805:. The Court of Cassation is the supreme judicial court and the head of all judicial courts in Belgium. It has jurisdiction to overturn judgments and orders which are final in their nature for defect as being contrary to law, and the right to transfer actions and suits from one court to another. The chief courts are The Civil and Criminal Courts and The Commercial Courts. There are also special courts, which are The Assize Court, The Military Court, Workmen’s Court and The Juvenile Court. Other than these courts there are two more courts in Belgium. They are the Conseil d'Etat (Council of State) and the Cour Constitutionnelle (Constitutional Court). Both of these two courts have an obligation to monitor and administer other courts. To be specific, the Council of state is a court which is in charge of monitoring the administration in the courts. The applications from the public concerning the misjudgment of administrative organization are sent to the Council of state for examination. In the Constitutional court, the acts and ordinances of Belgium law are considered. Also, the exercise of power by public authority is supervised by the Constitutional court.
723:
between ‘public’ and ‘private’ law. The public law in
Belgium focuses on the cases concerning states, while the private law takes charge of the individual cases among citizens. The Civil code in Belgium is divided into three parts, the first dealing with persons, the second with property, and the third with different modes of acquiring property. The National Registry (Registres d’Etat Civil or Etat Civil) of Belgium has existed since the adoption of the Code Napoleon. The registers were kept in every individual village in Belgium, with the recording of all persons born in the village. The legal process held in the village was also recorded, such as marriage and decease. The National Registry was not only applied to Belgium citizens, but also to the foreigners who stayed in Belgium for at least 2 weeks. The recorded legal documents are only deleted or altered through the order of the Court.
695:
occupation was exclusively in French. The majority of sources were from the constitution of the United
Kingdom of the Netherlands, and most of the sources were copied from French texts. The new constitution of Belgium was not significantly insufficient with Belgium’s original sources. Thus, some Belgian lawyers have claimed that "the 1831 constitution cannot be seen as the product of a 'Belgian' legal tradition". Still, Belgium continuously produces and arranges the legal system. The Belgian constitutional law enacted in 1830 mainly presents the fundamental rights of the population. The constitutional laws in Belgium can only be amended by first dissolving the existing Parliament and Senate and electing new members of both houses. Amendments require the assent of two-thirds of the members of Parliament and Senate present at the sitting.
610:. The Napoleonic code is the French civil code which was issued between 1804 and 1810. It clearly presents the French legal system. Belgium’s constitution is influenced by earlier constitutions of the French and the Netherlands. Belgium is one of a few countries in the world where defendants are often denied the right to defend themselves. Belgium became an independent state in 1830 with the help of British government and there were restrictions on the parliamentary system of Belgium government. The language differences in Belgium have caused governmental and constitutional problems. Official languages are
758:). Other than the five major codes, a variety of special codes related to military objects, patents, railways, shipping, etc. In Belgium, a jurisprudence administered by the courts exists in order to interpret the law, but no jurisprudence can prevail against an article of the code. A judgement is never quoted before Belgian Court with the object of requiring the Court to state that such judgement should be considered as the law of the land, but it may be quoted simply as a basis for interpreting or explaining a law. Belgium carries out the codification in constant until today.
637:
32:
732:
under the first
Napoleon in 1795. The first legislation on commerce in Belgium was formed when the common law was found to be insufficient to deal with all the ramifications of commercial dealings and local customs. As the necessity of commercial law increase, diverse sets if customs were prepared and put into book form, having commercial law in view. The three principal books are “The Consulate of the Sea”, “The Judgements and Customs of Orleon” and “The Maritime Law of Wisby”.
2201:
552:
687:
772:
708:, Treaty on European Union, and EU Regulations and Directives. Belgium constitutes a single subject of international law. Thus, the regions and communities in Belgium cooperate when “concluding treaties or representing Belgium in international organizations”. The international law increased power since the constitution of Belgium and involves many provisions which directly influence public lives.
813:
The court structure of
Belgium follows the French system due to French influence. The designation of type of courts for all cases are determined by the severity and size of the offence. When the sort of court with purview has been resolved, the case will be assigned to places to be considered. There
722:
Belgium is a federal state with a civil law system. Civil law system in
Belgium is inspired by Roman Law and largely influenced by the French legal system particularly by French Civil Code in 1804. This system differentiates with the common law system applied in other countries by making distinction
1145:
A treatise on
Belgian law containing a complete translation of the entire Code of commerce and Code of procedure, extracts from the Civil code on the subjects of inheritance, succession, marriage contracts, divorce and judicial separation, a translation of separate laws relating to patents, lettres
814:
is one difference with the court system of France in
Belgium, which is usage of language in the court. All the procedures held in the courts in Belgium depend on the location of the court, some use Dutch and some use French. There are also places which use both Dutch and French, typically Brussels.
669:
in the 19th century. The major clauses generally have remained unaltered. French codes are the typical example of a legal system in
Belgium affected by conquests of France. It was implemented in Belgium after Napoleon conquests in 1795. This remained unchanged since Belgium became a state in 1830.
749:
The laws in
Belgium are codified. Most of them are based on the civil laws from the code Napoleon, which has been modified to suit the spirit of modern times and customs of the country, and adapted from French. They have been adjusted in accordance with the Belgian laws. Large databases among the
731:
Commercial law in
Belgium is a collection of judicial rules governing matters arising out of commercial dealings. Commercial law mainly covers legal cases between transactions on commerce, trade and merchandise. Majority of the commercial legislations are based on code of commerce which is formed
703:
Among three major sources of law, which are legislation, customary law and general principles of law, the primary source of law in Belgium is legislation. The two persuasive sources of law which are case-law and academic writing are lesser than the three primary sources of law as Belgium does not
741:
significant role of Napoleonic code was the replacement of the feudal system of law which was the rest of the French monarchy. The Napoleonic code influenced the development of law systems for countries both throughout and outside Europe. Belgium law codes are adopted from the Napoleonic code.
694:
Belgium became independent in 1830 after Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo and in the Southern Netherlands. The constitution of Belgium was officially proclaimed by the first Belgian parliament by means of the Belgian Constitutional Act. However, Belgium's legal system after 20 years of French
740:
The Napoleonic code (Code Napoléon) is the unified French civil code established by Napoleon in post-revolutionary France, 1804. The base of the codification is formed by Roman law with diverse customs. In the 19th century, the code was influential and fundamental to the world law system. The
2783:
801:. These areas are separated to twenty-six judicial districts and further separated to 209 judicial cantons. Among the five judicial areas, Brussels, Liege and Ghent belong to courts of appeal. The highest court is the
750:
codes have more than thousands of laws. There are five major codes, which are Code civil (The Civil Code), Code de commerce (The Commercial Code), Code penal (The Criminal Code), Code d'instruction criminelle (
2793:
665:, from 1714 to 1814. Belgium endeavored to make changes and amendments in their legal system which are mostly in French, Dutch and German. This change started to produce satisfactory results from the early
678:(ECHR) in November 1950, which is the day of its adoption, and finally ratified it in June 1955. Belgium also accepted the individual complaints procedure a few weeks after ratification, in July 1955.
2639:
3047:
2858:
622:, which has official status in one district only. Parliamentary democracy usually ends up becoming a coalition government. Belgium is a federal state and has a civil law system.
1841:
152:
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3107:
2928:
2188:
3007:
2257:
2114:
1886:
1146:
de mer (navigation certificates) and compositions to avoid insolvency, and a vocabulary of phrases and words used in the codes and laws which have a technical meaning
704:
provide the system of legal precedents. International law is also a crucial source in Belgium’s legal system, as Belgium is part of various European Union, such as
2081:
1973:
670:
Law system in Belgium gradually developed with constitutional reforms since 1970. Belgium has applied European legislation and given regard to decisions of the
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2018:
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1302:
1285:
1255:
1204:
917:
Florini, A (2005). "Current Developments: I. The Codification of Private International Law: The Belgian Experience".
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520:
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57:
781:
The courts in Belgium are organized in a hierarchy. Belgium is divided into five main judicial areas, which are
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1638:
1075:"The Belgian Legal Tradition: From a Long Quest for Legal Independence to a Longing for Dependence?"
2747:
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510:
106:
81:
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1968:
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1769:
1705:
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755:
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2768:
Directive establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation
2737:
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1235:
480:
322:
202:
8:
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Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport
2732:
2562:
2454:
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187:
2893:
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131:
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2013:
1988:
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231:
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31:
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2008:
1998:
1983:
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1928:
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1881:
1856:
1792:
794:
219:
3072:
3032:
2541:
2023:
1948:
1918:
1668:
1319:
1025:
A Europe of rights : the impact of the ECHR on national legal systems
930:
3097:
1090:
248:
3151:
651:
1610:
1169:
782:
3048:
Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd
786:
771:
686:
2988:
2794:
Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources
2437:
1200:
798:
647:
603:
2859:
Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions
1761:
885:
A Digest of the Laws of Belgium and of the French Code Napoléon
662:
3063:
Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion SA
790:
2814:
Directive on the enforcement of intellectual property rights
2929:
European Directive on Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products
2819:
Directive 2004/38/EC on the right to move and reside freely
2630:
European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances
1043:
The Constitution of Belgium and the Belgian Civil Code
1072:
2789:
Directive on the re-use of public sector information
2949:
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive
3083:Peter Paul and Others v Bundesrepublik Deutschland
2779:Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications
3164:
2809:Directive on the energy performance of buildings
1040:
3093:Ralf Sieckmann v Deutsches Patent und Markenamt
661:in 1830, after a long period of domination by
3078:Palacios de la Villa v Cortefiel Servicios SA
2904:Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
2182:
1777:
1185:
583:
2914:Directive on services in the internal market
2864:Directive on the legal protection of designs
1111:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2993:Allonby v Accrington and Rossendale College
2844:Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
2763:Directive 2000/43/EC on Anti-discrimination
2738:Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC)
919:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
2869:Markets in Financial Instruments Directive
2189:
2175:
1784:
1770:
1192:
1178:
1158:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1055:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
897:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
590:
576:
706:European Convention on Human Right (ECHR)
2849:Internal Market in Electricity Directive
2834:European units of measurement directives
2723:Copyright Duration Directive (93/98/EEC)
2593:Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1170/2011
1002:
770:
685:
635:
3013:Chacón Navas v Eurest Colectividades SA
2207:Judiciary and law of the European Union
1073:Heirbaut & Storme, D , M E (2006).
916:
3165:
2728:Copyright Term Directive (2006/116/EC)
2635:Commission Regulation (EC) No 474/2006
2588:Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2257/94
2221:Court of Justice of the European Union
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
882:
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874:
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870:
868:
866:
864:
2944:Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive
2934:Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
2650:Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation
2568:Council Regulation (EC) No. 1348/2000
2563:Council Regulation (EC) No. 1206/2001
2170:
1765:
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850:
848:
846:
844:
3134:Accountability in the European Union
1199:
1142:
954:
761:
744:
2919:Temporary and Agency Work Directive
2406:Commission and Council acting alone
959:. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
676:European Convention on Human Rights
13:
1119:
1063:
1031:
1022:
1011:
963:
937:
905:
841:
808:
735:
657:The Belgian state was formed as a
14:
3184:
2829:European SEA Directive 2001/42/EC
2824:Environmental liability directive
1791:
1256:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
766:
726:
2743:Dangerous Preparations Directive
2668:Good Clinical Practice Directive
2199:
1493:2008–2009 financial crisis
698:
646:outdoor court, reconstructed at
550:
521:Belgium-United Kingdom relations
30:
2874:Measuring Instruments Directive
2703:Capital Requirements Directives
2618:Regulation on Community designs
957:The New Oxford Companion To Law
681:
3088:Procureur du Roi v Dassonville
2799:End of Life Vehicles Directive
2391:Ordinary legislative procedure
1079:European Review of Private Law
539:Politics of the European Union
1:
3058:Microsoft Corp. v. Commission
2909:Satellite and Cable Directive
2773:Information Society Directive
2603:Regulation on roaming charges
2321:Charter of Fundamental Rights
834:
526:Belgium-Netherlands relations
272:Sentence enforcement tribunal
209:Administrative jurisdictions
2954:Waste Incineration Directive
2889:Pressure Equipment Directive
2718:Conditional Access Directive
2573:Customs Regulation 1383/2003
2510:Principle of legal certainty
1041:Crabb & John, H (1922).
711:
531:Belgium–Luxembourg relations
269:Family and juvenile tribunal
7:
2939:Universal Service Directive
2775:(first Copyright directive)
2713:Computer Programs Directive
2693:Biocidal Products Directive
2578:Regulation (EC) No 261/2004
1005:Introduction To Belgian Law
817:
754:) and the Code judiciaire (
674:. Also, Belgium signed the
10:
3189:
3129:European Anti-Fraud Office
2598:Customs Regulation 3295/94
2460:European Enforcement Order
752:Code of Criminal Procedure
715:
629:
625:
259:Tribunal of first instance
148:Chamber of Representatives
3142:
3116:
2977:
2964:Water Framework Directive
2959:Waste framework directive
2879:Medical Devices Directive
2708:Clinical Trials Directive
2688:Best available technology
2673:Data Protection Directive
2658:
2555:
2419:
2383:
2334:
2276:
2226:European Court of Justice
2213:
2148:
2100:
2062:
1799:
1723:
1629:
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1547:
1488:
1479:
1393:
1384:
1342:
1333:
1226:Prince-Bishopric of Liège
1211:
672:European Court of Justice
516:Belgium-Germany relations
2884:Posted Workers Directive
2748:Data Retention Directive
718:Civil law (legal system)
650:based on an original at
511:France-Belgium relations
2899:Resale Rights Directive
2505:Precautionary principle
2411:Commission acting alone
1261:Long nineteenth century
829:Prostitution in Belgium
659:constitutional monarchy
476:Communities and regions
3103:Van Duyn v Home Office
3028:Coleman v Attridge Law
2969:Working Time Directive
2520:Principle of conferral
2396:Consultation procedure
2258:Relationship with ECHR
2248:Civil Service Tribunal
1842:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1535:Science and technology
1231:Burgundian Netherlands
883:Butaye, Emile (1918).
778:
776:Law Courts of Brussels
691:
654:
3147:European Union portal
2924:Trade Marks Directive
2495:Maximum harmonisation
2490:Minimum harmonisation
2475:Home state regulation
1143:Todd, Ernest (1905).
774:
689:
639:
266:Correctional tribunal
2445:Direct applicability
2433:Acquis communautaire
2375:Digital Services Act
1711:World Heritage Sites
1246:Austrian Netherlands
1236:Southern Netherlands
1091:10.54648/ERPL2006038
1003:De Bondt, W (2017).
602:The legal system of
307:Justice of the peace
100:Elisabeth of Belgium
58:Constitutional Court
2998:Apostolides v Orams
2733:Cosmetics Directive
2455:European labour law
2358:Framework Directive
2296:Single European Act
2268:European civil code
2063:States with limited
1241:Spanish Netherlands
931:10.1093/iclq/lei015
283:Enterprise tribunal
23:Politics of Belgium
2854:Landfill Directive
2839:Habitats Directive
2753:Database Directive
2645:Rome II Regulation
2500:Preliminary ruling
1266:Belgian Revolution
1251:Brabant Revolution
824:Divorce in Belgium
803:Court of Cassation
779:
692:
655:
632:History of Belgium
557:Belgium portal
225:Court of Cassation
179:De Croo Government
125:Federal Parliament
95:Duchess of Brabant
3160:
3159:
3124:Court of Auditors
2683:Battery Directive
2624:Societas Europaea
2583:EU-Eco-regulation
2485:Incidental effect
2401:Consent procedure
2301:Maastricht Treaty
2263:Public Prosecutor
2236:Advocates General
2164:
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1759:
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1719:
1718:
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1462:Political parties
1413:Foreign relations
1380:
1379:
762:Courts in Belgium
745:The Belgium codes
667:industrialization
600:
599:
504:Foreign relations
456:Political parties
188:Alexander De Croo
3180:
3108:Van Gend en Loos
2894:Rental Directive
2306:Amsterdam Treaty
2205:
2204:
2203:
2191:
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2101:Dependencies and
1800:Sovereign states
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960:
955:Cane, P (2009).
952:
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914:
903:
902:
896:
888:
880:
606:is based on the
592:
585:
578:
555:
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553:
254:Court of assizes
232:Appellate courts
213:Council of State
141:Stephanie D'Hose
34:
18:
17:
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3177:
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3162:
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3156:
3138:
3112:
3008:Cassis de Dijon
2973:
2698:Birds Directive
2654:
2608:Brussels Regime
2551:
2537:State liability
2525:Proportionality
2480:Indirect effect
2426:
2424:
2415:
2379:
2330:
2272:
2253:European lawyer
2209:
2198:
2197:
2195:
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2144:
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2096:
2082:Northern Cyprus
2064:
2058:
1974:North Macedonia
1795:
1790:
1760:
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1742:
1735:
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1696:Public holidays
1625:
1601:Life expectancy
1539:
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915:
906:
890:
889:
881:
842:
837:
820:
811:
809:Court structure
769:
764:
747:
738:
736:Napoleonic code
729:
720:
714:
701:
690:Flag of Belgium
684:
634:
628:
608:Napoleonic code
596:
567:
563:Other countries
551:
549:
544:
543:
535:
506:
496:
495:
486:Arrondissements
471:
461:
460:
450:
419:
388:
357:
325:
314:
313:
302:Police tribunal
298:
278:Labour tribunal
242:Court of labour
237:Court of appeal
205:
195:
194:
174:
172:Federal Cabinet
164:
163:
157:Eliane Tillieux
127:
117:
116:
73:
63:
62:
48:
25:
12:
11:
5:
3186:
3176:
3175:
3173:Law of Belgium
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2758:Database right
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2678:ATEX directive
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2613:CLP Regulation
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2531:Staatenverbund
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2429:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2370:Recommendation
2367:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2156:European Union
2152:
2150:
2149:Other entities
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2103:other entities
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2049:United Kingdom
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1862:Czech Republic
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1793:Law of Europe
1789:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1510:Communications
1507:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1467:Prime Minister
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1352:Extreme points
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1315:Royal Question
1312:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1278:
1273:
1271:Crisis of 1870
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1221:Gallia Belgica
1217:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1118:
1085:(5): 645–683.
1062:
1030:
1010:
962:
936:
925:(2): 499–519.
904:
839:
838:
836:
833:
832:
831:
826:
819:
816:
810:
807:
768:
767:Type of courts
765:
763:
760:
746:
743:
737:
734:
728:
727:Commercial law
725:
713:
710:
700:
697:
683:
680:
627:
624:
598:
597:
595:
594:
587:
580:
572:
569:
568:
566:
565:
559:
546:
545:
542:
541:
534:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
507:
502:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:
491:Municipalities
488:
483:
478:
472:
467:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
453:
452:
451:
449:
448:
443:
438:
433:
427:
422:
421:
420:
418:
417:
412:
407:
402:
396:
391:
390:
389:
387:
386:
381:
376:
371:
365:
360:
359:
358:
356:
355:
348:
343:
338:
332:
326:
320:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
310:
309:
304:
297:
296:
293:
289:
287:
286:
285:
280:
275:
274:
273:
270:
267:
264:
263:Civil tribunal
256:
246:
245:
244:
239:
229:
228:
227:
217:
216:
215:
206:
201:
200:
197:
196:
193:
192:
191:
190:
184:Prime Minister
175:
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
160:
159:
145:
144:
143:
128:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:
109:
104:
103:
102:
92:
91:
90:
74:
69:
68:
65:
64:
61:
60:
55:
49:
44:
43:
40:
39:
36:
35:
27:
26:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3185:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:CHP Directive
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2470:Four freedoms
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:Direct effect
2448:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Lisbon Treaty
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:Merger Treaty
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:General Court
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Faroe Islands
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:South Ossetia
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1934:Liechtenstein
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1161:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1006:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
958:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
932:
928:
924:
920:
913:
911:
909:
900:
894:
886:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
840:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
815:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:
773:
759:
757:
756:Judicial Code
753:
742:
733:
724:
719:
709:
707:
699:Source of law
696:
688:
679:
677:
673:
668:
664:
660:
653:
649:
645:
644:
643:ancien régime
638:
633:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
593:
588:
586:
581:
579:
574:
573:
571:
570:
564:
561:
560:
558:
548:
547:
540:
537:
536:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
505:
500:
499:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
470:
465:
464:
457:
454:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
426:
425:
423:
416:
413:
411:
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3023:Ciarán Tobin
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2542:Subsidiarity
2529:
2465:Gold-plating
2092:Transnistria
2054:Vatican City
1836:
1639:Architecture
1616:Prostitution
1571:Demographics
1525:Trade unions
1503:Central bank
1429:
1418:Human rights
1398:Constitution
1372:Subdivisions
1325:State reform
1320:Congo Crisis
1298:World War II
1144:
1107:cite journal
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469:Subdivisions
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295:Minor claims
292:Minor crimes
249:Trial courts
112:Royal Family
46:Constitution
15:
3098:Tanja Kreil
2985:ECJ Rulings
2556:Regulations
2311:Nice Treaty
2286:Rome Treaty
2130:Isle of Man
2065:recognition
2034:Switzerland
1969:Netherlands
1435:enforcement
1281:World War I
3152:Law portal
3043:Francovich
3038:Factortame
2660:Directives
2422:Principles
2384:Procedures
2348:Regulation
2004:San Marino
1964:Montenegro
1944:Luxembourg
1924:Kazakhstan
1827:Azerbaijan
1706:Television
1686:Literature
1591:Irreligion
1581:Healthcare
1457:Parliament
1308:occupation
1291:occupation
1148:. Belgium.
1045:. Belgium.
835:References
716:See also:
652:Oudenaarde
630:See also:
2547:Supremacy
2515:Recasting
2425:and terms
2353:Directive
2214:Judiciary
2120:Gibraltar
1939:Lithuania
1596:Languages
1576:Education
1530:Transport
1442:Judiciary
1408:Executive
1403:Elections
1362:Mountains
1335:Geography
1154:cite book
1099:140370217
1051:cite book
893:cite book
887:. London.
712:Civil law
481:Provinces
393:Regional
329:European
323:elections
203:Judiciary
153:President
137:President
3167:Category
2365:Decision
2326:Opt-outs
2278:Treaties
2140:Svalbard
2125:Guernsey
2072:Abkhazia
2019:Slovenia
2014:Slovakia
1989:Portugal
1847:Bulgaria
1746:Category
1621:Religion
1561:Abortion
1452:Monarchy
1447:Military
1386:Politics
1303:invasion
1286:invasion
1205:articles
1023:Keller.
818:See also
783:Brussels
362:Federal
88:Philippe
71:Monarchy
53:Taxation
3073:Nordsee
2989:Caselex
2438:EUR-Lex
2231:members
2044:Ukraine
1994:Romania
1954:Moldova
1912:Ireland
1907:Iceland
1902:Hungary
1892:Germany
1887:Georgia
1877:Finland
1872:Estonia
1867:Denmark
1852:Croatia
1837:Belgium
1832:Belarus
1822:Austria
1817:Armenia
1812:Andorra
1807:Albania
1730:Outline
1659:Cuisine
1631:Culture
1586:Honours
1549:Society
1520:Tourism
1498:Banking
1481:Economy
1347:Climate
1213:History
1201:Belgium
1027:. Alec.
799:Antwerp
648:Bokrijk
626:History
604:Belgium
321:Recent
78:Monarch
3068:Metock
3053:Kolpak
3003:Bosman
2344:Acquis
2135:Jersey
2077:Kosovo
2039:Turkey
2029:Sweden
2009:Serbia
1999:Russia
1984:Poland
1979:Norway
1959:Monaco
1929:Latvia
1897:Greece
1882:France
1857:Cyprus
1751:Portal
1674:waffle
1654:Comics
1649:Cinema
1611:People
1515:Energy
1367:Rivers
1276:Empire
1203:
1097:
797:, and
663:France
620:German
612:French
424:Local
132:Senate
3117:Fraud
2978:Cases
2640:REACH
2110:Åland
2024:Spain
1949:Malta
1919:Italy
1737:Index
1701:Sport
1691:Music
1606:Media
1566:Crime
1357:Lakes
1095:S2CID
791:Ghent
787:Liège
616:Dutch
3018:Chen
2336:Acts
1681:Flag
1669:wine
1664:Beer
1423:LGBT
1160:link
1113:link
1057:link
899:link
795:Mons
618:and
446:2024
441:2018
436:2012
431:2006
415:2024
410:2019
405:2014
400:2009
384:2024
379:2019
374:2014
369:2010
352:2024
346:2019
341:2014
336:2009
82:list
2991:):
1644:Art
1430:Law
1087:doi
927:doi
640:An
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