95:
137:
804:
695:
characteristics. The chassis was divided into a 3 x 5 matrix of cells separated by walls through which coolant was circulated to remove the 138 watts of power dissipated by the computer. Slots in the cell walls held "pages" of electronics. The decision to cool the LVDC by circulating coolant through the walls of the computer was unique at the time and allowed the LVDC and LVDA (part-cooled using this technique) to be placed in one cold plate location due to the three dimensional packaging. The cold plates used to cool most equipment in the
129:. At each stage in the pipeline, a voting system would take a majority vote on the results, with the most popular result being passed on to the next stage in all pipelines. This meant that, for each of the seven stages, one module in any one of the three pipelines could fail, and the LVDC would still produce the correct results. The result was an estimated reliability of 99.6% over 250 hours of operation, which was far more than the few hours required for an Apollo mission.
1743:
1619:
87:
20:
703:
A page consisted of two 2.5–3-inch (64–76 mm) boards back to back and a magnesium-lithium frame to conduct heat to the chassis on low power pages and magnesium-aluminun-zinc on higher power pages. The 12-layer boards contained signal, power, and ground layers and connections between layers were
200:
Multiply the contents of the memory location specified in the operand address by the contents of the accumulator register. This instruction took four instruction cycles to complete, but didn't stall program execution, so other instructions could execute before it finished. The result was left in a
699:
were inefficient from a space view although versatile for the variety of equipment used. The alloy LA 141 had been used by IBM on the Gemini keyboard, read out units, and computer in small quantities and the larger frame of the LVDC was produced from the largest billets of LA 141 cast at the time
102:
Its master clock ran at 2.048 MHz, but operations were performed bit-serially, with 4 cycles required to process each bit, 14 bits per instruction phase, and 3 phases per instruction, for a basic instruction cycle time of 82 ÎĽs (168 clock cycles) for a simple add. A few instructions
707:
Up to 35 alumina squares of 0.3 by 0.3 by 0.07 inches (7.6 mm Ă— 7.6 mm Ă— 1.8 mm) could be reflow soldered to a board. These alumina squares had conductors silk screened to the top side and resistors silk-screened to the bottom side. Semiconductor chips of 0.025 by 0.025
153:
LVDC instruction words were split into a 4-bit opcode field (least-significant bits) and a 9-bit operand address field (most-significant bits). This left it with sixteen possible opcode values when there were eighteen different instructions: consequently, three of the instructions used the same
319:
Process input or output: communicate with external hardware via the Data
Adapter. "The low order address bits, A1 and A2, determine whether the operation is an input or output instruction. The high order address bits, A8 and A9, determine whether the data contents are transferred from the main
694:
The LVDC was approximately 30 inches (760 mm) wide, 12.5 inches (320 mm) high, and 10.5 inches (270 mm) deep and weighed 72.5 pounds (32.9 kg). The chassis was made of magnesium-lithium alloy LA 141, chosen for its high stiffness, low weight, and good vibration damping
708:
inches (0.64 mm Ă— 0.64 mm), each containing either one transistor or two diodes, were reflow soldered to the top side. The complete module was called a unit logic device. The unit logic device (ULD) was a smaller version of IBM's
422:
In flight the LVDC ran a major computation loop every 2 seconds for vehicle guidance, and a minor loop 25 times a second for attitude control. The minor loop is triggered by a dedicated interrupt every 40 ms and takes 18 ms to run.
1114:
S. Bonis, R. Jackson, and B. Pagnani. IBM Space
Guidance Center, Owego, NY. "Mechanical and Electronic Packaging for a Launch-Vehicle Guidance Computer." International Electronic Circuit Packaging Symposium 21–24 August 1964. Pages
132:
With four memory modules, giving a total capacity of 16,384 words, the computer weighed 72.5 lb (32.9 kg), was 29.5 by 12.5 by 10.5 inches (750 mm Ă— 320 mm Ă— 270 mm) in size and consumed 137W.
186:
Transfer execution to a different part of the program. Unlike a modern 'jump' instruction the operand address did not actually specify the address to jump to, but pointed to a 26-bit 'HOP constant' which specified the address.
157:
Memory was broken into 256-word "sectors". 8 bits of the address specified a word within a sector, and the 9th bit selected between the software-selectable "current sector" or a global sector called "residual memory".
253:
Multiply the contents of the memory location specified in the operand address by the contents of the accumulator register. Unlike MPY, this instruction does halt execution until the multiplication is complete.
144:
The LVDC communicated digitally with a Launch
Vehicle Data adapter (LVDA). The LVDA converted analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog with a Flight Control Computer (FCC). The FCC was an analog computer.
1110:
M.M. Dickinson, J.B. Jackson, G.C. Randa. IBM Space
Guidance Center, Owego, NY. "Saturn V Launch Vehicle Digital Computer and Data Adapter." Proceedings of the Fall Joint Computer Conference, 1964, pages
704:
made by plated-through holes. The plated-through holes were deliberately placed below the unit logic devices (ULD) to help conduct heat from the devices to the metal frames and thus the coolant walls.
949:
M.M. Dickinson, J.B. Jackson, G.C. Randa. IBM Space
Guidance Center, Owego, NY. "Saturn V Launch Vehicle Digital Computer and Data Adapter." Proceedings of the Fall Joint Computer Conference, 1964
227:
Divide the contents of the memory location specified in the operand address into the accumulator. This instruction took eight instruction cycles to complete, but didn't stall program execution.
293:
Transfer execution to the memory location specified in the operand address. The address is within the current instruction sector; the 9th (residual) bit of the operand selects the syllable.
430:
software, the software which ran on the LVDC seems to have vanished. While the hardware would be fairly simple to emulate, the only remaining copies of the software are probably in the
398:
Transfer execution to one of eight addresses dependent on the operand address, which also specifies modifications to the operand address of the next instruction before it is executed.
935:
Apollo Study Report, Volume 2, pages 3-36 to 3-37. The log book for the LVDC at
National Air and Space Museum says the dimensions were 31x13.1x13 inches and the weight was 90 pounds.
372:
Contents of accumulator are shifted by up to two bits, based on a value in the operand address. This instruction can also clear the accumulator if the operand address bits are zero.
1730:
83:. For comparison, as of 2022, researchers at the University of California created a chip capable of running at 1.78 trillion instructions per second, 146 million times faster.
68:
1137:
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, 1 Nov 1968. MSFC No. IV-4-401-1. IBM No. 68-966-0002. 419 pages. Chapter 15 is about the LVDC and Launch
Vehicle Data Adapter.
803:
2805:
910:
359:
Contents of the accumulator are subtracted from the contents of the memory location specified in the operand address, and the result left in the accumulator.
1070:
1049:
1179:
110:, each with a 14th parity bit. Instructions were one syllable in size, while data words were two syllables (26 bits). Main memory was random access
1777:
1147:
2916:
2099:
2618:
1457:
1134:
1896:
1653:
2775:
2341:
2158:
3723:
3129:
2121:
2770:
1462:
1437:
2842:
1153:
High-resolution photos of LDVC components at the SpaceAholic collection of Apollo Lunar Module and Saturn V spaceflight artifacts
856:
3124:
2595:
1525:
1172:
712:(SLT) module, but with clip connections. Copper balls were used for contacts between the chips and the conductive patterns.
94:
3539:
2663:
1926:
1770:
1509:
1452:
1447:
67:
rockets. The LVDC also supported pre- and post-launch checkout of the Saturn hardware. It was used in conjunction with the
3549:
2690:
1425:
835:
306:
Logically XOR the contents of the accumulator with the contents of the memory location specified in the operand address.
267:
Logically AND the contents of the accumulator with the contents of the memory location specified in the operand address.
125:
and a voting system. The computer included three identical logic systems. Each logic system was split into a seven-stage
1817:
1479:
1019:
114:, in the form of 4,096-word memory modules. Up to 8 modules provided a maximum of 32,768 words of memory. Ultrasonic
2857:
2685:
2658:
2037:
1432:
3713:
3672:
3235:
2128:
2094:
2089:
2008:
1973:
1646:
1622:
1165:
1103:
136:
3718:
3647:
3544:
2945:
2852:
2653:
1874:
1763:
2673:
2392:
1827:
1540:
1420:
1390:
2847:
2695:
2668:
2529:
2143:
2104:
1961:
1530:
1499:
1474:
214:
Subtract the contents of the memory location specified in the operand address from the accumulator register.
1054:
3284:
3046:
2522:
2483:
2138:
2133:
2067:
1879:
1674:
1599:
1319:
240:
Transfers instruction execution to the operand address specified if the accumulator contents are not zero.
71:(LVDA) which performed signal conditioning from the sensor inputs to the computer from the launch vehicle.
989:
3708:
2911:
2608:
2306:
2003:
1746:
1639:
1578:
1410:
1061:
333:
Store the contents of the accumulator register in the memory location specified in the operand address.
3561:
3208:
2625:
2116:
2084:
1854:
1842:
1822:
1545:
1489:
1152:
280:
Add the contents of the memory location specified in the operand address to the accumulator register.
3652:
3615:
3605:
1993:
1494:
1442:
1354:
122:
3667:
3074:
3010:
2987:
2837:
2799:
2635:
2585:
2580:
2057:
1951:
1859:
1684:
1679:
1484:
1359:
1329:
1324:
1245:
1040:
824:
696:
435:
427:
52:
1084:
Description and
Performance Of The Saturn Launch Vehicle's Navigation, Guidance And Control System
154:
opcode value, and used two bits of the address value to determine which instruction was executed.
3620:
3403:
3297:
3261:
3178:
3162:
3004:
2793:
2752:
2740:
2603:
2517:
2438:
2203:
1864:
1807:
1467:
1380:
1277:
80:
1011:
3426:
3398:
3308:
3273:
3022:
3016:
2998:
2732:
2726:
2630:
2534:
2425:
2364:
2226:
1869:
1344:
709:
103:(such as multiply or divide) took several multiples of the basic instruction cycle to execute.
346:
Transfer execution to the operand address specified if the accumulator contents are negative.
3600:
3509:
3255:
2967:
2785:
2544:
2512:
2470:
2382:
2183:
1998:
1988:
1978:
1968:
1938:
1921:
1786:
1285:
1271:
898:
1082:
51:'s Electronics Systems Center in Owego, New York, it was one of the major components of the
3630:
3566:
3152:
2874:
2764:
2711:
2243:
1956:
1812:
1794:
1594:
1504:
1415:
126:
111:
8:
3677:
3662:
3482:
3333:
3315:
3279:
3267:
2921:
2868:
2645:
2561:
2443:
2298:
2193:
2052:
1566:
1535:
1290:
1266:
1078:
3534:
3526:
3378:
3353:
3157:
3032:
2556:
2497:
2377:
2109:
1837:
1296:
1004:
3487:
3454:
3370:
3302:
3203:
3193:
3183:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3027:
2956:
2862:
2822:
2455:
2405:
2355:
2331:
2213:
2153:
2148:
2030:
1946:
1015:
810:
115:
44:
1041:
Saturn V Launch
Vehicle Digital Computer, Volume One: General Description and Theory
450:
The LVDC could also respond to a number of interrupts triggered by external events.
3657:
3590:
3576:
3431:
3338:
3292:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3069:
2939:
2906:
2817:
2812:
2721:
2573:
2568:
2551:
2539:
2478:
2042:
2020:
1906:
1884:
1802:
1572:
1364:
1349:
1122:
IBM Space
Guidance Center, Owego, NY, 1 October 1963. 133 pages. Also available on
758:
0.3-by-0.3-by-0.07-inch (7.6 mm Ă— 7.6 mm Ă— 1.8 mm) alumina
431:
19:
3571:
3556:
3504:
3408:
3383:
3220:
3213:
3064:
3059:
3054:
2993:
2901:
2891:
2613:
2448:
2400:
2163:
2047:
2015:
1916:
1911:
1832:
1710:
1689:
1123:
107:
40:
871:
3682:
3516:
3499:
3492:
3388:
3245:
2982:
2896:
2827:
2410:
2372:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2025:
1849:
1240:
1235:
1188:
3702:
3477:
3393:
2433:
2415:
2208:
1901:
1202:
1050:
Saturn V Guidance Computer, Semiannual Progress Report, 1 Apr. - 30 Sep. 1963
2336:
990:"A circuit board from the Saturn V rocket, reverse-engineered and explained"
3687:
3625:
3441:
3418:
3230:
2951:
1889:
1561:
1339:
829:
715:
The hierarchy of the electronic structure is shown in the following table.
1157:
3472:
3436:
3147:
3119:
2977:
2832:
1755:
1605:
1119:
3358:
3348:
3343:
3325:
3225:
3198:
2460:
2293:
2263:
1983:
1694:
1385:
3449:
3446:
3188:
2258:
2236:
1631:
1212:
64:
86:
3464:
2283:
1217:
1207:
439:
60:
36:
1062:
Memory Requirements for the Launch Vehicle Digital Computer (LVDC)
772:
2.5-by-3-inch (64 mm Ă— 76 mm) printed circuit board
2273:
2231:
870:"Chapter Seven - The Evolution of Automated Launch Processing".
2288:
2253:
2218:
1715:
744:
0.025-by-0.025-inch (0.64 mm Ă— 0.64 mm) silicon
2746:
2278:
2248:
1720:
56:
917:
3610:
2758:
2678:
2268:
1334:
970:
2198:
2188:
857:"World's first 1,000-processor chip designed by UC Davis"
48:
43:, and the trans-lunar injection burn that would send the
148:
140:
Apollo Saturn V analog Flight Control Computer Unit FCC
35:) was a computer that provided the autopilot for the
1071:Saturn V Launch Vehicle Guidance Equations, SA-504
1003:
1135:Astrionics System Handbook Saturn Launch Vehicles
1001:
3700:
1340:Primary guidance, navigation, and control system
945:
943:
941:
901:. Popular Science. Oct 1965. p. 94-95; 206-208.
893:
891:
700:and subsequently CNC machined into the frame.
161:The eighteen possible LVDC instructions were:
1771:
1647:
1458:Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment
1173:
1002:Pugh, Emerson; Johnson; Palmer, John (1991).
873:Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience
1077:
976:
938:
923:
888:
2776:Computer performance by orders of magnitude
1187:
1785:
1778:
1764:
1654:
1640:
1180:
1166:
755:Up to 14 transistors, diodes and resistors
417:
47:to the Moon. Designed and manufactured by
23:LVDC from Instrument Unit technical manual
522:Manual Initiation of S-IVB Engine Cutoff
320:memory, residual memory or accumulator."
1438:Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package
967:Apollo Study Report, Volume 2, page 2-37
958:Apollo Study Report, Volume 2, page 3-4.
899:"Tiny Computers Steer Mightiest Rockets"
651:S-IC Propellant Depletion/Engine Cutoff
643:S-II Propellant Depletion/Engine Cutoff
135:
93:
85:
79:The LVDC was capable of executing 12190
18:
775:MIB (Multilayer Interconnection Board)
453:For a Saturn IB these interrupts were:
3701:
1661:
1463:Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment
1148:IBM Archives: Saturn Guidance Computer
904:
578:For a Saturn V these interrupts were:
1759:
1635:
1161:
667:Program Recycle (RCA-110A Interrupt)
411:(Clear accumulator and) load memory.
2747:Floating-point operations per second
1510:Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment
1453:Apollo 14 Passive Seismic Experiment
1448:Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment
149:Software architecture and algorithms
836:Gemini Spacecraft On-Board Computer
13:
1480:Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment
1468:Solar Wind Spectrometer Experiment
1101:NASA Marshall Spaceflight Center,
1094:NASA Marshall Spaceflight Center,
832:primary spacecraft guidance system
611:Computer Interface Unit Interrupt
442:rockets on display at NASA sites.
39:rocket from launch, through Earth
14:
3735:
3724:Spacecraft navigation instruments
1433:Solar Wind Composition Experiment
1141:
3673:Semiconductor device fabrication
1742:
1741:
1623:Category:Apollo program hardware
1618:
1617:
912:Saturn Launch Vehicles TR X-881
802:
683:Command LVDA/RCA-110A Interrupt
562:S-IB Low Fuel Level Sensors Dry
3648:History of general-purpose CPUs
1875:Nondeterministic Turing machine
1731:Universal Space Guidance System
1726:Launch Vehicle Digital Computer
1251:Launch Vehicle Digital Computer
1006:IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems
995:
982:
689:
121:For reliability, the LVDC used
29:Launch Vehicle Digital Computer
16:Computer of the Saturn V rocket
1828:Deterministic finite automaton
1541:Lunar Landing Research Vehicle
1421:Lunar Laser Ranging experiment
1391:Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment
1120:Apollo Study Report, Volume 2.
1104:Skylab Saturn IB Flight Manual
961:
952:
929:
863:
849:
809:MSFC officials, including Dr.
1:
2619:Simultaneous and heterogenous
1500:Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment
1475:Modular Equipment Transporter
1096:Saturn V Flight Manual SA-503
1032:
813:(on left) looking at an LVDC
532:S-IB Outboard Engines Cutoff
445:
3303:Integrated memory controller
3285:Translation lookaside buffer
2484:Memory dependence prediction
1927:Random-access stored program
1880:Probabilistic Turing machine
1675:Apollo Abort Guidance System
1600:Rendezvous Docking Simulator
1411:Portable Life Support System
1320:Apollo Abort Guidance System
118:provided temporary storage.
7:
2759:Synaptic updates per second
1747:Category:Guidance computers
1579:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
818:
635:Guidance Reference Release
627:Command Receiver Interrupt
512:Guidance Reference Release
74:
69:Launch Vehicle Data Adaptor
10:
3740:
3163:Heterogeneous architecture
2085:Orthogonal instruction set
1855:Alternating Turing machine
1843:Quantum cellular automaton
1546:Mobile quarantine facility
1490:Lunar Surface Magnetometer
795:
719:LVDC electronic packaging
619:Temporary Loss Of Control
603:Switch Selector Interrupt
502:Command Decoder Interrupt
492:Simultaneous Memory Error
106:Memory was in the form of
3653:Microprocessor chronology
3640:
3616:Dynamic frequency scaling
3589:
3525:
3463:
3417:
3369:
3324:
3244:
3171:
3140:
3045:
2966:
2930:
2884:
2784:
2771:Cache performance metrics
2710:
2644:
2594:
2505:
2496:
2469:
2424:
2391:
2363:
2354:
2174:
2077:
2066:
1937:
1793:
1739:
1703:
1667:
1615:
1587:
1554:
1518:
1495:Lunar Traverse Gravimeter
1443:Active Seismic Experiment
1401:
1373:
1355:Descent propulsion system
1310:
1259:
1226:
1195:
723:
583:
458:
166:
3668:Hardware security module
3011:Digital signal processor
2988:Graphics processing unit
2800:Graphics processing unit
1685:Gemini Guidance Computer
1680:Apollo Guidance Computer
1485:Lunar Surface Gravimeter
1360:Ascent propulsion system
1335:Lunar Sounder Experiment
1330:Apollo Guidance Computer
1325:Apollo Docking Mechanism
842:
825:Apollo Guidance Computer
761:ULD (Unit Logic Device)
675:S-IC Inboard Engine Out
428:Apollo Guidance Computer
90:LVDC with cover removed.
3714:Apollo program hardware
3621:Dynamic voltage scaling
3404:Memory address register
3298:Branch target predictor
3262:Address generation unit
3005:Physics processing unit
2794:Central processing unit
2753:Transactions per second
2741:Instructions per second
2664:Array processing (SIMT)
1808:Stored-program computer
1426:list of retroreflectors
1189:Apollo program hardware
897:Dr. Wernher von Braun.
786:Magnesium-lithium frame
438:LVDCs of the remaining
418:Programs and algorithms
81:instructions per second
3719:IBM avionics computers
3427:Hardwired control unit
3309:Memory management unit
3274:Memory management unit
3023:Secure cryptoprocessor
3017:Tensor Processing Unit
2999:Vision processing unit
2733:Cycles per instruction
2727:Instructions per cycle
2674:Associative processing
2365:Instruction pipelining
1787:Processor technologies
1531:Launch Umbilical Tower
1345:Apollo Telescope Mount
710:Solid Logic Technology
141:
123:triple-redundant logic
99:
91:
24:
3510:Sum-addressed decoder
3256:Arithmetic logic unit
2383:Classic RISC pipeline
2337:Epiphany architecture
2184:Motorola 68000 series
1286:Apollo service module
1272:Apollo command module
1010:. MIT Press. p.
595:Minor Loop Interrupt
139:
97:
89:
22:
3631:Performance per watt
3209:replacement policies
2875:Package on a package
2765:Performance per watt
2669:Pipelined processing
2439:Tomasulo's algorithm
2244:Clipper architecture
2100:Application-specific
1813:Finite-state machine
1668:On crewed spacecraft
1595:Lunar escape systems
1505:Heat Flow Experiment
1416:Lunar Roving Vehicle
1079:Haeussermann, Walter
385:Change data sector.
3663:Digital electronics
3316:Instruction decoder
3268:Floating-point unit
2922:Soft microprocessor
2869:System in a package
2444:Reservation station
1974:Transport-triggered
1567:Lunar Flag Assembly
1536:Crawler-transporter
1291:Apollo Lunar Module
1107:, 30 September 1972
1053:, 31 October 1963;
720:
584:LVDC Data Word Bit
572:RCA-110A Interrupt
552:RCA-110A Interrupt
459:LVDC Data Word Bit
3709:Guidance computers
3535:Integrated circuit
3379:Processor register
3033:Baseband processor
2378:Operand forwarding
1838:Cellular automaton
1704:On launch vehicles
1662:Guidance computers
1044:, 30 November 1964
718:
142:
100:
92:
25:
3696:
3695:
3585:
3584:
3204:Instruction cache
3194:Scratchpad memory
3041:
3040:
3028:Network processor
2957:Network on a chip
2912:Ultra-low-voltage
2863:Multi-chip module
2706:
2705:
2492:
2491:
2479:Branch prediction
2456:Register renaming
2350:
2349:
2332:VISC architecture
2154:Quantum computing
2149:VISC architecture
2031:Secondary storage
1947:Microarchitecture
1907:Register machines
1753:
1752:
1629:
1628:
1381:Apollo/Skylab A7L
1098:, 1 November 1968
1090:. NASA TN D-5869.
977:Haeussermann 1970
926:, pp. 30–31.
924:Haeussermann 1970
811:Wernher von Braun
793:
792:
741:Transistor, diode
687:
686:
659:S-IVB Engine Out
576:
575:
542:S-IVB Engine Out
472:Internal to LVDC
415:
414:
45:Apollo spacecraft
3731:
3658:Processor design
3550:Power management
3432:Instruction unit
3293:Branch predictor
3242:
3241:
2940:System on a chip
2882:
2881:
2722:Transistor count
2646:Flynn's taxonomy
2503:
2502:
2361:
2360:
2164:Addressing modes
2075:
2074:
2021:Memory hierarchy
1885:Hypercomputation
1803:Abstract machine
1780:
1773:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1745:
1744:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1621:
1620:
1573:Fallen Astronaut
1365:Scimitar antenna
1350:Apollo TV camera
1182:
1175:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1091:
1089:
1065:, April 25, 1967
1026:
1025:
1009:
999:
993:
986:
980:
974:
968:
965:
959:
956:
950:
947:
936:
933:
927:
921:
915:
908:
902:
895:
886:
885:
883:
881:
867:
861:
860:
853:
806:
721:
717:
581:
580:
569:
559:
549:
539:
529:
519:
509:
499:
489:
479:
469:
456:
455:
432:core rope memory
405:
392:
379:
366:
353:
340:
327:
313:
300:
287:
274:
261:
247:
234:
221:
208:
201:known register.
194:
180:
164:
163:
108:13-bit syllables
55:, fitted to the
3739:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3678:Tick–tock model
3636:
3592:
3581:
3521:
3505:Address decoder
3459:
3413:
3409:Program counter
3384:Status register
3365:
3320:
3280:Load–store unit
3247:
3240:
3167:
3136:
3037:
2994:Image processor
2969:
2962:
2932:
2926:
2902:Microcontroller
2892:Embedded system
2880:
2780:
2713:
2702:
2640:
2590:
2488:
2465:
2449:Re-order buffer
2420:
2401:Data dependency
2387:
2346:
2176:
2170:
2069:
2068:Instruction set
2062:
2048:Multiprocessing
2016:Cache hierarchy
2009:Register/memory
1933:
1833:Queue automaton
1789:
1784:
1754:
1749:
1735:
1711:ATHENA computer
1699:
1663:
1660:
1630:
1625:
1611:
1583:
1550:
1526:Mobile Launcher
1514:
1403:
1397:
1369:
1312:
1306:
1255:
1246:Instrument unit
1228:
1222:
1196:Launch vehicles
1191:
1186:
1144:
1087:
1059:Bellcomm, Inc,
1035:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1000:
996:
987:
983:
975:
971:
966:
962:
957:
953:
948:
939:
934:
930:
922:
918:
909:
905:
896:
889:
879:
877:
869:
868:
864:
855:
854:
850:
845:
821:
814:
807:
798:
697:Instrument Unit
692:
567:
557:
547:
537:
527:
517:
507:
497:
487:
477:
467:
448:
436:Instrument Unit
420:
403:
390:
377:
364:
351:
338:
325:
311:
298:
285:
272:
259:
245:
232:
219:
206:
192:
178:
151:
77:
53:Instrument Unit
41:orbit insertion
17:
12:
11:
5:
3737:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3683:Pin grid array
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3517:Barrel shifter
3514:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3500:Binary decoder
3497:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3389:Stack register
3386:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3282:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3252:
3250:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2983:AI accelerator
2980:
2974:
2972:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2954:
2949:
2946:Multiprocessor
2943:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2897:Microprocessor
2894:
2888:
2886:
2885:By application
2879:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2828:Tile processor
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2797:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2614:Hyperthreading
2606:
2600:
2598:
2596:Multithreading
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2509:
2507:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2373:Pipeline stall
2369:
2367:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2322:z/Architecture
2319:
2314:
2309:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2026:Virtual memory
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1850:Turing machine
1847:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1519:Ground support
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
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1393:
1388:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1227:Launch vehicle
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1142:External links
1140:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1092:
1075:
1074:, 15 July 1967
1066:
1057:
1045:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1021:978-0262161237
1020:
994:
988:Ken Shirriff.
981:
979:, pp. 23.
969:
960:
951:
937:
928:
916:
903:
887:
862:
847:
846:
844:
841:
840:
839:
833:
827:
820:
817:
816:
815:
808:
801:
797:
794:
791:
790:
787:
784:
781:
777:
776:
773:
770:
767:
763:
762:
759:
756:
753:
749:
748:
745:
742:
739:
735:
734:
731:
728:
725:
691:
688:
685:
684:
681:
677:
676:
673:
669:
668:
665:
661:
660:
657:
653:
652:
649:
645:
644:
641:
637:
636:
633:
629:
628:
625:
621:
620:
617:
613:
612:
609:
605:
604:
601:
597:
596:
593:
589:
588:
585:
574:
573:
570:
564:
563:
560:
554:
553:
550:
544:
543:
540:
534:
533:
530:
524:
523:
520:
514:
513:
510:
504:
503:
500:
494:
493:
490:
484:
483:
480:
474:
473:
470:
464:
463:
460:
447:
444:
419:
416:
413:
412:
409:
406:
400:
399:
396:
393:
387:
386:
383:
380:
374:
373:
370:
367:
361:
360:
357:
354:
348:
347:
344:
341:
335:
334:
331:
328:
322:
321:
317:
314:
308:
307:
304:
301:
295:
294:
291:
288:
282:
281:
278:
275:
269:
268:
265:
262:
256:
255:
251:
248:
242:
241:
238:
235:
229:
228:
225:
222:
216:
215:
212:
209:
203:
202:
198:
195:
189:
188:
184:
181:
175:
174:
171:
168:
150:
147:
76:
73:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3736:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3588:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:Demultiplexer
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Memory buffer
3397:
3395:
3394:Register file
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:Combinational
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:Scoreboarding
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2416:False sharing
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
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2359:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:Stanford MIPS
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2173:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:architectures
2065:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:Heterogeneous
2036:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:Memory access
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:Random-access
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:Stack machine
1900:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:with datapath
1816:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1748:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1624:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1402:Lunar surface
1400:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1203:Little Joe II
1201:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1085:
1081:(July 1970).
1080:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1007:
998:
991:
985:
978:
973:
964:
955:
946:
944:
942:
932:
925:
920:
914:
913:
907:
900:
894:
892:
875:
874:
866:
858:
852:
848:
837:
834:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
812:
805:
800:
799:
788:
785:
782:
779:
778:
774:
771:
769:Up to 35 ULDs
768:
765:
764:
760:
757:
754:
751:
750:
746:
743:
740:
737:
736:
732:
729:
726:
722:
716:
713:
711:
705:
701:
698:
682:
679:
678:
674:
671:
670:
666:
663:
662:
658:
655:
654:
650:
647:
646:
642:
639:
638:
634:
631:
630:
626:
623:
622:
618:
615:
614:
610:
607:
606:
602:
599:
598:
594:
591:
590:
586:
582:
579:
571:
566:
565:
561:
556:
555:
551:
546:
545:
541:
536:
535:
531:
526:
525:
521:
516:
515:
511:
506:
505:
501:
496:
495:
491:
486:
485:
481:
476:
475:
471:
466:
465:
461:
457:
454:
451:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
410:
407:
402:
401:
397:
394:
389:
388:
384:
381:
376:
375:
371:
368:
363:
362:
358:
355:
350:
349:
345:
342:
337:
336:
332:
329:
324:
323:
318:
315:
310:
309:
305:
302:
297:
296:
292:
289:
284:
283:
279:
276:
271:
270:
266:
263:
258:
257:
252:
249:
244:
243:
239:
236:
231:
230:
226:
223:
218:
217:
213:
210:
205:
204:
199:
196:
191:
190:
185:
182:
177:
176:
172:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
146:
138:
134:
130:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
112:magnetic core
109:
104:
98:LVDC closeup
96:
88:
84:
82:
72:
70:
66:
62:
59:stage of the
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
3688:Chip carrier
3626:Clock gating
3545:Mixed-signal
3442:Write buffer
3419:Control unit
3231:Clock signal
2970:accelerators
2952:Cypress PSoC
2609:Simultaneous
2426:Out-of-order
2058:Neuromorphic
1939:Architecture
1897:Belt machine
1890:Zeno machine
1823:Hierarchical
1725:
1604:
1571:
1562:Lunar plaque
1295:
1276:
1250:
1127:
1126:(search for
1102:
1095:
1083:
1069:
1060:
1048:
1039:
1005:
997:
984:
972:
963:
954:
931:
919:
911:
906:
880:November 19,
878:. Retrieved
872:
865:
851:
830:Apollo PGNCS
714:
706:
702:
693:
690:Construction
577:
452:
449:
425:
421:
160:
156:
152:
143:
131:
120:
105:
101:
78:
32:
28:
26:
3473:Multiplexer
3437:Data buffer
3148:Single-core
3120:bit slicing
2978:Coprocessor
2833:Coprocessor
2714:performance
2636:Cooperative
2626:Speculative
2586:Distributed
2545:Superscalar
2530:Instruction
2498:Parallelism
2471:Speculative
2303:System/3x0
2175:Instruction
1952:Von Neumann
1865:Post–Turing
1606:Moon Museum
1374:Space suits
1133:NASA MSFC,
1124:Virtual AGC
426:Unlike the
167:Instruction
116:delay lines
3703:Categories
3593:management
3488:Multiplier
3349:Logic gate
3339:Sequential
3246:Functional
3226:Clock rate
3199:Data cache
3172:Components
3153:Multi-core
3141:Core count
2631:Preemptive
2535:Pipelining
2518:Bit-serial
2461:Wide-issue
2406:Structural
2328:Tilera ISA
2294:MicroBlaze
2264:ETRAX CRIS
2159:Comparison
2004:Load–store
1984:Endianness
1695:IBM AP-101
1555:Ceremonial
1386:Beta cloth
1313:components
1311:Spacecraft
1260:Spacecraft
1241:J-2 engine
1236:F-1 engine
1229:components
1128:63-928-130
1033:References
446:Interrupts
3527:Circuitry
3447:Microcode
3371:Registers
3214:coherence
3189:CPU cache
3047:Word size
2712:Processor
2356:Execution
2259:DEC Alpha
2237:Power ISA
2053:Cognitive
1860:Universal
1404:equipment
1213:Saturn IB
733:IBM term
727:Component
587:Function
462:Function
173:Function
65:Saturn IB
3465:Datapath
3158:Manycore
3130:variable
2968:Hardware
2604:Temporal
2284:OpenRISC
1979:Cellular
1969:Dataflow
1962:modified
1690:IBM TC-1
1278:Columbia
1218:Saturn V
1208:Saturn I
1115:226–241.
1111:501–516.
1068:Boeing,
819:See also
783:Two MIBs
730:Material
440:Saturn V
127:pipeline
75:Hardware
61:Saturn V
37:Saturn V
3641:Related
3572:Quantum
3562:Digital
3557:Boolean
3455:Counter
3354:Quantum
3115:512-bit
3110:256-bit
3105:128-bit
2948:(MPSoC)
2933:on chip
2931:Systems
2749:(FLOPS)
2562:Process
2411:Control
2393:Hazards
2279:Itanium
2274:Unicore
2232:PowerPC
1957:Harvard
1917:Pointer
1912:Counter
1870:Quantum
1588:Related
1267:Apollo
1055:archive
992:. 2020.
796:Gallery
434:of the
395:11 1110
382:x0 1110
369:01 1110
3577:Switch
3567:Analog
3305:(IMC)
3276:(MMU)
3125:others
3100:64-bit
3095:48-bit
3090:32-bit
3085:24-bit
3080:16-bit
3075:15-bit
3070:12-bit
2907:Mobile
2823:Stream
2818:Barrel
2813:Vector
2802:(GPU)
2761:(SUPS)
2729:(IPC)
2581:Memory
2574:Vector
2557:Thread
2540:Scalar
2342:Others
2289:RISC-V
2254:SuperH
2223:Power
2219:MIPS-X
2194:PDP-11
2043:Fabric
1795:Models
1716:ASC-15
1018:
876:. NASA
482:Spare
170:Opcode
3633:(PPW)
3591:Power
3483:Adder
3359:Array
3326:Logic
3287:(TLB)
3270:(FPU)
3264:(AGU)
3258:(ALU)
3248:units
3184:Cache
3065:8-bit
3060:4-bit
3055:1-bit
3019:(TPU)
3013:(DSP)
3007:(PPU)
3001:(VPU)
2990:(GPU)
2959:(NoC)
2942:(SoC)
2877:(PoP)
2871:(SiP)
2865:(MCM)
2806:GPGPU
2796:(CPU)
2786:Types
2767:(PPW)
2755:(TPS)
2743:(IPS)
2735:(CPI)
2506:Level
2317:S/390
2312:S/370
2307:S/360
2249:SPARC
2227:POWER
2110:TRIPS
2078:Types
1297:Eagle
1118:IBM,
1088:(PDF)
1047:IBM,
1038:IBM,
843:Notes
838:(OBC)
789:Page
724:Level
57:S-IVB
3611:ACPI
3344:Glue
3236:FIFO
3179:Core
2917:ASIP
2858:CPLD
2853:FPOA
2848:FPGA
2843:ASIC
2696:SPMD
2691:MIMD
2686:MISD
2679:SWAR
2659:SIMD
2654:SISD
2569:Data
2552:Task
2523:Word
2269:M32R
2214:MIPS
2177:sets
2144:ZISC
2139:NISC
2134:OISC
2129:MISC
2122:EPIC
2117:VLIW
2105:EDGE
2095:RISC
2090:CISC
1999:HUMA
1994:NUMA
1721:D-17
1016:ISBN
882:2022
408:1111
356:1101
343:1100
330:1011
316:1010
303:1001
290:1000
277:0111
264:0110
250:0101
237:0100
224:0011
211:0010
197:0001
183:0000
63:and
33:LVDC
27:The
3606:APM
3601:PMU
3493:CPU
3450:ROM
3221:Bus
2838:PAL
2513:Bit
2299:LMC
2204:ARM
2199:x86
2189:VAX
1012:108
404:CLA
391:EXM
378:CDS
365:SHR
352:RSU
339:TMI
326:STO
312:PIO
299:XOR
286:TRA
273:ADD
260:AND
246:MPH
233:TNZ
220:DIV
207:SUB
193:MPY
179:HOP
49:IBM
3705::
3540:3D
1130:).
1014:.
940:^
890:^
747:-
680:12
672:11
664:10
568:11
558:10
1779:e
1772:t
1765:v
1655:e
1648:t
1641:v
1181:e
1174:t
1167:v
1024:.
884:.
859:.
780:4
766:3
752:2
738:1
656:9
648:8
640:7
632:6
624:5
616:4
608:3
600:2
592:1
548:9
538:8
528:7
518:6
508:5
498:4
488:3
478:2
468:1
31:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
