908:
162:
1135:, and successfully demonstrated return in 2015, and successfully reused the same booster on a second suborbital flight in January 2016. By October 2016, Blue had reflown, and landed successfully, that same launch vehicle a total of five times. It must however be noted that the launch trajectories of both vehicles are very different, with New Shepard going straight up and down, whereas Falcon 9 has to cancel substantial horizontal velocity and return from a significant distance downrange.
4656:
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532:
43:
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991:(GTO). A direct insertion places greater demands on the launch vehicle, while GTO is more demanding of the spacecraft. Once in orbit, launch vehicle upper stages and satellites can have overlapping capabilities, although upper stages tend to have orbital lifetimes measured in hours or days while spacecraft can last decades.
1066:, as had been the standard procedure for all orbital launch vehicles flown prior to that time. Both were subsequently demonstrated on actual orbital nominal flights, although both also had an abort mode during launch that could conceivably allow the crew to land the spaceplane following an off-nominal launch.
1525:, p. 64-66: "5.2.1 The Need for Heavy Lift ... require a “super heavy-lift” launch vehicle ... range of 25 to 40 mt, setting a notional lower limit on the size of the super heavy-lift launch vehicle if refueling is available ... this strongly favors a minimum heavy-lift capacity of roughly 50 mt ..."
859:
is an example of a reusable launch vehicle. As of 2023, all reusable launch vehicles that were ever operational have been partially reusable, meaning some components are recovered and others are not. This usually means the recovery of specific stages, usually just the first stage, but sometimes
907:
3831:
This
Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future
624:
launch vehicle must lift its payload at least to the boundary of space, approximately 150 km (93 mi) and accelerate it to a horizontal velocity of at least 7,814 m/s (17,480 mph).
1120:
in
February 2018, the two outer cores successfully returned to the launch site landing pads while the center core targeted the landing platform at sea but did not successfully land on it.
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1018:
Mission architectures for distributed launch were explored in the 2000s and launch vehicles with integrated distributed launch capability built in began development in 2017 with the
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2100:
876:, which was located at the back of the orbiter), however the fuel tank that the engines sourced fuel from, which was separate from the engines, was not reused.
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A launch vehicle will start off with its payload at some location on the surface of the Earth. To reach orbit, the vehicle must travel vertically to leave the
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3834:
Symbol indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)
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3913:
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LV to be reusable, with first flight planned for no earlier than 2024. SpaceX has a new super-heavy launch vehicle under development for missions to
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payload to be accelerated to very high velocity. In the vacuum of space, reaction forces must be provided by the ejection of mass, resulting in the
1965:
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Both Blue Origin and SpaceX also have additional reusable launch vehicles under development. Blue is developing the first stage of the orbital
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are similar to small-lift launch vehicles, however they are usually even smaller and do not place payloads into orbit. A modified
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in 1969. Through the late 20th century, France, the United
Kingdom, Japan, and China were also working on projects to reach space.
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1938:
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Distributed launch involves the accomplishment of a goal with multiple spacecraft launches. A large spacecraft such as the
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portion of the launch vehicle. In both cases, the main vehicle thrust structure and the large propellant tank were
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1951:
1623:
An Orion/Ares I Launch and Ascent
Simulation - One Segment of the Distributed Space Exploration Simulation (DSES)
1109:
976:
varies depending on the orbit but will always be extreme when compared to velocities encountered in normal life.
935:
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as the means for spaceflight. The first successful large-scale rocket programs were initiated in Nazi
Germany by
675:
60:
1883:
1154:
the booster stage and the integrated second-stage/large-spacecraft that are designed for use with
Starship. Its
93:
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4500:
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3945:
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2362:
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1985:
1208:
64:
1104:. The first successful landing was done in December 2015, since 2017 rocket stages routinely land either at a
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are designed for one-time use, with boosters that usually separate from their payload and disintegrate during
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17:
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had a designed-in capability to return a part of the launch vehicle to the launch site via the mechanism of
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vehicle. Distributed launch enables space missions that are not possible with single launch architectures.
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1441:: "Small: 0-2t payloads, Medium: 2-20t payloads, Heavy: 20-50t payloads, Super Heavy: >50t payloads"
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1830:"SpaceX successfully debuts Falcon Heavy in demonstration launch from KSC – NASASpaceFlight.com"
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2006:
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and systems such as vehicle assembly and fueling. Launch vehicles are engineered with advanced
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1418:"This Day in History: Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space"
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Launch vehicles provide varying degrees of performance. For example, a satellite bound for
738:
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1038:
After 1980, but before the 2010s, two orbital launch vehicles developed the capability to
8:
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is similarly designed to reuse the three cores comprising its first stage. On its
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design. The standard
Starship launch architecture is to refuel the spacecraft in
1019:
892:
860:
specific components of a rocket stage may be recovered while others are not. The
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1512:
HSF Final Report: Seeking a Human
Spaceflight Program Worthy of a Great Nation
872:
that also acted as a second stage, and the engines used by the core stage (the
706:
697:
began in the 20th century following theoretical and practical breakthroughs by
662:
Launch vehicles are classified by their orbital payload capacity, ranging from
2625:
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1223:
1043:
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602:
347:
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265:
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of the booster stage of a launch vehicle. After 2010, SpaceX undertook a
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2095:
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1943:
1620:
Chung, Victoria I.; Crues, Edwin Z.; Blum, Mike G.; Alofs, Cathy (2007).
1131:
1123:
1094:
1074:
1012:
984:
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301:
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took place in April 2023; however, both stages were lost during ascent.
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2256:
2137:
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2011:
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931:
916:
830:
722:
606:
582:
388:
352:
278:
185:
1939:
Timelapse captured from a satellite of a rocket carrying 35 satellites
601:, but the term is more general and also encompasses vehicles like the
30:"Satellite launch vehicle" redirects here. For the Indian rocket, see
4607:
4458:
4175:
4056:
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2774:
2749:
2727:
2620:
2521:
2399:
2110:
2105:
2075:
2016:
1888:
1860:
1654:
1139:
923:
826:
811:
787:: > 20,000 to 50,000 kilograms (44,000 to 110,000 lb) - e.g.
746:
726:
586:
539:
lifts off from the
Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan heading for the
531:
383:
296:
1650:"Musk unveils revised version of giant interplanetary launch system"
628:
vehicles launch their payloads to lower velocity or are launched at
42:
3780:
3768:
3753:
3748:
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3655:
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2023:
1592:
Kutter, Bernard; Monda, Eric; Wenner, Chauncey; Rhys, Noah (2015).
1377:
Challenge To Apollo: The Soviet Union and The Space Race, 1945-1974
1357:"Sputnik | Satellites, History, & Facts | Britannica"
1213:
1126:
developed similar technologies for bringing back and landing their
884:
856:
797:
788:
779:
648:
644:
1912:"Musk offers more technical details on BFR system - SpaceNews.com"
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1008:
896:
578:
1439:
NASA Space
Technology Roadmaps - Launch Propulsion Systems, p.11
1349:
1150:
is designed to support RTLS, vertical-landing and full reuse of
4421:
4285:
3177:
3150:
3019:
2610:
2387:
1629:. AIAA 2007. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
1601:. AIAA 2015. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
1367:
1070:
1003:
can be constructed by assembling modules in orbit, or in-space
710:
574:
3843:
3733:
3704:
3315:
3014:
2283:
2085:
912:
873:
778:: 2,000 to 20,000 kilograms (4,400 to 44,100 lb) - e.g.
742:
1026:
to enable the craft to send high-mass payloads on much more
855:
are designed to be recovered intact and launched again. The
617:
and technologies, which contribute to high operating costs.
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3009:
2377:
2246:
1090:
1082:
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and horizontally to prevent re-contacting the ground. The
4302:
3155:
3004:
1884:"lue Origin successfully tests New Shepard abort system"
810:
sounding rocket was used to place a 4-kilogram payload (
1802:"SpaceX Lands 6th Rocket, Moves Closer to Reusability"
550:
Comparison of launch vehicles. Show payload masses to
1737:"The Forgotten Soviet Space Shuttle Could Fly Itself"
1591:
1272:
Exploration of Outer Space by Means of Rocket Devices
1112:
at sea, some distance away from the launch site. The
841:
are typically required to achieve the desired orbit.
1856:"Blue Origin reflies New Shepard suborbital vehicle"
1561:"SpaceX moving quickly towards fly-back first stage"
1165:
1619:
1309:"NASA Kills 'Wounded' Launch System Upgrade at KSC"
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1772:Newcomb, Alyssa; Dooley, Erin (21 December 2015).
1568:
1471:
1469:
1595:Distributed Launch - Enabling Beyond LEO Missions
796:: > 50,000 kilograms (110,000 lb) - e.g.
758:Launch vehicles are classed by NASA according to
4683:
1523:Review of U.S. Human Spaceflight Plans Committee
938:. Launch vehicles can also be launched from the
1466:
1444:
769:: < 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb) - e.g.
589:) from Earth's surface or lower atmosphere to
3859:
1959:
1774:"SpaceX Historic Rocket Landing Is a Success"
1771:
1194:Comparison of retired orbital launch vehicles
983:(GEO) can either be directly inserted by the
512:
902:
851:or on contact with the ground. In contrast,
160:
27:Rocket used to carry a spacecraft into space
1552:
837:. The physics of spaceflight are such that
3866:
3852:
1973:
1966:
1952:
1875:
1765:
1641:
1585:
519:
505:
1728:
1613:
1505:
1089:to acquire the ability to bring back and
709:, each of whom published works proposing
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1827:
1734:
1033:
906:
864:, for example, recovered and reused its
545:
530:
4351:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
1558:
1373:
1319:
1199:List of canceled launch vehicle designs
987:of the launch vehicle or launched to a
14:
4684:
4373:Psychological and sociological effects
1799:
1432:
1278:A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes
817:
635:Practical orbital launch vehicles use
605:. Most launch vehicles operate from a
3847:
1947:
1909:
1881:
1853:
1647:
994:
577:-powered vehicle designed to carry a
1991:Comparison of orbital launch systems
1828:Gebhardt, Chris (February 5, 2018).
1325:
1189:Comparison of orbital launch systems
1108:adjacent to the launch site or on a
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
922:Launchpads can be located on land (
24:
4082:Weather and environment monitoring
1392:"Yuri Gagarin: First Man in Space"
1007:conducted to greatly increase the
687:This paragraph is an excerpt from
25:
4708:
1932:
1800:Sparks, Daniel (17 August 2016).
1735:Handwerk, Brian (12 April 2016).
1648:Foust, Jeff (29 September 2017).
1081:a set of technologies to support
945:
4665:
4655:
4654:
1559:Lindsey, Clark (28 March 2013).
1326:Hill, James V. H. (April 1999),
1284:Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen
1239:Space vehicle launch preparation
1168:
753:
488:
41:
4126:Space launch market competition
3873:
3819:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
1910:Foust, Jeff (15 October 2017).
1903:
1854:Foust, Jeff (22 January 2016).
1847:
1821:
1793:
1707:"Space Shuttle Abort Evolution"
1699:
1669:
1528:
1311:. Florida Today. Archived from
930:), on a mobile ocean platform (
745:. The United States landed the
52:needs additional citations for
4363:Health threat from cosmic rays
1986:List of orbital launch systems
1882:Foust, Jeff (5 October 2016).
1410:
1384:
1301:
1261:
1209:List of orbital launch systems
926:), on a fixed ocean platform (
891:manufactures and launches the
721:took the lead in the post-war
593:. The most common form is the
13:
1:
1486:. Arianespace. Archived from
1295:
1452:"Launch services—milestones"
1420:. History.com. June 16, 1963
1328:"Getting to Low Earth Orbit"
989:geostationary transfer orbit
7:
4479:Self-replicating spacecraft
4315:International Space Station
1747:National Geographic Society
1161:
1001:International Space Station
541:International Space Station
461:List of space organizations
10:
4713:
3993:Space Liability Convention
3809:Medium-lift launch vehicle
1477:"Welcome to French Guiana"
1204:List of human spaceflights
964:Interplanetary spaceflight
949:
845:Expendable launch vehicles
776:Medium-lift launch vehicle
686:
681:
29:
4649:
4616:
4569:
4521:
4407:
4356:Space adaptation syndrome
4343:
4248:
4168:
4159:
4047:
3881:
3827:
3814:Heavy-lift launch vehicle
3804:Small-lift launch vehicle
3791:
2641:
2415:
1999:
1981:
1374:Siddiqi, Asif A. (2000).
1040:return to the launch site
903:Launch platform locations
785:Heavy-lift launch vehicle
767:Small-lift launch vehicle
632:greater than horizontal.
4089:Communications satellite
1254:
853:reusable launch vehicles
794:Super-heavy lift vehicle
32:Satellite Launch Vehicle
4593:reusable launch systems
4210:Extravehicular activity
4121:Commercial use of space
4025:Militarisation of space
3998:Registration Convention
3914:Accidents and incidents
1677:"Return to Launch Site"
1244:Timeline of spaceflight
952:Sub-orbital spaceflight
883:is responsible for the
191:Timeline of spaceflight
4641:Mission control center
4603:Non-rocket spacelaunch
4037:Billionaire space race
1975:Orbital launch systems
1394:. NASA. Archived from
1219:Nuclear thermal rocket
1013:cislunar or deep space
919:
889:United Launch Alliance
814:) into orbit in 2018.
699:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
689:History of spaceflight
657:hypergolic propellants
566:
543:
495:Spaceflight portal
411:Non-rocket spacelaunch
181:History of spaceflight
165:
4692:Space launch vehicles
4491:Spacecraft propulsion
3941:European Space Agency
1042:(RTLS). Both the US
1034:Return to launch site
960:Trans-lunar injection
910:
881:European Space Agency
870:Space Shuttle orbiter
866:solid rocket boosters
747:first men on the Moon
611:launch control center
549:
534:
164:
4116:Satellite navigation
1493:on 23 September 2015
1156:first launch attempt
1144:interplanetary space
1100:launch vehicle: the
762:payload capability:
637:chemical propellants
61:improve this article
4501:Electric propulsion
4188:Life-support system
4072:Imagery and mapping
4032:Private spaceflight
1834:NASASpaceFlight.com
1742:National Geographic
1716:. 26 September 2011
1270:Tsiolkovsky, 1903,
1249:Transporter erector
1184:Air launch to orbit
1087:development program
1079:privately developed
1069:In the 2000s, both
1005:propellant transfer
981:Geostationary orbit
956:Orbital spaceflight
849:atmospheric reentry
823:Orbital spaceflight
818:General information
333:Apollo Lunar Module
4454:Robotic spacecraft
4380:Space and survival
4235:Space colonization
4131:Space architecture
3983:Outer Space Treaty
2981:v1.2 "Full Thrust"
1540:space.skyrocket.de
1517:2009-11-22 at the
1361:www.britannica.com
1176:Spaceflight portal
1056:horizontal-landing
1011:capabilities of a
995:Distributed launch
920:
567:
544:
290:Robotic spacecraft
166:
4679:
4678:
4626:Flight controller
4403:
4402:
4161:Human spaceflight
4136:Space exploration
4062:Earth observation
3841:
3840:
1753:on April 15, 2016
1398:on March 14, 2023
1229:Space exploration
1046:—with one of its
974:required velocity
879:For example, the
715:Wernher von Braun
703:Robert H. Goddard
609:, supported by a
599:multistage rocket
595:ballistic missile
529:
528:
423:Spaceflight types
367:
366:
324:Crewed spacecraft
316:
315:
231:Earth observation
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
4704:
4669:
4658:
4657:
4368:Space psychology
4193:Animals in space
4166:
4165:
4146:Space technology
3988:Rescue Agreement
3868:
3861:
3854:
3845:
3844:
3690:Universal Rocket
2061:Falcon 9 Block 5
1968:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1749:. Archived from
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1711:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1687:on 15 April 2015
1683:. Archived from
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1600:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1573:on 16 April 2013
1572:
1567:. Archived from
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1532:
1526:
1521:, October 2009,
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1481:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1334:, archived from
1323:
1317:
1316:
1305:
1289:
1265:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1110:landing platform
1083:vertical landing
1050:—and the Soviet
911:Sea launch by a
804:Sounding rockets
725:, launching the
676:super-heavy lift
630:elevation angles
521:
514:
507:
493:
492:
491:
318:
317:
307:Cargo spacecraft
284:
283:
141:
140:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
76:"Launch vehicle"
69:
45:
37:
21:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4645:
4612:
4584:Escape velocity
4565:
4517:
4484:Space telescope
4437:Reentry capsule
4399:
4339:
4244:
4215:Overview effect
4198:Bioastronautics
4155:
4043:
3877:
3872:
3842:
3837:
3823:
3799:Sounding rocket
3787:
2637:
2411:
1995:
1977:
1972:
1935:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1807:Los Motley Fool
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1519:Wayback Machine
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1484:arianespace.com
1479:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1372:
1368:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1324:
1320:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1276:Goddard, 1919,
1266:
1262:
1257:
1234:Space logistics
1174:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1148:SpaceX Starship
1091:vertically land
1036:
1024:low Earth orbit
997:
966:
948:
905:
835:rocket equation
820:
760:low Earth orbit
756:
751:
750:
727:first satellite
692:
684:
573:is typically a
525:
489:
487:
482:
481:
462:
454:
453:
424:
416:
415:
406:Escape velocity
401:launch vehicles
379:
369:
368:
363:
362:
326:
312:
311:
292:
281:
271:
270:
221:
211:
210:
176:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4710:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4662:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4631:Ground station
4628:
4622:
4620:
4618:Ground segment
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4586:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4551:Interplanetary
4548:
4547:
4546:
4544:Geosynchronous
4541:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4511:Gravity assist
4508:
4503:
4498:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4442:Service module
4439:
4434:
4432:Orbital module
4424:
4419:
4417:Launch vehicle
4413:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4395:Space sexology
4392:
4387:
4385:Space medicine
4382:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4365:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4220:Weightlessness
4217:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4172:
4170:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4141:Space research
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4077:Reconnaissance
4074:
4069:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3946:European Union
3943:
3938:
3933:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3848:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3736:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3518:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3200:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2416:In development
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2395:Vulcan Centaur
2392:
2391:
2390:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1933:External links
1931:
1929:
1928:
1902:
1874:
1846:
1820:
1792:
1764:
1727:
1698:
1668:
1640:
1612:
1584:
1565:NewSpace Watch
1551:
1527:
1504:
1465:
1443:
1431:
1409:
1383:
1366:
1348:
1318:
1315:on 2002-10-13.
1299:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:Oberth, 1923,
1280:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1163:
1160:
1093:a part of the
1035:
1032:
996:
993:
947:
946:Flight regimes
944:
904:
901:
819:
816:
801:
800:
791:
782:
773:
755:
752:
707:Hermann Oberth
693:
685:
683:
680:
571:launch vehicle
527:
526:
524:
523:
516:
509:
501:
498:
497:
484:
483:
480:
479:
474:
469:
467:Space agencies
463:
460:
459:
456:
455:
452:
451:
446:
441:
439:Interplanetary
436:
431:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:
408:
403:
391:
386:
380:
375:
374:
371:
370:
365:
364:
361:
360:
355:
350:
348:Space stations
345:
340:
338:Space capsules
335:
330:
327:
322:
321:
314:
313:
310:
309:
304:
299:
293:
288:
287:
282:
277:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
226:Communications
222:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
203:
201:Lunar missions
198:
193:
188:
183:
177:
172:
171:
168:
167:
157:
156:
150:
149:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4709:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4661:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4579:Direct ascent
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4561:Intergalactic
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4496:Rocket engine
4494:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4427:Space capsule
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:Space nursing
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:Health issues
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:Space Shuttle
4296:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4230:Space tourism
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4151:Space weather
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4015:Space command
4013:
4012:
4011:
4010:Space warfare
4008:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3971:United States
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3889:Astrodynamics
3887:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3857:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
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2071:Firefly Alpha
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1916:SpaceNews.com
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1714:ntrs.nasa.gov
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1454:. Arianespace
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1338:on 2012-03-19
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862:Space Shuttle
858:
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839:rocket stages
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754:Mass to orbit
748:
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728:
724:
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712:
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696:
690:
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653:liquid oxygen
650:
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603:Space Shuttle
600:
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458:
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450:
449:Intergalactic
447:
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343:Space Shuttle
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206:Mars missions
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92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:Launch system
4571:Space launch
4556:Interstellar
4522:Destinations
4416:
4291:Apollo–Soyuz
4240:Space diving
4225:Space toilet
4049:Applications
3966:Soviet Union
3926:Space policy
3921:Space launch
3589:Thorad-Agena
3262:Soyuz/Vostok
2066:Falcon Heavy
1974:
1921:February 23,
1919:. Retrieved
1915:
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1887:
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1859:
1849:
1839:February 23,
1837:. Retrieved
1833:
1823:
1811:. Retrieved
1805:
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1777:
1767:
1755:. Retrieved
1751:the original
1740:
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1713:
1701:
1689:. Retrieved
1685:the original
1680:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1653:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1622:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1594:
1587:
1575:. Retrieved
1570:the original
1564:
1554:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:
1530:
1522:
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1488:the original
1483:
1456:. Retrieved
1446:
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1396:the original
1386:
1376:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1340:, retrieved
1336:the original
1332:Space Future
1331:
1321:
1313:the original
1303:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1263:
1151:
1137:
1130:
1122:
1118:first flight
1114:Falcon Heavy
1068:
1039:
1037:
1017:
998:
978:
967:
934:), and on a
921:
878:
843:
821:
802:
757:
731:first animal
719:Soviet Union
661:
634:
619:
615:aerodynamics
570:
568:
472:Space forces
444:Interstellar
400:
377:Space launch
219:Applications
196:Space probes
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
4697:Spaceflight
4529:Sub-orbital
4464:Space probe
4330:New Shepard
4308:Shuttle–Mir
4067:Archaeology
4020:Space force
4003:Moon Treaty
3875:Spaceflight
3079:LauncherOne
3030:Kaituozhe-1
2807:Black Arrow
2559:Orbex Prime
2458:Hyperbola-2
2423:Antares 330
2123:Kaituozhe 2
2096:Hyperbola-1
1813:27 February
1132:New Shepard
1124:Blue Origin
1106:landing pad
1102:first stage
1075:Blue Origin
1048:abort modes
985:upper stage
825:requires a
739:first woman
735:first human
695:Spaceflight
591:outer space
537:Soyuz TMA-5
429:Sub-orbital
353:Spaceplanes
302:Space probe
236:Exploration
154:Spaceflight
117:August 2009
4686:Categories
4598:Launch pad
4589:Expendable
4539:Geocentric
4506:Solar sail
4449:Spaceplane
4409:Spacecraft
4203:Space suit
4181:commercial
4109:Television
3904:Space Race
3084:Long March
2988:Feng Bao 1
2601:Tianlong-3
2527:New Line 1
2485:Long March
2433:Cyclone-4M
2373:Tianlong-2
2351:2.1b / STB
2346:2.1a / STA
2289:Pegasus XL
2155:Long March
2128:Kinetica 1
2051:Chollima-1
1867:1 November
1545:2020-06-02
1424:January 8,
1402:January 8,
1342:2012-03-18
1296:References
1128:suborbital
1064:expendable
1060:spaceplane
1030:missions.
970:atmosphere
950:See also:
932:Sea Launch
917:Orienspace
887:, and the
831:spacecraft
723:Space Race
641:solid fuel
626:Suborbital
607:launch pad
587:satellites
583:spacecraft
581:(a crewed
394:Expendable
389:Launch pad
279:Spacecraft
261:Telescopes
256:Settlement
251:Navigation
186:Space Race
87:newspapers
4608:Spaceport
4459:Satellite
4176:Astronaut
4104:Telephone
4057:Astronomy
3978:Space law
3931:Australia
3183:Paektusan
2812:Conestoga
2569:Red Dwarf
2522:New Glenn
2453:Gravity-2
2443:Epsilon S
2076:Gravity-1
1895:8 October
1889:SpaceNews
1861:SpaceNews
1785:4 October
1757:4 October
1720:4 October
1691:4 October
1655:SpaceNews
1497:19 August
1458:19 August
1140:New Glenn
1028:energetic
936:submarine
928:San Marco
924:spaceport
899:rockets.
827:satellite
812:TRICOM-1R
643:, liquid
477:Companies
384:Spaceport
297:Satellite
241:Espionage
4660:Category
4325:Tiangong
4320:Shenzhou
4249:Programs
4094:Internet
3899:Timeline
3727:original
3717:Vanguard
3700:Proton-K
3673:original
3521:Ablestar
3506:Terran 1
3464:original
3323:Rocket 3
3230:original
3040:original
2966:Falcon 9
2961:Falcon 1
2917:IV Heavy
2633:Zuljanah
2596:Terran R
2579:Block 1B
2564:Pallas-1
2468:Kuaizhou
2428:Bloostar
2368:Starship
2319:Shavit 2
2304:Qaem 100
2294:Proton-M
2252:Minotaur
2133:Kuaizhou
2056:Electron
2024:Ariane 6
1779:ABC News
1681:NASA.gov
1661:23 March
1633:23 March
1605:23 March
1577:29 March
1536:"SS-520"
1515:Archived
1214:NewSpace
1162:See also
1095:Falcon 9
1020:Starship
915:company
893:Delta IV
885:Ariane V
857:Falcon 9
798:Saturn V
789:Ariane 5
780:Soyuz ST
737:and the
649:kerosene
645:hydrogen
639:such as
597:-shaped
535:Russian
398:reusable
246:Military
146:a series
144:Part of
4534:Orbital
4335:Artemis
4266:Voskhod
4261:Mercury
4169:General
3909:Records
3894:History
3882:General
3792:Classes
3663:Tsyklon
3501:Start-1
3272:Voskhod
3267:Sputnik
3203:Molniya
3188:Pilot-2
3025:Juno II
2939:Epsilon
2934:Energia
2924:Diamant
2800:Centaur
2649:Antares
2642:Retired
2591:Soyuz-7
2584:Block 2
2517:Neutron
2507:Miura 5
2341:Soyuz-2
2334:Block 1
2324:Simorgh
2101:Jielong
2029:Atlas V
2000:Current
1098:orbital
1058:of the
1009:delta-V
913:Chinese
897:Atlas V
711:rockets
682:History
668:medium-
622:orbital
579:payload
434:Orbital
266:Tourism
174:History
101:scholar
4671:Portal
4664:
4653:
4469:Lander
4422:Rocket
4286:Skylab
4281:Apollo
4271:Gemini
4256:Vostok
3961:Russia
3776:Zhuque
3710:Strela
3668:R-36-O
3611:II GLV
3599:SLV-2H
3594:SLV-2G
3582:DSV-2U
3560:Burner
3496:SS-520
3491:Sparta
3459:Shavit
3350:Saturn
3311:Shtil'
3277:Vostok
3220:Polyot
3178:Naro-1
3067:Lambda
3035:Kosmos
3020:Juno I
2944:Europa
2718:Athena
2681:Ariane
2621:Zhuque
2611:Vega E
2463:Irtysh
2400:Zhuque
2118:KAIROS
2007:Angara
1146:. The
1071:SpaceX
962:, and
868:, the
808:SS-520
733:, the
729:, the
717:. The
705:, and
672:heavy-
664:small-
575:rocket
358:Vostok
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
4474:Rover
4276:Soyuz
4099:Radio
3956:Japan
3951:India
3936:China
3739:Zenit
3734:VLS-1
3705:Rokot
3606:Titan
3577:Delta
3538:Agena
3486:SPARK
3372:Scout
3328:Safir
3316:Volna
3225:Soyuz
3015:H-IIB
2929:Dnepr
2817:Delta
2795:Agena
2785:SLV-3
2780:LV-3B
2735:Atlas
2309:Qased
2284:OS-M1
2086:H-IIA
2034:Ceres
1710:(PDF)
1627:(PDF)
1599:(PDF)
1491:(PDF)
1480:(PDF)
1255:Notes
1077:have
1052:Buran
874:RS-25
743:orbit
741:into
655:, or
108:JSTOR
94:books
4636:Pass
4591:and
3764:3SLB
3722:Vega
3651:CT-3
3636:IIIE
3631:IIID
3626:IIIC
3621:IIIB
3616:IIIA
3516:Able
3511:Thor
3412:X-2B
3402:X-3M
3392:X-2M
3306:R-29
3198:Luna
3173:N-II
3151:3SII
3050:2/2I
3010:H-II
2998:Mk I
2993:GSLV
2976:v1.1
2971:v1.0
2897:5000
2892:4000
2887:3000
2882:2000
2877:1000
2872:0100
2790:Able
2713:ASLV
2674:230+
2616:Zero
2542:OS-M
2537:Nova
2532:NGLV
2448:Eris
2438:Deca
2383:Vega
2378:Unha
2363:SSLV
2356:2-1v
2299:PSLV
2279:Nuri
2247:LVM3
2180:3B/E
2081:GSLV
1923:2018
1897:2016
1869:2017
1841:2018
1815:2017
1787:2016
1759:2016
1722:2016
1693:2016
1663:2018
1635:2018
1607:2018
1579:2013
1499:2014
1460:2014
1426:2023
1404:2023
1152:both
1073:and
895:and
771:Vega
562:and
396:and
80:news
4303:Mir
3759:3SL
3754:2FG
3646:23G
3641:34D
3476:SLV
3452:G-1
3447:F-1
3442:E-1
3437:A-1
3432:D-1
3427:B-1
3407:X-4
3397:X-3
3387:X-2
3377:X-1
3193:R-7
3168:N-I
3005:H-I
2907:III
2775:III
2750:E/F
2669:230
2664:130
2659:120
2654:110
2606:VLM
2574:SLS
2512:MLV
2329:SLS
2314:RS1
2240:11H
2012:1.2
940:air
829:or
674:to
620:An
585:or
564:MTO
560:TLI
556:GTO
552:LEO
63:by
4688::
3769:3F
3749:2M
3656:IV
3360:IB
3343:1B
3338:1A
3297:2M
3255:U2
3235:FG
3163:N1
3146:3S
3141:3H
3136:3C
3131:4S
3126:Mu
3119:4A
3114:3B
3104:2E
3099:2A
3094:1D
3072:4S
3060:3M
2954:II
2912:IV
2902:II
2770:II
2728:II
2500:12
2495:10
2478:31
2473:21
2262:IV
2235:11
2225:7A
2215:6A
2205:5B
2195:4C
2190:4B
2185:3C
2175:3A
2170:2F
2165:2D
2160:2C
2148:11
2143:1A
2091:H3
2044:1S
2017:A5
1914:.
1886:.
1858:.
1832:.
1804:.
1776:.
1745:.
1739:.
1712:.
1679:.
1652:.
1563:.
1538:.
1482:.
1468:^
1359:.
1330:,
958:,
954:,
942:.
701:,
678:.
670:,
666:,
659:.
651:,
647:,
569:A
558:,
554:,
148:on
3867:e
3860:t
3853:v
3781:1
3744:2
3683:3
3678:2
3570:2
3565:1
3553:D
3548:B
3543:A
3531:2
3526:1
3469:1
3422:A
3417:B
3365:V
3355:I
3333:1
3292:2
3287:K
3282:L
3250:U
3245:M
3240:L
3213:L
3208:M
3156:V
3109:3
3089:1
3055:3
3045:1
2949:I
2867:N
2862:M
2857:L
2852:J
2847:G
2842:E
2837:D
2832:C
2827:B
2822:A
2765:I
2760:H
2755:G
2745:D
2740:B
2723:I
2706:5
2701:4
2696:3
2691:2
2686:1
2626:3
2552:4
2547:2
2490:9
2405:2
2388:C
2272:C
2267:V
2257:I
2230:8
2220:7
2210:6
2200:5
2138:1
2111:3
2106:1
2039:1
1967:e
1960:t
1953:v
1925:.
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1871:.
1843:.
1817:.
1789:.
1761:.
1724:.
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1665:.
1637:.
1609:.
1581:.
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1462:.
1428:.
1406:.
1380:.
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1345:.
691:.
520:e
513:t
506:v
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124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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