1064:, Hillman built upon the conservative job-oriented unionism that dominated the American scene, discarding his youthful radicalism and opposition to capitalism. Hillman was realistic, nonideological, and eager for tangible results. Under Hillman's leadership, the Amalgamated became an active partner in the men's clothing business, building two banks, fostering low-cost unemployment insurance, and setting up internal educational and social support programs for union members. This was the "New Unionism"of the 1920s, which combined a large powerful union, with many small capitalist enterprises, all of them controlled by Jews who could talk together easily. Hillman's broader perspective gave him a leading role in forming the CIO and establishing entirely new mass-production unions that confronted not small local Jewish capitalists but world-class corporations. Hillman also was a pioneer in integrating union power with major political powers on a national level. The New Deal had proven a bonanza for union membership growth, and beginning with the 1936 presidential election, Hillman pushed hard for labor to give systematic nationwide support to Roosevelt and the New Deal cause. His main rival was John L. Lewis, who broke with Roosevelt, and with the CIO, leaving Hillman the central labor politician in the national Democratic Party.
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771:, whom Hillman used to inflict strongarm tactics on his communist opponents within the union. Beckerman and Philip Orlofsky, another local officer in Cutters Local 4, made sweetheart deals with manufacturers that allowed them to subcontract to cut rate subcontractors out of town, using Buchalter's trucking companies to bring the goods back and forth.
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had Orgen assassinated in 1927 in order to take over his operations. Buchalter took an interest in the industry, acquiring ownership of a number of trucking firms and control of local unions of truckdrivers in the garment district, while acquiring an ownership interest in some garment firms and local
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Within the AFL, Hillman was one of the strongest advocates for organizing the mass production industries, such as automobile manufacture and steel, where unions had almost no presence, as well as the textile industry, which was only partially organized. He was one of the original founders in 1935 of
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it, furnishing strikebreakers and signing contracts with struck employers, in the years to come. He helped the
Amalgamated solidify its gains and extend its power in Chicago through a series of strikes in the last half of the 1910s and to extend the union's membership into important garment centers
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in New York in early 1914. He found that job, in which he tried to maintain the stability imposed on a ferociously competitive industry by the
Protocols of Peace, and in which the internal rivalries within the union threatened to flare up into all-out conflict, frustrating. When the insurgents who
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in 1936, an ostensibly independent party that served as a halfway house for
Socialists and other leftists who wanted to support FDR's reelection but were not prepared to join the Democratic Party, with its alliance with the most reactionary white elites in the South. Dubinsky later split from the
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While battling the CP, Hillman turned a blind eye to the infiltration of gangsters within the union. The garment industry had been riddled for decades with small-time gangsters, who ran protection and loansharking rackets while offering muscle in labor disputes. First hired to strongarm strikers,
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Under
Hillman's leadership, the union tried to moderate the fierce competition between employers in the industry by imposing industry wide working standards, thereby taking wages and hours out of the competitive calculus. The ACWA tried to regulate the industry in other ways, arranging loans and
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in which government helped mediate between labor and management. The government's interest in maintaining production and avoiding disruptive strikes helped the
Amalgamated organize non-union outposts such as Rochester and control the cutthroat competition that had prevailed in the industry for
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Certainly, I believe in collaborating with the employers! That is what unions are for. I even believe in helping an employer function more productively. For then, we will have a claim to higher wages, shorter hours, and greater participation in the benefits of running a smooth industrial
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While the campaign cleaned up the ACWA, it did not drive
Buchalter out of the industry. The union may, in fact, have made a deal of some sort with Buchalter, although no evidence has ever surfaced, despite intensive efforts to find it by political opponents of the union, such as
807:. Buchalter claimed, before his execution in 1944, that he had never had any deal with either Hillman or Dubinsky, head of the ILGWU. He did claim to have murdered a factory owner and labour opponents of Hillman at Hillman's behest, a claim which was never corroborated.
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conducting efficiency studies for financially troubled employers. Hillman also favored "constructive cooperation" with employers, relying on arbitration rather than strikes to resolve disputes during the life of a contract. As
Hillman explained his philosophy in 1938:
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march ever conducted by the organization through the streets of Kovno in 1904. Hillman was arrested shortly thereafter for his revolutionary activities and sat in prison for several months, where he learned more about revolutionary social theory from fellow prisoners.
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Hillman and Lewis eventually had a falling out, with Lewis advocating a more independent tack in dealing with the federal government than
Hillman. Lewis, however, gradually distanced himself from the CIO, finally resigning as its head and then withdrawing the
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Buchalter, who had provided services for some locals of the
Amalgamated during the 1920s. also acquired influence within the ACWA. One of his allies within the ACWA was Abraham Beckerman, a prominent member of the Socialist Party with close ties to
961:. Hillman's prioritization of emergency production for national defense over labor radicalism brought him criticism from others within the CIO, as when he stood with the Roosevelt administration's decision to send in troops to break a
1004:, Hillman raised nearly $ 1 million on behalf of the Democrat national ticket. Hillman was also credited with grass roots activities, registering labor voters and bringing them in heavy numbers to the polls. In 1945, he attended the
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Hillman also believed in the need for unions to mobilize their members politically. He and Lewis founded Labor's Non-Partisan League, which campaigned for
Roosevelt in 1936 and again in 1940, even though Lewis himself had endorsed
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564:. Hillman was particularly receptive to the opportunities that government intervention in labor relations presented the union; he not only did not have the ingrained distrust of governmental regulation that now marked
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Mayor of New York, to crack down on racketeering in the garment district, Hillman then seized control of Local 4, expelling Beckerman and Orlofsky from the union, then taking action against corrupt union officials in
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affiliate. When the UGW accepted an inadequate settlement, the membership rejected the offer and continued the strike, winning some gains at Hart, Schaffner. Hillman became a business agent for the new local.
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As in the case in World War I, Hillman used the influence of the federal government to advance both labor's social goals and its immediate organizing needs. Hillman was unable to persuade the Board to
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ticket in 1924, Hillman never faced the sort of volcanic upsurge that nearly tore apart the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union during this period and never undertook the wholesale purges that
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phase. Hillman led the union into a joint business project with the Soviet Union that brought western technology and principles of industrial management to ten clothing factories in the Soviet Union.
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in 1919, but came away in an even stronger position. By 1920, the union had contracts with 85 percent of men's garment manufacturers in the city and had reduced the workweek to 44 hours.
709:, with whom Hillman and the Amalgamated already had strained relations. While Hillman's relationship with the Communist Party ultimately broke up in the conflict over whether to support
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were announced in 1950. In addition, from 1949 to 1995 the foundation made annual awards honoring public figures who pursue social justice and public policy for the common good.
521:(b.1889). She was one of the original leaders of the 1910 strike, an important figure in union politics and his fiancée. Hillman accepted and left the ILG after less than a year.
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loyalties. When it tried to disenfranchise those locals' members at the UGW's 1914 convention, those locals, representing two thirds of the union's membership, bolted to form the
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823:, whose promise of legal protection for workers' right to organize brought thousands of garment workers back to the ACWA. The AFL finally allowed the ACWA to affiliate in 1933.
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forced the Russian socialist movement back underground. Hillman joined the exodus of revolutionaries from the country in October 1906, traveling under a false passport through
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and lack of concern for material possessions. Hillman's father was himself an impoverished merchant, more concerned with reading and prayer than with his faltering business.
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In Chicago, Hillman worked briefly picking orders in a warehouse for $ 6 a week. He then found a slightly better-paying job as a clerk in the infants' wear department of
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That policy ended in 1919, when employers in nearly every industry with a history of unionism went on the offensive. The ACWA not only survived a four-month lockout in
877:, with more than 100,000 members, came out of that effort in 1939. Hillman also played a decisive role in mediating the internal disputes that nearly destroyed the
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When a spontaneous strike by a handful of women workers there led to a citywide strike of 45,000 garment workers in 1910, Hillman was a rank-and-file leader in the
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Things did not proceed as planned, however. While in Slobodka, Hillman began to regularly attend the secret meetings of an illegal study circle headed by a local
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795:. In the course of that strike the union picketed a number of trucks run by Buchalter's companies to prevent them from bringing finished goods back to New York.
1557:
Guide to the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America records, #5619. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library.
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1112:, established in his honor, gives annual awards to journalists and writers for work that supports social justice and progressive public policy. The first
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had walked out of the UGW convention to form the Amalgamated sent him a telegram imploring him to accept the Presidency, followed by another telegram from
391:, engaging in the distribution of leaflets, raising funds for the revolutionary organization, and informally speaking on the streets to groups of workers.
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some went to work for unions, who used them first for self-defense, then to intimidate strikebreakers and recalcitrant employers. ILG locals used "Dopey"
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Profiles of Eleven: Profiles of Eleven Men Who Guided the Destiny of an Immigrant Society and Stimulated Social Consciousness among the American People.
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The leadership of the international union mistrusted the more militant local leadership in Chicago and in other large urban locals, which had strong
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reduced the Amalgamated's membership to one third or less of its former strength. Like many other unions, the ACWA revived with the passage of the
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489:. That strike was a bitter one and pitted the strikers against not only their employers and the local authorities, but also their own union, the
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Hillman played a role in nearly every major initiative of the CIO in those years. He oversaw, and provided major financial support for, the
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Hillman's belief in stability as the basis for progress was linked with a willingness to embrace industrial engineering approaches, such as
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in 1941. (The strikers' wage demands were soon conceded in arbitration, which the Communist-supported strike had forestalled.)
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Hillman remained in that position for nearly two years before being fired in the spring of 1909 during a downturn of business.
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in the Bronx was the first limited equity housing cooperative in the United States. It was funded and inspired by Hillman and
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In 1931, Hillman resolved to act against Buchalter, Beckerman, and Orlofsky. He began by orchestrating public demands on
625:, that sought to rationalize the work processes as well. This put Hillman and the ACW leadership at odds with the strong
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and other leaders of the ILGWU used to stay in power. By the end of the decade, after fighting and losing battles in
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magazine. The ad mentions that the bank is owned and operated by the Amalgamated Clothing Workers. It lists chairman
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Hillman, who had been sick for some time, died of a heart attack at age 59 on July 10, 1946, at his summer home in
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862:, and became Vice-President of the CIO when it established itself as a separate union confederation in 1937.
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in the early 1920s; it also further alienated him from those in the Socialist Party and associated with the
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in conflict with the Tsarist authorities. Hillman became a leading activist in the Bund, leading the first
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in 1933 and to the National Industrial Recovery Board in 1934. Hillman provided key assistance to Senator
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From a young age Sidney had shown great academic promise, mastering the rote memorization upon which the
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and his sluggers, who were more often hired by unions than employers although they were thugs for hire.
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David Brody, "Hillman, Sidney " in John A . Garraty, ed., ;; Encyclopedia of American Biography
1071:, took a far less visible role within the CIO, a federation which re-united with the AFL in 1955. The
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Hillman knew the risks he was taking. The AFL refused to recognize the new union and the UGW regularly
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In the summer of 1907, Hillman emigrated once again, this time setting out for America aboard the
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parents. Sidney's maternal grandfather was a small-scale merchant; his paternal grandfather was a
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education of the day was based. By the age of 13, Hillman had memorized several volumes of the
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The ACWA also benefited from the relatively pro-union stance of the federal government during
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The unemployed Hillman found work in the garment industry as an apprentice garment cutter for
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Korman, Gerd. "New Jewish politics for an American labor leader: Sidney Hillman, 1942-1946."
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By 1905 Hillman — along with many others in the Bund — had come to identify himself with the
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as his attorney. Both Hillman and Lowenthal were also among the original directors of the
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223:(March 23, 1887 – July 10, 1946) was an American labor leader. He was the head of the
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from it in 1942. Hillman remained in it, still the second most visible leader after
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The ACWA pioneered a version of "social unionism" in the 1920s that offered low-cost
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Hillman's support for the Soviet experiment won him the enthusiastic support of the
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between labor sluggers eliminated many of the earliest racketeers. "Little Augie"
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1538:(1994) 82:195–213; argues that Hillman became an active Zionist in 1942-1946.
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and Roosevelt from the outset. FDR named him to the Labor Advisory Board of the
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on August 8. Hillman's prospects were poor in New York and he soon set out for
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Labor Party over personal and political differences with Hillman to found the
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that Hillman had helped create passed out of existence in that same year.
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in 1942, he appointed Hillman to serve as the head of its labor division.
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took over the racket, providing muscle for the ILGWU in the 1926 strike.
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Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,
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The Prophetic Minority: American Jewish Immigrant Radicals, 1880s-1920.
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pp. 70, 117, 127-8, 137, 140-3, 160, Random House, New York, NY, 2012.
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On the other hand, it made Hillman receptive in the early 1920s to the
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and Rochester, the CP was no longer a significant force in the union.
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656:(RAIC) at 31 Union Square, New York City, launched by Hillman with
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tendencies within the union's membership, many of whom believed in
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and other leaders of the AFL, but had a firm belief in the sort of
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678:, cashier Leroy Peterson, and directors including Sidney Hillman,
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through the CIO's Department Store Workers Organizing Committee.
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pp. 35-6, 74-81, 257, Bobbs-Merrill Co., Indianapolis, IN, 1945.
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Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor.
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Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor.
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Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Workers Union of America
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Early in 1903, Hillman passed from the training grounds of the
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Young union president Sidney Hillman as he appeared in 1922.
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Vice presidents of the Congress of Industrial Organizations
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sponsored by the Amalgamated Clothing Workers and part of
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Hillman had taken the position of Chief Clerk within the
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Fraser, Steven. "Sidney Hillman Labor's Machiavelli" in
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Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
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Board of Control and Labor Standards for Army Clothing
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Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985; pg. 95.
387:. Hillman played only a minor local role during the
1008:in London alongside many renowned trade unionists.
854:the Committee for Industrial Organizing (later the
645:'s reconstruction efforts, particularly during its
298:, a small town across the river from the city of
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541:. Manning ramparts for Hillman in Rochester was
351:study circle to fully fledged membership in the
981:that year. Hillman was the first chair of the
313:, and Hillman was here exposed to the works of
1667:Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America people
1328:"Amalgamated Bank of New York (advertisement)"
881:in its infancy in 1938 and helped create the
1652:American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
1526:Sidney Hillman, Statesman of American Labor.
1518:Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993.
1501:Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1965.
1131:International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union
1032:were married in 1916 and had two daughters.
674:, president R. L. Redheffer, vice president
584:Social unionism and economic rationalization
514:International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union
379:(RSDLP), identifying in particular with the
227:and was a key figure in the founding of the
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953:labor law violators but did help introduce
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652:The mechanism for this interaction was the
399:In 1906, Tsarist repression in the form of
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1528:New York: Doubleday & Company, 1952.
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1067:Hillman's successor as head of the ACWA,
909:Hillman addressing a 1944 political rally
1562:Newspaper clippings about Sidney Hillman
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1180:New York: The Free Press, 1991; pp. 3-4.
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1146:Russian-American Industrial Corporation
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654:Russian-American Industrial Corporation
507:Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
225:Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
51:Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
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446:, where a friend and a more favorable
231:and in marshaling labor's support for
1692:Burials at Westchester Hills Cemetery
1458:"This day, May 15, in Jewish history"
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596:to union members and founded a bank (
377:Russian Social Democratic Labor Party
1417:FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944
1136:Congress of Industrial Organizations
867:Textile Workers Organizing Committee
856:Congress of Industrial Organizations
229:Congress of Industrial Organizations
1052:, 20 miles north of New York City.
1020:The mausoleum of Sidney Hillman in
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1594:Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union
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1395:. New York: Grosset & Dunlap.
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664:of New York, as advertised in the
633:as a principle as well as tactic.
468:Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union
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925:Hillman was a strong opponent of
913:Hillman and Dubinsky founded the
16:American labor leader (1887–1946)
1662:American Labor Party politicians
1392:RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon
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996:of the CIO led formation of the
957:as an alternative to strikes in
875:Textile Workers Union of America
832:National Recovery Administration
821:National Industrial Recovery Act
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263:, on March 23, 1887, the son of
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1080:Amalgamated Housing Cooperative
939:Office of Production Management
929:and a supporter of U.S. aid to
826:Hillman was a supporter of the
539:Industrial Workers of the World
359:union of Jewish workers within
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233:President Franklin D. Roosevelt
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1687:Writers about the Soviet Union
1672:American democratic socialists
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983:CIO Political Action Committee
941:in 1941. When FDR created the
871:United Textile Workers' strike
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1110:The Sidney Hillman Foundation
1060:According to labor historian
1044:. His body was interred in a
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1677:American trade union leaders
1006:World Trade Union Conference
846:in winning enactment of the
840:National Labor Relations Act
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7:
1637:People from Shavelsky Uyezd
1566:20th Century Press Archives
1356:Masters of Mass Production,
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1088:Hillman Housing Corporation
552:, during which the federal
251:Sidney Hillman was born in
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1050:Westchester Hills Cemetery
1022:Westchester Hills Cemetery
842:and to Secretary of Labor
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389:Russian Revolution of 1905
150:Westchester Hills Cemetery
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1552:Sidney Hillman Foundation
1156:Bessie Abramowitz Hillman
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920:Liberal Party of New York
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1460:. Cleveland Jewish News.
1425:Indiana University Press
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848:Fair Labor Standards Act
811:Great Depression and CIO
738:Fighting organized crime
705:under the leadership of
455:Sears, Roebuck & Co.
329:in Russian translation.
1536:American Jewish History
1389:Nixon, Richard (1978).
1042:Point Lookout, New York
967:North American Aviation
838:in the drafting of the
760:Louis "Lepke" Buchalter
711:Robert La Follette, Sr.
139:Point Lookout, New York
1427:, 2011), pp. 327-328;
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987:1948 Progressive Party
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684:Fiorello H. La Guardia
594:unemployment insurance
491:United Garment Workers
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1114:Sidney Hillman Awards
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971:Inglewood, California
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556:enforced a policy of
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1578:Trade union offices
1524:Josephson, Matthew.
1151:American Labor Party
1073:American Labor Party
943:War Production Board
915:American Labor Party
901:Political activities
897:, Lewis' successor.
570:industrial democracy
1096:Cooperative Village
1092:housing cooperative
891:United Mine Workers
879:United Auto Workers
699:Communist Party USA
647:New Economic Policy
627:anarcho-syndicalist
590:cooperative housing
535:Rochester, New York
259:, then part of the
1632:People from Žagarė
1472:(1974) pp 522-523.
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959:defense industries
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785:Newark, New Jersey
688:Joseph Schlossberg
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355:, a revolutionary
237:New Deal coalition
74:Office established
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1601:Succeeded by
1592:President of the
1508:(1987): 207-233.
1497:Epstein, Melech.
1433:978-0-253-35683-3
1415:David M. Jordan,
1402:978-0-448-14374-3
1377:978-1-4000-6964-4
1030:Bessie Abramowitz
719:Progressive Party
713:'s candidacy for
676:Jacob S. Potofsky
562:union recognition
519:Bessie Abramowitz
493:, a conservative
311:political economy
265:Lithuanian Jewish
218:
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180:Bessie Abramowitz
49:President of the
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1598:1914–1946
1583:Preceded by
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1514:Fraser, Steven.
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1249:Labor Will Rule,
1245:
1236:
1233:Labor Will Rule,
1229:
1223:
1220:Labor Will Rule,
1216:
1210:
1207:Labor Will Rule,
1203:
1197:
1194:Labor Will Rule,
1190:
1181:
1174:
836:Robert F. Wagner
817:Great Depression
805:Westbrook Pegler
662:Amalgamated Bank
598:Amalgamated Bank
381:internationalism
323:John Stuart Mill
241:Democratic Party
192:
190:
135:
110:
108:
96:Personal details
82:
70:
61:
38:
33:
19:
18:
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1642:Lithuanian Jews
1612:
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1494:
1492:Further reading
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1100:Lower East Side
1058:
1038:
1014:
979:Wendell Willkie
903:
844:Frances Perkins
813:
740:
680:August Bellanca
639:
606:Clarence Darrow
586:
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397:
345:
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327:Herbert Spencer
249:
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191: 1916)
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164:Political party
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1546:External links
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992:In July 1943,
963:wildcat strike
902:
899:
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778:, the corrupt
739:
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724:David Dubinsky
672:Hyman Blumberg
638:
635:
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566:Samuel Gompers
560:in return for
543:Paul Blanshard
474:
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403:and organized
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271:known for his
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703:Daily Forward
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669:
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658:Max Lowenthal
655:
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631:direct action
628:
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578:New York City
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450:awaited him.
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440:New York City
437:
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385:Julius Martov
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927:Nazi Germany
924:
912:
887:
864:
852:
825:
814:
801:Thomas Dewey
797:
789:Pennsylvania
780:Tammany Hall
776:Jimmy Walker
773:
768:
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750:Internecine
749:
741:
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692:Max Zaritsky
665:
651:
643:Soviet Union
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438:arriving in
432:
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401:police raids
398:
375:wing of the
370:
346:
338:Early career
304:
289:
279:
277:
250:
220:
219:
210:Labor leader
134:(1946-07-10)
81:Succeeded by
73:
58:
1627:1946 deaths
1622:1887 births
1062:David Brody
1048:located at
955:arbitration
769:The Forward
756:Jacob Orgen
617:machine....
602:Jane Addams
558:labor peace
550:World War I
296:Vilijampolė
156:Nationality
69:Preceded by
1682:UNITE HERE
1616:Categories
1421:Blomington
1341:August 20,
1337:, May 1923
1277:pp. 14-15.
1162:References
793:New Jersey
745:Benny Fein
637:Bolshevism
448:job market
429:White Star
413:Manchester
247:Early life
207:Occupation
107:1887-03-23
1104:Manhattan
1046:mausoleum
969:plant in
715:President
667:Liberator
623:Taylorism
573:decades.
531:Baltimore
503:Socialist
473:Formation
373:Menshevik
357:socialist
319:Karl Marx
257:Lithuania
122:Lithuania
63:1914–1946
59:In office
1657:Bundists
1313:Fraser,
1289:Fraser,
1273:Fraser,
1260:Fraser,
1247:Fraser,
1231:Fraser,
1218:Fraser,
1205:Fraser,
1192:Fraser,
1120:See also
828:New Deal
763:unions.
728:Montreal
361:the Pale
307:druggist
235:and the
199:Children
35:Hillman
1568:of the
1564:in the
1317:pg. 23.
1293:pg. 20.
1264:pg. 18.
1251:pg. 14.
1235:pg. 13.
1222:pg. 12.
1209:pg. 11.
1141:CIO-PAC
998:CIO-PAC
965:at the
931:England
752:warfare
732:Toronto
717:on the
444:Chicago
423:Chicago
417:England
409:Germany
405:pogroms
365:May Day
349:Marxist
291:yeshiva
239:of the
193:
185:
159:Russian
1540:online
1530:online
1520:online
1510:online
1431:
1399:
1375:
1196:pg. 9.
1056:Legacy
935:France
690:, and
526:raided
487:strike
434:Cedric
431:liner
343:Russia
333:Career
325:, and
300:Kaunas
286:Talmud
281:cheder
253:Žagarė
174:Spouse
141:, U.S.
114:Žagarė
1331:(PDF)
1036:Death
951:debar
273:piety
269:rabbi
187:(
183:
120:(now
1429:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1373:ISBN
1343:2017
1090:, a
1078:The
1002:1944
933:and
815:The
803:and
791:and
604:and
592:and
533:and
353:Bund
129:Died
101:Born
39:1940
1570:ZBW
1102:of
1098:in
989:).
529:in
495:AFL
411:to
383:of
294:in
1618::
1423::
1333:,
1298:^
1282:^
1240:^
1185:^
1169:^
1106:.
922:.
850:.
730:,
694:.
686:,
682:,
545:.
509:.
415:,
321:,
317:,
255:,
243:.
189:m.
116:,
37:c.
1419:(
1405:.
1379:.
1024:.
436:,
202:2
124:)
109:)
105:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
