1033:, a 10.5' pole sticking up out of the lakebed was discovered by private marine company Great Lakes Exploration Group, founded by Steve and Kathie Libert. After years of legal squabbles the Michigan Department of Natural Resources issued a permit, and on 16 June 2013, an underwater pit was dug allowing US and French archeologists to examine the object for the first time. They discovered a 15-inch slab of blackened wood that might have been a human-fashioned cultural artifact. On 19 June 2013, teams of archaeologists determined the wood pole whose full length was 19', was not attached to a ship, and retrieved it from the lake. The archaeologists split, some concluding it was likely a bowsprit dating from a ship hundreds of years old, and others that it was a common pound net stake used for fishing nets in the 19th century. Later radio carbon dating was inconclusive, indicating it could have been fashioned between 1660 and 1950. During excavation of the pole, another nearby area was searched. Sonar showed an object approximately 40 by 18 feet (12.2 by 5.5 m) (similar to the dimensions of
1004:
and identified as
Natives at that time. By coincidence, six was the number of sailors on Le Griffin. Found with the skeletons were a number of metal tokens reportedly with French markings, and a silver watch later dated to the 17th century. The possible remains of Le Griffon were found in 1898 by lighthouse keeper Albert Cullis, on a beach on the western edge of Manitoulin Island in northern Lake Huron. Results of testing some of the artifacts were disputed. According to one report the wreck had no centerboard; keel was an oak timber a foot square-it was fastened to two parallel timbers running fore and aft inside the ship. Fastenings were 36 inch iron bolts. At the turn of the bilge the hewed timbers which formed the bottom grooved for grounding keels. Bolts and spikes were crude workmanship cut from square bars and threads formed by forcing a nut into the bar and then finished by hand. The iron was a type smelted by wood as fuel in France during the 1600's. Lead caulking was of a type used in French
916:
they gave themselves up for lost, unless they could succeed in disgusting the French with this mode of navigating; that the
Iroquois in particular, already preparing for a rupture with us, seized this opportunity to spread distrust of us among the Algonquin nations; that they succeeded, especially with the Ottawas, and that a troop of these last, seeing the Griffin at anchor in a bay, ran up under pretext of seeing a thing so novel to them; that, as no one distrusted them, they were allowed to go aboard, where there were only five men, who were massacred by these savages; that the murderers carried off all the cargo of the vessel, and then set it on fire. But how could all these details be known when we are moreover assured that no Ottawa ever mentioned it." Charlevoix does not say who the reporters could have been.
905:
particular that I cannot doubt it, who were taken with their four comrades in the river
Mississippi, while going up toward the Nadouessiou in bark canoes; that the four others were killed and eaten, this the pilot avoided by detonating one of the grenades that they had stolen from the barque and making them understand that if life were given to him and his comrade, he would destroy with similar ones the villages of the enemies of those who had captured them. These savages brought, the following spring, the Frenchmen to the village of the Missourites, where they went to treat for peace, and the pilot detonated, at their request, a grenade, in the presence of this young Pana who was there at the time. These rogues must have taken the plan, counseled by my enemies, to sink the barque and go by the Mississippi to join
901:
pilot who was with them moored at the north coast where they were lodged, believing the wind favorable for going to
Missilimakinac, as, in effect, it was on the beam, and not feeling the violence of it because of the closeness of the land over which it came, set sail against their advice, they having assured him that there was a great storm out in the lake where the lake appeared completely white; but the pilot ignoring them, replied that his ship had no fear of the wind, set sail, and the wind that was blowing increasing greatly, they noticed that he was obliged to furl all of his sails, with the exception of the two large ones, and that, however, the barque did not do more than traverse towards the islands offshore, bars of large sandbanks which extend more than two leagues offshore."
1041:
thus: "Our archeologist's review of recently published media images reveals the remains of a shipwreck that features typical late 19th-century Great Lakes shipbuilding materials and methodologies, and scantlings that are entirely too large to be a French colonial vessel. The keelson structure with mast steps, paired floors and futtocks, and ceiling timbers all suggest a sailing craft, probably a schooner or schooner-barge, that was built and operated during the last half of the 1800s. Additionally, this particular shipwreck is well-known, can be clearly seen on aerial imagery internet sites, and has been visited by state authorities."
513:
out of the ice. From there they struck out across the lake toward the mouth of the
Niagara River. They arrived late on 5 December, but the weather was rough and they did not want to run the surf and outflow of the river at night, so they stayed a few miles off shore. On 6 December, they landed safely on the east bank of the river at about where Lewiston, New York is today. They attempted to sail further upstream, but the current was too strong. Ice flowing down the river threatened to damage their little brigantine and after a cable was broken, they hauled the vessel ashore and into a small ravine for protection.
283:
485:. Arriving at Fort Frontenac in late September, he had neither the time for nor the interest in building a vessel at Fort Frontenac to transport building materials, some of which he had recently obtained in France, to a site above Niagara Falls where he could build his new ship. Beckwith's conclusion was that he chose one of his existing vessels, one of about ten tons burden, for sending the first group of men to Niagara. Some of La Salle's associates called this vessel a brigantine; others called it a bark. The accounts agree that this little vessel played a part in the building of
552:, and arrived at Tagarondies very shortly after La Motte and Hennepin had left. He was more successful in securing the Indians' tolerance of his proposed "big canoe" and support buildings. With La Salle back aboard their vessel, the company again sailed west until, about 25 miles (40 km) from Niagara, weather checked their progress. There was some disagreement between La Salle and the ship's pilot, and La Salle and Tonti went ahead on foot to Niagara. When they arrived there La Motte and Hennepin had not yet returned. While there La Salle selected a site for building
909:, who was among the Nadouessiou, after having taken the best of the merchandise which were inside to exchange for beaver and to withdraw to the baye du Nord, among the English, if their affairs went badly. This is all the more probable as the man named La Rivière, de Tours, who deserted me to follow du Luth, was in the barque, where I had left him after having recaptured him. They could not have taken this route without having passed the house of the Jesuits of the Bay, who have always acted ignorant of it...".
1009:
had salvaged iron from the wreck for harrow teeth and used lead from its seams for bullets and fishing weights. Sometime before 1930 a fisherman whose tug was in
Mississagi Straits pulling up his anchor found one fluke broken and the other had timbers of a wreck. In the 1930's a Navy commander and a state archeologist saw the hand hewn timbers of the wreck; all that was left was a section of the bottom 15 by 30 feet remained. A 2021 book concludes that Le Griffin was indeed wrecked at Manitoulin Island
992:
53:
315:
26:
269:
897:
where he was prevented him from knowing the strength of the wind. He was barely a quarter of a league from the shore when the savages saw the barque tossed in a manner so extraordinary that, unable to resist the storm even though all of the sails were lowered, a short time later they lost her from sight, and they believed that she was pushed against the shoals that are near the Isles
Huronnes, where she was buried."
568:
moored. When a strong wind suddenly arose, they could not make it back to the ship. The vessel dragged its anchor for about nine miles to the east before grounding and breaking up near present-day Thirty Mile Point. When La Salle heard of the loss (through a messenger or one of the natives), he left
Niagara and joined in the salvage effort. They recovered the anchors, chain, and most of the materials critical for
297:
478:." H. W. Beckwith says that in September 1678, La Salle "already had three small vessels on Lake Ontario, which he had made use of in a coasting trade with the Indians." None of these sources ascribe a name to any of these vessels. While the journals of Tonti, Hennepin, and LeClercq (participants with La Salle) do mention a little vessel of 10 tons, none of them apply a name to it.
411:
Ontario. His third expedition in 1682 retraced the second, then traversed the middle and lower
Mississippi River to its mouth on the Gulf of Mexico. His last expedition in 1684 starting from France explored an area on the Gulf coast in eastern Texas where he perished attempting to establish a French colony at the mouth of the Mississippi.
1052:, based on the bowstem, which to some resembles an ornamental griffin. Their claim was quickly debunked when Michigan authorities dove down on 9 June 2015 after receiving the coordinates to verify its authenticity. Michigan state maritime archaeologist Wayne R. Lusardi presented evidence that the wreck was, in fact, a
775:, to lash their yards to the deck, and drift at the mercy of storm. At noon the waves ran so high, and the lake became so rough, as to compel them to stand in for land." Father Hennepin wrote that during the fearful crisis of the storm, La Salle vowed that if God would deliver them, the first chapel erected in
1012:
The skeletons, and most of the artifacts collected from the two caves and the wreck, long stored in the lighthouse, were lost in a series of very unfortunate accidents. The remains of the wreck on the shore were washed away in a storm in 1942. All that is left today is a few pieces of iron, wood and
900:
The above is based on Abbe Bernou's rendition. La Salle's original letter, which survives, says: "The savages, named
Pottawatomies, told me that two days after his departure from the island where I had left him, the 18th of September 1679, this blast of wind of which I have told you being raised, the
1129:
Kingsford's text says Thirty-nine Mile Point, but modern charts do not show that name. Thirty Mile Point is an established location and fits better with the rest of the narrative. That would also put their forward progress on 8 January, at about 20 miles (32 km) from Niagara. It is not clear if
1008:
of the period. A couple of lead cups like the end of a plunger for opening drains . An old indian told lighthouse keeper William Grant that the wreck had been there during the boyhood of his father in 1780s–1790s. The wreck had always been in the memories of the oldest inhabitants; earliest settlers
915:
After these, history becomes legend. Charlevoix, the early chronicler of the Jesuits (who was not present at these events), says: "No very authentic tidings were had of it after it left the bay. Some have reported that the Indians no sooner perceived this large vessel sailing over their lakes, than
536:
a village about 75 miles (120 km) east of Niagara and about 20 miles (32 km) south of Lake Ontario. They wished to secure a reliable truce lest the natives interfere with their projects. Negotiations with the Senecas were only moderately successful, so when they left the village they still
512:
and to erect necessary structures for shelter, storage, and defense. Because the wind was strong from the north, they sailed close to the north shore of the lake, putting in for the nights in various bays along the way. Somewhere near present-day Toronto they were frozen in and had to chop their way
469:
by 1 August 1673, "had already ordered the construction of a vessel on Ontario to be used as an auxiliary force to Fort Frontenac." He also says that at Fort Frontenac in 1676, La Salle "laid the keels of the vessels which he depended on to frighten the English." J. C. Mills quotes a letter from La
1472:
A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America ... Between New-France and New-Mexico ...; with a Continuation, giving an Account of the attempts of the Sieur de la Salle upon the mines of St. Barbe; the taking of Quebec by the English; with the advantages of a shorter cut to China and Japan; to which
646:
of merchants and traders who feared La Salle would break their monopoly on the fur trade. When the Seneca again threatened to burn the ship, she was launched earlier than planned in Cayuga Creek channel of the upper Niagara River with ceremony and the roar of her cannons. A party from the Iroquois
410:
The sailing of Le Griffin from the temporary outpost just south of Niagara Falls on the upper Niagara River to Green Bay was part of La Salle's 2nd of four expeditions which ended at the mouth of the Illinois River on the Mississippi. His first expedition in 1669 had aborted somewhere south of Lake
1003:
in Lake Huron, manned by a resident keeper. A shipwreck was on the adjacent shore a mile north of the Mississagi lighthouse on Manitoulin Island. In 1887, four skeletons were discovered in a depression behind a boulder, and two more in another nearby limestone cave. They were wrapped in birchbark,
919:
In his biography of La Salle first published in 1869, Parkman, who at that time may have been in possession of unpublished material acquired indirectly via Pierre Margry, wrote in a footnote that became a focus of writers and historians that followed, concerning a letter written by La Salle to the
896:
La Salle's account was as follows: "The barque having anchored at the north of the Lac des Illinois, the pilot, against the opinion of some savages who assured him that there was a great storm in the middle of the lake, wanted to continue his voyage without considering that the sheltered location
892:
There are three accounts from among La Salle's party regarding the fate of Le Griffon: Father Hennepin's, La Salle's own, and that of Henri Tonti. Hennepin said: "They sailed the 18th of September with a Westerly Wind, and fir'd a Gun to take their leave. Tho' the Wind was favorable, it was never
251:
had previously explored. The ship landed on an island in northern Lake Michigan adjacent to Green Bay where the local tribes had gathered with animal pelts to trade with the French. La Salle and company disembarked and on 18 September sent the ship back toward Niagara. On its return trip from the
1040:
In 2018, Great Lakes Exploration group, using satellite and aerial images, located a shipwreck and debris field 3.8 miles from the excavated site. In response to a request to excavate the wreck, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources in an email, has dismissed the Liberts' claim, detailing
584:
under Tonti's care, and set out on foot to return to Fort Frontenac. While frozen rivers made traveling easy, finding food was not. He arrived there nearly starved only to find that his detractors had succeeded in stirring up doubt and opposition with his creditors. Addressing his problems long
567:
After La Salle and Tonti left, the pilot and the rest of the crew were to follow with the supply vessel. On 8 January 1679, the pilot and crew decided to spend the night ashore where they could light a fire and sleep in some warmth. It was a calm night and they believed the vessel was securely
904:
But in another of La Salle's letters, of which only a fragment survives, continues the narrative, via a Native boy, who was given to La Salle as a slave: "He has seen the pilot of the barque that was lost in the lac des Illinois and one of the sailors, which he described to me with details so
445:
were also common. They were open vessels (no deck) made of wood measuring up to about 35 feet (11 m) long and capable of carrying three or four tons of cargo. While they were at times fitted with mast and sails, their primary propulsion was either oars or poles. The sails were merely
354:
Hennepin's first account says she was a vessel of about 45 tons; his second says 60 tons. Because his second account has numerous exaggerations and cases where he credits himself for things that La Salle had done, Hennepin's first account is considered more reliable. In any case,
854:
located at the entrance of Green Bay. They anchored on the south shore of the island and found it occupied by friendly Pottawatomies and 15 of the fur traders La Salle sent ahead. The traders had collected 12,000 pounds (5,400 kg) of furs in anticipation of the arrival of
544:, had departed Fort Frontenac in a second vessel some days after La Motte and Hennepin. This was a "great bark" (Hennepin's words) of about 20 tons burden – although Tonti's journal says this was a 40-ton vessel. The vessel carried anchors, chain, guns, cordage, and cable for
893:
known what course they steer'd nor how they perish'd... the Ship was hardly a league from the Coast, when it was toss'd up by a violent Storm in such a manner, that our Men were never heard of since; and it is suppos'd that the Ship struck upon a Sand, and was there bury'd."
920:
governor of New France in 1683. In the letter "La Salle expresses his belief that his vessel, the ‘Griffin,’ had been destroyed, not by Indians, but by the pilot, who, as he thinks, had been induced to sink her, and then, with some of the crew, attempted to join
822:
to look at the "big wood canoe". La Salle dressed in a scarlet cloak bordered with lace and a highly plumed cap, laid aside his arms in charge of a sentinel and attended mass with his crew in the chapel of the Ottawas and then made a visit of ceremony with the
474:..." While no date is given for the letter, the location of Mill's reference to it suggests that it was sent before 1677, perhaps as early as 1675. Francis Parkman says that by 1677, "four vessels of 25 to 40 tons had been built for the lake Ontario and the
572:, but most of the supplies and provisions were lost. They dragged the materials to the mouth of the Niagara, rested and warmed up a few days in an Indian village, then carried the materials single file through the snow to their settlement above the falls.
783:, the patron of the sailor. The wind did slightly decrease but they drifted slowly all night, unable to find anchorage or shelter. They were driven northwesterly until the evening of 27 August when under a light southerly breeze they finally rounded
867:
rode out a violent storm for four days and then on 18 September, the pilot Luc and five crew sailed under a favorable wind for the Niagara River with a parting salute from a single gun. She carried a cargo of furs valued at from 50,000 to 60,000
425:
may or may not be considered the first ship on the Great Lakes, depending on what factors one deems necessary to qualify a vessel for that designation. Decking, permanent masts, and bearing a name are a few of the criteria one might use.
588:
After La Salle's departure, Tonti refloated the little brigantine, and attempted to use it for more salvage work at the wreck, but the winter weather prevented success. He then charged La Motte with salvage by use of canoes.
945:
is considered by some to have been the first ship lost on the Great Lakes. It was another vessel used by La Salle and Tonti, however, that was the first loss on 8 January 1679. It dragged anchor and ran aground near
548:, as well as supplies and provisions for the anticipated journey. La Salle followed the southern shore of the lake. La Salle decided to visit the Senecas at Tagarondies himself. He put ashore near present-day
433:. While smaller canoes were used on rivers and streams, lake canoes were more commonly larger vessels measuring up to about 35 feet (11 m) long. While some of these were made from a single carved log ("
1111:
Hennepin's journal says 32 leagues (converts to 96 miles (154 km)), but his figure is an estimate made while snowshoing through the country. The straight-line distance is about 75 miles (121 km).
414:
After Le Griffin, it would be more than 80 years before another sailing ship plied the Great Lakes and enabled the commercial exploitation of the lakes and facilitated settlement of the American west.
818:
s safe arrival at St. Ignace, the voyagers fired a salute from her deck that the Hurons on shore volleyed three times with their firearms. More than 100 Native American bark canoes gathered around
580:
The keel was laid on 26 January 1679. La Salle offered Hennepin the honor of driving the first spike, but Hennepin deferred to his leader. Having lost needed supplies, La Salle left the building of
1470:
850:
The short open-water season of the upper Great Lakes compelled La Salle to depart for Green Bay on 12 September, five days before Tonti's return. They sailed from the Straits of Mackinac to
351:
but many researchers believe she was a 45-ton barque with a single mast with several square sails and 30 to 40 feet (9.1 to 12.2 m) long with a 10-to-15-foot (3.0 to 4.6 m) beam.
696:
three miles from Lake Erie waiting for favorable northeast winds. La Salle sent Tonti ahead on 22 July 1679 with a few selected men, canoes, and trading goods to secure furs and supplies.
723:
crude, 10-year-old chart. They sailed across the open water of Lake Erie whose shores were forested and "unbroken by the faintest signs of civilization". They reached the mouth of the
524:
to the great village of the Seneca tribe, bringing gifts and promises in order to obtain their good will to build "the big canoe" but many tribal members did not approve. Beginning on
520:
who were hostile to this invasion of their ancient homeland. La Salle had instructed Hennepin and La Motte to go 75 miles (120 km) into wilderness in knee-deep snow on an
924:
with their plunder, but were captured by Indians on the Mississippi.” Hennepin and Parkman are the sources of all accounts of La Salle and Le Griffen from that time forward.
370:
was named for Count Frontenac whose coat of arms was ornamented with the mythical griffin. Hennepin said she was named to protect her from the fire that threatened her.
1271:
1139:
Sources disagree on how long this delay was. Some say La Salle made multiple trips, especially after the spring thaw. Others say he did not return to Niagara until July.
863:
to off-load merchandise for him at Mackinac that would be picked up on the return trip. La Salle stayed behind with four canoes to explore the head of Lake Michigan.
1085:
In this article, the word "ship" is used in its broader sense, not in the technical sense of referring to a vessel with three or more masts rigged with square sails.
446:
supplemental for traveling down wind. Their inefficiency at beating to windward made them impractical as sailing vessels, and they were not very safe in open water.
1724:
950:
on Lake Ontario, where it broke apart. Most sources do not ascribe a name to this vessel, and it was one of several La Salle used for fur trading below Niagara.
381:
was the largest fixed-rig sailing vessel on the Great Lakes up to that time. Historian J. B. Mansfield reported that this "excited the deepest emotions of the
1037:) located under several feet of sediment, but excavation found nothing further. It was later postulated that a shoal of mussels caused a false sonar reading.
972:
in Lake Huron, known since at least 1873, when a lighthouse was constructed at the western end of the island. Another candidate is a debris field adjacent to
1709:
1605:
759:
On noon of 25 August they started out northwest with a favoring northerly wind. When the wind suddenly veered to the southeast they changed course to avoid
1412:
659:
cannons so amazed the Native Americans that the Frenchmen were able to sleep at ease for the first time in months when they anchored off shore. After
1531:
727:
on 10 August 1679 where they were greeted by three columns of smoke signaling the location of Tonti's camp whom they received on board. They entered
255:
One consequential result of the effort to build Le Griffin was the discovery of Niagara Falls on the namesake river between lakes Erie and Ontario.
1221:
454:
James Mansfield says that in the fall of 1678, La Salle built a vessel of about 10 tons burden at Fort Frontenac and that this vessel, named
220:
and was armed with seven cannons. The exact size and construction of Le Griffon is not known but many researchers believe she was a 45-ton
747:
on Lake Huron where they were becalmed until noon of 25 August. La Salle took personal command at this point due to evidence that the
470:
Salle to the Minister of Marine that says, "The fort at Cataraqui (Fort Frontenac) with the aid of a vessel now building, will command
596:
was fraught with problems. Crude tools, green and wet timbers, and the cold winter months caused slow progress in the construction of
203:
75:
1795:
1048:
was 27 December 2014, when two divers, Kevin Dykstra and Frederick Monroe, announced the discovery of a wreck that they believed was
739:
to its mouth where they were delayed by contrary winds until 24 August. For the second time, they used a dozen men and ropes to tow
1949:
1499:
719:
as they went through the first moonless, fog-laden night to the sound of breaking waves and guided only by La Salle's knowledge of
359:
was larger than any other vessel on the lakes at the time, and as far as contemporary reports can confirm, the first named vessel.
504:
On 18 November 1678, after just over a month of preparations at Fort Frontenac, La Salle dispatched Captain La Motte and Father
508:
together with 15 men and supplies in a vessel of 10 tons. Their mission was to begin selecting a site for the construction of
1890:
1871:
400:
382:
1919:
1769:
1750:
1939:
1673:
1618:
968:
advanced since the 1800s, all but 2 have been definitively dismissed. One candidate was a wreck at the western end of
964:
but, except for the ones proven to be other ships, there has been no positive identification. Of 22 claims of finding
611:
in the spring of 1679, as soon as the ice began to break up along the shores of Lake Erie, La Salle sent out men from
258:
While there have been many theories over the years, there is no clear consensus as to the fate or current location of
1924:
1852:
1833:
1281:
647:
tribe who witnessed the launching were so impressed by the "large floating fort" that they named the French builders
458:, was the first real sailing vessel on the Great Lakes; specifically, on Lake Ontario (which some at the time called
728:
921:
906:
692:
through the rapids of the Niagara River with long lines stretched from the bank. They moored in quiet water off
720:
1944:
1099:
983:
In 2022, Wayne Lusardi, Michigan state marine archaeologist, stated bluntly, "The Griffon has not been found."
623:
of the upper Huron and Michigan Lakes. The uneasy truce with the Indians was tested by threats and attempts of
1914:
631:. Tonti learned of a plan to burn the ship before it could be launched, so he launched ahead of schedule and
537:
wondered if the natives would permit them to finish their project. They reached Niagara again on 14 January.
1645:
1120:
Kingsford says it was either contrary wind or they were becalmed. Tonti's journal says it was adverse winds.
851:
784:
132:
642:
as she grew on her stocks. The unrest of the Seneca and dissatisfied workmen were continually incited by
462:). Many authors since Mansfield have followed suit. There is reason, however, to question his assertion.
1580:
1544:
876:) and the rigging and anchors for another vessel that La Salle intended to build to find passage to the
1909:
1504:
839:
1695:
1486:
1026:
977:
960:" of Great Lakes shipwreck hunters. A number of sunken old sailing ships have been suggested to be
743:
over the rapids of the St. Clair River into lower Lake Huron. They made their way north and west to
1725:"'Le Griffon': Muskegon Divers Claim To Have Found The 'Holy Grail' Of Shipwrecks In Lake Michigan"
1796:"If you are in need of a mystery, here is a historic puzzle: What happened to La Salle's Griffon?"
947:
771:
and lie-to until morning. By 26 August the violence of the gale caused them to "haul down their
735:, and named the lake after her. They again sounded their way through the narrow channel of the
1594:
780:
760:
711:
through uncharted waters that only canoes had previously explored. They made their way around
528:, 1678, La Motte and Hennepin together with four of their men, went by snowshoe to a prominent
1324:
Geographical Discovery in the Interior of North America in its Historical Relations, 1534–1700
1276:. Chicago, Illinois: A. C. McClurg & Co. pp. 36, 37, 40, 43, 50–56, 59–64, 112, 193.
1197:
1809:
1366:
663:
was launched, she was rigged with sails and provisioned with seven cannon of which two were
25:
1929:
1408:
873:
792:
638:
A female Native informant who was of the tribe foiled the plans of hostile Senecas to burn
475:
288:
838:. La Salle seized two of the deserters and sent Tonti with six men to arrest two more at
8:
1934:
835:
712:
700:
set off on 7 August with unfurled sails, a 34-man crew, and a salute from her cannon and
549:
1509:
1343:
1473:
are added several new discoveries in North America, not published in the French Edition
1215:
1436:
830:
La Salle found some of the 15 men he sent ahead from Fort Frontenac to trade with the
224:. She was the largest sailing vessel on the Great Lakes up to that time. La Salle and
1886:
1867:
1848:
1829:
1710:"Doubters abound as Charlevoix couple think they found Great Lakes' oldest shipwreck"
1418:
1360:
1277:
1000:
969:
672:
389:
1303:
1095:
831:
776:
616:
980:
discovered by private maritime company The Great Lakes Exploration Group In 2018.
1650:
1453:
1393:. Toronto; London: Roswell & Hutchinson; Trubner & Co. pp. 455, 458.
1065:
736:
732:
466:
190:
1646:"Griffin Shipwreck: Wooden Beam Not Attached To Buried Vessel, Researchers Say"
1404:
1022:
991:
973:
788:
748:
612:
541:
505:
348:
332:
302:
225:
199:
1362:
History of Montgomery County together with Historic Notes on the Wabash Valley
834:
but they had listened to La Salle's enemies who said he would never reach the
331:
s pattern closely followed the prevailing type used by explorers to cross the
1903:
1800:
1030:
724:
716:
620:
561:
560:
has conclusively been identified as at or near the mouth of Cayuga Creek, at
529:
525:
434:
274:
244:
217:
213:
869:
824:
693:
643:
516:
La Salle's men first had to build their lodging and then guard against the
471:
102:
1558:
The Wreck of the Griffon, Kohl and Forsberg, 2015. Seawolf Publishing Co.
877:
744:
143:
106:
957:
705:
533:
240:
1056:
due to its 90-foot (27 m) length and presence of a steam boiler.
314:
1326:. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. pp. 252, 255.
1130:
the ship had advanced west after the departure of La Salle and Tonti.
912:
Tonti merely says, "As for the boat, it was never heard from again."
668:
393:
336:
236:
1770:"Four reasons why the Frankfort-area shipwreck can't be the Griffin"
651:, meaning "penetrating minds", which corresponds to the Seneca word
252:
island, it vanished with all six crew members and its load of furs.
1487:
https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol23/tnm_23_213-238.pdf
1391:
The History of Canada – Vol. 1, Canada Under French Rule, 1608–1682
768:
701:
655:, meaning supernatural beings or spirits. The tumultuous sound of
624:
615:
in 15 canoes laden with supplies and merchandise to trade with the
517:
449:
396:
235:
s maiden voyage on 7 August 1679 with a crew of 32, sailing across
1438:
The journeys of Rene Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle – Volume 1
1273:
Our Inland Seas: Their Shipping & Commerce for Three Centuries
600:. Suffering from cold and low on supplies, the men were close to
1053:
800:
772:
521:
438:
363:
1606:
Wdet Possible resting place of great lakes most iconic Shipwreck
1567:
Ashcroft, Ben. "Le Griffon: The Great Lakes' greatest mystery".
1422:
999:
In 1873, a lighthouse was constructed near the southwest end of
927:
There is no conclusive evidence about any of the theories about
1005:
796:
628:
601:
442:
221:
121:
1532:"Charlevoix couple offers theory on mysterious 1679 shipwreck"
1751:"Treasure hunters find mysterious shipwreck in Lake Michigan"
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
667:. The French flag flew above the cabin placed on top of the
664:
430:
366:
mounted on her jib-boom and an eagle flying above. Some say
248:
147:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
343:
is not known. The widely referenced antique woodcutting of
764:
385:
tribes, then occupying the shores of these inland waters".
93:
Disappeared on the return trip of her maiden voyage in 1679
1451:
1152:
787:
and anchored in the calm waters of the natural harbor at
429:
Before 1673, the most common vessel on the lakes was the
392:
to China and Japan to extend France's trade. Creating a
1348:. Boston: Little Brown & Co. pp. 109, 133, 124.
1202:. Chicago, Illinois: J.H. Beers & Co. pp. 78–90
1619:"Divers begin Lake Michigan search for Griffin ship"
264:
1696:"The White Whale for Great Lakes Shipwreck Hunters"
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
995:Mississagi Strait Lighthouse on Manitoulin Island
1901:
1403:
1365:. Chicago: H. H. Hillan and N. Iddings. p.
450:Below Niagara Falls: first ships on Lake Ontario
1847:. Chicago: The Swallow Press, Inc; Sage Books.
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
683:
417:
1228:
688:In July 1679, La Salle directed 12 men to tow
556:. The site La Salle had selected for building
499:
1828:. West Chicago: Seawolf Communications, Inc.
1616:
1445:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1317:
1315:
1044:The most recent substantive claim to finding
1676:. Interlochen Public Radio. 21 February 2014
1417:. Vol. 1. A. C. McClurg & Company.
1414:A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America
1373:
1345:La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West
1220:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
481:La Salle's prime focus in 1678 was building
1767:
1352:
986:
1610:
1429:
1330:
1312:
937:
1637:
1508:. Traverse City, Michigan. Archived from
1388:
1195:
887:
206:in the Niagara area of New York in 1679.
1723:Didymus, JohnThomas (25 December 2014).
1497:
1468:
1358:
1309:Michigan State University Press. (2013)]
990:
313:
212:was constructed and launched at or near
202:built by French explorer and fur trader
1883:Le Griffon and the Huron Islands – 1679
1842:
1722:
1643:
1458:. Buffalo, N.Y.: Press of J.W. Clement.
1341:
1321:
1068:, another similar La Salle sailing ship
407:was an "essential link in the scheme".
318:"Building the Griffon" from Hennepin's
204:René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle
1902:
1880:
1748:
1654:. Fairport, Michigan. Associated Press
635:entered the waters in early May 1679.
585:delayed his return to the expedition.
575:
339:. The exact size and construction of
1793:
1768:Kloosterman, Stephen (18 June 2016).
1269:
731:on 12 August, the feast day of Saint
403:would finance his quest and building
373:
189:
49:
1861:
1823:
1199:History of the Great Lakes: Volume I
779:would be dedicated to the memory of
1826:Shipwreck Tales of the Great L akes
1666:
1452:Remington, Cyrus Kingsbury (1891).
1441:. New York: Allerton Book Co. 1905.
754:
247:through uncharted waters that only
13:
1817:
1498:Sullivan, Patrick (25 July 2005).
1094:About a mile south of present-day
1013:some lead caulking from the ship.
859:. La Salle gave instructions for
795:, where there was a settlement of
24:
14:
1961:
1787:
1749:Geggel, Laura (19 January 2015).
1674:"Scientists disagree on artifact"
1500:"Treasure hunter sues for rights"
1359:Beckwith, Hiram Williams (1881).
36:a 17th Century Woodcut/Sketch of
1808:(9). New Brunswick, New Jersey:
1407:; Paltsits, Victor Hugo (1903).
763:. However, the ferocity of the
678:
295:
281:
267:
51:
16:17th-century French sailing ship
1950:Ships built in New York (state)
1843:MacLean, Harrison John (1974).
1761:
1742:
1716:
1702:
1688:
1599:
1588:
1574:
1561:
1552:
1538:
1524:
1491:
1480:
1462:
1397:
1133:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1016:
1644:Flesher, John (19 June 2013).
1617:Flesher, John (15 June 2013).
1297:
1100:Ganondagan State Historic Site
1088:
1079:
166:one or two masts; square sails
1:
1196:Mansfield, J.B., Ed. (1899).
1146:
806:
492:
158:10-to-15-foot (3 to 5 m)
1548:September 1959 pp. 18, 76–77
845:
684:Niagara River to Saginaw Bay
671:that was elevated above the
418:First ships and preparations
7:
1920:Shipwrecks of Lake Michigan
1455:The Shipyard of the Griffon
1389:Kingsford, William (1887).
1307:Seedtime on the Cumberland,
1270:Mills, James Cooke (1910).
1059:
500:Expedition to upper Niagara
441:"), most were bark canoes.
10:
1966:
1866:. Seawolf Communications.
1794:Allen, Durward L. (1959).
1505:Traverse City Record-Eagle
465:Justin Windsor notes that
1940:Ships lost with all hands
1342:Parkman, Francis (1879).
1305:Harriette Simpson Arnow,
1098:, currently preserved as
309:
112:
44:
23:
1925:Merchant ships of Canada
1864:The Wreck of the Griffon
1584:September 1959 pp. 76–77
1469:Hennepin, Louis (1699).
1322:Windsor, Justin (1894).
1072:
987:Mississagi Straits claim
607:While work continued on
540:Meanwhile, La Salle and
362:She had the figure of a
1885:. Mission Point Press.
1845:The Fate of the Griffon
956:is reported to be the "
938:Searches and shipwrecks
803:, and a few Frenchmen.
767:forced them to retreat
113:General characteristics
1881:Libert, Steve (2021).
1569:The Detroit Free Press
996:
888:The fate of Le Griffon
880:. La Salle never saw
791:off the settlement of
781:Saint Anthony of Padua
322:
33:
1945:Ships built in France
1810:Boy Scouts of America
1409:Thwaites, Reuben Gold
994:
532:chief who resided at
317:
226:Father Louis Hennepin
187:French pronunciation:
28:
1915:Great Lakes Triangle
1862:Kohl, Chris (2015).
289:North America portal
1824:Kohl, Cris (2004).
976:at the entrance to
874:$ 10,000 – $ 12,000
836:Straits of Mackinac
713:Long Point, Ontario
576:Building Le Griffin
550:Rochester, New York
388:La Salle, sought a
347:shows her with two
320:Nouvelle Decouverte
1625:. Associated Press
1595:MSRA Newsletter 25
997:
793:Mission St. Ignace
476:river St. Lawrence
374:Historical context
323:
191:[ləɡʁifɔ̃]
34:
1910:Great Lakes ships
1892:978-1-9547-8619-6
1873:978-0-9882-9472-1
1512:on 13 August 2009
1001:Manitoulin Island
970:Manitoulin Island
948:Thirty Mile Point
852:Washington Island
785:Bois Blanc Island
390:Northwest Passage
178:
177:
101:First full sized
1957:
1896:
1877:
1858:
1839:
1813:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1614:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1578:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1495:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1371:
1370:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1267:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1193:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1096:Victor, New York
1092:
1086:
1083:
933:
840:Sault Ste. Marie
817:
755:Lake Huron storm
619:for furs at the
460:Lac de Frontenac
401:Native Americans
330:
305:
300:
299:
298:
291:
286:
285:
284:
277:
272:
271:
270:
234:
193:
188:
74:French explorer
56:
55:
54:
21:
20:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1874:
1855:
1836:
1820:
1818:Further reading
1790:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1766:
1762:
1755:Livescience.com
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1651:Huffington Post
1642:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1539:
1534:. 9 March 2022.
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1467:
1463:
1450:
1446:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1405:Hennepin, Louis
1402:
1398:
1387:
1374:
1357:
1353:
1340:
1331:
1320:
1313:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1268:
1229:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1194:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1062:
1019:
989:
940:
931:
890:
848:
815:
809:
757:
751:was negligent.
737:St. Clair River
733:Clare of Assisi
686:
681:
578:
502:
497:
467:Count Frontenac
452:
420:
376:
328:
312:
301:
296:
294:
287:
282:
280:
273:
268:
266:
232:
186:
52:
50:
40:
29:Woodcut of the
17:
12:
11:
5:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1878:
1872:
1859:
1853:
1840:
1834:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1789:
1788:External links
1786:
1784:
1783:
1760:
1757:. cbsnews.com.
1741:
1715:
1701:
1698:. 30 May 2017.
1687:
1665:
1636:
1609:
1598:
1587:
1573:
1560:
1551:
1537:
1523:
1490:
1479:
1461:
1444:
1428:
1396:
1372:
1351:
1329:
1311:
1296:
1282:
1227:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1132:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1087:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1058:
1025:, adjacent to
1023:Poverty Island
1018:
1015:
988:
985:
974:Poverty Island
939:
936:
889:
886:
847:
844:
808:
805:
789:East Moran Bay
756:
753:
729:Lake St. Clair
685:
682:
680:
677:
613:Fort Frontenac
577:
574:
542:Henri de Tonti
506:Louis Hennepin
501:
498:
496:
491:
451:
448:
419:
416:
375:
372:
333:Atlantic Ocean
311:
308:
307:
306:
303:History portal
292:
278:
200:sailing vessel
176:
175:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
146:(9 to 12
140:
136:
135:
129:
125:
124:
119:
118:Class and type
115:
114:
110:
109:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
47:
46:
42:
41:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1962:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1854:0-8040-0674-1
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1835:0-9679976-7-4
1831:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1730:
1729:inquisitr.com
1726:
1719:
1711:
1705:
1697:
1691:
1675:
1669:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1570:
1564:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1533:
1527:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1285:
1283:9780722201176
1279:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1136:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1082:
1078:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:Lake Michigan
1028:
1024:
1021:In 2001 near
1014:
1010:
1007:
1002:
993:
984:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
949:
944:
935:
930:
925:
923:
917:
913:
910:
908:
902:
898:
894:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
862:
858:
853:
843:
841:
837:
833:
828:
826:
821:
814:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:Detroit River
722:
718:
715:, constantly
714:
710:
707:
704:. They were
703:
699:
695:
691:
679:Maiden voyage
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
644:secret agents
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:trading posts
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
590:
586:
583:
573:
571:
565:
563:
562:Cayuga Island
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
535:
531:
527:
526:Christmas Day
523:
519:
514:
511:
507:
495:
490:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
468:
463:
461:
457:
447:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
424:
415:
412:
408:
406:
402:
398:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
371:
369:
365:
360:
358:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
327:
321:
316:
304:
293:
290:
279:
276:
275:France portal
265:
263:
261:
256:
253:
250:
246:
245:Lake Michigan
242:
238:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:Niagara River
215:
214:Cayuga Island
211:
207:
205:
201:
197:
192:
184:
183:
173:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
157:
154:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
137:
134:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
111:
108:
105:on the upper
104:
100:
97:
96:
92:
89:
88:
84:
81:
80:
77:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
48:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1882:
1863:
1844:
1825:
1812:: 18, 76–77.
1805:
1799:
1774:. Retrieved
1763:
1754:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1728:
1718:
1704:
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1649:
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1622:
1612:
1601:
1590:
1581:
1576:
1568:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1540:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1510:the original
1503:
1493:
1482:
1471:
1464:
1454:
1447:
1437:
1431:
1413:
1399:
1390:
1361:
1354:
1344:
1323:
1306:
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1272:
1204:. Retrieved
1198:
1135:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1090:
1081:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1020:
1017:Other claims
1011:
998:
982:
965:
961:
953:
952:
942:
941:
928:
926:
918:
914:
911:
903:
899:
895:
891:
881:
864:
860:
856:
849:
829:
819:
812:
810:
761:Presque Isle
758:
740:
708:
697:
694:Squaw Island
689:
687:
660:
657:Le Griffon's
656:
652:
648:
639:
637:
632:
608:
606:
597:
593:
592:Progress on
591:
587:
581:
579:
569:
566:
557:
553:
545:
539:
515:
509:
503:
493:
486:
482:
480:
472:Lake Ontario
464:
459:
455:
453:
428:
422:
421:
413:
409:
404:
387:
378:
377:
367:
361:
356:
353:
344:
340:
325:
324:
319:
259:
257:
254:
229:
209:
208:
195:
181:
180:
179:
128:Tons burthen
103:sailing ship
64:
37:
30:
18:
1930:1670s ships
1629:7 September
878:West Indies
745:Saginaw Bay
534:Tagarondies
228:set out on
196:The Griffin
107:Great Lakes
1935:New France
1904:Categories
1801:Boys' Life
1734:20 January
1658:20 January
1289:8 February
1147:References
1050:Le Griffon
1046:Le Griffon
1035:Le Griffon
966:Le Griffin
962:Le Griffon
958:Holy Grail
954:Le Griffon
943:Le Griffon
929:Le Griffon
882:Le Griffon
865:Le Griffon
861:Le Griffon
857:Le Griffon
820:Le Griffon
813:Le Griffon
807:St. Ignace
741:Le Griffon
709:Le Griffon
706:navigating
698:Le Griffon
690:Le Griffon
661:Le Griffon
640:Le Griffon
633:Le Griffon
609:Le Griffon
598:Le Griffon
594:Le Griffon
582:Le Griffon
570:Le Griffon
558:Le Griffon
554:Le Griffon
546:Le Griffon
510:Le Griffon
494:Le Griffon
487:Le Griffon
483:Le Griffon
423:Le Griffon
405:Le Griffon
379:Le Griffon
368:Le Griffon
357:Le Griffon
345:Le Griffon
341:Le Griffon
326:Le Griffon
260:Le Griffon
241:Lake Huron
230:Le Griffon
210:Le Griffon
182:Le Griffon
65:Le Griffon
38:Le Griffon
1582:Boys Life
1546:Boys Life
1216:cite book
1027:Green Bay
978:Green Bay
846:Green Bay
777:Louisiana
721:Galinée's
669:main deck
456:Frontenac
399:with the
394:fur trade
337:New World
237:Lake Erie
163:Sail plan
142:30 to 40
1776:8 August
1516:19 March
1423:03029306
1066:La Belle
1060:See also
934:s loss.
832:Illinois
773:topmasts
769:windward
717:sounding
702:musketry
625:sabotage
617:Illinois
518:Iroquois
397:monopoly
198:) was a
174:7 cannon
171:Armament
82:Launched
76:La Salle
1772:. Mlive
1680:24 June
1411:(ed.).
1206:8 March
1054:tugboat
1006:galiots
922:Du Lhut
907:du Luth
884:again.
801:Ottawas
522:embassy
443:Bateaux
439:pirogue
364:griffin
335:to the
216:on the
71:Builder
45:History
31:Griffon
1889:
1870:
1851:
1832:
1421:
1280:
870:francs
825:chiefs
797:Hurons
653:Ot-goh
649:Ot-kon
629:murder
602:mutiny
530:Seneca
437:" or "
435:dugout
383:Indian
310:Design
249:canoes
222:barque
139:Length
122:Barque
1623:Yahoo
1073:Notes
932:'
816:'
811:Upon
749:pilot
665:brass
431:canoe
349:masts
329:'
233:'
98:Notes
1887:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1778:2016
1736:2015
1682:2014
1660:2015
1631:2013
1518:2009
1419:LCCN
1291:2011
1278:ISBN
1222:link
1208:2011
765:gale
673:hull
627:and
243:and
155:Beam
144:feet
133:tuns
90:Fate
85:1679
61:Name
1029:on
564:.
131:45
1906::
1806:49
1804:.
1798:.
1753:.
1727:.
1648:.
1621:.
1502:.
1375:^
1367:59
1332:^
1314:^
1230:^
1218:}}
1214:{{
1154:^
842:.
827:.
799:,
675:.
604:.
489:.
262:.
239:,
194:,
1895:.
1876:.
1857:.
1838:.
1780:.
1738:.
1712:.
1684:.
1662:.
1633:.
1571:.
1520:.
1476:.
1425:.
1369:.
1293:.
1224:)
1210:.
1102:.
872:(
185:(
150:)
148:m
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
