814:, called Limited Purpose Banking, transforms all financial companies with limited liability, including incorporated banks, insurance companies, financial exchanges, and hedge funds, into pass-through mutual funds, which do not borrow to invest in risky assets, but, instead, allows the public to directly choose what risks it wishes to bear by purchasing more or less risky mutual funds. According to Kotlikoff, Limited Purpose Banking keeps banks, insurance companies, hedge funds and other financial corporations from borrowing short and lending long, which leaves the public to pick up the pieces when things go south. Instead, Kotlikoff argues Limited Purpose Banking forces financial intermediaries to limit their activities to their sole legitimate purpose—financial inter-mediation. It would substitute the vast array of extant federal and state financial regulatory bodies with a single financial regulator called the Federal Financial Authority (FFA), which would have a narrow purpose namely to verify, disclose, and oversee the independent rating and custody off all securities purchased and sold by mutual funds.
628:," includes five regions (the U.S., Europe, Japan, China, and India), six goods, region-specific fiscal policy and demographics, and the endogenous determination of the pattern of specialization.. The most recent use of the Auerbach-Kotlikoff model has been to study, together with economists Felix Kubler, Andrey Polbin, and Simon Scheidegger, the economics of carbon change, particularly the optimal uniformly welfare-improving carbon-tax policy. This is the carbon tax cum side payments that produces the highest uniform welfare gain for all current and future generations in all regions of the world.
838:. In their place, every American would receive a voucher for a basic health insurance policy, whose coverages would be established by a panel of doctors such that the total cost of all vouchers remained within a fixed share, e.g., 10 percent, of GDP. The voucher would be provided by the government at no cost and its amount would be individually risk-adjusted, i.e., sicker people would receive larger vouchers. No health insurance company providing the basic insurance plan could turn anyone away and those who could afford supplemental health insurance plans would be free to purchase them.
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generations have been maximally exploited by older generations (who are assumed to have the ability to redistribute from the young to themselves), older generations can no longer extract resources for free, meaning they can no longer leave higher fiscal burdens for future generations without handing over a quid pro quo. At such an extreme, intergenerational transfers, per se, are no longer feasible because the young will refuse to accept them.
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Obama for demagoguery over word voucher—arguing that the current health care law relies on vouchers. He argues that the current
Medicare program is unsustainable and that we have no choice but to embrace a plan with vouchers. In order to highlight his Purple Plans, Kotlikoff ran for the nomination of the Americans Elect platform in its short-lived effort to field a third-party candidate in the 2012 Presidential election.
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economy as one in which capital is primarily owed by the private sector. Kotlikoff claims that an economy that is described as having predominately privately owned wealth can just as well be described as one in which wealth is predominantly or, for that matter, entirely state-owned. Hence, "deficit delusion" implies that economic theory offers no precise measure/definition of capitalism, socialism, or communism.
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originally posited by Frank Ramsey in the 1920s. Its aggregation properties make it very convenient for teaching macro economics because one does not have to deal with the messiness of upwards of 100 overlapping generations acting independently, but also interdependently. Consequently, it has become a mainstay in graduate macroeconomics training and underlies the work by
Economics Nobel Laureate
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621:, developed the first large-scale computable general equilibrium life-cycle model that can track the behavior, over time, of economies comprising large numbers of overlapping generations. The Auerbach-Kotlikoff model is widely used by economists to study the transition paths of closed as well as open economies as well as the dynamic impact of fiscal and other policies.
644:) by Kotlikoff, including work with co-authors, showing, via examples, that in economic models featuring rational agents, "the" deficit is a figment of language, not economics. I.e., the deficit is not economically well defined. Instead, what governments measure as "the" deficit is entirely a result of the language they use to label government receipts and payments.
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altruistically linked to Frank. Furthermore, if Frank loses a dollar and you gain a dollar, Barro's model implies that you Steve will take your newfound dollar and hand it to Frank. Kyle
Bagwell and Douglas Bernheim independently reached Kotlikoff's conclusion, namely that the Barro model had patently absurd implications.
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borrowing $ 1,000 from you this year and will be taxing you in, say, five years the $ 1,000 plus accrued interest and using this future tax to pay you the principal plus interest due in the future on the current borrowing. With one set of words the deficit is $ 1,000 larger this year than with the other set of words.
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trillion and using it to pay principal plus interest on the $ 1 trillion it is now borrowing. With this alternative choice of words, the reported deficit is $ 1 trillion larger than with the first set of words. But in all three examples, you hand over $ 1,000 this year and receive and pay zero on net in the future.
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convention. Einstein showed that neither time nor distance were well-defined concepts, but could be measured in an infinite number of ways. The same is true of the deficit. Just like absolute time and distance are not well defined, the deficit and related conventional fiscal measures has no economic meaning.
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Kotlikoff is the
President of Economic Security Planning, Inc., a company that markets MaxiFi Planner, an economics-based personal financial planning software program, and "Maximize My Social Security", a software program that helps Americans decide which Social Security benefits to take and when, to
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Notwithstanding his many studies overturning
Ricardian Equivalence, on both theoretical and empirical grounds, Kotlikoff has a paper showing why intergenerational transfers may have no impact on the economy in a world of purely selfish life-cycle agents. The argument presented is simple. Once younger
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Kotlikoff has done pioneering work testing intergenerational altruism – the proposition that current generations care about their descendants enough to ensure that government redistribution from their descendants to themselves will be offset by private redistribution back to the descendants either in
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According to
Kotlikoff, the deficit is not the only variable that is not well defined. An economy's aggregate tax revenue, its aggregate transfer payments, its disposable income, its personal and private saving rates, and its level of private wealth – all are non-economic concepts that have, from the
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Such models can feature all manner of individual and aggregate uncertainty, incomplete markets, distortionary fiscal policy, asymmetric information, borrowing constraints, time-inconsistent government policy, and a host of other problems, yet "the" deficit will still bear no theoretical connection to
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separating future government spending commitments and its means of paying for those commitments, portending dramatic increases in the lifetime net tax burdens facing young and future generations. The generational accounting and fiscal gap accounting developed by
Auerbach, Gokhale, and Kotlikoff is a
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In life-cycle models without operative intergenerational altruism, the young are the big savers because of every dollar they receive, they save a larger percentage than do the elderly for the simple reason that the elderly are closer to the ends of their lives and want to use it before they lose it.
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Kotlikoff's singly and jointly authored work in the 1980s and 1990 called this model into question on both theoretical and empirical grounds. In a paper entitled "Altruistic
Linkages within the Extended Family: A Note (1983)," which appears in Kotlikoff's 1989 MIT Press book What Determines Savings?
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According to
Kotlikoff, their measurement reflects economically arbitrary fiscal labeling conventions. He argues that an "Economics labeling problem," as he calls it, has led to gross misreadings of the fiscal positions of different countries, starting with the United States, which has a relatively
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According to
Kotlikoff, using the deficit as a guide to fiscal policy is like driving in Los Angeles with a map of New York City. For unlike in our physical world in which we are all using the same language (have the same frame of reference), in the world of economics, we are each free to adopt our
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According to Kotlikoff, the plan provides universal basic health insurance, retains private provision of healthcare, limits government healthcare spending to a fixed share of GDP, and avoids adverse selection. Kotlikoff has denounced critics of the plan such as economist Paul Krugman and President
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This inter-linkage of current and future generations devolves into a mathematical model which is isomorphic to one in which all agents are infinitely lived (i.e., they act as if they live for ever in so far as their progeny are front and center in their preferences). The infinitely-lived model was
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Kotlikoff, along with Harvard's Jerry Green, offered a general proof of the proposition that deficits and a number of other conventional fiscal measures are, economically speaking, content-free, concluding that the deficit is simply an arbitrary figment of language in all economic models involving
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So taking from the young and unborn and giving to the elderly should lead to a decline in national saving. In a 1996 paper with Jagadeesh Gokhale and John Sablehaus, Kotlikoff showed that the ongoing massive redistribution from young and future savers to old savers was responsible for the postwar
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I.e., if you, Steve, are altruistic toward your daughter, Sue, and your daughter marries John, who is altruistically linked to his father Ed, who has a daughter Sara who is altruistic toward her husband David, who cares about his sister Ida, who cares about her father-in-law Frank, you Steve are
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Kotlikoff chose the title of his paper with Green not to suggest in the slightest any comparison of intellect with Einstein, but rather because of what seemed to him to be a strikingly similar message about confusing linguistics for substance. An example here is the definition of a capitalistic
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In 1974, Robert Barro revived "Ricardian Equivalence" by showing in a simple, elegant framework that each generation's caring about its children leads current generations to be altruistically linked to all their descendants. Hence, a government policy of transferring resources to current older
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If it so chose, the government could say it was taxing you $ 1,000 this year and also, this year, borrowing $ 1 trillion from you for, say, five years, making a transfer payment to you this year of $ 1 trillion, and taxing you in five years an amount equal to principal plus interest on the $ 1
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Together with Assaf Razin and Robert Rosenthal, Kotlikoff showed in that dropping the unrealistic assumption that transfers are taken as given and permitting individuals to refuse transfers (e.g., refusing your mother's offer of an extra helping of cabbage) invalidates Barro's proposition of
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If Sally wishes to claim the opposite, there are words she can find to justify her view of the past stance of fiscal policy. And if Sam wishes to claim that that economy has experienced fluctuations from deficits to surpluses of arbitrary magnitude from year to year, he can do so. Language is
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Einstein taught us that neither time, nor distance are well-defined physical concepts. Instead, their measurement is relative to our frame of reference – how fast we were traveling in the universe and in what direction. Our physical frame of reference can be viewed as our language or labeling
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Kotlikoff's thesis examined, in a life-cycle simulation model, the impact of intergenerational redistribution on the long-run position of the economy. He also studied whether the rich spend a larger or smaller share of their lifetime resources than do the poor. And he provided a new empirical
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If the government calls a receipt a "tax," this lowers the reported deficit. If, instead, it calls the receipt "borrowing," it raises the reported deficit. Thus, if you give the government, say, $ 1,000 this year, it can say it is taxing you $ 1,000 this year. Alternatively, it can say it is
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Kotlikoff and Green claim that fiscal variables in all mathematical economic models involving rational agents can be labeled freely and tell us nothing about the models themselves (no more than does choosing to discuss the models in French or English), and this means that the multitudinous
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Kotlikoff, together with Alan Auerbach and Jagadeesh Gokhale, pioneered Generational Accounting, which measures the fiscal burdens facing today's and tomorrow's children. Kotlikoff's work on the relativity of fiscal language claims to show that conventional fiscal measures, including the
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own frame of reference – our own labeling convention. Thus, if Joe wants to claim that the U.S. federal government ran enormous surpluses for the last 50 years, he can simply choose appropriate words to label historic receipts and payments to produce that time series.
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real policy-induced economic outcomes. The reason, again, is that there is no single deficit, but rather an infinity of deficit or surplus policy paths that can be announced (by the government or any private agent) simply by choosing the "right" fiscal labels.
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generations at a cost to generations born, say, in 100 years would induce the current elderly to simply increase their gifts and bequests to their children who would pass the resources onward until it reached those born in 100 years.
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His plan calls for a 15% final (17.5% nominal) sales tax. The FICA tax ceiling is gone and the 7.65% of the employees contribution is applied on everything after $ 40,000 but the employer pays 7.65% on the employees entire salary.
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The unborn are, of course, the biggest savers because giving them an extra dollar (that they will be able to collect with interest when they arrive) leads them to consume nothing more in the present because they aren't yet alive.
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Ricardian Equivalence. I.e., they showed that Barro's model was a combination of a plausible set of preferences (altruism toward one's children) and an implausible assumption about the game being played by donors and donees.
586:, but, he argues, is in worse fiscal shape than any other developed country due to its unofficial, i.e., off-the-books, obligations. In 1991, Kotlikoff, together with Alan Auerbach and Jagadeesh Gokhale, produced the
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468:, and other major outlets. Kotlikoff is a frequent guest on numerous podcasts and radio shows, and is routinely quoted by the media on a wide range of economic issues. Over the years, Kotlikoff has testified to
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approach to understanding the impact of Social Security on saving. At UCLA, Kotlikoff wrote a paper with Avia Spivak on intra-family risk-sharing entitled "The Family as an Incomplete Annuities Market."
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proposal as a replacement for the federal tax code, contributing to research of plan's effects and the required rate for revenue neutrality. In 2010, Kotlikoff offered his own tax proposal, titled the
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econometric studies relating well-defined economic variables, such as interest rates or aggregate personal consumption, to "the" deficit are, economically speaking, content free.
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perspective of economic theories with rational agents, no more purchase on economic reality than does the emperor's clothes in Hans Christian Andersen's famous children's story.
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In 1984, Kotlikoff wrote a fundamental paper entitled "Deficit Delusion", which appeared in The Public Interest. This was the first of a series of papers and books (see, e.g.,
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503:. He achieved ballot-access in 38 states, making him one of only six people in the country that could be legally elected president. His campaign garnered major press from
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The Wage Carrot and the Pension Stick: Retirement Benefits and Labor Force Participation (with David Wise), The W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1989.
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Spend 'Til the End – The Revolutionary Guide to Raising Your Living Standard, Today and When You Retire. Simon & Schuster, (with Scott Burns), 2008.
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Kotlikoff fervently dislikes both major political parties and has called for a third party. In January 2012, Kotlikoff announced his plans to run as a
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Kotlikoff showed that when agents take each other's transfers as given, marriage generates intergenerational linkages between unrelated individuals.
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In the 2016 Presidential Election, Kotlikoff ran as a registered, write-in candidate. He was defeated by Republican candidate Donald Trump.
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Generational Accounting Around the World, co-edited with Alan Auerbach and Willi Leibfritz, NBER volume, University of Chicago Press, 1999.
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A relatively recent incarnation of the Auerbach-Kotlikoff model is a paper by Hans Fehr, Sabine Jokisch, and Laurence Kotlikoff entitled "
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In a series of empirical papers with Stanford economist Michael Boskin, University of Pennsylvania economist Andrew Abel, Yale economist
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Get What's Yours: The Secrets to Maxing Out Your Social Security (with Philip Moeller and Paul Solman), Simon and Schuster, 2015.
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Spend 'til the End: The Revolutionary Guide to Raising Your Living Standard – Today and When You Retire', Simon & Schuster.
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Jimmy Stewart is Dead – Ending the World's Ongoing Financial Plague with Limited Purpose Banking. John Wiley and Sons, 2010.
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means of assessing the sustainability of fiscal policy and how different countries intend to treat their progeny. Recent
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in 1984, where he twice chaired its Department of Economics, and was named a William Warren Fairfield Professor in 2009.
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candidate for President of the United States in 2012. Kotlikoff said he would seek the presidential nomination of the
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Kessler, Denis; Masson, Andre (1989). "Bequest and Wealth Accumulation: Are Some Pieces of the Puzzle Missing?".
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accumulation. The publication suggested that most of U.S. wealth accumulation was not attributed to life-cycle
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https://kotlikoff.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Youre-Hired-A-Trump-Playbook-For-Fixing-Americas-Economy-1.pdf
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Kotlikoff has commented regularly on contemporary issues and public affairs. His columns have appeared in the
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extremely flexible. And there is nothing in economic theory that pins down how we discuss economic theory.
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ceased operations. Kotlikoff ran for president in 2016 as an independent alongside his vice president,
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798:(a blend of red and blue), a consumption levy that he says cleans up some problems with the FairTax.
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4512:* : These candidates were constitutionally ineligible to serve as President or Vice President.
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Kotlikoff has written that the economic future is bleak for the United States without tax reform,
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Jimmy Stewart Is Dead: Ending the World's Ongoing Financial Plague with Limited Purpose Banking
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Macroeconomics: An Integrated Approach (with Alan Auerbach), Southwestern Publishing Co., 1994.
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Macroeconomics: An Integrated Approach Second Edition, (with Alan Auerbach), MIT Press, 1998.
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Pensions in the American Economy (with Daniel Smith), University of Chicago Press, 1983.
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by Kotlikoff claim to confirm the truly severe long-run fiscal problems facing the U.S.
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The Coming Generational Storm: What You Need to Know about America's Economic Future'
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The Coming Generational Storm: What You Need to Know about America’s Economic Future
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https://kotlikoff.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Vita-2-21-24-Laurence-Kotlikoff.pdf
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government's deficit, are not well defined from the perspective of economic theory.
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Dynamic Globalization and Its Potentially Alarming Prospects for Low-Wage Workers
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Essays on Saving, Bequests, Altruism, and Life-Cycle Planning, MIT Press, 2001.
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on tax reform, generational policy, and other economic issues on 19 occasions.
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Dynamic Fiscal Policy (with Alan Auerbach), Cambridge University Press, 1987.
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The Healthcare Fix – Universal Insurance for All Americans, MIT Press, 2007.
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1361:"The Role of Intergenerational Transfers in Aggregate Capital Accumulation"
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as a senior economist (1981-1982). He became a professor of economics at
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Gokhale, Jagadeesh; Kotlikoff, Laurence J.; Sabelhaus, John (May 1996).
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at Yale till 1984, during which time he was a research associate at the
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1478:"Understanding the Postwar Decline in U.S. Saving: A Cohort Analysis"
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862:. He announced in May that he would also seek the nomination of the
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The Coming Generational Storm, (with Scott Burns), MIT Press, 2004.
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The Economic Consequences of the Vickers Commission, Civitas, 2012.
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1797:"'Vouchercare' Is the Right Name for Medicare: Laurence Kotlikoff"
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Kotlikoff's proposed reform of the financial system, discussed in
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link to chapter links, via right-arrow at top to pp. 11–12.
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Generational Policy, The 2002 Caroli Lectures, MIT Press, 2003.
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from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially
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Obama Might Trade Parties With Paul Ryan: Laurence Kotlikoff
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Kotlikoff, Laurence; Moeller, Philip; Solman, Paul (2015).
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first set of generational accounts] for the United States.
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Candidates in the 2016 United States presidential election
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Candidates in the 2012 United States presidential election
1242:"Member Directory | American Academy of Arts and Sciences"
1875:"Economist Laurence Kotlikoff Announces Presidential Bid"
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1902:"Kotlikoff to Seek Reform Party Presidential Nomination"
1441:
Generational Accounting, The Free Press, 1992. Kotlikoff
1828:"A Third-Party Candidate Is Coming: Laurence Kotlikoff"
1613:
Niall Ferguson; Laurence Kotlikoff (December 2, 2009).
1453:(with Alan Auerbach), Cambridge University Press, 1987.
1678:
1359:
Kotlikoff, Laurence J.; Summers, Lawrence H. (1981).
613:
In the late 1970s, Kotlikoff, together with Berkeley
293:, he has contributed to a range of fields, including
4606:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1267:
483:, and sought the nominations of the advocacy group
1767:
1647:
1614:
4557:
1872:
1358:
949:Laurence J. Kotlikoff, 1987, "social security,"
1844:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1311:
608:
491:, before ending his campaign in May 2012, when
409:Kotlikoff has been a research associate at the
1928:"Kotlikoff ends Reform Party presidential bid"
987:Laurence J. Kotlikoff and Scott Burns (2004).
924:Generational Accounting, The Free Press, 1992.
746:
281:who has served as a professor of economics at
2982:
2023:
1402:
1314:"The Family as an Incomplete Annuties Market"
1312:Kotlikoff, Laurence J.; Spivak, Avia (1981).
1013:Laurence J. Kotlikoff and Scott Burns, 2008.
692:
1730:
1464:On the General Relativity of Fiscal Language
1645:
699:
4631:United States Council of Economic Advisers
2989:
2975:
2030:
2016:
977:Laurence J. Kotlikoff, October 22, 2006. "
763:
566:
160:
67:about living persons that is unsourced or
1825:
1794:
1766:Kotlikoff, Laurence (September 7, 2007).
1765:
1711:
1649:"Why cautious reform is the risky option"
1616:"How to take moral hazard out of banking"
1574:
1530:. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from
1522:
1516:
1489:
1418:
1068:
1027:
927:What Determines Savings, MIT Press, 1989.
632:The general relativity of fiscal language
547:questioning the importance of saving for
138:Learn how and when to remove this message
3003:2016 United States presidential election
2044:2012 United States presidential election
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1679:Laurence J. Kotlikoff (March 17, 2010).
1559:. Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from
1548:
1354:
1352:
543:He also wrote a widely cited paper with
1444:
1268:Gaylican, Christine (January 9, 2012).
1194:"Registered Author: Laurence Kotlikoff"
956:, v. 4, pp. 413–18. Stockton Press
953:New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
277:(born January 30, 1951) is an American
14:
4558:
4077:third-party and independent candidates
2437:third-party and independent candidates
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
974:, July/August, 88(4), pp. 235–49.
790:Kotlikoff has been a supporter of the
667:
4073:
2970:
2433:
2011:
1873:Palmer, Kimberly (January 10, 2012).
1847:"Econ professor to run for president"
1826:Kotlikoff, Laurence (July 19, 2011).
1795:Kotlikoff, Laurence (June 15, 2011).
1712:Kotlikoff, Laurence (April 5, 2011).
1698:
1580:
1349:
1263:
1261:
970:," Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
427:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
413:since 1980, and a research fellow at
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
845:
592:Their study claimed to find a major
29:
1845:Censky, Annalyn (January 5, 2012).
1750:
1554:
1145:"Laurence J. Kotlikoff | Economics"
878:get the highest lifetime benefits.
354:Born in 1951, Kotlikoff received a
24:
4611:Fellows of the Econometric Society
1523:Kotlikoff, Laurence (2005-03-07).
1258:
390:from 1980 to 1981, and then as an
25:
4647:
4636:University of Pennsylvania alumni
4586:21st-century American politicians
1987:
1113:
1080:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
1039:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
872:
864:Reform Party of the United States
704:gifts. This proposition dates to
534:
489:Reform Party of the United States
4576:21st-century American economists
1406:Journal of Economic Perspectives
1085:Library of Economics and Liberty
1044:Library of Economics and Liberty
890:The Clash of Generations, (with
425:in 1992, and was elected to the
374:in 1977. After three years as a
34:
27:American academic and politician
4131:American Party (South Carolina)
1957:
1946:
1920:
1894:
1866:
1838:
1819:
1807:
1788:
1672:
1660:from the original on 2022-12-12
1639:
1627:from the original on 2022-12-12
1606:
1595:
1498:
1469:
1456:
1435:
1396:
1069:Kotlikoff, Laurence J. (2002).
1028:Kotlikoff, Laurence J. (2008).
475:Kotlikoff attempted to run for
398:(1980-1984), and served on the
1646:Martin Wolf (April 27, 2010).
1557:"Herman Cain's Other Tax Plan"
1305:
1294:
1234:
1210:
1186:
1161:
1137:
1042:(2nd ed.). Indianapolis:
1007:and chapter-preview links, p.
968:Is the United States Bankrupt?
966:Laurence J. Kotlikoff, 2006, "
477:President of the United States
342:Quarterly Journal of Economics
309:, economic guides to personal
13:
1:
2494:American Third Position Party
979:Drifting to Future Bankruptcy
959:Laurence J. Kotlikoff, 1992,
943:
817:
779:The Coming Generational Storm
417:since 1999. He was elected a
4495:Other Independent candidates
3135:Electoral College vote count
1932:Independent Political Report
1906:Independent Political Report
1880:U.S. News & World Report
1525:"The Case for the 'FairTax'"
1369:Journal of Political Economy
1322:Journal of Political Economy
1275:International Business Times
609:The Auerbach-Kotlikoff Model
400:Council of Economic Advisers
348:Journal of Political Economy
285:since 1984. A specialist in
45:biography of a living person
7:
1953:Maximize My Social Security
1482:NBER Working Paper No. 5571
747:Generational redistribution
529:
72:must be removed immediately
10:
4652:
4581:21st-century American Jews
4571:20th-century American Jews
2445:American Independent Party
1222:www.econometricsociety.org
805:
693:Intergenerational altruism
570:
499:, a renowned economist at
364:University of Pennsylvania
195:University of Pennsylvania
4616:Harvard University alumni
4591:Boston University faculty
4529:
4510:
4494:
4473:
4454:
4425:
4389:
4368:
4347:
4326:
4266:
4247:
4189:
4170:
4151:American Solidarity Party
4149:
4130:
4087:
4083:
4069:
4016:
3963:
3940:
3929:
3861:
3838:
3820:
3646:
3576:
3551:
3242:
3191:
3159:
3155:
3014:
2933:
2865:
2829:
2808:
2785:
2739:
2710:
2663:
2642:
2613:
2590:
2572:
2521:
2492:
2443:
2429:
2376:
2358:
2351:
2298:
2285:
2278:
2236:
2229:
2137:
2114:
2107:
2055:
1555:Coy, Peter (2011-10-19).
983:The Philadelphia Inquirer
268:
257:
247:
237:
227:
222:
218:
190:
168:
159:
152:
4370:Socialist Equality Party
3034:(D), 227 electoral votes
3024:(R), 304 electoral votes
2787:Socialist Equality Party
2644:Socialism and Liberation
2089:General election debates
1107:
881:
785:
782:and other publications.
756:decline in U.S. saving.
720:and other economists on
698:the form of bequests or
336:American Economic Review
275:Laurence Jacob Kotlikoff
173:Laurence Jacob Kotlikoff
4427:Socialist Workers Party
4268:Peace and Freedom Party
2866:Independents and others
2810:Socialist Workers Party
2665:Peace and Freedom Party
2582:Nominee: Stephen Durham
2574:Freedom Socialist Party
1681:"Jimmy Stewart Is Dead"
961:Generational Accounting
764:Policy reform proposals
638:Generational Accounting
599:generational accounting
573:Generational accounting
567:Generational accounting
263:IDEAS / RePEc
3638:VP candidate selection
3235:VP candidate selection
3103:Newspaper endorsements
2551:VP nominee: Jim Clymer
2172:Incumbent VP nominee:
2094:Newspaper endorsements
1970:. Simon and Schuster.
1746:The Purple Health Plan
1685:www.huffingtonpost.com
774:Social Security reform
700:
59:Please help by adding
3701:Democratic opposition
1583:"The Purple Tax Plan"
1581:Kotlikoff, Laurence.
1451:Dynamic Fiscal Policy
812:Jimmy Stewart Is Dead
603:fiscal gap accounting
571:Further information:
551:in determining total
4535:Other 2016 elections
4416:Angela Nicole Walker
4089:American Delta Party
3125:Russian interference
2939:Other 2012 elections
1198:econpapers.repec.org
1169:"Laurence Kotlikoff"
307:fiscal progressivity
87:"Laurence Kotlikoff"
65:Contentious material
4475:Workers World Party
4391:Socialist Party USA
3745:Paul T. Farrell Jr.
3581:Political positions
2147:Incumbent nominee:
1654:The Financial Times
1621:The Financial Times
1563:on October 22, 2011
1429:10.1257/jep.3.3.141
1173:Hachette Book Group
894:), MIT Press, 2012.
836:Affordable Care Act
722:Real Business Cycle
668:Frames of reference
642:Generational Policy
510:Wall Street Journal
438:Wall Street Journal
423:Econometric Society
392:associate professor
384:assistant professor
376:postdoctoral fellow
4502:Laurence Kotlikoff
4192:Constitution Party
4106:Rocky De La Fuente
4033:Better for America
3945:Debates and forums
3843:Debates and forums
3733:Rocky De La Fuente
3591:Debates and forums
3195:Debates and forums
3130:Faithless electors
2760:Laurence Kotlikoff
2523:Constitution Party
2512:Virginia Abernethy
2460:Other candidates:
1770:The Healthcare Fix
1510:2006-08-28 at the
1075:David R. Henderson
1034:David R. Henderson
824:The Healthcare Fix
822:In his 2007 book,
770:health care reform
382:, he taught as an
372:Harvard University
370:in economics from
311:financial behavior
204:Harvard University
154:Laurence Kotlikoff
4626:Public economists
4553:
4552:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4328:Prohibition Party
4310:Other candidates:
4121:Michael Steinberg
4012:
4011:
3925:
3924:
3823:Libertarian Party
3816:
3815:
3547:
3546:
2964:
2963:
2929:
2928:
2914:Michael Bloomberg
2872:Objectivist Party
2856:Alejandro Mendoza
2841:Stewart Alexander
2757:Other candidates:
2728:Other candidates:
2712:Prohibition Party
2692:Stewart Alexander
2689:Other candidates:
2633:Luis J. Rodriguez
2556:Other candidates:
2425:
2424:
2412:Stewart Alexander
2409:Other candidates:
2347:
2346:
2279:Libertarian Party
2274:
2273:
2225:
2224:
1484:. Cambridge, MA.
1218:"Current Fellows"
1071:"Federal Deficit"
846:Political parties
660:rational agents.
584:debt-to-GDP ratio
561:Franco Modigliani
497:Dr. Edward Leamer
404:Boston University
396:Cowles Foundation
327:healthcare reform
319:marginal taxation
283:Boston University
272:
271:
242:Boston University
148:
147:
140:
122:
48:needs additional
16:(Redirected from
4643:
4485:Monica Moorehead
4349:Socialist Action
4313:Monica Moorehead
4299:PSL VP nominee:
4273:
4235:Other candidates
4094:
4085:
4084:
4071:
4070:
4023:
4000:Other candidates
3938:
3937:
3903:Other candidates
3836:
3835:
3829:
3717:Other candidates
3574:
3573:
3567:
3560:
3554:Democratic Party
3298:Other candidates
3189:
3188:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3162:Republican Party
3157:
3156:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2919:attempt to draft
2592:Grassroots Party
2479:Edward C. Noonan
2431:
2430:
2356:
2355:
2330:Other candidates
2283:
2282:
2234:
2233:
2230:Republican Party
2112:
2111:
2108:Democratic Party
2032:
2025:
2018:
2009:
2008:
1982:
1981:
1967:Get What's Yours
1961:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1773:
1763:
1748:
1743:
1728:
1727:
1709:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1676:
1670:
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1651:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
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1618:
1610:
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1572:
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1569:
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1552:
1546:
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1542:
1536:
1529:
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1514:
1502:
1496:
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1493:
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1467:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
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1433:
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1422:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1318:
1309:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1278:. Archived from
1265:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1088:
1083:(1st ed.).
1065:
963:, The Free Press
703:
619:Alan J. Auerbach
545:Lawrence Summers
252:Martin Feldstein
186:
183:January 30, 1951
182:
180:
164:
150:
149:
143:
136:
132:
129:
123:
121:
80:
61:reliable sources
38:
37:
30:
21:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4513:
4506:
4490:
4469:
4464:Bradford Lyttle
4450:
4421:
4385:
4364:
4343:
4322:
4271:
4270:
4262:
4248:Nutrition Party
4243:
4185:
4171:America's Party
4166:
4145:
4126:
4092:
4091:
4079:
4065:
4021:
4020:
4008:
3959:
3921:
3912:Austin Petersen
3857:
3827:
3826:
3812:
3762:Martin O'Malley
3750:Lawrence Lessig
3660:Hillary Clinton
3642:
3565:
3558:
3557:
3543:
3238:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3165:
3151:
3035:
3028:Hillary Clinton
3010:
2995:
2965:
2960:
2925:
2861:
2831:Socialist Party
2825:
2804:
2781:
2735:
2706:
2659:
2638:
2609:
2586:
2568:
2517:
2488:
2439:
2421:
2372:
2343:
2294:
2270:
2256:Statewide polls
2221:
2133:
2103:
2099:Hurricane Sandy
2070:Statewide polls
2051:
2036:
1990:
1985:
1978:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1843:
1839:
1824:
1820:
1816:, Business Week
1812:
1808:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1764:
1751:
1744:
1731:
1724:
1710:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1611:
1607:
1602:Purple Tax Plan
1600:
1596:
1587:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1512:Wayback Machine
1503:
1499:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1420:10.1.1.511.4342
1401:
1397:
1363:
1357:
1350:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1282:on July 1, 2012
1266:
1259:
1250:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1114:
1110:
1054:
946:
884:
875:
860:Americans Elect
858:advocacy group
848:
820:
808:
788:
766:
749:
695:
670:
634:
611:
601:by the IMF and
575:
569:
537:
532:
493:Americans Elect
485:Americans Elect
454:Financial Times
388:Yale University
366:in 1973, and a
331:social security
299:carbon taxation
223:Academic career
202:
184:
178:
176:
175:
174:
155:
144:
133:
127:
124:
81:
79:
58:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4649:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
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4530:
4527:
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4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4479:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4458:
4456:
4455:Pacifist Party
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4440:
4437:Alyson Kennedy
4431:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4395:
4393:
4387:
4386:
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4366:
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4344:
4342:
4341:
4332:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4306:
4305:
4301:Eugene Puryear
4296:
4288:
4285:Gloria La Riva
4279:
4277:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4233:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4216:Darrell Castle
4213:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4155:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4100:
4098:
4081:
4080:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:Running mate:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4004:Darryl Cherney
4001:
3998:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3971:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3917:Vermin Supreme
3914:
3909:
3904:
3901:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3774:Bernie Sanders
3771:
3770:
3769:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3721:Lincoln Chafee
3718:
3714:
3713:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3668:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3631:superdelegates
3623:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3452:Jimmy McMillan
3449:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3394:Lindsey Graham
3391:
3390:
3389:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3331:Chris Christie
3328:
3327:
3326:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3282:GOP opposition
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3153:
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3149:
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3147:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3111:
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3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3046:
3041:
3015:
3012:
3011:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2754:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2725:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2697:Rocky Anderson
2694:
2686:
2678:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2628:
2625:Rocky Anderson
2619:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2570:
2569:
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2293:
2292:
2286:
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2272:
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2269:
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2263:
2261:National polls
2258:
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2248:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2226:
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2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:Vermin Supreme
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2143:
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2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2067:
2065:National polls
2062:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1996:
1989:
1988:External links
1986:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1956:
1945:
1934:. June 5, 2012
1919:
1908:. May 11, 2012
1893:
1865:
1837:
1818:
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1787:
1781:978-0262113144
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1729:
1723:978-1118011331
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1671:
1638:
1605:
1594:
1573:
1547:
1515:
1497:
1468:
1455:
1443:
1434:
1413:(3): 141–152.
1395:
1382:10.1086/260999
1376:(4): 706–732.
1348:
1335:10.1086/260970
1329:(2): 372–391.
1304:
1293:
1257:
1246:www.amacad.org
1233:
1209:
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1160:
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873:Other ventures
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819:
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745:
741:Joseph Altonji
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568:
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535:Early research
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434:New York Times
315:banking reform
295:climate change
291:public finance
287:macroeconomics
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69:poorly sourced
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4621:Living people
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4402:
4401:Mimi Soltysik
4397:
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4230:Scott Bradley
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4199:
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4040:Evan McMullin
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3809:
3808:Willie Wilson
3806:
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3679:non-political
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3670:endorsements
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3520:Rick Santorum
3518:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
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3480:
3477:
3475:
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3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3457:George Pataki
3455:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3406:Mike Huckabee
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3370:Carly Fiorina
3368:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
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3113:
3109:
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3037:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2957:
2956:Gubernatorial
2954:
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2920:
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2844:
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2842:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2751:Andre Barnett
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2683:Cindy Sheehan
2679:
2677:
2676:
2675:Roseanne Barr
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2615:Justice Party
2612:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
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2565:
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2539:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2504:Merlin Miller
2500:
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2497:
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2485:
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2469:
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2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2417:Roseanne Barr
2415:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:Cheri Honkala
2397:
2393:
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2239:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Randall Terry
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:Warren Mosler
2200:
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2195:
2193:
2190:
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2019:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:Kotlikoff.net
1992:
1991:
1979:
1977:9781476772318
1973:
1969:
1968:
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1774:. MIT Press.
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1551:
1537:on 2006-06-14
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1491:10.3386/w5571
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706:David Ricardo
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525:You're Hired!
522:
521:2016 election
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4445:Osborne Hart
4443:VP nominee:
4442:
4434:
4414:VP nominee:
4413:
4398:
4377:
4359:Jeff Mackler
4356:
4338:James Hedges
4335:
4309:
4298:
4293:Dennis Banks
4291:VP nominee:
4290:
4282:
4254:
4239:Tom Hoefling
4228:VP nominee:
4227:
4215:
4190:
4180:Tom Hoefling
4177:
4161:Mike Maturen
4158:
4140:Peter Skewes
4137:
4119:VP nominee:
4118:
4103:
4057:
4051:endorsements
4037:
4018:Independents
4017:
3995:Ajamu Baraka
3993:VP nominee:
3992:
3986:endorsements
3973:
3930:
3896:VP nominee:
3895:
3884:endorsements
3873:Gary Johnson
3871:
3821:
3784:endorsements
3708:VP nominee:
3707:
3658:
3586:Endorsements
3552:
3532:Scott Walker
3445:endorsements
3423:Bobby Jindal
3365:Mark Everson
3353:endorsements
3289:VP nominee:
3288:
3267:endorsements
3256:Donald Trump
3254:
3200:Endorsements
3160:
3145:inauguration
3115:Vote pairing
3088:Social media
3018:Donald Trump
3016:
2937:
2909:Joe Schriner
2899:Robert Burck
2889:Randy Blythe
2884:Lee Abramson
2880:Independents
2854:VP nominee:
2853:
2838:
2820:James Harris
2817:
2797:
2765:Buddy Roemer
2759:
2756:
2748:
2741:Reform Party
2731:James Hedges
2727:
2722:Jack Fellure
2719:
2702:Peta Lindsay
2688:
2681:VP nominee:
2680:
2672:
2654:Peta Lindsay
2651:
2631:VP nominee:
2630:
2622:
2602:
2581:
2555:
2550:
2538:Virgil Goode
2535:
2510:VP nominee:
2509:
2501:
2467:Virgil Goode
2455:Tom Hoefling
2452:
2408:
2399:VP nominee:
2398:
2383:
2321:VP nominee:
2320:
2308:Gary Johnson
2305:
2171:
2160:endorsements
2149:Barack Obama
2146:
1966:
1959:
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1931:
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1905:
1896:
1884:. Retrieved
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1868:
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1688:. Retrieved
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1662:. Retrieved
1653:
1641:
1629:. Retrieved
1620:
1608:
1597:
1586:. Retrieved
1576:
1565:. Retrieved
1561:the original
1550:
1539:. Retrieved
1532:the original
1518:
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1284:. Retrieved
1280:the original
1273:
1249:. Retrieved
1245:
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1225:. Retrieved
1221:
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1201:. Retrieved
1197:
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1177:. Retrieved
1175:. 2021-01-05
1172:
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1152:. Retrieved
1148:
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776:in his book
767:
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524:
516:Boston Globe
514:
508:
474:
458:Boston Globe
450:PBS NewsHour
431:
408:
353:
346:
340:
334:
323:labor supply
274:
273:
134:
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115:
108:
101:
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82:
71:
54:verification
47:
4566:1951 births
4380:Jerry White
4038:Candidate:
3932:Green Party
3907:John McAfee
3684:celebrities
3503:Marco Rubio
3435:John Kasich
3382:Jim Gilmore
3039:Fundraising
2904:Terry Jones
2876:Tom Stevens
2799:Jerry White
2777:Robby Wells
2604:Jim Carlson
2564:Robby Wells
2559:Laurie Roth
2484:Laurie Roth
2462:Wiley Drake
2352:Green Party
2334:Carl Person
2266:Straw polls
2188:Challengers
2060:Fundraising
1999:Appearances
1886:January 17,
1858:January 17,
1286:January 17,
1017:Description
1005:Description
892:Scott Burns
852:third party
718:Ed Prescott
701:inter vivos
553:U.S. wealth
259:Information
238:Institution
128:August 2013
4560:Categories
4318:Jill Stein
4206:Convention
4060:Mindy Finn
3975:Jill Stein
3964:Candidates
3955:Convention
3862:Candidates
3853:Convention
3689:performers
3648:Candidates
3626:Convention
3486:Rick Perry
3319:Ben Carson
3291:Mike Pence
3244:Candidates
3230:Convention
3140:Transition
3074:early 2016
3022:Mike Pence
2531:Convention
2386:Jill Stein
2377:Candidates
2363:Convention
2299:Candidates
2290:Convention
2241:Convention
2217:John Wolfe
2197:Keith Judd
2139:Candidates
2119:Convention
2078:early 2012
1588:2012-02-03
1567:2012-02-03
1541:2006-07-23
1251:2024-06-22
1227:2024-06-22
1203:2024-06-22
1179:2024-06-22
1154:2024-06-22
1149:www.bu.edu
944:References
818:Healthcare
796:Purple Tax
594:fiscal gap
549:retirement
345:, and the
303:inequality
248:Influences
179:1951-01-30
98:newspapers
4483:Nominee:
4462:Nominee:
4435:Nominee:
4399:Nominee:
4378:Nominee:
4357:Nominee:
4336:Nominee:
4283:Nominee:
4257:Rod Silva
4255:Nominee:
4201:Primaries
4178:Nominee:
4159:Nominee:
4138:Nominee:
4104:Nominee:
3950:Primaries
3898:Bill Weld
3889:positions
3848:Primaries
3789:positions
3710:Tim Kaine
3696:positions
3674:political
3609:statewide
3596:Primaries
3513:positions
3496:positions
3479:positions
3469:Rand Paul
3416:positions
3358:positions
3312:positions
3272:positions
3215:statewide
3205:Primaries
3064:statewide
3044:Positions
3032:Tim Kaine
2894:Jeff Boss
2839:Nominee:
2818:Nominee:
2749:Nominee:
2720:Nominee:
2673:Nominee:
2652:Nominee:
2623:Nominee:
2536:Nominee:
2502:Nominee:
2453:Nominee:
2384:Nominee:
2368:Primaries
2339:Sam Sloan
2306:Nominee:
2246:Primaries
2180:positions
2174:Joe Biden
2165:positions
2124:Primaries
1832:Bloomberg
1801:Bloomberg
1716:. Wiley.
1690:23 August
1664:23 August
1631:23 August
1415:CiteSeerX
1343:153598067
1102:163149563
1094:317650570
1062:237794267
993:MIT Press
615:economist
505:Bloomberg
442:Bloomberg
429:in 2005.
362:from the
360:economics
279:economist
191:Education
50:citations
18:Kotlikoff
4407:campaign
4221:campaign
4112:campaign
4046:campaign
3981:campaign
3879:campaign
3801:campaign
3796:Jim Webb
3779:campaign
3767:campaign
3755:campaign
3738:campaign
3726:campaign
3666:campaign
3604:national
3537:campaign
3525:campaign
3508:campaign
3491:campaign
3474:campaign
3462:campaign
3440:campaign
3428:campaign
3411:campaign
3399:campaign
3387:campaign
3375:campaign
3348:campaign
3343:Ted Cruz
3336:campaign
3324:campaign
3307:campaign
3302:Jeb Bush
3277:protests
3262:campaign
3211:national
3120:Recounts
3093:Timeline
3069:pre-2016
3057:by demo.
3052:national
2847:campaign
2770:campaign
2544:campaign
2472:campaign
2392:campaign
2323:Jim Gray
2314:campaign
2155:campaign
2084:Timeline
2074:pre-2012
1852:CNNMoney
1658:Archived
1625:Archived
1508:Archived
1390:54180097
1098:50016270
1030:"Saving"
832:Medicaid
828:Medicare
724:models.
530:Research
487:and the
470:Congress
76:libelous
4212:Nominee
3970:Nominee
3868:Nominee
3655:Nominee
3621:Results
3251:Nominee
3225:Results
3209:Polls (
3108:primary
3098:Debates
2794:Nominee
2599:Nominee
2251:Debates
2192:Bob Ely
2129:Results
1938:June 9,
1912:May 12,
1077:(ed.).
1036:(ed.).
1021:Preview
806:Finance
792:FairTax
421:of the
112:scholar
4540:Senate
4096:Reform
4075:Other
3600:Polls
3048:Polls
3007:2020 →
2999:← 2012
2951:Senate
2435:Other
2048:2016 →
2040:← 2008
2003:C-SPAN
1974:
1778:
1720:
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999:
972:Review
772:, and
582:small
557:saving
513:, the
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456:, the
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448:, the
446:Forbes
436:, the
419:Fellow
415:CESifo
339:, the
329:, and
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4545:House
3614:straw
3219:straw
2946:House
1535:(PDF)
1528:(PDF)
1386:S2CID
1364:(PDF)
1339:S2CID
1317:(PDF)
1108:Notes
1073:. In
1032:. In
1019:and
882:Books
786:Taxes
462:Yahoo
228:Field
119:JSTOR
105:books
43:This
4025:IPMN
3831:IPNY
3184:RTLP
3177:CPNY
1972:ISBN
1940:2012
1914:2012
1888:2012
1860:2012
1776:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1692:2011
1666:2011
1633:2011
1288:2012
1090:OCLC
1058:OCLC
1048:ISBN
1009:vii.
997:ISBN
951:The
640:and
501:UCLA
481:2012
466:CNBC
411:NBER
380:UCLA
321:and
297:and
289:and
169:Born
91:news
52:for
4275:PSL
3569:WFP
3562:WEP
3170:AIP
2001:on
1486:doi
1425:doi
1378:doi
1331:doi
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479:in
386:at
378:at
368:PhD
358:in
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