770:. As they expanded their trading interests into the interior, they gained some commercial power. However, they were blamed for a 1919 rice scarcity, and riots broke out against them in which their shops were looted. Even the colonial authorities, traditionally seen as the patrons of the Lebanese, did not protect them; instead, they deported two Lebanese traders blamed for causing the shortages. This was one of the first major incidents that contributed to the Lebanese having a negative image in Sierra Leone.
1876:
1229:
794:'s monopoly on diamond mining and export did little to stem their involvement in the diamond trade; many Lebanese traders were deported in the 1940s for illicit diamond trading. By the 1950s, diamonds had become the most important business sector for Lebanese traders. Throughout the 1950s, they continued their diamond smuggling, mainly to Liberia; as many as 20% of diamonds on the world market may have passed through the hands of Lebanese and
662:
88:
777:
which sparked the intervention of the colonial government. Beginning in the 1930s, the
Lebanese began to outcompete indigenous traders, by concentrating their returns from commerce back into the same sector to expand their purchases of goods, rather than diversifying into other sectors. They also
757:
At first, they had little access to capital and little control of import or export; they were at the mercy of the large colonial merchant firms, the same as indigenous traders. They brought imported manufactured goods such as textiles, jewellery, and mirrors to rural areas where
European and
789:
in 1930 sparked the beginning of a major shift in the business activities of the
Lebanese. The first Lebanese trader arrived in Kono soon after the discovery of diamonds, two years ahead of the British rulers. The establishment of the
865:
801:
However, the
Lebanese are not solely active in the diamond sector; they also operate cinemas, hotels, casinos, factories, and travel agencies. From 1963 to 1971, there was even a short-lived Lebanese-owned bank, the Intra Bank.
816:
There are five key
Lebanese families in Sierra Leone, who had largely consolidated their position by the 1970s; most Lebanese prominent in trade in the country and its neighbours have some connection to them.
1828:
1675:
1802:
1726:
773:
In the 1920s, they not only began to enjoy better access to credit, but also began to play a role themselves in extending credit to agricultural producers in the interior, sometimes
749:
where there was an agricultural crunch. They worked as small traders, at first occupying the same position in the economic structure as indigenous coastal traders.
2219:
1366:
1731:
2329:
507:
1195:
1178:
Leighton, Neil Owen (1992), "Lebanese
Emigration: Its Effect on the Political Economy of Sierra Leone", in Hourani, Albert; Shehadi, Nadim (eds.),
1807:
1446:
1217:
369:
1059:
1767:
690:
1782:
1633:
1865:
1721:
1602:
1597:
1409:
1797:
811:
534:
2319:
1527:
1187:
1164:
The
Lebanese middleman in Sierra Leone: the case of a non-indigenous trading minority and their role in political development
1153:
1128:
502:
416:
230:
2324:
1823:
1695:
623:
1752:
1660:
1038:
Kaniki, Martin H. Y. (1973), "Attitudes and
Reactions towards the Lebanese in Sierra Leone during the Colonial Period",
1757:
1690:
1670:
1592:
1587:
618:
161:
1792:
1777:
1762:
1747:
1711:
1680:
1628:
1623:
1569:
1072:
1225:
1787:
1772:
1716:
1655:
1582:
1577:
738:
1931:
1665:
1431:
1295:
1210:
846:
795:
379:
347:
1275:
836:
332:
327:
287:
171:
2194:
2140:
683:
613:
2204:
1414:
791:
487:
156:
1858:
1618:
782:
actually strengthened their position, as smaller
African-owned trading enterprises were hit the hardest.
512:
166:
1910:
1685:
1487:
1477:
1467:
1285:
1203:
841:
759:
583:
477:
337:
307:
220:
1522:
1492:
1482:
1421:
1404:
1394:
364:
240:
235:
225:
195:
2159:
1985:
1517:
1502:
1436:
1426:
1258:
676:
374:
359:
245:
200:
71:
1548:
1399:
643:
421:
384:
272:
151:
47:
1851:
1263:
1119:
Mukonoweshuro, Eliphas G. (1993), "The
Lebanese Traders: The Rise of a Comprador Bourgeoisie",
139:
2005:
742:
433:
134:
1078:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2164:
2123:
1900:
1543:
1378:
1356:
1336:
734:
633:
267:
8:
2242:
1373:
1331:
1316:
1311:
608:
519:
409:
312:
297:
292:
282:
277:
123:
1361:
1346:
1321:
1280:
1108:
1047:
529:
482:
322:
262:
257:
2061:
1990:
1980:
1843:
1472:
1351:
1341:
1326:
1237:
1183:
1167:
1149:
1124:
1068:
831:
718:
497:
445:
317:
302:
207:
59:
2298:
2237:
2147:
2118:
2066:
2035:
2030:
1995:
1963:
1948:
1507:
1462:
1100:
779:
590:
459:
452:
440:
402:
129:
43:
778:
began to establish their own links to exporters in other countries. The worldwide
2293:
2273:
2263:
2258:
2152:
2128:
2087:
2071:
2040:
2015:
2000:
1975:
1958:
1512:
1441:
1233:
648:
578:
564:
524:
119:
79:
2214:
2184:
2102:
2097:
2092:
1970:
1943:
1905:
1895:
1497:
1270:
1061:
War and Peace in Sierra Leone: Diamonds, Corruption and the Lebanese Connection
730:
666:
539:
144:
102:
762:
traders would not go, and traded them for local agricultural produce, primary
2313:
2268:
2209:
2199:
2045:
1953:
1879:
826:
786:
746:
638:
628:
1936:
1171:
706:
428:
1875:
2189:
763:
722:
1112:
1051:
1887:
726:
492:
1104:
767:
1121:
Colonialism, class formation, and underdevelopment in Sierra Leone
87:
1228:
96:
559:
92:
774:
1095:
Leighton, Neil Owen (1974), "The Lebanese in Sierra Leone",
1067:, Partnership Africa Canada Occasional Papers, vol. 6,
2134:
1873:
785:
During the same period, the discovery of diamonds at
1180:The Lebanese in the World: A Century of Emigration
2311:
1123:, University Press of America, pp. 31–54,
729:crisis struck their homeland, then part of the
1859:
1211:
1118:
986:
974:
962:
914:
902:
684:
1143:
1148:, Change and Continuity in Africa, Mouton,
1866:
1852:
1218:
1204:
691:
677:
2330:Sierra Leonean people of Lebanese descent
1177:
1161:
1094:
926:
1057:
1022:
998:
950:
890:
752:
2312:
1037:
1010:
938:
878:
812:List of Lebanese people (Sierra Leone)
1847:
1199:
798:traders in Sierra Leone and Liberia.
703:There is a significant population of
190:Native communities outside of Lebanon
1146:The Lebanese traders in Sierra Leone
713:
624:List of political parties in Lebanon
1040:Canadian Journal of African Studies
13:
1137:
14:
2341:
805:
1874:
1227:
733:; the first Lebanese arrived in
660:
86:
1031:
1016:
1004:
992:
980:
968:
847:Lebanese people in South Africa
737:in 1893. The first groups were
725:in the mid-19th century when a
23:Lebanese people in Sierra Leone
956:
944:
932:
920:
908:
896:
884:
872:
858:
837:Lebanese people in Ivory Coast
745:Lebanese began to arrive from
1:
33:30,000 (estimate, as of 1984)
2320:Lebanese diaspora by country
1162:Leighton, Neil Owen (1971),
1144:van der Laan, H. L. (1975),
852:
792:Sierra Leone Selection Trust
488:Timeline of Lebanese history
7:
2325:Lebanese diaspora in Africa
820:
513:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
10:
2346:
866:"Lebanese in Sierra Leone"
842:Lebanese people in Senegal
809:
584:French language in Lebanon
478:History of ancient Lebanon
2251:
2230:
2177:
2111:
2080:
2054:
2023:
2014:
1924:
1886:
1816:
1740:
1704:
1611:
1568:
1561:
1536:
1455:
1387:
1304:
1251:
1244:
741:, but beginning in 1903,
58:
53:
42:
37:
32:
27:
1058:Lansana, Gberie (2002),
644:Coat of arms of Lebanon
417:Cultural Heritage sites
1166:, Ph.D. dissertation,
535:South Lebanon conflict
54:Related ethnic groups
1732:United Arab Emirates
1447:United Arab Emirates
753:Trade and employment
735:British Sierra Leone
634:Lebanese nationalism
370:United Arab Emirates
775:at exorbitant rates
739:Maronite Christians
719:Lebanese immigrants
705:Lebanese people in
520:1958 Lebanon crisis
152:Lebanese Christians
24:
1641:Dominican Republic
987:Mukonoweshuro 1993
975:Mukonoweshuro 1993
963:Mukonoweshuro 1993
915:Mukonoweshuro 1993
903:Mukonoweshuro 1993
667:Lebanon portal
530:Lebanese Civil War
483:History of Lebanon
22:
2307:
2306:
2173:
2172:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1557:
1556:
1189:978-1-85043-303-3
1155:978-90-279-7881-3
1130:978-0-8191-8283-8
832:Lebanese diaspora
714:Migration history
701:
700:
609:Lebanese politics
498:County of Tripoli
208:Lebanese diaspora
106:
65:
64:
60:Lebanese diaspora
2337:
2021:
2020:
1878:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1566:
1565:
1249:
1248:
1232:
1231:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1182:, I. B. Tauris,
1174:
1158:
1133:
1115:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1077:, archived from
1066:
1054:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
869:
862:
780:Great Depression
693:
686:
679:
665:
664:
663:
575:
403:Lebanese culture
130:Lebanese Muslims
100:
90:
67:
66:
28:Total population
25:
21:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2247:
2226:
2169:
2107:
2076:
2050:
2010:
1920:
1882:
1872:
1842:
1833:
1812:
1736:
1700:
1607:
1553:
1532:
1451:
1383:
1300:
1240:
1234:Lebanese people
1226:
1224:
1190:
1156:
1140:
1138:Further reading
1131:
1105:10.2307/2935102
1087:
1085:
1081:
1075:
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1034:
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973:
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933:
925:
921:
913:
909:
901:
897:
889:
885:
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873:
864:
863:
859:
855:
823:
814:
808:
755:
716:
697:
661:
659:
654:
653:
649:Flag of Lebanon
604:
596:
595:
573:
565:Lebanese Arabic
555:
547:
546:
525:Greater Lebanon
473:
465:
464:
398:
390:
389:
187:
179:
178:
120:Lebanese people
115:
114:Lebanese people
107:
99:
80:Lebanese people
20:
17:
16:Ethnic diaspora
12:
11:
5:
2343:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2228:
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2109:
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2105:
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2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2046:United Kingdom
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1928:
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1918:
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1834:
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1808:United Kingdom
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1528:United Kingdom
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883:
871:
856:
854:
851:
850:
849:
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839:
834:
829:
822:
819:
810:Main article:
807:
806:Notable people
804:
754:
751:
731:Ottoman Empire
721:first came to
715:
712:
699:
698:
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688:
681:
673:
670:
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631:
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621:
619:Prime Minister
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540:Taif Agreement
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231:United Kingdom
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198:
188:
185:
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162:Greek Orthodox
159:
149:
148:
147:
142:
137:
127:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:
103:Lebanese cedar
91:
83:
82:
76:
75:
74:of articles on
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62:
56:
55:
51:
50:
40:
39:
35:
34:
30:
29:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2256:
2254:
2252:South America
2250:
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2241:
2239:
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2235:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2215:United States
2213:
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2201:
2198:
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2178:North America
2176:
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2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:Arab diaspora
1877:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1830:
1827:
1825:
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1697:
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1686:United States
1684:
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1589:
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1584:
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1564:
1562:Personalities
1560:
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1362:United States
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1264:Syro-Lebanese
1262:
1261:
1260:
1257:
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1250:
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1099:(44): 23–29,
1098:
1093:
1084:on 2007-08-02
1080:
1076:
1074:1-894888-16-2
1070:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1046:(1): 97–113,
1045:
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983:
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971:
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935:
928:
927:Leighton 1974
923:
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828:
827:Arab diaspora
825:
824:
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813:
803:
799:
797:
793:
788:
787:Kono District
783:
781:
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748:
747:South Lebanon
744:
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736:
732:
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680:
675:
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639:Phoenicianism
637:
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632:
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629:National Pact
627:
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541:
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531:
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518:
514:
511:
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508:1860 conflict
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258:United States
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69:
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61:
57:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
26:
2133:
1937:Afghan Arabs
1916:Sierra Leone
1915:
1722:Saudi Arabia
1705:Western-Asia
1603:South Africa
1598:Sierra Leone
1432:Saudi Arabia
1296:South Africa
1291:Sierra Leone
1290:
1179:
1163:
1145:
1120:
1096:
1086:, retrieved
1079:the original
1060:
1043:
1039:
1032:Bibliography
1025:, p. 11
1023:Lansana 2002
1018:
1013:, p. 97
1006:
1001:, p. 11
999:Lansana 2002
994:
989:, p. 34
982:
977:, p. 32
970:
965:, p. 33
958:
953:, p. 10
951:Lansana 2002
946:
941:, p. 97
934:
929:, p. 44
922:
917:, p. 32
910:
905:, p. 31
898:
893:, p. 10
891:Lansana 2002
886:
881:, p. 97
874:
860:
815:
800:
784:
772:
764:palm kernels
756:
717:
707:Sierra Leone
704:
702:
503:Ottoman rule
422:Architecture
380:Saudi Arabia
353:
352:
348:South Africa
343:Sierra Leone
342:
251:
250:
214:
213:
206:
205:
189:
48:Christianity
19:Ethnic group
2284:El Salvador
2243:New Zealand
2195:El Salvador
2165:Switzerland
2160:Netherlands
1986:Philippines
1932:Afghanistan
1901:Ivory Coast
1829:New Zealand
1798:Switzerland
1783:Netherlands
1650:Puerto Rico
1549:New Zealand
1503:Netherlands
1276:Ivory Coast
1011:Kaniki 1973
939:Kaniki 1973
879:Kaniki 1973
743:Shia Muslim
723:West Africa
354:Middle East
333:Ivory Coast
273:New Zealand
186:Communities
2314:Categories
1097:Transition
1088:2010-01-11
434:Literature
172:Protestant
2299:Venezuela
2259:Argentina
2238:Australia
2055:Southeast
1996:Sri Lanka
1991:Singapore
1964:Khuzestan
1949:Indonesia
1824:Australia
1696:Venezuela
1676:Guatemala
1634:Caribbean
1619:Argentina
1544:Australia
1415:Prisoners
1379:Venezuela
1312:Argentina
1245:Countries
853:Footnotes
768:kola nuts
727:silk-worm
614:President
493:Phoenicia
313:Venezuela
278:Argentina
268:Australia
2289:Paraguay
2274:Colombia
2205:Honduras
2062:Bulgaria
2006:Caucasus
1981:Pakistan
1976:Malaysia
1959:Khorasan
1753:Bulgaria
1661:Colombia
1612:Americas
1473:Bulgaria
1357:Paraguay
1332:Colombia
1305:Americas
1238:diaspora
821:See also
796:Mandingo
603:Politics
554:Language
410:Religion
328:Paraguay
293:Colombia
252:Overseas
157:Maronite
124:religion
72:a series
70:Part of
38:Religion
2294:Uruguay
2279:Ecuador
2231:Oceania
2220:Detroit
2148:Germany
2124:Belgium
2119:Austria
2067:Romania
2036:Finland
2031:Denmark
1911:Senegal
1817:Oceania
1768:Germany
1758:Denmark
1748:Belgium
1691:Uruguay
1671:Ecuador
1647:Jamaica
1638:Curaçao
1593:Nigeria
1588:Liberia
1537:Oceania
1508:Romania
1488:Germany
1478:Denmark
1468:Belgium
1463:Austria
1374:Uruguay
1367:Detroit
1347:Jamaica
1337:Ecuador
1286:Senegal
1281:Nigeria
1172:3014158
1113:2935102
591:English
574:Foreign
472:History
453:Cuisine
397:Culture
338:Senegal
323:Jamaica
308:Ecuador
298:Uruguay
221:Germany
167:Melkite
97:Lebanon
2264:Brazil
2210:Mexico
2185:Canada
2153:Berlin
2129:France
2088:Greece
2072:Serbia
2041:Sweden
2016:Europe
2001:Turkey
1888:Africa
1803:Turkey
1793:Sweden
1778:Monaco
1763:France
1741:Europe
1727:Turkey
1712:Cyprus
1681:Mexico
1629:Canada
1624:Brazil
1570:Africa
1523:Sweden
1513:Serbia
1493:Greece
1483:France
1456:Europe
1442:Turkey
1422:Kuwait
1405:Israel
1395:Cyprus
1352:Mexico
1322:Canada
1317:Brazil
1252:Africa
1186:
1170:
1152:
1127:
1111:
1071:
1052:483752
1050:
760:creole
579:French
560:Arabic
446:Cinema
365:Kuwait
288:Mexico
283:Brazil
263:Canada
241:Greece
236:Sweden
226:France
215:Europe
196:Cyprus
93:Emblem
2269:Chile
2200:Haiti
2141:Paris
2103:Spain
2098:Malta
2093:Italy
2081:South
2024:North
1971:Japan
1944:India
1906:Kenya
1896:Ghana
1788:Spain
1773:Italy
1717:Syria
1656:Chile
1644:Haiti
1583:Ghana
1578:Egypt
1518:Spain
1498:Italy
1437:Syria
1427:Qatar
1342:Haiti
1327:Chile
1271:Ghana
1259:Egypt
1109:JSTOR
1082:(PDF)
1065:(PDF)
1048:JSTOR
460:Sport
441:Music
375:Qatar
360:Egypt
318:Haiti
303:Chile
246:Spain
201:Syria
145:Druze
140:Sunni
44:Islam
2190:Cuba
2135:Beur
2112:West
1954:Iran
1925:Asia
1666:Cuba
1410:Jews
1400:Iran
1388:Asia
1236:and
1184:ISBN
1168:OCLC
1150:ISBN
1125:ISBN
1069:ISBN
766:and
385:Iran
135:Shia
46:and
1101:doi
429:Art
122:by
95:of
2316::
1107:,
1042:,
710:.
211::
192::
1867:e
1860:t
1853:v
1219:e
1212:t
1205:v
1103::
1044:7
868:.
692:e
685:t
678:v
126::
105:)
101:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
