493:
top presidential hopeful" had "a personalized super PAC" that raised "unlimited sums" and was "run by close associates or former aides". Not only did the FEC regulations allow campaigns to "publicly signal their needs to independent groups", political operatives on both sides "can talk to one another directly, as long as they do not discuss candidate strategy." Candidates are even allowed by the FEC "to appear at super PAC fundraisers, as long as they do not solicit more than $ 5,000".
157:
disclosure, which made it so all donations received by PACs must go through a central committee maintained by said PAC. Furthermore, it required PACs to file regular reports with the
Federal Election Commission(FEC) disclosing anyone who has donated at least $ 200. The Supreme Court has declared unconstitutional limits imposed on PACs by the legislature under First Amendment grounds in many cases, starting with
478:, 313 groups organized as super PACs had received $ 98,650,993 and spent $ 46,191,479. This means early in the 2012 election cycle, PACs had already greatly exceeded total receipts of 2008. The leading super PAC on its own raised more money than the combined total spent by the top 9 PACS in the 2008 cycle.
230:'s (R-CA) leadership PAC paid 15% to a firm that employed only his wife. Payouts to his wife's firm were $ 68,630 in 2003 and 2004, and $ 224,000 in 2005 and 2006. The Doolittle home was raided in 2007. After years of investigation, the Justice Department dropped the case with no charges in June 2010.
83:
Contributions to PACs from corporate or labor union treasuries are illegal, though these entities may sponsor a PAC and provide financial support for its administration and fundraising. Union-affiliated PACs may solicit contributions only from union members. Independent PACs may solicit contributions
496:
Representative David E. Price (D–NC) complained "The rules of affiliation are just about as porous as they can be, and it amounts to a joke that there's no coordination between these individual super PACs and the candidates." As of mid-2015, despite receiving 29 complaints about coordination between
398:
The 2020 election attracted record amounts of donations from dark money groups to political committees like super PACs. These groups are required to reveal their backers, but they can hide the true source of funding by reporting a non-disclosing nonprofit or shell company as the donor. By using this
492:
In the 2016 presidential campaign, super PACs were described (by journalist Matea Gold) as "finding creative ways to work in concert" with the candidates they supported and work around the "narrowly drawn" legal rule that separated political campaigns from outside groups/super PACs. "Nearly every
411:
formed for the purpose of hiding the donor's name. One super PAC, that originally listed a $ 250,000 donation from an LLC that no one could find, led to a subsequent filing where the previously "secret donors" were revealed. However, campaign finance experts have argued that this tactic is already
188:
Most of the 4,600 active, registered PACs, named "connected PACs", sometimes also called "corporate PACs", are established by businesses, non-profits, labor unions, trade groups, or health organizations. These PACs receive and raise money from a "restricted class", generally consisting of managers
403:
It is also possible to spend money without voters knowing the identities of donors before voting takes place. In federal elections, for example, political action committees have the option to choose to file reports on a "monthly" or "quarterly" basis. This allows funds raised by PACs in the final
317:
decisions was the rise of a new type of political action committee in 2010, popularly dubbed the "super PAC". In an open meeting on July 22, 2010, the FEC approved two
Advisory Opinions to modify FEC policy in accordance with the legal decisions. These Advisory Opinions were issued in response to
213:
Under the FEC (Federal
Election Commission) rules, leadership PACs are non-connected PACs, and can accept donations from individuals and other PACs. Since current officeholders have an easier time attracting contributions, Leadership PACs are a way dominant parties can capture seats from other
164:
Throughout the past 30 years, campaign donations from PACs have been increasingly growing, with $ 333 million being raised in 1990 to $ 482 million in 2022.Even with the major growth, PAC contributions only made up 23% of the money raised by House candidates and only 10% for senate candidates,
156:
extended its coverage to labor unions in 1943. A series of campaign reform laws enacted during the 1970s facilitated the growth of PACs after these laws allowed corporations, trade associations, and labor unions to form PACs. In 1971 the
Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) created rules for
127:
declared it was unconstitutional to prohibit corporations and unions from spending from their general treasuries to promote candidates or from contributing to PACs. It left intact these laws' prohibitions on corporations or unions contributing directly to a candidate or candidate committee.
283:
Super PACs, officially known as "independent expenditure-only political action committees," are unlike traditional PACs in that they may raise unlimited amounts from individuals, corporations, unions, and other groups to spend on, for example, ads overtly advocating for or against political
197:
Groups with an ideological mission, single-issue groups, and members of
Congress and other political leaders may form "non-connected PACs". These organizations may accept funds from any individual, connected PAC, or organization. As of January 2009, there were 1,594 non-connected PACs, the
322:, and the liberal Commonsense Ten (later renamed Senate Majority PAC). Their advisory opinions gave a sample wording letter which all super PACs must submit to qualify for the deregulated status, and such letters continue to be used by super PACs up to the present date. FEC Chairman
357:, super PACs are not allowed to coordinate directly with candidates or political parties. This restriction is intended to prevent them from operating campaigns that complement or parallel those of the candidates they support or engaging in negotiations that could result in
1973:
189:
and shareholders in the case of a corporation or members in the case of a non-profit organization, labor union or other interest group. As of
January 2009, there were 1,598 registered corporate PACs, 272 related to labor unions and 995 to trade organizations.
305:
held that PACs that did not make contributions to candidates, parties, or other PACs could accept unlimited contributions from individuals, unions, and corporations (both for profit and not-for-profit) for the purpose of making independent expenditures.
284:
candidates. However, they are not allowed to either coordinate with or contribute directly to candidate campaigns or political parties. Super PACs are subject to the same organizational, reporting, and public disclosure requirements of traditional PACs.
505:
According to Open
Secrets, in the 2019-2020 cycle (as of October 29, 2022) 2,415 groups organized as super PACs; they had reported total receipts of a little over $ 2.5 billion and total independent expenditures of a little under $ 1.3 billion.
537:
self-imposed fundraising restrictions, including "swearing off PAC money." While they did not accept direct financial contributions from either connected or non-connected PACs, both
Sanders and Warren were supported by at least one super PAC.
467:, the top 100 individual super PAC donors in 2011–2012 made up just 3.7% of contributors, but accounted for more than 80% of the total money raised, while less than 0.5% of the money given to "the most active super PACs" was donated by
330:
that continue to prohibit
Commonsense Ten from soliciting or accepting contributions from political committees in excess of $ 5,000 annually or any contributions from corporations or labor organizations" (emphasis in original).
214:
parties. A leadership PAC sponsored by an elected official cannot use funds to support that official's own campaign. However, it may fund travel, administrative expenses, consultants, polling, and other non-campaign expenses.
443:
Super PACs may support particular candidacies. In the 2012 presidential election, super PACs played a major role, spending more than the candidates' election campaigns in the
Republican primaries. As of early April 2012,
520:
A hybrid PAC (sometimes called a Carey Committee) is similar to a super PAC, but can give limited amounts of money directly to campaigns and committees, while still making independent expenditures in unlimited amounts.
179:
Federal law formally allows for two types of PACs: connected and non-connected. Judicial decisions added a third classification, independent expenditure-only committees, which are colloquially known as "super PACs".
589:
2513:
2243:
148:. It was established after the U.S. Congress prohibited unions from giving direct contributions to political candidates. This restriction was initially imposed in 1907 on corporations through the
549:
maintains a list of the largest PACs by election cycle on its website OpenSecrets.org. Their list can be filtered by receipts or different types of expenses, political party, and type of PAC.
363:
bargaining between donors to the PAC and the candidate or officeholder. However, it is legal for candidates and super PAC managers to discuss campaign strategy and tactics through the media.
1618:"Donald Trump's Save America PAC was formed to fight debunked election fraud claims after he lost the 2020 election. Here's what you need to know about what the fund does and how it spends"
435:
filed a complaint with the FEC, listing 23 pop-up Super PACs which had failed to disclose their affiliation to other PACs mostly affiliated with leaderships of the two major parties.
1580:"Trump political PAC paid Melania's hair stylist at least $ 132K for 'strategy consulting': report'; Herve Pierre Braillard has also made dresses and hats for Melania in the past"
64:). At the U.S. federal level, an organization becomes a PAC when it receives or spends more than $ 1,000 for the purpose of influencing a federal election, and registers with the
350:, writing on June 26, 2010, of a group called Workers' Voices, that it was a kind of "'super PAC' that could become increasingly popular in the post-Citizens United world."
2481:
2181:
1999:
326:
dissented on both opinions and issued a statement giving his thoughts. In the statement, Walther stated "There are provisions of the Act and Commission regulations
2657:
420:
A "pop-up" super PAC is one that is formed within 20 days before an election, so that its first finance disclosures will be filed after the election. In 2018 the
2822:
1598:
1820:
2096:
1192:
673:
558:
206:
Elected officials and political parties cannot give more than the federal limit directly to candidates. However, they can set up a leadership PAC that makes
1352:
598:
2212:
1034:
2958:
2639:
2147:
3154:
1488:
1331:
1004:
1175:
251:'s (D-CA) leadership PAC, Team Majority, was fined $ 21,000 by federal election officials "for improperly accepting donations over federal limits."
431:
Pop-up super PACs often have local-sounding or issue-oriented names. However they can be funded by much larger party-affiliated PACs. In 2021 the
1839:
1579:
1179:
884:
3144:
1617:
289:
399:
tactic, dark money groups can get around a 2020 court ruling that attempts to require nonprofits running political ads to reveal their donors.
463:
In the 2012 election campaign, most of the money given to super PACs came from wealthy individuals, not corporations. According to data from
2880:
583:
123:(also known as the McCain–Feingold Act) that had prohibited corporate and union political independent expenditures in political campaigns.
57:
3022:
2968:
2815:
2329:
3008:
2358:
1730:
1300:
719:
2757:
1552:
263:
2840:
2695:
2676:
1406:
698:
621:
60:. Democracies of other countries use different terms for the units of campaign spending or spending on political competition (see
3045:
1858:
725:
676:, the top ten PACs donated a total of $ 28,051,395 (directly, and via their affiliates and subsidiaries) to federal candidates:
624:, the top ten PACs donated a total of $ 28,276,448 (directly, and via their affiliates and subsidiaries) to federal candidates:
561:, the top ten PACs donated a total of $ 29,349,895 (directly, and via their affiliates and subsidiaries) to federal candidates:
3159:
3090:
3018:
2808:
1384:
2489:
2876:
2043:
1159:
759:
686:
302:
2560:
847:
96:$ 5,000 to a candidate or candidate committee for each election (primary and general elections count as separate elections);
76:
of 2002 (also known as the McCain–Feingold Act). At the state level, an organization becomes a PAC according to the state's
2854:
2620:
975:"Comments on Petition for Rulemaking on Corporate Political Spending, Submitted by 21 Civic Organizations and Individuals"
3097:
3052:
2998:
2983:
2942:
2007:
744:
174:
1527:
3075:
876:
824:
713:
116:
1215:
453:
3102:
3080:
3070:
2963:
2922:
1654:
1098:
1073:
958:
943:
692:
3107:
3057:
3040:
3035:
2993:
2932:
2912:
2902:
2395:
680:
3030:
1636:
1458:
1362:
3149:
2535:
2298:
1915:
1672:
1131:
704:
404:
days of the election to be spent and votes cast before the report is due and the donors identities' are known.
73:
17:
210:. Provided the expenditure is not coordinated with the other candidate, this type of spending is not limited.
2978:
2831:
2155:
779:
769:
69:
1782:
1500:
2414:
731:
460:
group) spent $ 16 million. Some Super PACs are run or advised by a candidate's former staff or associates.
1703:
1012:
2592:
2568:
2275:
2186:
2122:
2070:
1336:
425:
421:
384:
244:(R-CA) used his leadership PAC to pay hotel bills ($ 22,896) and buy baseball tickets ($ 320) for donors.
120:
65:
344:, "made the first identifiable, published reference to 'super PAC' as it's known today while working at
2752:
1431:
2023:""Super PACs" in Federal Elections: Overview and Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service"
408:
428:
pre-general election reports covered activity through October 17. In 2020 there were more than 50.
2182:"Pop-up PACs are spending big in Election 2018's final days — but they're hiding their bankrollers"
749:
49:
2270:
217:
In the 2018 election cycle, leadership PACs donated more than $ 67 million to federal candidates.
1411:
935:
905:
207:
394:
Yet despite disclosure rules, political action committees have found ways to get around them.
153:
111:
1123:
810:
136:
The political action committee emerged from the labor movement of 1943. The first PAC was the
2886:
2333:
1196:
432:
379:
communications. These disclosures were intended to deter potentially or seemingly corrupting
1738:
1308:
258:
paid $ 650,000 for portraits of him and the former first lady that will one day hang in the
3123:
3062:
2927:
2640:"Analysis: Sen. Warren says she doesn't 'take PAC money of any kind.' What does that mean?"
2217:
1236:
8:
2917:
1731:"FEC Approves Two Advisory Opinions On Independent Expenditure-Only Political Committees"
149:
2514:"Politics It's bold, but legal: How campaigns and their super PAC backers work together"
1417:
2907:
2433:
2377:
2213:"Mysterious 'pop-up PACs' targeting races throughout country in final days of campaign"
1801:
1279:
1169:
764:
445:
376:
45:
1884:
1840:"Jon Stewart, Stephen Colbert Expose More Super PAC Loopholes Without 'Coordinating'"
1271:
1223:
1199:
1155:
1127:
1116:
1094:
1069:
939:
820:
323:
61:
2451:
1392:
287:
Super PACs were made possible by two judicial decisions in 2010: the aforementioned
105:
PACs may make unlimited expenditures independently of a candidate or political party
2871:
2677:"Elizabeth Warren reverses her position on super PAC support as she seeks comeback"
2299:"Establishment Republicans hide fingerprints with carefully timed primary spending"
1896:
1523:
1263:
1252:"Unrepresentative Information: The Case of Newspaper Reporting on Campaign Finance"
880:
577:
534:
380:
354:
346:
234:
158:
41:
2330:"CLC Complaint Seeks to Address Bipartisan Usage of Deceptive "Pop-Up" Super PACs"
2047:
1150:
Sides 1, Shaw 2, Grossmann 3, Lipsitz 4, John 1, Daron 2, Matt 3, Kenna 4 (2024).
407:
In one high-profile case, a donor to a super PAC kept his name hidden by using an
2789:
2303:
2248:
1954:
1035:"End Citizens United raises $ 4 million, projects $ 35 million haul for midterms"
974:
962:
855:
319:
271:
2800:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2973:
2722:
2696:"Elizabeth Warren Has Reversed On Super PAC Support: "That's How It Has To Be""
927:
754:
660:
656:
530:
468:
227:
145:
1066:
Government and Business: American Political Economy in Comparative Perspective
590:
International Association of Sheet Metal, Air, Rail and Transportation Workers
334:
The term "super PAC" was coined by reporter Eliza Newlin Carney. According to
3138:
2937:
2700:
1916:"Towards a Madisonian, interest-group-based, approach to lobbying regulation"
1655:"Federal grand jury probing Trump's Save America leadership PAC, reports say"
1275:
457:
424:
recorded 44 pop-up super PACs formed on October 18 or later, a year when the
267:
241:
141:
1637:"As Legal Fees Mount, Trump Steers Donations Into PAC That Has Covered Them"
3085:
1699:
602:
372:
359:
340:
255:
248:
77:
2244:"Mysterious anti-Ted Cruz super PAC spends $ 2.3 million in final stretch"
2022:
1900:
412:
illegal, since it would constitute a contribution in the name of another.
266:, $ 200,000 to Trump Hotel properties, and $ 132,000 to former First Lady
44:
that pools campaign contributions from members and donates those funds to
2766:
2727:
2459:
1760:
1677:
1496:
1435:
1267:
546:
475:
464:
449:
388:
259:
53:
2792:
that offers some free information; detailed info requires a subscription
371:
By January 2010, at least 38 states and the federal government required
2864:
1357:
1283:
1251:
1149:
809:
Janda, Kenneth; Berry, Jeffrey M.; Goldman, Jerry (December 19, 2008).
789:
784:
774:
515:
383:. Contributions to, and expenditures by, Super PACs are tracked by the
84:
from the general public and must pay their own costs from those funds.
1821:"Will Jon Stewart go to jail for running Stephen Colbert's super PAC?"
1154:(4th ed.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 98.
92:
Federal multi-candidate PACs may contribute to candidates as follows:
2988:
2795:
2786:
2359:"Crankocracy In America. Who really benefitted from Citizens United?"
1974:"'Dark money' topped $ 1 billion in 2020, largely boosting Democrats"
1466:
481:
Super PACs have been criticized for relying heavily on negative ads.
1783:"Political Scientist Morris Fiorina Used The Term Super PAC In 2002"
2597:
1708:
1250:
Ansolabehere, Stephen; Snowberg, Erik C.; Snyder, James M. (2005).
497:
campaigns and super PACs, "FEC has yet to open an investigation".
484:
The 2012 figures do not include funds raised by state level PACs.
1599:"Trump's Save America PAC Under Investigation In January 6 Probe"
812:
The Challenge of Democracy: American Government in a Global World
571:
137:
652:
Sheet Metal, Air, Rail, & Transportation Union – $ 2,488,150
165:
despite media coverage which tends to exaggerate contributions.
1761:"Advisory Opinion: Statement of Commissioner Steven T. Walther"
1332:"DeMint's PAC Spends $ 1.5 Million in Independent Expenditures"
816:
2762:
932:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
448:—a super PAC usually described as having been created to help
338:, Carney, a staff writer covering lobbying and influence for
2621:"Analysis: Are Warren and Sanders '100% grassroots-funded'?"
1936:
3003:
1553:"Pelosi PAC fined $ 21,000 by federal elections officials"
1249:
1972:
Massoglia, Anna; Evers-Hillstrom, Karl (March 17, 2021).
1152:
Campaigns and Elections: Rules, Reality, Strategy, Choice
2263:
2000:"Who funds Super PAC? FEC looks into powerful influence"
1971:
649:
International Union of Operating Engineers – $ 2,599,700
608:
International Union of Operating Engineers – $ 2,726,909
1351:
Stern, Marcus; LaFleur, Jennifer (September 26, 2009).
220:
2206:
2204:
2323:
2321:
2271:"2018 Reporting Dates: Pre- and Post-General Reports"
2242:
Lee, Michelle; Narayanswamy, Anu (November 6, 2018).
2097:"How D.C. interests sidestep campaign finance limits"
1635:
Goldmacher, Shane; Haberman, Maggie (June 25, 2023).
1122:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p.
1068:(3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE. p. 169.
2201:
1089:Haider-Markel, Donald P.; Card, Michael A. (2009).
631:
National Beer Wholesalers Association – $ 3,147,500
568:
National Beer Wholesalers Association – $ 3,433,500
233:One Leadership PAC purchased $ 2,139 in gifts from
2318:
1857:
1634:
1115:
318:requests from two existing PACs, the conservative
2830:
1965:
1889:Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy
1407:"Congress 101: Political Action Committees (PAC)"
1091:Political Encyclopedia of U.S. States and Regions
1088:
808:
452:'s presidential campaign—had spent $ 40 million.
3136:
2237:
2235:
906:"FEC Campaign Guide for Nonconnected Committees"
2528:
2290:
2241:
1528:"Lawmaker Criticized for PAC Fees Paid to Wife"
1521:
634:Credit Union National Association – $ 2,849,800
611:National Auto Dealers Association – $ 2,666,400
524:
56:. The legal term PAC was created in pursuit of
2693:
2432:Palmer, Anna; Phillip, Abby (August 3, 2012).
2352:
2350:
2175:
2173:
1118:Political Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns
628:National Association of Realtors – $ 3,960,998
565:National Association of Realtors – $ 3,444,276
290:Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
2816:
2658:"Sanders, Bernard – Independent expenditures"
2431:
2232:
1704:"Colbert gets a Super PAC; So what are they?"
1615:
541:
500:
487:
438:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
1914:Krishnakumar, Anita S. (February 18, 2007).
1913:
1350:
1174:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
584:National Air Traffic Controllers Association
375:for all or some independent expenditures or
58:campaign finance reform in the United States
2753:FEC.gov – Political Action Committees (PAC)
2694:Hensley-Clancy, Molly (February 20, 2020).
2434:"Corporations don't pony up for super PACs"
2347:
2170:
1998:Chaddock, Gail Russell (February 2, 2012).
1887:(2010). "Campaign Finance Disclosure 2.0".
1330:Kurtzleben, Danielle (September 27, 2010).
1093:. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. p. 896.
885:"[USC02] 52 USC 30101: Definitions"
99:$ 15,000 to a political party per year; and
2823:
2809:
2561:"FEC Terminology for Candidate Committees"
1353:"Leadership PACs: Let the Good Times Roll"
1329:
1178:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
720:International Union of Operating Engineers
646:American Bankers Association – $ 2,661,200
595:American Bankers Association – $ 2,768,330
140:, formed in July 1943 under CIO president
3155:United States political action committees
2590:
2496:
2210:
2179:
2071:"Forgetting a key lesson from Watergate?"
1883:
1799:
387:and by independent organizations such as
2584:
1997:
1577:
699:American Israel Public Affairs Committee
254:Former president Trump's leadership PAC
2674:
2637:
2020:
1837:
1456:
934:(encyclopedia) (2nd ed.). Oxford:
328:not addressed by the court in SpeechNow
14:
3137:
2619:Rizzo, Salvador (September 30, 2019).
2479:
2375:
2297:Markay, Lachlan (September 13, 2022).
2296:
2211:Newhauser, Daniel (October 29, 2020).
2180:Balcerzak, Ashley (November 2, 2018).
1780:
1698:
1596:
1459:"FBI raids U.S. Rep. Doolittle's home"
1295:
1293:
1113:
3145:Campaign finance in the United States
2896:Major industrial and business lobbies
2804:
2675:Higgins, Tucker (February 20, 2020).
2618:
2480:Mooney, Brian C. (February 2, 2012).
2412:
2327:
2123:"The Caucus: A Secret Donor Revealed"
2095:King, Colbert I. (January 13, 2012).
2068:
1818:
1647:
1628:
1590:
1578:Hagstrom, Anders (February 1, 2023).
1210:
1208:
1145:
1143:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1055:
760:Campaign finance in the United States
687:National Beer Wholesalers Association
303:Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
192:
2591:Levinthal, Dave (January 21, 2012).
2511:
2415:"Can 46 rich dudes buy an election?"
2356:
2094:
2021:Garrett, R. Sam (December 2, 2011).
1800:Levinthal, Dave (January 10, 2012).
1597:Durkee, Alison (September 8, 2022).
640:American Crystal Sugar – $ 2,702,500
415:
221:Controversial use of leadership PACs
2638:Kessler, Glenn (January 25, 2019).
2482:"Super PACs fueling GOP attack ads"
2148:"The strange case of W. Spann, LLC"
2120:
1923:University of Alabama School of Law
1838:McGlynn, Katla (January 18, 2012).
1290:
925:
854:. December 20, 2010. Archived from
745:List of political action committees
601:, a leadership PAC associated with
366:
175:List of political action committees
24:
2396:"Who's Financing the 'Super PACs'"
1301:"Number of Federal PACs Increases"
1205:
1140:
1052:
982:Securities and Exchange Commission
474:As of February 2012, according to
201:
117:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
3171:
2746:
2413:Riley, Charles (March 26, 2012).
2121:Luo, Michael (February 7, 2012).
1819:Grier, Peter (January 18, 2012).
1616:Rachel Looker (August 11, 2022).
1114:Devlin, Lawrence Patrick (1987).
1002:
819:: Cengage Learning. p. 309.
726:National Auto Dealers Association
693:Credit Union National Association
183:
168:
2782:FactCheck.org Players Guide 2018
2777:FactCheck.org Players Guide 2016
2772:FactCheck.org Players Guide 2012
2376:Farley, Robert (July 25, 2012).
2357:Noah, Timothy (March 29, 2012).
2328:Quinn, Brendan (July 15, 2021).
2154:. August 5, 2011. Archived from
2069:Blake, John (February 4, 2012).
1457:Seidman, Joel (April 19, 2007).
681:National Association of Realtors
667:
615:
552:
102:$ 5,000 to another PAC per year.
2715:
2687:
2668:
2650:
2631:
2612:
2553:
2473:
2444:
2425:
2406:
2388:
2369:
2152:Center for Competitive Politics
2140:
2114:
2088:
2062:
2036:
2014:
1991:
1947:
1929:
1907:
1877:
1850:
1831:
1812:
1793:
1781:Corley, Matt (March 14, 2012).
1774:
1753:
1737:. July 22, 2010. Archived from
1723:
1692:
1665:
1609:
1571:
1545:
1515:
1481:
1450:
1424:
1399:
1377:
1344:
1323:
1307:. March 9, 2009. Archived from
1243:
1186:
1107:
1082:
27:American political organization
2758:FEC.gov – Speechnow.org v. FEC
1414:Congress A to Z Online Edition
1385:"Leadership PACs and Sponsors"
1027:
996:
967:
952:
919:
898:
870:
840:
802:
74:Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
13:
1:
3160:Lobbying in the United States
2832:Lobbying in the United States
1825:The Christian Science Monitor
1489:"Political Action Committees"
795:
780:Politics of the United States
770:Lobbying in the United States
509:
278:
70:Federal Election Campaign Act
2512:Gold, Matea (July 6, 2015).
1337:U.S. News & World Report
1256:The Public Opinion Quarterly
732:American Bankers Association
469:publicly traded corporations
7:
2662:Federal Election Commission
2569:Federal Election Commission
2187:Center for Public Integrity
1941:Federal Election Commission
1389:Federal Election Commission
1305:Federal Election Commission
1216:"Where the Money Came From"
926:Ely, James W. Jr. (2012) .
852:Kentucky Secretary of State
738:
710:AT&T Inc. – $ 2,609,400
637:AT&T Inc. – $ 2,742,000
426:Federal Election Commission
422:Center for Public Integrity
121:Campaign Reform Act of 2002
119:overturned sections of the
87:
66:Federal Election Commission
48:for or against candidates,
10:
3176:
2952:Major single-issue lobbies
2860:Political action committee
2593:"Meet the super super PAC"
913:Federal Election Committee
655:Majority Committee PAC, a
542:Top PACs by election cycle
525:2020 presidential election
513:
501:2020 presidential election
488:2016 presidential election
439:2012 presidential election
198:fastest-growing category.
172:
131:
34:political action committee
3116:
3017:
2951:
2895:
2847:
2838:
1802:"Genesis of a super name"
264:National Portrait Gallery
208:independent expenditures
68:(FEC), according to the
32:In the United States, a
1937:"Campaign finance data"
1064:Lehne, Richard (2012).
1009:About.com U.S. Politics
936:Oxford University Press
750:501(c)(4) organizations
293:and, two months later,
1231:Check date values in:
1005:"What is a Super PAC?"
714:Blue Cross/Blue Shield
705:American Crystal Sugar
401:
112:Citizens United v. FEC
3150:Political terminology
2887:Legislative scorecard
2334:Campaign Legal Center
2044:"Timely Tips Archive"
1901:10.1089/elj.2010.9408
643:Comcast – $ 2,664,500
433:Campaign Legal Center
396:
247:Speaker of the House
173:Further information:
3124:Congressional caucus
2402:. February 20, 2012.
2378:"Winning Our Future"
2218:Ohio Capital Journal
2050:on February 16, 2016
1661:. September 9, 2022.
1524:Birnbaum, Jeffrey H.
1365:on December 20, 2009
1015:on November 12, 2012
295:Speechnow.org v. FEC
2796:Sunlight Foundation
2644:The Washington Post
2625:The Washington Post
2101:The Washington Post
1844:The Huffington Post
1559:. February 11, 2004
1532:The Washington Post
1522:Weisman, Jonathan;
2974:Federal leadership
2787:PoliticalMoneyLine
2400:The New York Times
2127:The New York Times
1885:Briffault, Richard
1641:The New York Times
1395:on March 10, 2012.
1268:10.1093/poq/nfi022
765:Issue advocacy ads
599:House Freedom Fund
454:Winning Our Future
446:Restore Our Future
309:The result of the
193:Non-connected PACs
154:Smith–Connally Act
72:as amended by the
50:ballot initiatives
40:) is a tax-exempt
3132:
3131:
3091:Anti-Israel lobby
3067:
2516:. Washington Post
2332:(Press release).
2010:on March 8, 2012.
1702:(June 30, 2011).
1526:(July 11, 2006).
1503:on March 18, 2008
1432:"Leadership PACs"
1161:978-1-324-04692-9
984:. January 6, 2012
848:"Civics Glossary"
815:(10th ed.).
580:PAC – $ 2,849,740
416:Pop-up super PACs
353:According to FEC
324:Steven T. Walther
109:In its 2010 case
62:political finance
16:(Redirected from
3167:
3065:
2877:Campaign finance
2872:527 organization
2825:
2818:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2565:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2509:
2494:
2493:
2492:on June 9, 2012.
2488:. Archived from
2486:The Boston Globe
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2363:The New Republic
2354:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2158:on July 14, 2017
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2046:. Archived from
2040:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2006:. Archived from
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1920:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1861:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1770:. July 20, 2010.
1765:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1741:on March 4, 2016
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1651:
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1632:
1626:
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1613:
1607:
1606:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1499:. Archived from
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1469:on April 8, 2016
1465:. Archived from
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1420:on July 8, 2011.
1416:. Archived from
1403:
1397:
1396:
1391:. Archived from
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1361:. Archived from
1348:
1342:
1341:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1311:on March 3, 2016
1297:
1288:
1287:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1219:
1212:
1203:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1173:
1165:
1147:
1138:
1137:
1121:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1061:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1011:. Archived from
1000:
994:
993:
991:
989:
979:
971:
965:
956:
950:
949:
923:
917:
916:
910:
902:
896:
895:
893:
891:
874:
868:
867:
865:
863:
844:
838:
837:
835:
833:
806:
659:associated with
578:Northrop Grumman
535:Elizabeth Warren
367:Disclosure rules
347:National Journal
235:Bose Corporation
159:Buckley v. Valeo
42:527 organization
21:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3112:
3013:
2947:
2923:Organized labor
2891:
2855:Direct lobbying
2843:
2834:
2829:
2790:dot-com company
2763:OpenSecrets.org
2749:
2744:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2692:
2688:
2673:
2669:
2664:. January 2015.
2656:
2655:
2651:
2636:
2632:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2563:
2559:
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2554:
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2542:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2510:
2497:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2456:OpenSecrets.org
2450:
2449:
2445:
2430:
2426:
2411:
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2394:
2393:
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2348:
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2319:
2309:
2307:
2295:
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2281:
2279:
2269:
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2264:
2254:
2252:
2249:Washington Post
2240:
2233:
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2221:
2209:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2178:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2146:
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2141:
2131:
2129:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2004:Alaska Dispatch
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1970:
1966:
1959:OpenSecrets.org
1953:
1952:
1948:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1864:Yale Law School
1856:
1855:
1851:
1836:
1832:
1817:
1813:
1798:
1794:
1787:Component Parts
1779:
1775:
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1758:
1754:
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1729:
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1724:
1714:
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1697:
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1666:
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1648:
1633:
1629:
1614:
1610:
1595:
1591:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1493:OpenSecrets.org
1487:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1455:
1451:
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1430:
1429:
1425:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1383:
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1368:
1366:
1349:
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1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1248:
1244:
1232:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1191:
1187:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1062:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1001:
997:
987:
985:
977:
973:
972:
968:
957:
953:
946:
928:Hall, Kermit L.
924:
920:
908:
904:
903:
899:
889:
887:
883:
875:
871:
861:
859:
858:on June 7, 2013
846:
845:
841:
831:
829:
827:
807:
803:
798:
741:
670:
618:
555:
544:
527:
518:
512:
503:
490:
441:
418:
369:
320:Club for Growth
311:Citizens United
281:
272:fashion stylist
223:
204:
202:Leadership PACs
195:
186:
177:
171:
134:
125:Citizens United
90:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3173:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3130:
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3127:
3126:
3120:
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3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3027:
3025:
3023:ethnic lobbies
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2984:Foreign policy
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2959:Administration
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2943:Transportation
2940:
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2928:Pharmaceutical
2925:
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2915:
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2748:
2747:External links
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1895:(4): 273–303.
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877:52 U.S.C.
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377:electioneering
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184:Connected PACs
182:
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169:Categorization
167:
146:Sidney Hillman
144:and headed by
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18:Leadership PAC
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1925:. p. 10.
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2339:December 3,
2310:December 3,
2282:December 3,
2255:December 3,
2224:December 3,
2193:December 3,
2162:January 13,
2132:February 1,
2106:January 13,
2080:January 13,
2054:January 13,
1983:November 4,
1869:January 13,
1745:January 13,
1678:OpenSecrets
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1473:January 13,
1436:OpenSecrets
1315:January 13,
1233:|date=
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1019:December 9,
963:§ 441b
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547:OpenSecrets
476:OpenSecrets
465:OpenSecrets
450:Mitt Romney
389:OpenSecrets
260:Smithsonian
150:Tillman Act
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3139:Categories
2865:Hybrid PAC
2723:"Top PACs"
1715:August 11,
1507:January 4,
1358:ProPublica
1218:. 9/22/24.
1133:0887380786
862:January 4,
796:References
790:Dark money
785:Soft money
775:Money loop
516:Hybrid PAC
510:Hybrid PAC
373:disclosure
355:advisories
279:Super PACs
2918:Insurance
2419:CNN Money
1859:"Unknown"
1684:August 1,
1622:USA TODAY
1557:USA Today
1276:0033-362X
1170:cite book
1044:August 3,
1039:USA Today
529:In 2019,
381:donations
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3117:See also
3098:Pakistan
3019:Diaspora
3004:Retirees
2979:Feminism
2964:Abortion
2933:Software
2598:Politico
2438:Politico
1806:Politico
1709:CBS News
1659:CBS News
1584:Fox News
1463:NBC News
1224:cite web
739:See also
572:AT&T
336:Politico
88:Overview
3076:Ireland
3053:Armenia
2938:Tobacco
2841:History
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1537:May 22,
1284:3521578
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832:May 13,
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3071:Greece
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2908:Energy
2881:reform
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