008; National Science Foundation (2006). 1712:

sense of the term 'professional.' " However, from 1150 (when

1450: 999: 737: 733: 729: 564: 447: 222: 178: 4358:

Unequal Justice: Lawyers and Social Change in Modern America

2662:

Fiona Boyle, Several Capps, Philip Plowden, Clare Sandford,

2307:, London: Cambridge University Press. Accessed May 26, 2008. 2224:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 1–53 ( 858: 844:

specialize in the defense of those charged with any crimes.

277:

The exact nature of a lawyer's work varies depending on the

6352: 6300: 6156: 5554: 5470: 2726:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 132. See, e.g., 1102: 883:

United States and Canada award graduating students a J.D. (

774: 568: 5243:

French Lawyers: A Study in Collective Action, 1274 to 1994

4377:(New York: Beech Tree Books, 1987), 11; Kenneth Menendez, 3152:

Hazard, 34–35; Huyse, 227; Merryman, 105, and Schuyt, 201.

2270:, 2nd ed.(Clifton Park: Thomson Delmar Learning, 1998), 4. 1555:. A civil law notary is roughly analogous to a common law 1068:

Lawyers in private practice generally work in specialized

814: 5424: 3764:, 7th ed. (London: Cavendish Publishing Ltd., 2004), 550. 1359: 1275:, Act IV, Scene 2. The legal profession was abolished in 616:

In most developed countries, the legislature has granted

140: 113: 1111:

Stamp issued to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the

974:

is a famous example of a lawyer who became a politician.

586: 37:"Legal counsel" redirects here. Not to be confused with 5260:

Standards of Conduct for Lawyers: An 800-Year Evolution

3971:, 3rd ed. (London: Routledge Cavendish, 2002), 208–209. 1349:

clients and other persons and misappropriating property

5393: 4598:

United States Census Bureau, American Community Survey

3655:

13 Ind. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 405, 440–445 (2003).

2945:"HMLegal – Your Outsourced, In-House Counsel Solution" 2666:, 3rd ed. (London: Cavendish Publishing, 2005), 47–50. 611: 358:

all or nearly all the responsibilities listed below.

4786: (1967) (reviewing history of the American Rule). 4230:

Blankenburg, 126; and Boigeol, "The French Bar", 272.

1624:) on legal issues to all comers (a practice known as 755: 3691:(Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 50. 3498: 3496: 3435: 3433: 2379:

Association of American Universities Data Exchange.

1232:

Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

918: 4254:

Essays in Nineteenth-Century American Legal History

4177:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 374–375. 4048:, 10; Johnsen, 70; Olgiati, 339; and Rokumoto, 161. 3837:, 127 and 243–249; Arthurs, 135; and Weisbrot, 279. 3233:(Cincinnati: Thomson Executive Press, 1996), 52–53. 2942: 2933:, § 1.06 (New York: Law Journal Press, 2002), 1–29. 2782:(London: Cavendish Publishing Ltd., 1997), 266–274. 1385:Peasants paying for legal services with produce in 695: 685:general prohibition on the giving of legal advice. 4329:With Justice For None: Destroying An American Myth 4009:Comparative Law Yearbook of International Business 3781:, published 1 January 2015, accessed 15 March 2023 3389:Herbert Hausmaninger, "Austrian Legal Education", 3336:Pérez-Perdomo, "Venezuelan Legal Profession", 384. 2038:Anne Boigeol, "The Rise of Lawyers in France", in 1685:transaction. The latter was cause for disbarment. 994:, government counsel, corporate in-house counsel, 305:— who perform different tasks related to the law. 5203: 5201: 4773:Fleischmann Distilling Corp. v. Maier Brewing Co. 4420:, "Myths, Fictions, and Realities" (chap. 2), in 4221:Boigeol, "The French Bar", 274; and Olgiati, 344. 3493: 3430: 3327:Hazard, 127–129; Merryman, 103; and Olgiati, 345. 6625: 3482: 3480: 2936: 2894:(Buffalo: William S. Hein Company, 1990), 30–35. 2743:Walters v. National Ass'n of Radiation Survivors 2696: 2694: 887:) as a professional law degree. In a handful of 4360:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 301. 4106:The Internationalization of the Practice of Law 3811: 3809: 1977:John Henry Merryman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, 635: 5273: 5198: 5133: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5117: 4856:Boigeol, "The French Bar", 280; and Jene, 376. 3349:(New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2000), 25–27. 2997:10 Pac. Rim L. & Poly 781, 783–790 (2001). 721:full protection of attorney-client privilege. 547: 5409: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 4969:(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967), 90. 3586:In general, see, Legomsky, Stephen H. (1990) 3511:Hazard, 127, 129, & 133; Miller, 335–341. 3477: 3206:"The Bar Professional Training Course (BPTC)" 3036: 3034: 2691: 2119:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964), 27. 1497:The examples and perspective in this section 1092:organizational structure is that there is no 5245:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 21. 5232:, 3rd ed. (London: Butterworths, 1990), 179. 3891:Murray, 339; Rokumoto, 163; and Schuyt, 207. 3806: 1635:Detail from the sarcophagus of Roman lawyer 831:Prosecution and defense of criminal suspects 530: 508: 502: 5128: 5114: 5063:: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964), 507. 4483: 3702:8 Int'l J. Legal Prof. 225, 228–231 (2001). 3391:43 S. Tex. L. Rev. 387, 388 and 400 (2002). 3229:Wayne L. Anderson and Marilyn J. Headrick, 2341:Debate over 'doctor of law' title continues 520: 514: 5416: 5402: 5015: 4320: 4318: 3969:The German Legal System and Legal Language 3130:Arthurs, 125; Huyse, 227; and Schuyt, 201. 3031: 2973:Luc Huyse, "Legal Experts in Belgium", in 2494:"Mecenas a adwokat – w czym tkwi różnica?" 1605:. This was apparently not much money; the 1515:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1343:, such as false deeds, contracts, or wills 891:, one may become an attorney (a so-called 50: 3982:Andrews v Law Society of British Columbia 3580: 2890:Justine Fischer and Dorothy H. Lackmann, 2765:Paul J. Zwier & Anthony J. Bocchini, 2580:The Legal Profession in England and Wales 2438:Model Code of Professional Responsibility 1896:She is wearing the ceremonial robes of a 1531:Learn how and when to remove this message 1246: 847: 840:files criminal charges against suspects. 6561:History of the American legal profession 5253: 5251: 5230:An Introduction to British Legal History 4806:11 Int'l J. Legal Prof. 233, 239 (2004). 4480:. Also found quoted in many legal books. 3522:Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World 3425:Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World 3195:, 45–59; Rokumoto, 165; and Schuyt, 204. 2943:Holland & Marie (26 November 2018). 2381:Glossary of Terms for Graduate Education 2350:. Florida Bar Association, July 1, 2006. 2027:Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World 2014:Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World 2001:Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World 1699: 1630: 1542: 1480:History of the American legal profession 1380: 1262: 1204: 1106: 1103:Professional associations and regulation 963: 928: 857: 551: 501:), legal professionals are addressed as 424: 4702: 4436:), 55 & 62–66. Bierce is quoted p. 4315: 4033:ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct 2975:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World 2918:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World 2879:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World 2863:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World 2711:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World 2621:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World 2266:David G. Cooper and Michael J. Gibson, 2222:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World 2220:, "Lawyers in the Civil Law World", in 2194:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World 2181:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World 2168:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World 2146:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World 2133:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World 981: 815:Carrying out the intent of the deceased 309:compliance with laws and regulations. 14: 6626: 5148:20 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 185 4572: 1258: 441:, starting with the law school of the 5397: 5248: 4917:(New York: Benjamin Blom, 1927), 202. 4877:from the original on 23 February 2015 4081:36 Geo. Wash. Int'l L. Rev. 817, 820. 3294:from the original on 22 November 2017 3161:Larry J. Siegel and Joseph J. Senna, 2825:(London: Stevens and Sons, 1962), 32. 2664:A Practical Guide to Lawyering Skills 2304:A History of the University in Europe 2257:(New York: Allworth Press, 1997), 49. 2240: 2238: 2213: 2211: 2050: 2048: 587:Research and drafting of court papers 556:Oral arguments being made before the 5316: 5279: 4812:arrangements are illegal in Germany. 4068:28 Law & Soc. Inquiry 1045, 1065 3644:Boigeol, "The Rise of Lawyers", 202. 3231:The Legal Profession: Is it for you? 3198: 3169:: Thomson Wadsworth, 2005), 311–325. 1483: 1197:in 1973 and 1985, respectively. The 5286:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 215. 4994:: The Franklin Library, 1982), 208. 4626:United States Department of Labor, 4426:University of New South Wales Press 4298:28 Ga. L. Rev. 633, 644–648 (1994). 4094:29 Tex. Int'l L.J. 457, 472 (1994). 3590:Oxford University Press, New York, 3007: 2955:from the original on 10 August 2019 2317:Regio Decreto 4 giugno 1938, n.1269 1165:Federal Court of Justice of Germany 959: 612:Advocacy in administrative hearings 542: 487:French-speaking area of Switzerland 24: 3405:, 57; Miller, 25; and Murray, 337. 3010:"Attorney Efficient | Lawyer Blog" 2235: 2208: 2084: 2045: 756:Negotiating and drafting contracts 433:conferring the Juris Doctor degree 25: 6665: 5545:Restitution and unjust enrichment 4393:: Chilton Book Company, 1979), 2. 2834:Maureen Paton, "Cab-rank exits", 2268:Introduction to Paralegal Studies 1950:Legal Ethics: A Comparative Study 1563: 1325:Legal Ethics: A Comparative Study 1040: 919:Earning the right to practice law 620:over highly technical matters to 6592: 6591: 6577: 5376: 5359: 5342: 5325: 5235: 5222: 5210: 5189: 5180: 5171: 5162: 5153: 5140: 5105: 5096: 5087: 5066: 5049: 5040: 5031: 5006: 4997: 4972: 4956: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4920: 4907: 4898: 4889: 4859: 4850: 4841: 4828: 4815: 4798: 4789: 4765: 4736: 4696: 4679: 4670: 4639: 4620: 4601: 4592: 4566: 4537: 4512: 4503: 4450: 4411: 4396: 4375:The Terrible Truth About Lawyers 4363: 4347: 4338: 4302: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4246: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4193: 4180: 4167: 4150: 4137: 4134:Arthurs, 138; and Weisbrot, 281. 4128: 4111: 4098: 4086: 4073: 4060: 4051: 4038: 4014: 4001: 3988: 3974: 3961: 3952: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3916: 3907: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3849: 3840: 3827: 3818: 3797: 3784: 3767: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3706: 3694: 3681: 3668: 3659: 3647: 3638: 3629: 3609: 3600: 3571: 3562: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3514: 3505: 3163:Introduction to Criminal Justice 2780:Client Management for Solicitors 1488: 1225:Of all the civil law countries, 1057: 877:Bar Professional Training Course 696:Protecting intellectual property 332:jurisdictions, emerged from the 6556:History of the legal profession 4754:from the original on 2016-09-25 4659:from the original on 2016-03-03 4581:from the original on 2017-01-05 4555:from the original on 2017-07-03 4526:from the original on 2022-02-21 4424:, Law at Large, 55–82 (Sydney: 3464: 3455: 3442: 3417: 3408: 3395: 3383: 3370: 3361: 3352: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3306: 3276: 3265:from the original on 2018-10-08 3251: 3236: 3223: 3212:from the original on 2012-03-23 3185: 3172: 3155: 3146: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3087: 3078: 3069: 3056: 3043: 3022: 3001: 2989: 2986:Murray, 325; and Rokumoto, 164. 2980: 2967: 2923: 2910: 2897: 2884: 2868: 2852: 2843: 2828: 2815: 2798: 2785: 2772: 2759: 2716: 2703: 2682: 2669: 2656: 2641: 2626: 2613: 2601:Cal. 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Accessed February 10, 2009. 1990:Bastard, 299, and Hazard, 45. 1907: 1846:Privilege of the predecessors 1437:In some countries, there are 1390: 1304:Adventures in Law and Justice 835:In many civil law countries, 781:. In some jurisdictions, all 431:Suffolk University Law School 64: 4967:Law and Life of Ancient Rome 4476:(1911), electronic entry at 3665:Hazard, 39–43; Olgiati, 353. 3290:. American Bar Association. 3261:. American Bar Association. 2094:. American Bar Association. 1672:then it was measured at 100 1145:unauthorized practice of law 1018:, government administrator, 940:Some jurisdictions grant a " 700:In virtually all countries, 675:unauthorized practice of law 636:Client intake and counseling 7: 5283:Lawyers and the Rule of Law 5217:Statute of Westminster 1275 4808:According to this article, 4744:"Research – Amanda Y. Agan" 4335:: Times Books, 1989), 27–40 4256:, ed. Wythe Holt, 624–648 ( 3775:BECOMING AN IN-HOUSE LAWYER 2279:Herbermann, et al. (1915). 1778: 1547:16th-century painting of a 1511:, discuss the issue on the 1398:Pieter Brueghel the Younger 1299:as a result of Watergate. 1183:professional responsibility 548:Oral argument in the courts 328:England, the mother of the 10: 6670: 6223:International legal theory 5702:International slavery laws 5697:International human rights 5692:International criminal law 4573:Murray, Bob (2017-01-04). 4387:Do I Really Need A Lawyer? 3712:Information for lawyers – 3284:"ABA-Approved Law Schools" 3259:"ABA-Approved Law Schools" 2877:, "Lawyers in Brazil", in 2436:American Bar Association. 2117:The Personality of Lawyers 1866:Sole practitioner (lawyer) 1826:Lawyer-supported mediation 1473: 1469: 1374: 1061: 922: 851: 656: 429:Example of a diploma from 36: 29: 6571: 6548: 6438: 6276:Administration of justice 6261: 6170: 6061: 5940: 5842: 5563: 5431: 4609:Current Population Survey 4575:"Dealing with depression" 3141:The Regulatory Challenge, 2056:"THE ADVOCATES ACT, 1961" 1958:Stanford University Press 1873:(patron saint of lawyers) 1199:European Court of Justice 925:Admission to practice law 558:New York Court of Appeals 420: 204: 170: 165:Professional requirements 158: 128: 123: 107: 77: 72: 49: 6053:Basic structure doctrine 5903:Natural and legal rights 5784:Public international law 3779:Canadian Bar Association 3762:The English Legal System 1883: 1355:in dealings with clients 1155:, with 230,000 members. 1113:American Bar Association 996:administrative law judge 842:Criminal defense lawyers 792:William Pitt the Younger 6233:Principle of typicality 5707:International trade law 5423: 5082:Oxford University Press 4978:Crook, 90. Crook cites 4125:, 29; and Arthurs, 148. 2403:"Ethics Opinion 1969-5" 1946:Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr. 1786:Avocats Sans Frontières 1639:315–320 AD. Picture by 1464:legal expense insurance 1329:Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr. 1191:Supreme Court of Canada 1153:State Bar of California 1050:to hear of plaintiffs' 32:Lawyer (disambiguation) 6654:Positions of authority 4871:Legal Aid South Africa 4724:Cite journal requires 4473:The Devil's Dictionary 3626:, 3 February 2005, 1A. 3533:Hazard, 129 & 133. 2653:, 22 January 2001, B1. 2638:, 27 January 2002, A1. 2546:"What is a Barrister?" 2498:Adwokaci Ambicki Trela 2065:. 1961. Archived from 1925:Black's Law Dictionary 1744:Second Council of Lyon 1708: 1644: 1560: 1400: 1317:The Devil's Dictionary 1268: 1247:Voluntary associations 1243:light or nonexistent. 1115: 975: 937: 934:Clara Shortridge Foltz 871: 848:Education and training 560: 531: 521: 515: 509: 503: 434: 6228:Principle of legality 5987:Delegated legislation 5687:Intellectual property 5280:Boon, Andrew (2022). 5228:John Hamilton Baker, 4988:The Annals of Tacitus 3623:Charleston Daily Mail 2292:"The Faculties of Law 2281:Catholic Encyclopedia 1703: 1634: 1551:, by Flemish painter 1546: 1384: 1266: 1205:Regulation of lawyers 1110: 967: 932: 861: 752:invention or design. 714:intellectual property 618:original jurisdiction 579:over the profession. 555: 493:-speaking countries ( 443:University of Bologna 428: 6446:Barristers' chambers 6388:Legal representation 6326:Justice of the peace 5672:Financial regulation 5257:Carol Rice Andrews, 4685:Herbert M. Kritzer, 3715:Penalista para hurto 3687:Michael H. Trotter, 3248:, 14 April 2004, D8. 3208:. Chambers Student. 3084:s. 14 Stamp Act 1804 2929:Stephen J. McGarry, 2907:, 185; Bastard, 318. 2115:Walter O. Weyrauch, 2063:Bar Council of India 1948:& Angelo Dondi, 1920:Henry Campbell Black 1871:St. Ivo of Kermartin 1637:Valerius Petronianus 1509:improve this section 1499:may not represent a 1094:conflict of interest 982:Common and civil law 809:licensed conveyancer 571:in a court of law. 30:For other uses, see 6481:Election commission 6193:Expressive function 5722:Landlord–tenant law 5621:Consumer protection 4992:Franklin Center, PA 4408:, 27 May 2006, FW8. 4310:Wall Street Journal 2949:Holland & Marie 2756: (1985) (same). 1934:West Publishing Co. 1358:charging excessive 1341:false documentation 1323:More generally, in 1306:, legal researcher 1280:United States, and 1259:Cultural perception 1212:Ministry of Justice 1016:corporate executive 864:Comenius University 712:and other forms of 630:conseils juridiques 392:Trademark attorneys 370:, some of whom are 46: 27:Practitioner of law 6439:Legal institutions 6306:Lawsuit/Litigation 6296:Dispute resolution 6101:Catholic canon law 5809:State of emergency 5772:Will and testament 5496:Law of obligations 5449:Constitutional law 5439:Administrative law 5266:2020-07-09 at the 5186:Brundage, 188–189. 5168:Brundage, 186–187. 5159:Brundage, 185–186. 4913:Robert J. Bonner, 4795:Anderson, 120–121. 4676:Anderson, 111–112. 4633:2006-05-07 at the 4614:2017-01-10 at the 4496:2016-04-15 at the 4466:2015-09-23 at the 4443:2016-04-15 at the 4379:Taming the Lawyers 4027:2008-12-19 at the 3967:Howard D. Fisher, 3733:Anderson, 111–117. 3720:2015-12-28 at the 3606:Merryman, 102–105. 3568:Anderson, 124–131. 3502:Lopez-Ayllon, 330. 3439:Lopez-Ayllon, 324. 3345:Robert H. Miller, 3318:, 3 June 2003, 13. 3110:Harvard University 2859:Erhard Blankenburg 2806:Richard M. Jackson 2804:J. R. Spencer and 2650:The New York Times 2606:2009-08-09 at the 2454:2008-07-08 at the 2443:2017-08-30 at the 2423:2008-04-13 at the 2412:2008-06-26 at the 2397:2016-03-08 at the 2386:2009-03-04 at the 2366:2021-03-03 at the 2359:Stein, R. (1981). 2346:2009-08-04 at the 2322:2009-08-09 at the 2297:2016-01-03 at the 2286:2017-08-04 at the 2244:Merryman, 105–109. 1767:David Dudley Field 1738:, the king of the 1709: 1645: 1641:Giovanni Dall'Orto 1626:publice respondere 1607:Satires of Juvenal 1561: 1401: 1387:The Village Lawyer 1269: 1240:adversarial system 1195:U.S. Supreme Court 1116: 976: 938: 872: 710:industrial designs 626:administrative law 561: 439:university degrees 435: 279:legal jurisdiction 160:Education required 44: 6644:Legal professions 6621: 6620: 6281:Constitutionalism 6203:Law and economics 6041:Act of parliament 5779:Product liability 5732:Legal archaeology 5657:Environmental law 5651:Entertainment law 5491:International law 4904:Blankenburg, 143. 4647:"After the JD II" 4371:Mark H. McCormack 4269:Blankenburg, 127. 4241:England and Wales 4201:England and Wales 4173:Richard L. Abel, 4162:England and Wales 4123:England and Wales 4121:, 142–143; Abel, 3855:Blankenburg, 139. 3835:England and Wales 3635:Blankenburg, 133. 3596:978-0-19-825429-4 3557:England and Wales 3555:, 167–175; Abel, 3193:England and Wales 3112:Press, 1967), 23. 3064:England and Wales 3051:England and Wales 2905:England and Wales 2793:England and Wales 2778:John H. Freeman, 2722:Richard L. Abel, 2677:England and Wales 2578:Richard L. Abel, 2524:Adwokatura Polska 1877:Trainee solicitor 1740:Kingdom of Sicily 1715:Decretum Gratiani 1541: 1540: 1533: 1432:environmental law 1289:Watergate scandal 1169:Bundesgerichtshof 1020:investment banker 942:diploma privilege 519:, abbreviated to 507:, abbreviated to 268: 267: 137:Critical thinking 133:Analytical skills 39:Counsellor at law 16:(Redirected from 6661: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6582: 6581: 6405:Question of fact 6286:Criminal justice 5616:Construction law 5611:Conflict of laws 5576:Agricultural law 5418: 5411: 5404: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5372: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5355: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5338: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5318: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5277: 5271: 5255: 5246: 5239: 5233: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5205: 5196: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5178: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5160: 5157: 5151: 5149: 5144: 5138: 5135: 5126: 5123: 5112: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5094: 5091: 5085: 5070: 5064: 5055:A. H. M. Jones, 5053: 5047: 5044: 5038: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5013: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4995: 4976: 4970: 4960: 4954: 4951: 4945: 4944:Bonner, 208–209. 4942: 4936: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4918: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4896: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4839: 4836:American Lawyers 4832: 4826: 4823:American Lawyers 4819: 4813: 4807: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4787: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4748:sites.google.com 4740: 4734: 4733: 4727: 4722: 4720: 4712: 4700: 4694: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4658: 4651: 4643: 4637: 4624: 4618: 4605: 4599: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4560: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4501: 4487: 4481: 4454: 4448: 4415: 4409: 4400: 4394: 4383:Santa Monica, CA 4367: 4361: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4336: 4322: 4313: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4261: 4250: 4244: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4197: 4191: 4189: 4184: 4178: 4171: 4165: 4158:American Lawyers 4154: 4148: 4145:American Lawyers 4141: 4135: 4132: 4126: 4119:American Lawyers 4115: 4109: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4084: 4082: 4077: 4071: 4069: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4049: 4042: 4036: 4018: 4012: 4005: 3999: 3996:American Lawyers 3992: 3986: 3978: 3972: 3965: 3959: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3905: 3902:American Lawyers 3898: 3892: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3838: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3804: 3801: 3795: 3788: 3782: 3771: 3765: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3725: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3692: 3685: 3679: 3676:American Lawyers 3672: 3666: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3627: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3560: 3553:American Lawyers 3549: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3503: 3500: 3491: 3488:American Lawyers 3484: 3475: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3428: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3403:American Lawyers 3399: 3393: 3392: 3387: 3381: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3350: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3255: 3249: 3240: 3234: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3202: 3196: 3189: 3183: 3176: 3170: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3144: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3119: 3113: 3094:Brian Abel-Smith 3091: 3085: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3060: 3054: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3029: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3016: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2940: 2934: 2927: 2921: 2914: 2908: 2901: 2895: 2888: 2882: 2872: 2866: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2832: 2826: 2819: 2813: 2802: 2796: 2789: 2783: 2776: 2770: 2763: 2757: 2724:American Lawyers 2720: 2714: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2673: 2667: 2660: 2654: 2645: 2639: 2635:Edmonton Journal 2630: 2624: 2617: 2611: 2597: 2591: 2576: 2570: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2557: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2464: 2458: 2434: 2428: 2377: 2371: 2357: 2351: 2337: 2331: 2329: 2314: 2308: 2277: 2271: 2264: 2258: 2253:Carl W. Battle, 2251: 2245: 2242: 2233: 2215: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2190: 2184: 2177: 2171: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2149: 2142: 2136: 2126: 2120: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2104: 2103: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2071: 2060: 2052: 2043: 2036: 2030: 2023: 2017: 2010: 2004: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1982: 1975: 1969: 1943: 1937: 1917: 1901: 1894: 1801:Corporate lawyer 1763:Canton of Geneva 1657:Byzantine Empire 1599:Emperor Claudius 1549:civil law notary 1536: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1492: 1491: 1484: 1428:pro bono publico 1395: 1392: 1327:, law professor 1273:Henry VI, Part 2 1216:executive branch 1129:bar associations 1078:small businesses 960:Career structure 642:intake interview 622:executive branch 543:Responsibilities 534: 524: 518: 512: 506: 412:Legal executives 387:Patent attorneys 255:civil law notary 109:Activity sectors 66: 57:Helena Normanton 54: 47: 43: 21: 6669: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6649:Law enforcement 6624: 6623: 6622: 6617: 6590: 6576: 6567: 6544: 6535:Political party 6508:Legal education 6496:Law enforcement 6476:Court of equity 6434: 6410:Question of law 6363:Practice of law 6343:Judicial review 6257: 6208:Legal formalism 6188:Comparative law 6183:Contract theory 6166: 6086:Legal pluralism 6057: 6046:Act of Congress 5970:Executive order 5936: 5838: 5757:Nationality law 5682:Immigration law 5606:Competition law 5559: 5427: 5422: 5392: 5382: 5377: 5375: 5365: 5360: 5358: 5348: 5343: 5341: 5337:from Wiktionary 5331: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5317:sister projects 5314:at Knowledge's 5308: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5278: 5274: 5268:Wayback Machine 5256: 5249: 5241:Lucien Karpik, 5240: 5236: 5227: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5129: 5124: 5115: 5111:Jones, 512–513. 5110: 5106: 5102:Jones, 508–510. 5101: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5071: 5067: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4977: 4973: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4895:Huyse, 240–241. 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4833: 4829: 4820: 4816: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4770: 4766: 4757: 4755: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4725: 4723: 4714: 4713: 4701: 4697: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4635:Wayback Machine 4625: 4621: 4616:Wayback Machine 4606: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4584: 4582: 4571: 4567: 4558: 4556: 4543: 4542: 4538: 4529: 4527: 4522:. 4 June 2013. 4518: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4498:Wayback Machine 4488: 4484: 4468:Wayback Machine 4455: 4451: 4445:Wayback Machine 4416: 4412: 4401: 4397: 4368: 4364: 4354:Jerold Auerbach 4352: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4323: 4316: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4251: 4247: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4172: 4168: 4155: 4151: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4116: 4112: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4046:Civil Law World 4043: 4039: 4029:Wayback Machine 4019: 4015: 4006: 4002: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3975: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3789: 3785: 3772: 3768: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3722:Wayback Machine 3711: 3707: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3686: 3682: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3494: 3485: 3478: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3431: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3358:Anderson, 4–10. 3357: 3353: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3268: 3266: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3241: 3237: 3228: 3224: 3215: 3213: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3190: 3186: 3177: 3173: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3061: 3057: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3014: 3012: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2941: 2937: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2911: 2902: 2898: 2889: 2885: 2873: 2869: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2816: 2803: 2799: 2790: 2786: 2777: 2773: 2764: 2760: 2728:Hines v. Lowrey 2721: 2717: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2674: 2670: 2661: 2657: 2646: 2642: 2631: 2627: 2618: 2614: 2608:Wayback Machine 2598: 2594: 2588:Basil Blackwell 2577: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2555: 2553: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2475: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2456:Wayback Machine 2445:Wayback Machine 2435: 2431: 2425:Wayback Machine 2414:Wayback Machine 2399:Wayback Machine 2388:Wayback Machine 2378: 2374: 2368:Wayback Machine 2358: 2354: 2348:Wayback Machine 2338: 2334: 2327: 2324:Wayback Machine 2315: 2311: 2299:Wayback Machine 2288:Wayback Machine 2278: 2274: 2265: 2261: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2236: 2218:Richard L. Abel 2216: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2191: 2187: 2178: 2174: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2143: 2139: 2127: 2123: 2114: 2110: 2101: 2099: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2046: 2037: 2033: 2024: 2020: 2011: 2007: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1976: 1972: 1944: 1940: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1851:Public defender 1836:List of jurists 1781: 1775: 1772: 1724:Catholic Church 1698: 1595: 1566: 1537: 1526: 1520: 1517: 1506: 1493: 1489: 1482: 1474:Main articles: 1472: 1409:contingency fee 1393: 1379: 1373: 1353:procrastination 1339:preparation of 1261: 1249: 1207: 1121: 1105: 1066: 1060: 1052:personal injury 1043: 984: 972:Abraham Lincoln 962: 950:bar examination 927: 921: 909:Socratic method 905:casebook method 862:Law Faculty of 856: 854:Legal education 850: 833: 817: 788:New South Wales 767: 758: 698: 661: 655: 638: 614: 589: 550: 545: 525:(in Dutch). In 513:(in French) or 423: 323: 239:legal executive 207: 175: 173: 161: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 110: 102:legal executive 68: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6667: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6587: 6584:Law portal 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6552: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6420:Trial advocacy 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6267: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6028: 6027: 6026: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5957: 5952: 5950:Ballot measure 5946: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5927:Legal treatise 5924: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5895: 5893:Letters patent 5890: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5854: 5848: 5846: 5844:Sources of law 5840: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5829:Unenforced law 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5601:Commercial law 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5421: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5398: 5391: 5390: 5388:from Wikiquote 5373: 5356: 5339: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5292: 5272: 5247: 5234: 5221: 5209: 5207:Brundage, 189. 5197: 5195:Brundage, 190. 5188: 5179: 5177:Brundage, 188. 5170: 5161: 5152: 5139: 5127: 5113: 5104: 5095: 5086: 5072:Fritz Schulz, 5065: 5048: 5039: 5030: 5014: 5005: 4996: 4971: 4955: 4946: 4937: 4928: 4919: 4906: 4897: 4888: 4858: 4849: 4840: 4827: 4814: 4797: 4788: 4764: 4735: 4726:|journal= 4695: 4678: 4669: 4638: 4619: 4600: 4591: 4565: 4551:. 2015-05-11. 4536: 4511: 4502: 4482: 4457:Ambrose Bierce 4449: 4418:Bryan Horrigan 4410: 4395: 4362: 4346: 4337: 4314: 4301: 4289: 4280: 4278:Weisbrot, 246. 4271: 4262: 4245: 4232: 4223: 4214: 4205: 4192: 4179: 4166: 4149: 4136: 4127: 4110: 4097: 4085: 4072: 4059: 4050: 4037: 4013: 4000: 3987: 3973: 3960: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3922:Weisbrot, 244. 3915: 3906: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3848: 3839: 3826: 3817: 3805: 3803:Weisbrot, 264. 3796: 3783: 3773:Sobowale, J., 3766: 3753: 3744: 3735: 3726: 3705: 3693: 3680: 3667: 3658: 3646: 3637: 3628: 3608: 3599: 3579: 3570: 3561: 3544: 3542:Weisbrot, 266. 3535: 3526: 3513: 3504: 3492: 3476: 3463: 3461:Junqueira, 89. 3454: 3441: 3429: 3416: 3407: 3394: 3382: 3369: 3360: 3351: 3338: 3329: 3320: 3305: 3275: 3250: 3235: 3222: 3197: 3184: 3171: 3154: 3145: 3132: 3123: 3121:Weisbrot, 251. 3114: 3098:Robert Stevens 3086: 3077: 3075:Weisbrot, 292. 3068: 3055: 3042: 3030: 3021: 3000: 2988: 2979: 2966: 2935: 2922: 2909: 2896: 2883: 2875:Joaquim Falcão 2867: 2851: 2842: 2827: 2821:R.E. Megarry, 2814: 2797: 2784: 2771: 2758: 2715: 2702: 2700:Rokumoto, 164. 2690: 2681: 2668: 2655: 2640: 2625: 2612: 2592: 2571: 2569:Hazard, 30–32. 2562: 2537: 2511: 2485: 2459: 2429: 2372: 2352: 2332: 2309: 2272: 2259: 2246: 2234: 2207: 2205:Hazard, 21–33. 2198: 2185: 2172: 2159: 2157:Merryman, 105. 2150: 2137: 2129:Jon T. Johnsen 2121: 2108: 2083: 2072:on 19 Aug 2008 2044: 2031: 2018: 2005: 1992: 1983: 1970: 1938: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1898:King's Counsel 1888: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1697: 1694: 1688:The notaries ( 1651:and the early 1649:Roman Republic 1618:iuris consulti 1594: 1591: 1565: 1564:Ancient Greece 1562: 1553:Quentin Massys 1539: 1538: 1503:of the subject 1501:worldwide view 1496: 1494: 1487: 1471: 1468: 1377:Attorney's fee 1375:Main article: 1372: 1369: 1364: 1363: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1337: 1312:Ambrose Bierce 1308:Bryan Horrigan 1284:in the 1980s. 1260: 1257: 1248: 1245: 1206: 1203: 1120: 1117: 1104: 1101: 1062:Main article: 1059: 1056: 1042: 1041:Specialization 1039: 983: 980: 969:U.S. President 961: 958: 923:Main article: 920: 917: 893:country lawyer 852:Main article: 849: 846: 832: 829: 816: 813: 766: 763: 757: 754: 744:, and most of 742:Southeast Asia 697: 694: 657:Main article: 654: 651: 637: 634: 613: 610: 588: 585: 577:legal monopoly 549: 546: 544: 541: 422: 419: 415: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 322: 319: 266: 265: 208: 205: 202: 201: 176: 171: 168: 167: 162: 159: 156: 155: 145:Legal research 130: 126: 125: 121: 120: 111: 108: 105: 104: 96:, counsellor, 79: 75: 74: 70: 69: 55: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6666: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6570: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6547: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6466:Civil society 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6437: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6425:Trier of fact 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 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Crook 4959: 4950: 4941: 4932: 4923: 4916: 4910: 4901: 4892: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4853: 4844: 4837: 4831: 4824: 4818: 4811: 4801: 4792: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4731: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4673: 4655: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4604: 4595: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4554: 4550: 4549:BCGSearch.com 4546: 4540: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4506: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4486: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4434:0-86840-572-8 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4407: 4406: 4405:National Post 4399: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4344:Paterson, 76. 4341: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4319: 4311: 4305: 4293: 4287:Arthurs, 128. 4284: 4275: 4266: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4242: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4212:Arthurs, 141. 4209: 4202: 4196: 4183: 4176: 4170: 4163: 4160:, 147; Abel, 4159: 4153: 4146: 4140: 4131: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4107: 4101: 4089: 4076: 4063: 4054: 4047: 4041: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4023: 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Retrieved 5282: 5275: 5259: 5242: 5237: 5229: 5224: 5212: 5191: 5182: 5173: 5164: 5155: 5142: 5107: 5098: 5093:Schulz, 113. 5089: 5073: 5068: 5056: 5051: 5042: 5033: 5008: 4999: 4987: 4983: 4974: 4966: 4958: 4949: 4940: 4935:Bonner, 206. 4931: 4926:Bonner, 204. 4922: 4914: 4909: 4900: 4891: 4879:. Retrieved 4870: 4861: 4852: 4843: 4835: 4830: 4822: 4817: 4809: 4800: 4791: 4772: 4767: 4756:. Retrieved 4747: 4738: 4717:cite journal 4698: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4672: 4661:. Retrieved 4641: 4622: 4603: 4594: 4583:. Retrieved 4568: 4557:. Retrieved 4548: 4539: 4528:. Retrieved 4514: 4505: 4485: 4471: 4452: 4421: 4413: 4403: 4398: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4365: 4357: 4349: 4340: 4328: 4325:Gerry Spence 4309: 4304: 4292: 4283: 4274: 4265: 4258:Westport, CT 4253: 4248: 4240: 4235: 4226: 4217: 4208: 4200: 4195: 4182: 4174: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4144: 4139: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4105: 4100: 4088: 4075: 4062: 4057:Falcão, 423. 4053: 4045: 4040: 4016: 4008: 4003: 3995: 3990: 3980: 3976: 3968: 3963: 3954: 3945: 3940:Falcão, 404. 3936: 3927: 3918: 3909: 3901: 3896: 3887: 3878: 3869: 3860: 3851: 3842: 3834: 3829: 3820: 3815:Johnsen, 86. 3799: 3786: 3778: 3769: 3761: 3756: 3747: 3738: 3729: 3713: 3708: 3696: 3688: 3683: 3675: 3670: 3661: 3649: 3640: 3631: 3621: 3611: 3602: 3587: 3582: 3577:Gandhi, 374. 3573: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3521: 3516: 3507: 3487: 3471: 3466: 3457: 3449: 3444: 3424: 3419: 3414:Falcão, 410. 3410: 3402: 3397: 3385: 3377: 3372: 3363: 3354: 3346: 3341: 3332: 3323: 3313: 3308: 3296:. Retrieved 3287: 3278: 3267:. Retrieved 3253: 3245:The Telegram 3243: 3238: 3230: 3225: 3214:. Retrieved 3200: 3192: 3187: 3179: 3174: 3165:, 10th ed. ( 3162: 3157: 3148: 3140: 3135: 3126: 3117: 3101: 3089: 3080: 3071: 3063: 3058: 3050: 3045: 3024: 3013:. Retrieved 3003: 2991: 2982: 2974: 2969: 2957:. Retrieved 2948: 2938: 2930: 2925: 2917: 2912: 2904: 2899: 2891: 2886: 2878: 2870: 2862: 2854: 2845: 2835: 2830: 2822: 2817: 2809: 2800: 2795:, 1 and 141. 2792: 2787: 2779: 2774: 2766: 2761: 2742: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2710: 2705: 2684: 2676: 2671: 2663: 2658: 2648: 2643: 2633: 2628: 2620: 2615: 2595: 2579: 2574: 2565: 2554:. Retrieved 2540: 2528:. Retrieved 2523: 2514: 2502:. Retrieved 2497: 2488: 2476:. Retrieved 2471: 2462: 2432: 2375: 2355: 2335: 2328:(in Italian) 2312: 2302: 2275: 2267: 2262: 2254: 2249: 2221: 2201: 2193: 2188: 2180: 2175: 2167: 2162: 2153: 2145: 2140: 2132: 2124: 2116: 2111: 2100:. Retrieved 2086: 2074:. 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( 1806:Court dress 1696:Middle Ages 1690:tabelliones 1669:Emperor Leo 1647:During the 1572:of ancient 1426:(short for 1394: 1621 897:reading law 889:U.S. states 837:prosecutors 783:real estate 516:Meester ... 495:Netherlands 376:procurators 334:Middle Ages 321:Terminology 124:Description 61:court dress 59:in English 6628:Categories 6513:Law school 6393:Prosecutor 6331:Magistrate 6118:Jewish law 6076:Common law 5997:Rulemaking 5992:Regulation 5942:Law making 5881:Divine law 5857:Legal code 5804:Sports law 5727:Law of war 5677:Health law 5662:Family law 5646:Energy law 5596:Bankruptcy 5533:Punishment 5528:Public law 5385:Quotations 5299:29 October 5061:Norman, OK 5059:, vol. 1 ( 5046:Crook, 90. 5037:Crook, 89. 5028:Crook, 88. 5012:Crook, 87. 5003:Crook, 91. 4825:, 129–130. 4758:2016-05-06 4663:2016-07-26 4585:2017-01-04 4559:2017-06-12 4530:2013-06-04 4391:Radnor, PA 4203:, 132–133. 4147:, 246–247. 3985:1 SCR 143. 3864:Jene, 370. 3269:2015-04-18 3216:2012-02-23 3015:2022-05-04 2688:Jene, 369. 2675:See Abel, 2556:2020-04-06 2472:sjp.pwn.pl 2449:Abanet.org 2102:2015-04-18 1908:References 1821:Law broker 1295:-speaking 1085:barristers 1070:businesses 1028:journalist 1012:politician 1004:arbitrator 992:prosecutor 988:common law 870:(Slovakia) 868:Bratislava 773:, such as 740:, much of 706:trademarks 504:Maître ... 483:Luxembourg 407:Scriveners 342:solicitors 338:barristers 330:common law 291:solicitors 287:barristers 263:politician 259:magistrate 243:prosecutor 219:legislator 183:government 174:employment 73:Occupation 6491:Judiciary 6486:Executive 6461:The bench 6398:Solicitor 6373:Barrister 6253:Sociology 6238:Pseudolaw 6178:Anarchist 6135:Roman law 6123:Parsi law 6108:Hindu law 6096:Canon law 6071:Civil law 6024:Concordat 5915:Precedent 5824:Trust law 5799:Space law 5636:Drugs law 5506:Procedure 5444:Civil law 5219:, ch. 29. 3106:Cambridge 3008:Faber J. 2959:10 August 2837:The Times 2468:"mecenas" 1968:), 20–23. 1811:Fiduciary 1720:canon law 1603:sesterces 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