803:, called Limited Purpose Banking, transforms all financial companies with limited liability, including incorporated banks, insurance companies, financial exchanges, and hedge funds, into pass-through mutual funds, which do not borrow to invest in risky assets, but, instead, allows the public to directly choose what risks it wishes to bear by purchasing more or less risky mutual funds. According to Kotlikoff, Limited Purpose Banking keeps banks, insurance companies, hedge funds and other financial corporations from borrowing short and lending long, which leaves the public to pick up the pieces when things go south. Instead, Kotlikoff argues Limited Purpose Banking forces financial intermediaries to limit their activities to their sole legitimate purpose—financial inter-mediation. It would substitute the vast array of extant federal and state financial regulatory bodies with a single financial regulator called the Federal Financial Authority (FFA), which would have a narrow purpose namely to verify, disclose, and oversee the independent rating and custody off all securities purchased and sold by mutual funds.
617:," includes five regions (the U.S., Europe, Japan, China, and India), six goods, region-specific fiscal policy and demographics, and the endogenous determination of the pattern of specialization.. The most recent use of the Auerbach-Kotlikoff model has been to study, together with economists Felix Kubler, Andrey Polbin, and Simon Scheidegger, the economics of carbon change, particularly the optimal uniformly welfare-improving carbon-tax policy. This is the carbon tax cum side payments that produces the highest uniform welfare gain for all current and future generations in all regions of the world.
827:. In their place, every American would receive a voucher for a basic health insurance policy, whose coverages would be established by a panel of doctors such that the total cost of all vouchers remained within a fixed share, e.g., 10 percent, of GDP. The voucher would be provided by the government at no cost and its amount would be individually risk-adjusted, i.e., sicker people would receive larger vouchers. No health insurance company providing the basic insurance plan could turn anyone away and those who could afford supplemental health insurance plans would be free to purchase them.
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generations have been maximally exploited by older generations (who are assumed to have the ability to redistribute from the young to themselves), older generations can no longer extract resources for free, meaning they can no longer leave higher fiscal burdens for future generations without handing over a quid pro quo. At such an extreme, intergenerational transfers, per se, are no longer feasible because the young will refuse to accept them.
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Obama for demagoguery over word voucher—arguing that the current health care law relies on vouchers. He argues that the current
Medicare program is unsustainable and that we have no choice but to embrace a plan with vouchers. In order to highlight his Purple Plans, Kotlikoff ran for the nomination of the Americans Elect platform in its short-lived effort to field a third-party candidate in the 2012 Presidential election.
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economy as one in which capital is primarily owed by the private sector. Kotlikoff claims that an economy that is described as having predominately privately owned wealth can just as well be described as one in which wealth is predominantly or, for that matter, entirely state-owned. Hence, "deficit delusion" implies that economic theory offers no precise measure/definition of capitalism, socialism, or communism.
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originally posited by Frank Ramsey in the 1920s. Its aggregation properties make it very convenient for teaching macro economics because one does not have to deal with the messiness of upwards of 100 overlapping generations acting independently, but also interdependently. Consequently, it has become a mainstay in graduate macroeconomics training and underlies the work by
Economics Nobel Laureate
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610:, developed the first large-scale computable general equilibrium life-cycle model that can track the behavior, over time, of economies comprising large numbers of overlapping generations. The Auerbach-Kotlikoff model is widely used by economists to study the transition paths of closed as well as open economies as well as the dynamic impact of fiscal and other policies.
633:) by Kotlikoff, including work with co-authors, showing, via examples, that in economic models featuring rational agents, "the" deficit is a figment of language, not economics. I.e., the deficit is not economically well defined. Instead, what governments measure as "the" deficit is entirely a result of the language they use to label government receipts and payments.
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altruistically linked to Frank. Furthermore, if Frank loses a dollar and you gain a dollar, Barro's model implies that you Steve will take your newfound dollar and hand it to Frank. Kyle
Bagwell and Douglas Bernheim independently reached Kotlikoff's conclusion, namely that the Barro model had patently absurd implications.
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borrowing $ 1,000 from you this year and will be taxing you in, say, five years the $ 1,000 plus accrued interest and using this future tax to pay you the principal plus interest due in the future on the current borrowing. With one set of words the deficit is $ 1,000 larger this year than with the other set of words.
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trillion and using it to pay principal plus interest on the $ 1 trillion it is now borrowing. With this alternative choice of words, the reported deficit is $ 1 trillion larger than with the first set of words. But in all three examples, you hand over $ 1,000 this year and receive and pay zero on net in the future.
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convention. Einstein showed that neither time nor distance were well-defined concepts, but could be measured in an infinite number of ways. The same is true of the deficit. Just like absolute time and distance are not well defined, the deficit and related conventional fiscal measures has no economic meaning.
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Kotlikoff is the
President of Economic Security Planning, Inc., a company that markets MaxiFi Planner, an economics-based personal financial planning software program, and "Maximize My Social Security", a software program that helps Americans decide which Social Security benefits to take and when, to
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Notwithstanding his many studies overturning
Ricardian Equivalence, on both theoretical and empirical grounds, Kotlikoff has a paper showing why intergenerational transfers may have no impact on the economy in a world of purely selfish life-cycle agents. The argument presented is simple. Once younger
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Kotlikoff has done pioneering work testing intergenerational altruism – the proposition that current generations care about their descendants enough to ensure that government redistribution from their descendants to themselves will be offset by private redistribution back to the descendants either in
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According to
Kotlikoff, the deficit is not the only variable that is not well defined. An economy's aggregate tax revenue, its aggregate transfer payments, its disposable income, its personal and private saving rates, and its level of private wealth – all are non-economic concepts that have, from the
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Such models can feature all manner of individual and aggregate uncertainty, incomplete markets, distortionary fiscal policy, asymmetric information, borrowing constraints, time-inconsistent government policy, and a host of other problems, yet "the" deficit will still bear no theoretical connection to
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separating future government spending commitments and its means of paying for those commitments, portending dramatic increases in the lifetime net tax burdens facing young and future generations. The generational accounting and fiscal gap accounting developed by
Auerbach, Gokhale, and Kotlikoff is a
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In life-cycle models without operative intergenerational altruism, the young are the big savers because of every dollar they receive, they save a larger percentage than do the elderly for the simple reason that the elderly are closer to the ends of their lives and want to use it before they lose it.
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Kotlikoff's singly and jointly authored work in the 1980s and 1990 called this model into question on both theoretical and empirical grounds. In a paper entitled "Altruistic
Linkages within the Extended Family: A Note (1983)," which appears in Kotlikoff's 1989 MIT Press book What Determines Savings?
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According to
Kotlikoff, their measurement reflects economically arbitrary fiscal labeling conventions. He argues that an "Economics labeling problem," as he calls it, has led to gross misreadings of the fiscal positions of different countries, starting with the United States, which has a relatively
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According to
Kotlikoff, using the deficit as a guide to fiscal policy is like driving in Los Angeles with a map of New York City. For unlike in our physical world in which we are all using the same language (have the same frame of reference), in the world of economics, we are each free to adopt our
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According to Kotlikoff, the plan provides universal basic health insurance, retains private provision of healthcare, limits government healthcare spending to a fixed share of GDP, and avoids adverse selection. Kotlikoff has denounced critics of the plan such as economist Paul Krugman and President
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This inter-linkage of current and future generations devolves into a mathematical model which is isomorphic to one in which all agents are infinitely lived (i.e., they act as if they live for ever in so far as their progeny are front and center in their preferences). The infinitely-lived model was
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Kotlikoff, along with Harvard's Jerry Green, offered a general proof of the proposition that deficits and a number of other conventional fiscal measures are, economically speaking, content-free, concluding that the deficit is simply an arbitrary figment of language in all economic models involving
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So taking from the young and unborn and giving to the elderly should lead to a decline in national saving. In a 1996 paper with Jagadeesh Gokhale and John Sablehaus, Kotlikoff showed that the ongoing massive redistribution from young and future savers to old savers was responsible for the postwar
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I.e., if you, Steve, are altruistic toward your daughter, Sue, and your daughter marries John, who is altruistically linked to his father Ed, who has a daughter Sara who is altruistic toward her husband David, who cares about his sister Ida, who cares about her father-in-law Frank, you Steve are
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Kotlikoff chose the title of his paper with Green not to suggest in the slightest any comparison of intellect with Einstein, but rather because of what seemed to him to be a strikingly similar message about confusing linguistics for substance. An example here is the definition of a capitalistic
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In 1974, Robert Barro revived "Ricardian Equivalence" by showing in a simple, elegant framework that each generation's caring about its children leads current generations to be altruistically linked to all their descendants. Hence, a government policy of transferring resources to current older
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If it so chose, the government could say it was taxing you $ 1,000 this year and also, this year, borrowing $ 1 trillion from you for, say, five years, making a transfer payment to you this year of $ 1 trillion, and taxing you in five years an amount equal to principal plus interest on the $ 1
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Together with Assaf Razin and Robert Rosenthal, Kotlikoff showed in that dropping the unrealistic assumption that transfers are taken as given and permitting individuals to refuse transfers (e.g., refusing your mother's offer of an extra helping of cabbage) invalidates Barro's proposition of
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If Sally wishes to claim the opposite, there are words she can find to justify her view of the past stance of fiscal policy. And if Sam wishes to claim that that economy has experienced fluctuations from deficits to surpluses of arbitrary magnitude from year to year, he can do so. Language is
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Einstein taught us that neither time, nor distance are well-defined physical concepts. Instead, their measurement is relative to our frame of reference – how fast we were traveling in the universe and in what direction. Our physical frame of reference can be viewed as our language or labeling
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Kotlikoff's thesis examined, in a life-cycle simulation model, the impact of intergenerational redistribution on the long-run position of the economy. He also studied whether the rich spend a larger or smaller share of their lifetime resources than do the poor. And he provided a new empirical
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If the government calls a receipt a "tax," this lowers the reported deficit. If, instead, it calls the receipt "borrowing," it raises the reported deficit. Thus, if you give the government, say, $ 1,000 this year, it can say it is taxing you $ 1,000 this year. Alternatively, it can say it is
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Kotlikoff and Green claim that fiscal variables in all mathematical economic models involving rational agents can be labeled freely and tell us nothing about the models themselves (no more than does choosing to discuss the models in French or English), and this means that the multitudinous
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Kotlikoff, together with Alan Auerbach and Jagadeesh Gokhale, pioneered Generational Accounting, which measures the fiscal burdens facing today's and tomorrow's children. Kotlikoff's work on the relativity of fiscal language claims to show that conventional fiscal measures, including the
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own frame of reference – our own labeling convention. Thus, if Joe wants to claim that the U.S. federal government ran enormous surpluses for the last 50 years, he can simply choose appropriate words to label historic receipts and payments to produce that time series.
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real policy-induced economic outcomes. The reason, again, is that there is no single deficit, but rather an infinity of deficit or surplus policy paths that can be announced (by the government or any private agent) simply by choosing the "right" fiscal labels.
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generations at a cost to generations born, say, in 100 years would induce the current elderly to simply increase their gifts and bequests to their children who would pass the resources onward until it reached those born in 100 years.
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His plan calls for a 15% final (17.5% nominal) sales tax. The FICA tax ceiling is gone and the 7.65% of the employees contribution is applied on everything after $ 40,000 but the employer pays 7.65% on the employees entire salary.
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The unborn are, of course, the biggest savers because giving them an extra dollar (that they will be able to collect with interest when they arrive) leads them to consume nothing more in the present because they aren't yet alive.
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Ricardian Equivalence. I.e., they showed that Barro's model was a combination of a plausible set of preferences (altruism toward one's children) and an implausible assumption about the game being played by donors and donees.
575:, but, he argues, is in worse fiscal shape than any other developed country due to its unofficial, i.e., off-the-books, obligations. In 1991, Kotlikoff, together with Alan Auerbach and Jagadeesh Gokhale, produced the
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457:, and other major outlets. Kotlikoff is a frequent guest on numerous podcasts and radio shows, and is routinely quoted by the media on a wide range of economic issues. Over the years, Kotlikoff has testified to
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approach to understanding the impact of Social Security on saving. At UCLA, Kotlikoff wrote a paper with Avia Spivak on intra-family risk-sharing entitled "The Family as an Incomplete Annuities Market."
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proposal as a replacement for the federal tax code, contributing to research of plan's effects and the required rate for revenue neutrality. In 2010, Kotlikoff offered his own tax proposal, titled the
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732:, and Tokyo University economist Fumio Hayashi, Kotlikoff and his co-authors showed that there was little, if any, empirical support for Barro's very special model of intergenerational altruism.
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econometric studies relating well-defined economic variables, such as interest rates or aggregate personal consumption, to "the" deficit are, economically speaking, content free.
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perspective of economic theories with rational agents, no more purchase on economic reality than does the emperor's clothes in Hans Christian Andersen's famous children's story.
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In 1984, Kotlikoff wrote a fundamental paper entitled "Deficit Delusion", which appeared in The Public Interest. This was the first of a series of papers and books (see, e.g.,
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492:. He achieved ballot-access in 38 states, making him one of only six people in the country that could be legally elected president. His campaign garnered major press from
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The Wage Carrot and the Pension Stick: Retirement Benefits and Labor Force Participation (with David Wise), The W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1989.
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Spend 'Til the End – The Revolutionary Guide to Raising Your Living Standard, Today and When You Retire. Simon & Schuster, (with Scott Burns), 2008.
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Kotlikoff fervently dislikes both major political parties and has called for a third party. In January 2012, Kotlikoff announced his plans to run as a
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Kotlikoff showed that when agents take each other's transfers as given, marriage generates intergenerational linkages between unrelated individuals.
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In the 2016 Presidential Election, Kotlikoff ran as a registered, write-in candidate. He was defeated by Republican candidate Donald Trump.
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Generational Accounting Around the World, co-edited with Alan Auerbach and Willi Leibfritz, NBER volume, University of Chicago Press, 1999.
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A relatively recent incarnation of the Auerbach-Kotlikoff model is a paper by Hans Fehr, Sabine Jokisch, and Laurence Kotlikoff entitled "
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815:, Kotlikoff proposed a major reform of the U.S. healthcare system, subsequently dubbed "The Purple Health Plan", that would do away with
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In a series of empirical papers with Stanford economist Michael Boskin, University of Pennsylvania economist Andrew Abel, Yale economist
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Get What's Yours: The Secrets to Maxing Out Your Social Security (with Philip Moeller and Paul Solman), Simon and Schuster, 2015.
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Spend 'til the End: The Revolutionary Guide to Raising Your Living Standard – Today and When You Retire', Simon & Schuster.
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Jimmy Stewart is Dead – Ending the World's Ongoing Financial Plague with Limited Purpose Banking. John Wiley and Sons, 2010.
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means of assessing the sustainability of fiscal policy and how different countries intend to treat their progeny. Recent
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in 1984, where he twice chaired its Department of Economics, and was named a William Warren Fairfield Professor in 2009.
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candidate for President of the United States in 2012. Kotlikoff said he would seek the presidential nomination of the
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Kessler, Denis; Masson, Andre (1989). "Bequest and Wealth Accumulation: Are Some Pieces of the Puzzle Missing?".
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accumulation. The publication suggested that most of U.S. wealth accumulation was not attributed to life-cycle
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https://kotlikoff.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Youre-Hired-A-Trump-Playbook-For-Fixing-Americas-Economy-1.pdf
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Kotlikoff has commented regularly on contemporary issues and public affairs. His columns have appeared in the
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extremely flexible. And there is nothing in economic theory that pins down how we discuss economic theory.
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ceased operations. Kotlikoff ran for president in 2016 as an independent alongside his vice president,
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787:(a blend of red and blue), a consumption levy that he says cleans up some problems with the FairTax.
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4501:* : These candidates were constitutionally ineligible to serve as President or Vice President.
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Kotlikoff has written that the economic future is bleak for the United States without tax reform,
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Jimmy Stewart Is Dead: Ending the World's Ongoing Financial Plague with Limited Purpose Banking
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Macroeconomics: An Integrated Approach (with Alan Auerbach), Southwestern Publishing Co., 1994.
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Macroeconomics: An Integrated Approach Second Edition, (with Alan Auerbach), MIT Press, 1998.
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Pensions in the American Economy (with Daniel Smith), University of Chicago Press, 1983.
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by Kotlikoff claim to confirm the truly severe long-run fiscal problems facing the U.S.
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The Coming Generational Storm: What You Need to Know about America's Economic Future'
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The Coming Generational Storm: What You Need to Know about America’s Economic Future
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https://kotlikoff.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Vita-2-21-24-Laurence-Kotlikoff.pdf
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government's deficit, are not well defined from the perspective of economic theory.
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Dynamic Globalization and Its Potentially Alarming Prospects for Low-Wage Workers
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Essays on Saving, Bequests, Altruism, and Life-Cycle Planning, MIT Press, 2001.
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on tax reform, generational policy, and other economic issues on 19 occasions.
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Dynamic Fiscal Policy (with Alan Auerbach), Cambridge University Press, 1987.
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The Healthcare Fix – Universal Insurance for All Americans, MIT Press, 2007.
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1350:"The Role of Intergenerational Transfers in Aggregate Capital Accumulation"
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as a senior economist (1981-1982). He became a professor of economics at
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Gokhale, Jagadeesh; Kotlikoff, Laurence J.; Sabelhaus, John (May 1996).
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at Yale till 1984, during which time he was a research associate at the
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1467:"Understanding the Postwar Decline in U.S. Saving: A Cohort Analysis"
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851:. He announced in May that he would also seek the nomination of the
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The Coming Generational Storm, (with Scott Burns), MIT Press, 2004.
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The Economic Consequences of the Vickers Commission, Civitas, 2012.
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1786:"'Vouchercare' Is the Right Name for Medicare: Laurence Kotlikoff"
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Kotlikoff's proposed reform of the financial system, discussed in
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link to chapter links, via right-arrow at top to pp. 11–12.
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Generational Policy, The 2002 Caroli Lectures, MIT Press, 2003.
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from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially
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Obama Might Trade Parties With Paul Ryan: Laurence Kotlikoff
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Kotlikoff, Laurence; Moeller, Philip; Solman, Paul (2015).
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first set of generational accounts] for the United States.
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Candidates in the 2016 United States presidential election
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Candidates in the 2012 United States presidential election
1231:"Member Directory | American Academy of Arts and Sciences"
1864:"Economist Laurence Kotlikoff Announces Presidential Bid"
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1891:"Kotlikoff to Seek Reform Party Presidential Nomination"
1430:
Generational Accounting, The Free Press, 1992. Kotlikoff
1817:"A Third-Party Candidate Is Coming: Laurence Kotlikoff"
1602:
Niall Ferguson; Laurence Kotlikoff (December 2, 2009).
1442:(with Alan Auerbach), Cambridge University Press, 1987.
1667:
1348:
Kotlikoff, Laurence J.; Summers, Lawrence H. (1981).
602:
In the late 1970s, Kotlikoff, together with Berkeley
282:, he has contributed to a range of fields, including
4595:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1256:
472:, and sought the nominations of the advocacy group
1756:
1636:
1603:
4546:
1861:
1347:
938:Laurence J. Kotlikoff, 1987, "social security,"
1833:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1300:
597:
480:, before ending his campaign in May 2012, when
398:Kotlikoff has been a research associate at the
1917:"Kotlikoff ends Reform Party presidential bid"
976:Laurence J. Kotlikoff and Scott Burns (2004).
913:Generational Accounting, The Free Press, 1992.
735:
270:who has served as a professor of economics at
2971:
2012:
1391:
1303:"The Family as an Incomplete Annuties Market"
1301:Kotlikoff, Laurence J.; Spivak, Avia (1981).
1002:Laurence J. Kotlikoff and Scott Burns, 2008.
681:
1719:
1453:On the General Relativity of Fiscal Language
1634:
688:
4620:United States Council of Economic Advisers
2978:
2964:
2019:
2005:
966:Laurence J. Kotlikoff, October 22, 2006. "
752:
555:
149:
56:about living persons that is unsourced or
1814:
1783:
1755:Kotlikoff, Laurence (September 7, 2007).
1754:
1700:
1638:"Why cautious reform is the risky option"
1605:"How to take moral hazard out of banking"
1563:
1519:. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from
1511:
1505:
1478:
1407:
1057:
1016:
916:What Determines Savings, MIT Press, 1989.
621:The general relativity of fiscal language
536:questioning the importance of saving for
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2992:2016 United States presidential election
2033:2012 United States presidential election
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1668:Laurence J. Kotlikoff (March 17, 2010).
1548:. Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from
1537:
1343:
1341:
532:He also wrote a widely cited paper with
1433:
1257:Gaylican, Christine (January 9, 2012).
1183:"Registered Author: Laurence Kotlikoff"
945:, v. 4, pp. 413–18. Stockton Press
942:New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
266:(born January 30, 1951) is an American
4547:
4066:third-party and independent candidates
2426:third-party and independent candidates
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
963:, July/August, 88(4), pp. 235–49.
779:Kotlikoff has been a supporter of the
656:
4062:
2959:
2422:
2000:
1862:Palmer, Kimberly (January 10, 2012).
1836:"Econ professor to run for president"
1815:Kotlikoff, Laurence (July 19, 2011).
1784:Kotlikoff, Laurence (June 15, 2011).
1701:Kotlikoff, Laurence (April 5, 2011).
1687:
1569:
1338:
1252:
1250:
959:," Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
416:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
402:since 1980, and a research fellow at
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
834:
581:Their study claimed to find a major
18:
1834:Censky, Annalyn (January 5, 2012).
1739:
1543:
1134:"Laurence J. Kotlikoff | Economics"
867:get the highest lifetime benefits.
343:Born in 1951, Kotlikoff received a
13:
4600:Fellows of the Econometric Society
1512:Kotlikoff, Laurence (2005-03-07).
1247:
379:from 1980 to 1981, and then as an
14:
4636:
4625:University of Pennsylvania alumni
4575:21st-century American politicians
1976:
1102:
1069:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
1028:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
861:
853:Reform Party of the United States
693:gifts. This proposition dates to
523:
478:Reform Party of the United States
4565:21st-century American economists
1395:Journal of Economic Perspectives
1074:Library of Economics and Liberty
1033:Library of Economics and Liberty
879:The Clash of Generations, (with
414:in 1992, and was elected to the
363:in 1977. After three years as a
23:
16:American academic and politician
4120:American Party (South Carolina)
1946:
1935:
1909:
1883:
1855:
1827:
1808:
1796:
1777:
1661:
1649:from the original on 2022-12-12
1628:
1616:from the original on 2022-12-12
1595:
1584:
1487:
1458:
1445:
1424:
1385:
1058:Kotlikoff, Laurence J. (2002).
1017:Kotlikoff, Laurence J. (2008).
464:Kotlikoff attempted to run for
387:(1980-1984), and served on the
1635:Martin Wolf (April 27, 2010).
1546:"Herman Cain's Other Tax Plan"
1294:
1283:
1223:
1199:
1175:
1150:
1126:
1031:(2nd ed.). Indianapolis:
996:and chapter-preview links, p.
957:Is the United States Bankrupt?
955:Laurence J. Kotlikoff, 2006, "
466:President of the United States
331:Quarterly Journal of Economics
298:, economic guides to personal
1:
2483:American Third Position Party
968:Drifting to Future Bankruptcy
948:Laurence J. Kotlikoff, 1992,
932:
806:
768:The Coming Generational Storm
406:since 1999. He was elected a
4484:Other Independent candidates
3124:Electoral College vote count
1921:Independent Political Report
1895:Independent Political Report
1869:U.S. News & World Report
1514:"The Case for the 'FairTax'"
1358:Journal of Political Economy
1311:Journal of Political Economy
1264:International Business Times
598:The Auerbach-Kotlikoff Model
389:Council of Economic Advisers
337:Journal of Political Economy
274:since 1984. A specialist in
34:biography of a living person
7:
1942:Maximize My Social Security
1471:NBER Working Paper No. 5571
736:Generational redistribution
518:
61:must be removed immediately
10:
4641:
4570:21st-century American Jews
4560:20th-century American Jews
2434:American Independent Party
1211:www.econometricsociety.org
794:
682:Intergenerational altruism
559:
488:, a renowned economist at
353:University of Pennsylvania
184:University of Pennsylvania
4605:Harvard University alumni
4580:Boston University faculty
4518:
4499:
4483:
4462:
4443:
4414:
4378:
4357:
4336:
4315:
4255:
4236:
4178:
4159:
4140:American Solidarity Party
4138:
4119:
4076:
4072:
4058:
4005:
3952:
3929:
3918:
3850:
3827:
3809:
3635:
3565:
3540:
3231:
3180:
3148:
3144:
3003:
2922:
2854:
2818:
2797:
2774:
2728:
2699:
2652:
2631:
2602:
2579:
2561:
2510:
2481:
2432:
2418:
2365:
2347:
2340:
2287:
2274:
2267:
2225:
2218:
2126:
2103:
2096:
2044:
1544:Coy, Peter (2011-10-19).
972:The Philadelphia Inquirer
257:
246:
236:
226:
216:
211:
207:
179:
157:
148:
141:
4359:Socialist Equality Party
3023:(D), 227 electoral votes
3013:(R), 304 electoral votes
2776:Socialist Equality Party
2633:Socialism and Liberation
2078:General election debates
1096:
870:
774:
771:and other publications.
745:decline in U.S. saving.
709:and other economists on
687:the form of bequests or
325:American Economic Review
264:Laurence Jacob Kotlikoff
162:Laurence Jacob Kotlikoff
4416:Socialist Workers Party
4257:Peace and Freedom Party
2855:Independents and others
2799:Socialist Workers Party
2654:Peace and Freedom Party
2571:Nominee: Stephen Durham
2563:Freedom Socialist Party
1670:"Jimmy Stewart Is Dead"
950:Generational Accounting
753:Policy reform proposals
627:Generational Accounting
588:generational accounting
562:Generational accounting
556:Generational accounting
252:IDEAS / RePEc
3627:VP candidate selection
3224:VP candidate selection
3092:Newspaper endorsements
2540:VP nominee: Jim Clymer
2161:Incumbent VP nominee:
2083:Newspaper endorsements
1959:. Simon and Schuster.
1735:The Purple Health Plan
1674:www.huffingtonpost.com
763:Social Security reform
689:
48:Please help by adding
3690:Democratic opposition
1572:"The Purple Tax Plan"
1570:Kotlikoff, Laurence.
1440:Dynamic Fiscal Policy
801:Jimmy Stewart Is Dead
592:fiscal gap accounting
560:Further information:
540:in determining total
4524:Other 2016 elections
4405:Angela Nicole Walker
4078:American Delta Party
3114:Russian interference
2928:Other 2012 elections
1187:econpapers.repec.org
1158:"Laurence Kotlikoff"
296:fiscal progressivity
76:"Laurence Kotlikoff"
54:Contentious material
4464:Workers World Party
4380:Socialist Party USA
3734:Paul T. Farrell Jr.
3570:Political positions
2136:Incumbent nominee:
1643:The Financial Times
1610:The Financial Times
1552:on October 22, 2011
1418:10.1257/jep.3.3.141
1162:Hachette Book Group
883:), MIT Press, 2012.
825:Affordable Care Act
711:Real Business Cycle
657:Frames of reference
631:Generational Policy
499:Wall Street Journal
427:Wall Street Journal
412:Econometric Society
381:associate professor
373:assistant professor
365:postdoctoral fellow
4491:Laurence Kotlikoff
4181:Constitution Party
4095:Rocky De La Fuente
4022:Better for America
3934:Debates and forums
3832:Debates and forums
3722:Rocky De La Fuente
3580:Debates and forums
3184:Debates and forums
3119:Faithless electors
2749:Laurence Kotlikoff
2512:Constitution Party
2501:Virginia Abernethy
2449:Other candidates:
1759:The Healthcare Fix
1499:2006-08-28 at the
1064:David R. Henderson
1023:David R. Henderson
813:The Healthcare Fix
811:In his 2007 book,
759:health care reform
371:, he taught as an
361:Harvard University
359:in economics from
300:financial behavior
193:Harvard University
143:Laurence Kotlikoff
4615:Public economists
4542:
4541:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4317:Prohibition Party
4299:Other candidates:
4110:Michael Steinberg
4001:
4000:
3914:
3913:
3812:Libertarian Party
3805:
3804:
3536:
3535:
2953:
2952:
2918:
2917:
2903:Michael Bloomberg
2861:Objectivist Party
2845:Alejandro Mendoza
2830:Stewart Alexander
2746:Other candidates:
2717:Other candidates:
2701:Prohibition Party
2681:Stewart Alexander
2678:Other candidates:
2622:Luis J. Rodriguez
2545:Other candidates:
2414:
2413:
2401:Stewart Alexander
2398:Other candidates:
2336:
2335:
2268:Libertarian Party
2263:
2262:
2214:
2213:
1473:. Cambridge, MA.
1207:"Current Fellows"
1060:"Federal Deficit"
835:Political parties
649:rational agents.
573:debt-to-GDP ratio
550:Franco Modigliani
486:Dr. Edward Leamer
393:Boston University
385:Cowles Foundation
316:healthcare reform
308:marginal taxation
272:Boston University
261:
260:
231:Boston University
137:
136:
129:
111:
37:needs additional
4632:
4474:Monica Moorehead
4338:Socialist Action
4302:Monica Moorehead
4288:PSL VP nominee:
4262:
4224:Other candidates
4083:
4074:
4073:
4060:
4059:
4012:
3989:Other candidates
3927:
3926:
3892:Other candidates
3825:
3824:
3818:
3706:Other candidates
3563:
3562:
3556:
3549:
3543:Democratic Party
3287:Other candidates
3178:
3177:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3151:Republican Party
3146:
3145:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2908:attempt to draft
2581:Grassroots Party
2468:Edward C. Noonan
2420:
2419:
2345:
2344:
2319:Other candidates
2272:
2271:
2223:
2222:
2219:Republican Party
2101:
2100:
2097:Democratic Party
2021:
2014:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1971:
1970:
1956:Get What's Yours
1950:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1762:
1752:
1737:
1732:
1717:
1716:
1698:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1462:
1456:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1307:
1298:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1267:. Archived from
1254:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1077:
1072:(1st ed.).
1054:
952:, The Free Press
692:
608:Alan J. Auerbach
534:Lawrence Summers
241:Martin Feldstein
175:
172:January 30, 1951
171:
169:
153:
139:
138:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
50:reliable sources
27:
26:
19:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4502:
4495:
4479:
4458:
4453:Bradford Lyttle
4439:
4410:
4374:
4353:
4332:
4311:
4260:
4259:
4251:
4237:Nutrition Party
4232:
4174:
4160:America's Party
4155:
4134:
4115:
4081:
4080:
4068:
4054:
4010:
4009:
3997:
3948:
3910:
3901:Austin Petersen
3846:
3816:
3815:
3801:
3751:Martin O'Malley
3739:Lawrence Lessig
3649:Hillary Clinton
3631:
3554:
3547:
3546:
3532:
3227:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3154:
3140:
3024:
3017:Hillary Clinton
2999:
2984:
2954:
2949:
2914:
2850:
2820:Socialist Party
2814:
2793:
2770:
2724:
2695:
2648:
2627:
2598:
2575:
2557:
2506:
2477:
2428:
2410:
2361:
2332:
2283:
2259:
2245:Statewide polls
2210:
2122:
2092:
2088:Hurricane Sandy
2059:Statewide polls
2040:
2025:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1832:
1828:
1813:
1809:
1805:, Business Week
1801:
1797:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1753:
1740:
1733:
1720:
1713:
1699:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1600:
1596:
1591:Purple Tax Plan
1589:
1585:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1501:Wayback Machine
1492:
1488:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1409:10.1.1.511.4342
1390:
1386:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1271:on July 1, 2012
1255:
1248:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1103:
1099:
1043:
935:
873:
864:
849:Americans Elect
847:advocacy group
837:
809:
797:
777:
755:
738:
684:
659:
623:
600:
590:by the IMF and
564:
558:
526:
521:
482:Americans Elect
474:Americans Elect
443:Financial Times
377:Yale University
355:in 1973, and a
320:social security
288:carbon taxation
212:Academic career
191:
173:
167:
165:
164:
163:
144:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
47:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4638:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4468:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4447:
4445:
4444:Pacifist Party
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4429:
4426:Alyson Kennedy
4420:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4384:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4363:
4361:
4355:
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4351:
4342:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4321:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4295:
4294:
4290:Eugene Puryear
4285:
4277:
4274:Gloria La Riva
4268:
4266:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4222:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4205:Darrell Castle
4202:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4144:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4089:
4087:
4070:
4069:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:Running mate:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3993:Darryl Cherney
3990:
3987:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3906:Vermin Supreme
3903:
3898:
3893:
3890:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3858:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3763:Bernie Sanders
3760:
3759:
3758:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3736:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3710:Lincoln Chafee
3707:
3703:
3702:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3657:
3645:
3641:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3620:superdelegates
3612:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3441:Jimmy McMillan
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3383:Lindsey Graham
3380:
3379:
3378:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3320:Chris Christie
3317:
3316:
3315:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3271:GOP opposition
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3126:
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3111:
3106:
3101:
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3099:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3066:
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3060:
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3049:
3048:
3035:
3030:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2839:
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2824:
2822:
2816:
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2813:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2795:
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2792:
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2784:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2743:
2734:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2714:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2686:Rocky Anderson
2683:
2675:
2667:
2658:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2614:Rocky Anderson
2608:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2567:
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2282:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2250:National polls
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2196:Vermin Supreme
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2056:
2054:National polls
2051:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1985:
1978:
1977:External links
1975:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1945:
1934:
1923:. June 5, 2012
1908:
1897:. May 11, 2012
1882:
1854:
1826:
1807:
1795:
1776:
1770:978-0262113144
1769:
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1712:978-1118011331
1711:
1686:
1660:
1627:
1594:
1583:
1562:
1536:
1504:
1486:
1457:
1444:
1432:
1423:
1402:(3): 141–152.
1384:
1371:10.1086/260999
1365:(4): 706–732.
1337:
1324:10.1086/260970
1318:(2): 372–391.
1293:
1282:
1246:
1235:www.amacad.org
1222:
1198:
1174:
1149:
1125:
1100:
1098:
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1042:978-0865976658
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862:Other ventures
860:
836:
833:
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773:
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737:
734:
730:Joseph Altonji
683:
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622:
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557:
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525:
524:Early research
522:
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423:New York Times
304:banking reform
284:climate change
280:public finance
276:macroeconomics
259:
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221:Public finance
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58:poorly sourced
31:
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22:
15:
9:
6:
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2:
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4610:Living people
4608:
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4407:
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4397:
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4393:
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4391:
4390:Mimi Soltysik
4386:
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4219:Scott Bradley
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4029:Evan McMullin
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3814:
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3808:
3798:
3797:Willie Wilson
3795:
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3668:non-political
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3659:endorsements
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3527:
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3511:
3510:
3509:Rick Santorum
3507:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
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3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3446:George Pataki
3444:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3395:Mike Huckabee
3393:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
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3360:
3359:Carly Fiorina
3357:
3355:
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3348:
3345:
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3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
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3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3269:
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3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
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3147:
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3135:
3132:
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3130:
3127:
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3110:
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3022:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2946:
2945:Gubernatorial
2943:
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2796:
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2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2756:
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2750:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2740:Andre Barnett
2736:
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2733:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2706:
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2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2672:Cindy Sheehan
2668:
2666:
2665:
2664:Roseanne Barr
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
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2645:
2644:
2639:
2638:
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2634:
2630:
2624:
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2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2604:Justice Party
2601:
2595:
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2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
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2521:
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2509:
2503:
2502:
2497:
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2493:Merlin Miller
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2431:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2406:Roseanne Barr
2404:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:Cheri Honkala
2386:
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2379:
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2201:Randall Terry
2199:
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2191:Warren Mosler
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2015:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1989:
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1983:Kotlikoff.net
1981:
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1966:9781476772318
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1763:. MIT Press.
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1540:
1526:on 2006-06-14
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1480:10.3386/w5571
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695:David Ricardo
691:
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516:
515:
514:You're Hired!
511:
510:2016 election
507:
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4522:
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4471:
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4434:Osborne Hart
4432:VP nominee:
4431:
4423:
4403:VP nominee:
4402:
4387:
4366:
4348:Jeff Mackler
4345:
4327:James Hedges
4324:
4298:
4287:
4282:Dennis Banks
4280:VP nominee:
4279:
4271:
4243:
4228:Tom Hoefling
4217:VP nominee:
4216:
4204:
4179:
4169:Tom Hoefling
4166:
4150:Mike Maturen
4147:
4129:Peter Skewes
4126:
4108:VP nominee:
4107:
4092:
4046:
4040:endorsements
4026:
4007:Independents
4006:
3984:Ajamu Baraka
3982:VP nominee:
3981:
3975:endorsements
3962:
3919:
3885:VP nominee:
3884:
3873:endorsements
3862:Gary Johnson
3860:
3810:
3773:endorsements
3697:VP nominee:
3696:
3647:
3575:Endorsements
3541:
3521:Scott Walker
3434:endorsements
3412:Bobby Jindal
3354:Mark Everson
3342:endorsements
3278:VP nominee:
3277:
3256:endorsements
3245:Donald Trump
3243:
3189:Endorsements
3149:
3134:inauguration
3104:Vote pairing
3077:Social media
3007:Donald Trump
3005:
2926:
2898:Joe Schriner
2888:Robert Burck
2878:Randy Blythe
2873:Lee Abramson
2869:Independents
2843:VP nominee:
2842:
2827:
2809:James Harris
2806:
2786:
2754:Buddy Roemer
2748:
2745:
2737:
2730:Reform Party
2720:James Hedges
2716:
2711:Jack Fellure
2708:
2691:Peta Lindsay
2677:
2670:VP nominee:
2669:
2661:
2643:Peta Lindsay
2640:
2620:VP nominee:
2619:
2611:
2591:
2570:
2544:
2539:
2527:Virgil Goode
2524:
2499:VP nominee:
2498:
2490:
2456:Virgil Goode
2444:Tom Hoefling
2441:
2397:
2388:VP nominee:
2387:
2372:
2310:VP nominee:
2309:
2297:Gary Johnson
2294:
2160:
2149:endorsements
2138:Barack Obama
2135:
1955:
1948:
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1920:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1894:
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1873:. Retrieved
1867:
1857:
1845:. Retrieved
1839:
1829:
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1677:. Retrieved
1673:
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1651:. Retrieved
1642:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1609:
1597:
1586:
1575:. Retrieved
1565:
1554:. Retrieved
1550:the original
1539:
1528:. Retrieved
1521:the original
1507:
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1435:
1426:
1399:
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1387:
1362:
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1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:the original
1262:
1238:. Retrieved
1234:
1225:
1214:. Retrieved
1210:
1201:
1190:. Retrieved
1186:
1177:
1166:. Retrieved
1164:. 2021-01-05
1161:
1152:
1141:. Retrieved
1137:
1128:
1067:
1026:
1003:
977:
971:
960:
949:
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865:
857:
845:non-partisan
838:
829:
812:
810:
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789:
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766:
765:in his book
756:
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715:
703:
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685:
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647:
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624:
612:
601:
580:
569:
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531:
527:
513:
505:Boston Globe
503:
497:
463:
447:Boston Globe
439:PBS NewsHour
420:
397:
342:
335:
329:
323:
312:labor supply
263:
262:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
60:
43:verification
36:
4555:1951 births
4369:Jerry White
4027:Candidate:
3921:Green Party
3896:John McAfee
3673:celebrities
3492:Marco Rubio
3424:John Kasich
3371:Jim Gilmore
3028:Fundraising
2893:Terry Jones
2865:Tom Stevens
2788:Jerry White
2766:Robby Wells
2593:Jim Carlson
2553:Robby Wells
2548:Laurie Roth
2473:Laurie Roth
2451:Wiley Drake
2341:Green Party
2323:Carl Person
2255:Straw polls
2177:Challengers
2049:Fundraising
1988:Appearances
1875:January 17,
1847:January 17,
1275:January 17,
1006:Description
994:Description
881:Scott Burns
841:third party
707:Ed Prescott
690:inter vivos
542:U.S. wealth
248:Information
227:Institution
117:August 2013
4549:Categories
4307:Jill Stein
4195:Convention
4049:Mindy Finn
3964:Jill Stein
3953:Candidates
3944:Convention
3851:Candidates
3842:Convention
3678:performers
3637:Candidates
3615:Convention
3475:Rick Perry
3308:Ben Carson
3280:Mike Pence
3233:Candidates
3219:Convention
3129:Transition
3063:early 2016
3011:Mike Pence
2520:Convention
2375:Jill Stein
2366:Candidates
2352:Convention
2288:Candidates
2279:Convention
2230:Convention
2206:John Wolfe
2186:Keith Judd
2128:Candidates
2108:Convention
2067:early 2012
1577:2012-02-03
1556:2012-02-03
1530:2006-07-23
1240:2024-06-22
1216:2024-06-22
1192:2024-06-22
1168:2024-06-22
1143:2024-06-22
1138:www.bu.edu
933:References
807:Healthcare
785:Purple Tax
583:fiscal gap
538:retirement
334:, and the
292:inequality
237:Influences
168:1951-01-30
87:newspapers
4472:Nominee:
4451:Nominee:
4424:Nominee:
4388:Nominee:
4367:Nominee:
4346:Nominee:
4325:Nominee:
4272:Nominee:
4246:Rod Silva
4244:Nominee:
4190:Primaries
4167:Nominee:
4148:Nominee:
4127:Nominee:
4093:Nominee:
3939:Primaries
3887:Bill Weld
3878:positions
3837:Primaries
3778:positions
3699:Tim Kaine
3685:positions
3663:political
3598:statewide
3585:Primaries
3502:positions
3485:positions
3468:positions
3458:Rand Paul
3405:positions
3347:positions
3301:positions
3261:positions
3204:statewide
3194:Primaries
3053:statewide
3033:Positions
3021:Tim Kaine
2883:Jeff Boss
2828:Nominee:
2807:Nominee:
2738:Nominee:
2709:Nominee:
2662:Nominee:
2641:Nominee:
2612:Nominee:
2525:Nominee:
2491:Nominee:
2442:Nominee:
2373:Nominee:
2357:Primaries
2328:Sam Sloan
2295:Nominee:
2235:Primaries
2169:positions
2163:Joe Biden
2154:positions
2113:Primaries
1821:Bloomberg
1790:Bloomberg
1705:. Wiley.
1679:23 August
1653:23 August
1620:23 August
1404:CiteSeerX
1332:153598067
1091:163149563
1083:317650570
1051:237794267
982:MIT Press
604:economist
494:Bloomberg
431:Bloomberg
418:in 2005.
351:from the
349:economics
268:economist
180:Education
39:citations
4396:campaign
4210:campaign
4101:campaign
4035:campaign
3970:campaign
3868:campaign
3790:campaign
3785:Jim Webb
3768:campaign
3756:campaign
3744:campaign
3727:campaign
3715:campaign
3655:campaign
3593:national
3526:campaign
3514:campaign
3497:campaign
3480:campaign
3463:campaign
3451:campaign
3429:campaign
3417:campaign
3400:campaign
3388:campaign
3376:campaign
3364:campaign
3337:campaign
3332:Ted Cruz
3325:campaign
3313:campaign
3296:campaign
3291:Jeb Bush
3266:protests
3251:campaign
3200:national
3109:Recounts
3082:Timeline
3058:pre-2016
3046:by demo.
3041:national
2836:campaign
2759:campaign
2533:campaign
2461:campaign
2381:campaign
2312:Jim Gray
2303:campaign
2144:campaign
2073:Timeline
2063:pre-2012
1841:CNNMoney
1647:Archived
1614:Archived
1497:Archived
1379:54180097
1087:50016270
1019:"Saving"
821:Medicaid
817:Medicare
713:models.
519:Research
476:and the
459:Congress
65:libelous
4201:Nominee
3959:Nominee
3857:Nominee
3644:Nominee
3610:Results
3240:Nominee
3214:Results
3198:Polls (
3097:primary
3087:Debates
2783:Nominee
2588:Nominee
2240:Debates
2181:Bob Ely
2118:Results
1927:June 9,
1901:May 12,
1066:(ed.).
1025:(ed.).
1010:Preview
795:Finance
781:FairTax
410:of the
101:scholar
4529:Senate
4085:Reform
4064:Other
3589:Polls
3037:Polls
2996:2020 →
2988:← 2012
2940:Senate
2424:Other
2037:2016 →
2029:← 2008
1992:C-SPAN
1963:
1767:
1709:
1406:
1377:
1330:
1081:
1049:
1039:
988:
961:Review
761:, and
571:small
546:saving
502:, the
496:, the
445:, the
441:, the
437:, the
435:Forbes
425:, the
408:Fellow
404:CESifo
328:, the
318:, and
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4534:House
3603:straw
3208:straw
2935:House
1524:(PDF)
1517:(PDF)
1375:S2CID
1353:(PDF)
1328:S2CID
1306:(PDF)
1097:Notes
1062:. In
1021:. In
1008:and
871:Books
775:Taxes
451:Yahoo
217:Field
108:JSTOR
94:books
32:This
4014:IPMN
3820:IPNY
3173:RTLP
3166:CPNY
1961:ISBN
1929:2012
1903:2012
1877:2012
1849:2012
1765:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1681:2011
1655:2011
1622:2011
1277:2012
1079:OCLC
1047:OCLC
1037:ISBN
998:vii.
986:ISBN
940:The
629:and
490:UCLA
470:2012
455:CNBC
400:NBER
369:UCLA
310:and
286:and
278:and
158:Born
80:news
41:for
4264:PSL
3558:WFP
3551:WEP
3159:AIP
1990:on
1475:doi
1414:doi
1367:doi
1320:doi
970:."
468:in
375:at
367:at
357:PhD
347:in
250:at
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