19:
188:(pH) of hides once they have finished pickling will typically be between 2.8 and 3.2. At this point the hides are loaded in a drum and immersed in a float containing the tanning liquor. The hides are allowed to soak (while the drum slowly rotates about its axle) and the tanning liquor slowly penetrates through the full substance of the hide. Regular checks will be made to see the penetration by cutting the cross section of a hide and observing the degree of penetration. Once an even degree of penetration is observed, the pH of the float is slowly raised in a process called
143:
201:
170:
217:
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485:, pollution levels were so high that, despite an industry crisis, the pollution control board has decided to seal 49 high-polluting tanneries out of 404 in July 2009. In 2003 for instance, the main tannery's effluent disposal unit was dumping 22 tonnes of chromium-laden solid waste per day in the open.
192:. This basification process fixes the tanning material to the leather, and the more tanning material fixed, the higher the hydrothermal stability and increased shrinkage temperature resistance of the leather. The pH of the leather when chrome tanned would typically finish somewhere between 3.8 and 4.2.
473:
posts precise data on the abatement achievable through industrially proven low-waste advanced methods, while noting that « Even though the chrome pollution load can be decreased by 94% on introducing advanced technologies, the minimum residual load 0.15 kg/t raw hide can still cause difficulties
157:
Tanning is the process that converts the protein of the raw hide or skin into a stable material which will not putrefy and is suitable for a wide variety of end applications. The principal difference between raw hides and tanned hides is that raw hides dry out to form a hard inflexible material that
459:
One tonne of hide or skin generally leads to the production of 20 to 80 m3 of turbid and foul-smelling wastewater, including chromium levels of 100–400 mg/L, sulfide levels of 200–800 mg/L and high levels of fat and other solid wastes, as well as notable pathogen contamination. Pesticides
507:
Nevertheless, several researchers have developed cleaner leather processing methodologies to reduce the environmental impact of conventional leather processing and to lower the burden of end-of-pipe treatment. They include salt-free preservation systems, enzyme-assisted low-sulfide hair removal
277:
Crusting is when the hide/skin is thinned, retanned and lubricated. Often a coloring operation is included in the crusting sub-process. The chemicals added during crusting have to be fixed in place. The culmination of the crusting sub-process is the drying and softening operations. Crusting may
463:
Tanning is especially polluting in countries where environmental norms are lax, such as in India - the world's 3rd largest producer and exporter of leather. To give an example of an efficient pollution prevention system, chromium loads per produced tonne are generally abated from 8 kg to
162:), while tanned material dries out to a flexible form that does not become putrid when wetted back. A large number of different tanning methods and materials can be used; the choice is ultimately dependent on the end application of the leather. The most commonly used tanning material is
499:
No general study seems to exist, but the current news is rife with documented examples of untreated effluent discharge. In
November 2009 for instance, it was discovered that one of Uganda's main leather producing companies directly dumped its waste water in a wetland adjacent to
42:, and crusting. All true leathers will undergo these sub-processes. A further sub-process, surface coating, may be added into the sequence. The list of operations that leathers undergo vary with the type of leather. There are environmental impacts associated with the process.
124:- lowering of the pH value to the acidic region. Must be done in the presence of salts. Pickling is normally done to help with the penetration of certain tanning agents, e.g., chromium (and other metals), aldehydic, and some polymeric tanning agents
468:
emissions are typically reduced from 30 kg/t to 2 kg/t in a properly managed facility. Very clearly, the process remains highly polluting all the same. A review of the total pollution load decrease achievable according to the
460:
are also often added for hide conservation during transport. With solid wastes representing up to 70% of the wet weight of the original hides, the tanning process comes at a considerable strain on water treatment installations.
427:
flow has to follow the preparatory → tanning → crusting → surface coating sub-process order without deviation, but some of the sub-processes can be omitted to make certain leathers (or partially tanned/ untanned products).
63:. During the preparatory stages many of the unwanted raw skin components are removed. Many options for pretreatment of the skin exist. Not all of the options may be performed. Preparatory stages may include:
960:
743:
189:
121:
718:. United Nations Industrial Development Organization - Regional Programme for Pollution Control in the Tanning Industry in South-East Asia. 2000-08-09. Archived from
983:"Synthesis and application of sulfonated adipic dihydrazide formaldehyde-based resins under different molar ratios as effective leather re-tanning agents"
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379:
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when using landfills and composting sludge from wastewater treatment on account of the regulations currently in force in some countries. »
238:
688:
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in 2001, proper pollution abatement cost 70-100 USD/t of raw hides processed against US$ 43/t for irresponsible behaviour.
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1108:
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355:
For some leathers a surface coating is applied. Tanners refer to this as finishing. Finishing operations may include:
103:- proteolytic proteins are introduced to the skin to remove further proteins and to assist with softening of the hide.
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665:
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615:
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550:
264:
246:
1490:
894:
Thanikaivelan, Palanisamy; Rao, Jonnalagadda
Raghava; Nair, Balachandran Unni; Ramasami, Thirumalachari (2002).
488:
The higher cost associated to the treatment of effluents as compared to untreated effluent discharging leads to
325:
242:
981:
Saleem, Rashid; Adnan, Ahmad; Hanif, Muhammad; Saleem, Muhammad; Lee, Ki-Hwan; Qureshi, Fahim Ashraf (2014).
94:
127:
depickling - raising of the pH out of the acidic region to assist with penetration of certain tanning agents
18:
481:, the self-proclaimed "Leather City of the World" and a city of 3 million people on the banks of the river
682:"Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook - Environmental Guidelines for Tanning and Leather Finishing"
1485:
1380:
1360:
855:
Thanikaivelan, Palanisamy; Rao, Jonnalagadda R.; Nair, Balachandran U.; Ramasami, Thirumalachari (2004).
359:
166:, which leaves the leather, once tanned, a pale blue colour. This product is commonly called “wet blue”.
76:
423:, but if the surface coating sub-process is added, then some continuous processing can be included. The
465:
298:
856:
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806:
397:
1033:"Study of solvent-free sulfonated waterborne polyurethane as an advanced leather finishing material"
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227:
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and solvent-free finishing systems. Some of these processes have found commercial acceptance.
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70:
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reliming - the hide is further treated to achieve more "opening up" or more protein removal.
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907:
177:
67:
preservation- the hide is treated with a method which renders it temporarily imputrescible.
331:
fixation - all unbound chemicals are chemically bonded/trapped or removed from the leather
8:
778:
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112:
frizing - physical removal of the fat layer inside the skin. Also similar to
Slicking.
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876:
713:"The scope for decreasing pollution load in leather processing (US/RAS/92/120/11-51)"
661:
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39:
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filling - heavy/dense chemicals that make the leather harder and heavier are added.
100:
896:"Zero Discharge Tanning: A Shift from Chemical to Biocatalytic Leather Processing"
872:
440:, the production processes have a high environmental impact, most notably due to:
1408:
1403:
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1204:
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buffing - abrasion of the surfaces of the leather to reduce nap or grain defects.
142:
1287:
1239:
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1219:
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1164:
857:"Progress and recent trends in biotechnological methods for leather processing"
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343:
softening - physical softening of the leather by separating the leather fibres.
295:
shaving - the leather is thinned using a machine which cuts leather fibres off.
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drying - the leather is dried to various moisture levels (commonly 14-25%).
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200:
118:- chemical modification of dark pigments to yield a lighter colored hide.
109:- natural fats/oils are stripped or as much as is possible from the hide.
56:
38:. The procedure is divided into three sub-processes: preparatory stages,
35:
1444:
777:. Clean Ganga - Campaign for a cleaner Ganga. June 2003. Archived from
283:
205:
173:
106:
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1234:
389:
334:
setting - area, grain flatness are imparted and excess water removed.
304:
retanning - additional tanning agents are added to impart properties.
292:
splitting - the leather is split into one or more horizontal layers.
216:
169:
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509:
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fatliquoring - fats/oils and waxes are fixed to the leather fibres.
301:- the pH of the leather is adjusted to a value between 4.5 and 6.5.
163:
340:
conditioning - water is added to the leather to a level of 18-28%.
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31:
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1103:
800:"Introduction of Low Pollution Processes in Leather Production"
508:
processes, chemical-free enzymatic fiber opening, ammonia-free
482:
478:
307:
115:
88:
splitting - the hide is cut into two or more horizontal layers.
73:- water for purposes of washing or rehydration is reintroduced.
1086:
687:. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, World Bank Group.
1429:
1307:
1280:
1265:
1244:
151:
893:
854:
570:. Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists. p. 23.
319:
stuffing - fats/oils and waxes are added between the fibres.
1302:
1292:
444:
the heavy use of polluting chemicals in the tanning process
97:- liming and unhairing chemicals are removed from the hide.
1114:
516:
process, waterless chrome tanning technology, chrome-free
1342:
1322:
289:
sammying - 45-55%(m/m) water is squeezed out the leather.
419:
The leather making process is in general restricted to
185:
980:
831:"Uganda: leather factory faces closure over pollution"
322:
stripping - superficially fixed tannins are removed.
471:United Nations Industrial Development Organization
1097:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 330–345.
447:air pollution due to the transformation process (
79:- unwanted proteins and "opening up" is achieved.
1529:
744:"How much time needed to check tanneries' waste"
635:. Leather Producer's Association. p. 212.
1031:Yang, Zhihui; Zang, Hu; Wu, Guangfeng (2019).
545:. Leather Producer's Association. p. 37.
1130:
605:
85:fleshing - subcutaneous material is removed.
82:unhairing - the majority of hair is removed.
540:
245:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1137:
1123:
1030:
630:
655:
580:
328:- the colour of the leather is lightened.
265:Learn how and when to remove this message
414:
282:wetting back- semi-processed leather is
199:
168:
141:
17:
431:
1530:
438:other environmental impacts of leather
1118:
50:
608:Physical Chemistry of Leather Making
243:adding citations to reliable sources
210:
55:The preparatory stages are when the
658:Fundamentals of Leather Manufacture
583:Fundamentals of Leather Manufacture
30:are the operations taken to create
13:
660:. Eduard Roether KG. p. 296.
610:. Robert E. Krieger. p. 298.
585:. Eduard Roether KG. p. 211.
568:Leather Technologist's Pocket Book
492:to reduce costs. For instance, in
455:during deliming, solvent vapours).
350:
278:include the following operations:
14:
1549:
1078:
565:
1425:Artificial leather / Leatherette
1102:
805:. EcoLinks. 2001. Archived from
215:
45:
1491:British Museum leather dressing
1063:from the original on 2022-10-29
1024:
1013:from the original on 2022-10-29
974:
963:from the original on 2022-10-29
945:
934:from the original on 2021-12-22
887:
848:
837:from the original on 2011-06-04
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792:
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694:from the original on 2017-07-06
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705:
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649:
624:
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574:
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1:
873:10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.02.008
633:Leather Technician's Handbook
543:Leather Technician's Handbook
527:
28:leather manufacturing process
752:. 2009-07-11. Archived from
512:systems, pickle-free chrome
158:can putrefy when re-wetted (
146:Barrel for leather tanning,
22:A tanning worker in Morocco.
7:
1486:Leather Archives and Museum
1144:
1099:(includes several diagrams)
1037:Journal of Polymer Research
833:. The Monitor. 2009-11-05.
775:"Kanpur: chromium disaster"
520:methods, formaldehyde-free
195:
10:
1554:
541:Sharphotuse, J.H. (1983).
310:- the leather is coloured.
135:
131:
1507:History of hide materials
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1463:
1417:
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1351:
1253:
1152:
1049:10.1007/s10965-019-1884-4
999:10.1007/s13726-013-0201-z
631:Sharphouse, J.H. (1983).
606:Bienkiewiecz, K. (1983).
176:highest quality leather (
953:"CHROME TANNING PROCESS"
1476:Igualada Leather Museum
1094:Encyclopædia Britannica
1085:Parsons, F. G. (1911).
987:Iranian Polymer Journal
861:Trends in Biotechnology
148:Igualada Leather Museum
1481:Walsall Leather Museum
656:Heidemann, E. (1993).
581:Heidemann, E. (1993).
208:
181:
154:
23:
1471:German Leather Museum
900:Environ. Sci. Technol
490:environmental dumping
451:during dehairing and
415:Production management
204:Drying of leather in
203:
172:
145:
21:
1111:at Wikimedia Commons
432:Environmental impact
239:improve this section
178:Marikina Shoe Museum
912:2002EnST...36.4187T
436:In addition to the
1512:Leather subculture
1109:Leather processing
749:The Times of India
209:
182:
155:
51:Preparatory stages
24:
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1107:Media related to
920:10.1021/es025618i
906:(19): 4187–4194.
407:combing (hair-on)
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46:Sub-processes
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566:Leafe, M.K.
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370:impregnation
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237:Please help
225:
190:basification
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1418:Substitutes
1399:Bookbinding
1200:Law leather
160:wetted back
1445:Ultrasuede
1190:Corinthian
1067:2020-12-08
1043:(9): 213.
1017:2020-12-08
967:2020-12-08
938:2020-12-08
841:2010-01-02
816:2010-01-02
785:2010-01-02
760:2010-01-02
729:2010-01-02
698:2010-01-02
528:References
284:rehydrated
206:East Timor
174:Meycauayan
107:degreasing
1450:Alcantara
1440:Presstoff
1435:Naugahyde
1353:Processes
1288:Crocodile
1261:Alligator
1235:Shearling
1057:199551441
993:: 69–78.
957:Espacenet
425:operation
398:embossing
390:polishing
326:whitening
255:June 2014
226:does not
116:bleaching
1532:Category
1391:Crafting
1366:Deliming
1313:Kangaroo
1276:Calfskin
1230:Shagreen
1180:Buckskin
1061:Archived
1011:Archived
1007:96766253
961:Archived
932:Archived
928:12380094
881:15038923
835:Archived
689:Archived
510:deliming
376:spraying
364:brushing
196:Crusting
164:chromium
122:pickling
95:deliming
1517:Rawhide
1500:Related
1455:Clarino
1376:Tanning
1318:Ostrich
1205:Morocco
1195:Kidskin
1185:Chamois
1160:Aniline
1146:Leather
908:Bibcode
522:syntans
518:tanning
514:tanning
494:Croatia
453:ammonia
410:glazing
403:ironing
394:plating
373:buffing
367:padding
247:removed
232:sources
186:acidity
132:Tanning
71:soaking
61:tanning
40:tanning
32:leather
1381:Oiling
1371:Bating
1361:Liming
1271:Cattle
1225:Russia
1220:Patent
1215:Nubuck
1175:Bonded
1170:Boiled
1165:Bicast
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483:Ganges
479:Kanpur
360:oiling
308:dyeing
101:bating
77:liming
1430:Kirza
1338:Snake
1333:Sheep
1308:Horse
1281:Slunk
1266:Bison
1245:Suede
1153:Types
1053:S2CID
1003:S2CID
810:(PDF)
803:(PDF)
723:(PDF)
716:(PDF)
692:(PDF)
685:(PDF)
152:Spain
36:hides
34:from
1328:Seal
1303:Goat
1293:Deer
1210:Napa
924:PMID
877:PMID
662:ISBN
637:ISBN
612:ISBN
587:ISBN
547:ISBN
230:any
228:cite
184:The
57:hide
26:The
1343:Yak
1323:Pig
1298:Eel
1045:doi
995:doi
916:doi
869:doi
477:In
466:VOC
241:by
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